Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk fons'k eas izlkj
ekM~;wy & 9
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk
fons'kksa esa izlkj
21
fVIi.kh
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk
fons'k esa izlkj
vktdy yksx cgqr vf/d ;k=kk,¡ djrs gSaA ;s lM+d] ok;q] leqnz] jsy vFkok fdlh Hkh
vU; ekxZ ls tkrs gSaA ij D;k vki tkurs gSa fd yksx ml le; Hkh nwj&nwj ;k=kk,¡ djrs
Fks tc Hkkjr esa dksbZ Vªsu ugha gksrh Fkh] u dksbZ ok;q;kuA izk;% rhu lgÏkCnh bZlk iwoZ
ds eè; ls Hkkjr cká fo'o ls O;kikfjd Lrj ij laidZ esa jgk gS tcfd Hkkjr rhu
vksj ls leqnz ls f?kjk gS vkSj blds mÙkj esa fgeky; ioZrJs.kh gSA ysfdu ;s fo'o ds
vU; ns'kksa ls Hkkjr ds utnhdh laca/ cukus esa dHkh ck/d ugha cusA Hkkjrh; yksxksa us
lqnwj ns'kksa dh ;k=kk,a dh vkSj os tgka Hkh x,] ogka mUgksaus Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh vfeV
Nki NksM+hA blds lkFk] ;s lqnwj ns'kksa ds fopkj] izHkko] jhfr&fjokt vkSj ijaijkvksa dks
Hkh lkFk ys vk;sA rFkkfi bl lanHkZ esa lcls cM+h foy{k.krk ;g Fkh fd blls Hkkjrh;
laLÑfr vkSj lH;rk dk izlkj fo'o ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa gqvk] fo'ks"k:i ls eè; ,f'k;k]
nf{k.kiwoZ ,f'k;k] phu] tkiku] dksfj;k vkfn esaA bl izlkj dh lokZf/d foy{k.krk ;g
gS fd bl izpkj dk mn~ns'; fdlh lekt ;k O;fDr dks thruk Fkk Mjkuk ugha cfYd
Hkkjr dh vkè;kfRed rFkk lkaLÑfrd ewY;ksa dks LosPNk ls Lohdkj djokuk FkkA ge bl
ikB esa ns[ksaxs fd Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk nwljs ns'kksa esa dSls izlkj gqvk vkSj mu ij D;k
izHkko gqvkA
;g ikB vkidks ,d vU; lqUnj fopkj Hkh nsxk fd vU; ns'kksa ls] vU; lektksa ls] vU;
/eks± ls rFkk vU; laLÑfr;ksa ls 'kkfUriw.kZ fe=krk gekjs thou dks thoUr vkSj vf/d
lkFkZd cukrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj fojklr
327
ekM~;wy & 9
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk
fons'kksa esa izlkj
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk fons'k eas izlkj
mís';
bl ikB dks i<+us ds ckn vki%µ
fVIi.kh
●
ftu ekè;eksa ls Hkkjrh; laLÑfr nwljs ns'kksa esa iSQyh_ mudks Li"V dj ldsaxs_
●
ftu O;kikfjd ekxks± ls Hkkjrh; O;kikjh nwljs ns'kksa esa x, vkSj Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds
izlkj ds igys lkaLÑfrd nwr cus] mudks fpfg~ur dj ldsaxs_
●
nwljs ns'kksa esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds izpkj&izlkj esa izkphu fo'ofo|ky;] vè;kidksa
vkSj /eZizpkjdksa us tks Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ] mldh O;k[;k dj ldsaxs_
●
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dSls iwoZ ,f';k vkSj nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa esa iSQyh] bldh
O;k[;k dj ldsaxs_
●
jkse&lkezkT; ls Hkkjr ds O;kikfjd laca/ksa dk o.kZu dj ldsaxs_
●
ckS¼ /eZ dk 'kkafr&laLFkkid /eZ ds :i esa nwljs ns'kksa esa izlkj&izpkj fdl izdkj
gqvk] bl ij fopkj dj ldsaxs_
●
fofHkUu ns'kksa dh Hkk"kkvksa vkSj lkfgR; ij laLÑr Hkk"kk ds izHkko dh leh{kk dj
ldsaxs_
●
Hkkjrh; n'kZu] Hkkjrh; iz'kklu ,oa dkuwu rFkk Hkkjrh; egkdkO;ksa dh bu ns'kksa esa
izflf¼ dk o.kZu dj ldsaxs_
●
bu ns'kksa ds fofHkUu fo'kky eafnjksa] ewfrZ;ksa vkSj fp=kksa ds :i esa dbZ 'krkfCn;ksa ds
nkSjku fufeZr vkSj lajf{kr fojklr dk mYys[k dj ldsaxs_ rFkk
●
vjc lH;rk ds lkFk Hkkjr dh lkaLÑfrd vUr%fØ;k dk o.kZu dj ldsaxsA
21-1 O;kikfj;ksa] f'k{kdksa] jktnwrksa vkSj /eZ izpkjdksa ds
ekè;e ls Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk izlkj
izkphu dky esa Hkkjrh; O;kikjh O;kikj ds u, voljksa dh [kkst esa vusd ns'kksa esa x,
FksA os if'pe esa jkse rd vkSj leqnzh ekxks± ls gksrs gq, iwoZ esa phu rd igqaps FksA gekjs
ns'k ds O;kikjh lksus dh [kkst esa izFke 'krkCnh esa b.Mksusf'k;k vkSj dEcksfM;k vkfn ns'kksa
esa x,A mudh tkok] lqek=kk rFkk eyk;k }hiksa dh ;k=kkvksa ds fo'ks"k o.kZu feyrs gSaA ;gh
dkj.k gS fd bu {ks=kksa dks izkphu dky esa ^lqo.kZ }hi* dgk x;k FkkA lqo.kZ dk vFkZ
^lksuk* vkSj }hi feydj cuk ^lksus dk }hi*A okLro esa O;kikfj;ksa us laLÑfr&nwr dh
Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA rFkk ckgjh nqfu;k ds ns'kksa ds lkFk O;kikfjd laca/ LFkkfir fd;sA
bZlk&iwoZ igyh 'krkCnh esa O;kikjh mTtSu] eFkqjk] dk'kh] iz;kx] ikVyhiq=k vkfn uxjksa ls
vkSj iwohZ rV ds ekeYyiqje~] rkezfyfIr] dVd] iqjh] jkes'oje~ rFkk dkosjhiÙkue~ ls
328
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj fojklr
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk fons'k eas izlkj
fons'k ds fy, pyrs FksA lezkV v'kksd ds dky esa dfyax jkT; dk Jhyadk ds lkFk
O;kikfjd laca/ FkkA tgka dgha Hkh O;kikjh x, ogha muds lkaLÑfrd laca/ LFkkfir gks
x, FksA bl izdkj O;kikfj;ksa us lkaLÑfrd jktnwrksa dh Hkwfedk dk fuokZg fd;k vkSj
ckgjh nqfu;k ls O;kikfjd lEcU/ cuk,A
iwohZ rV ds leku gh if'peh rV ij Hkh vusd lkaLÑfrd LFky cusA buesa vtUrk]
,yksjk] dkysZ] Hkktk] dUgsjh vkfn dk uke fo'ks"k :i ls fy;k tkrk gSA buesa ls T;knkrj
dsUnzksa ij ckS¼ /kfeZd eB gSaA
ekM~;wy & 9
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk
fons'kksa esa izlkj
fVIi.kh
lkaLÑfrd vknku&iznku esa ;gka ds izkphu fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh Hkwfedk lcls T;knk
egÙoiw.kZ jgh gSA bUgksaus cM+h la[;k esa fo}kuksa vkSj Nk=kksa dks vkdf"kZr fd;kA fons'k ls
vkus okys fo}ku vDlj ukyank fo'ofo|ky; ds iqLrdky; esa tkrs FksA dgk tkrk gS
fd ;g fo'ofo|ky; lkr eaftyk FkkA bu fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds f'k{kd vkSj Nk=k /eZ vkSj
fo|k ds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dks Hkh fons'k esa ys x;sA izfl¼ phuh ;k=kh
àsu&lkax us Hkkjr ds mu lHkh fo'ofo|ky;ksa dk foLrkj ls o.kZu fd;k gS ftuesa og
x, vFkok tgka jg dj bUgksaus vè;;u fd;kA mnkgj.k ds fy,] buesa ls nks
fo'ofo|ky;ksa dk fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[k fd;k tk ldrk gSµiwoZ esa ukyank vksj if'pe
esa oYyHkhA
xaxk ds iwohZ rV ij ,d vU; fo'ofo|ky; FkkµfoØef'kykA frCcrh fo}ku~ rkjkukFk
us bldk foLr`r o.kZu fd;k gSA ;gka ds f'k{kd vkSj fo}ku frCcr esa brus izfl¼ Fks
fd dgk tkrk gS ,d ckj frCcr ds jktk us bl fo'ofo|ky; ds iz/ku dks frCcr esa
vkeaf=kr djus ds fy, nwr Hksts Fks rkfd Lons'kh Kku vksj tu&lkekU; dh laLÑfr eas
#fp txkbZ tk ldsA
fcgkj esa ,d vU; izfl¼ fo'ofo|ky; FkkµvksnUriqjhA ikyoa'k ds jktkvksa ds laj{k.k
esa bldh izfr"Bk c<+hA bl fo'ofo|ky; ls cgqr lkjs ckS¼ fHk{kq frCcr esa tkdj cl
x, FksA
lu~ 67 bZloh esa phuh lezkV ds fuea=k.k ij lcls igys tks nks Hkkjrh; vkpk;Z phu
x, muds uke gSµdk';i ekarx vkSj /eZjf{krA blds ckn yxkrkj ukyank] r{kf'kyk]
foØef'kyk vkSj vksnUriqjh vkfn fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds f'k{kdksa us mudk vuqlj.k fd;kA
tc vkpk;Z dqekjtho phu igqaps rks phuh lezkV us muls laLÑr xzaFkksa dks phuh esa
vuwfnr djus ds fy, vuqjks/ fd;kA ,d vU; vkpk;Z cksf//eZ FksA tks ;ksxn'kZu ds
fo'ks"kK ekus tkrs FksA budks phu vkSj tkiku esa vHkh Hkh lEeku izkIr gSA
ukyank fo'ofo|ky; ds vkpk;Z dey'khy dks frCcr ds jktk us fueaf=kr fd;k FkkA
mudh e`R;q ds ckn muds 'kjhj ij fo'ks"k ysi yxk dj mls Ygklk ds fogkj esa lqjf{kr
j[kk x;k FkkA
KkuHknz] ,d vU; izdkaM fo}ku FksA os vius nksuksa csVksa ds lkFk /eZ izpkj ds fy,
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj fojklr
329
ekM~;wy & 9
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk
fons'kksa esa izlkj
fVIi.kh
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk fons'k eas izlkj
frCcr x;sA fcgkj ds vksnUriqjh fo'ofo|ky; ds leku frCcr esa ,d u;s ckS¼ fogkj
dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA
vkpk;Z vrh'k foØef'kyk fo'ofo|ky; ds iz/ku FksA mUgsa nhiadj JhKku ds uke ls
Hkh tkuk tkrk FkkA os X;kjgoha 'krkCnh esa frCcr x;s vkSj ogka ckS¼ /eZ dh l'kDr uhao
MkyhA Fkksueh laHkksrk ,d frCcrh ea=kh Fkk tks phuh ;k=kh àsulkax ds ukyank vkxeu ds
le;] ukyank fo'ofo|ky; dk Nk=k FkkA ;gka ls vè;;u ds ckn og frCcr ykSVk vkSj
ogka mlus ckS¼ /eZ dk izpkj&izlkj fd;kA frCcfr;ksa dh cM+h la[;k us ckS¼ /eZ dks
Lohdkj fd;k ;gka rd fd frCcr dk jktk Hkh ckS¼ cu x;k FkkA mlus ckS¼ /eZ dks
jkt/eZ ?kksf"kr fd;k FkkA izfl¼ f'k{kdksa esa ls ,d oqQekjtho 5oha 'krkCnh esa lfØ; FksA
21-2 vU; ekè;eksa ls Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk izlkj
jkse ;k ftIlh
cgqr ls Hkkjrh; ?kwers&?kwers lalkj ds vusd ns'kksa esa igqapsA os Lo;a dks jkse dgrs Fks
vkSj mudh Hkk"kk jksekuh Fkh] ijUrq ;wjksi esa mUgsa ftIlh dgk tkrk FkkA os orZeku le;
ds ikfdLrku vkSj viQxkfuLrku vkfn dks ikj dj if'pe dh vksj fudy x;s FksA ogka
ls] bZjku vkSj bZjkd gksrs gq, os rqdhZ igqapsA iQkjl] rkSjl dh igkM+h vkSj oqQLrqUrqfu;k
gksrs gq, os ;wjksi ds vusd ns'kksa esa iSQy x;sA vkt os xzhl] cqYxkfj;k] :ekfu;k] iwoZ
;wxksLykfo;k ds jkT;ksa] iksySaM] fLoV~tjySaM] izQkal] LohMu] psdksLyksokfd;k] :l] gaxjh
vkSj baXySaM esa cls gq, gSaA bl iwjh ;k=kk esa mUgsa yxHkx pkj lkS o"kZ dk le; yxkA bl
vof/ esa os yksx ;g rks Hkwy x;s fd os dgka ds fuoklh gSa ijUrq mUgksaus viuh Hkk"kk]
jgu&lgu ds <ax] jhfr&fjokt vkSj O;olk; vkfn dks ugha NksM+kA
jkse yksxksa dks muds u`R; vkSj laxhr ds fy, tkuk tkrk gSA dgk tkrk gS fd gj ,d
jkse xk;d vkSj vn~Hkqr dykdkj gksrk gSA
ikBxr iz'u 21-1
1-
gekjh laLÑfr dk fons'k esa fdlus izlkj fd;k\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2-
phuh rhFkZ;k=kh g~;wulkax us dkSu ls nks fo'fo|ky;ksa esa ;k=kk dh\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3-
foØef'kyk fo'ofo|ky; dk fdl frCcrh vkpk;Z us o.kZu fd;k gS\
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330
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj fojklr
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk fons'k eas izlkj
4-
lu~ 67 bZ- ds nkSjku fdu nks vkpk;ks± us phu dh ;k=kk dh\
ekM~;wy & 9
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk
fons'kksa esa izlkj
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5-
vkpk;Z oqQekjtho phu D;ksa x, Fks\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6-
izkphu dky esa ftIlh dkSu Fks\
fVIi.kh
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
21-3 eè; ,f'k;k esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr
bZ- iwoZ esa nwljh 'krkCnh ls Hkkjr us phu] lSUVªy ,f'k;k] osLV ,f'k;k vkSj jkseu lkezkT;
ds lkFk O;kikfjd lEcU/ cuk, FksA eè; ,f'k;k frCcr] Hkkjr] viQxkfuLrku] phu]
:l vkSj eaxksfy;k ls f?kjk gqvk {ks=k gSA phu ls vkus&tkus okys O;kikfj;ksa dks cgqr
dfBukb;ksa ds ckotwn bl {ks=k ls gksdj tkuk iM+rk FkkA tks ekxZ mUgksaus cuk;k og vkxs
pydj (flYd :V) ^js'ke&ekxZ* ds uke ls izfl¼ gqvkA bls bl uke ls blfy,
cqyk;k tkus yxk D;ksafd phu ls js'ke dk O;kikj fd;k tkrk FkkA vkxs pydj phu vkus
tkus okys fo}kuksa] fHk{kqvksa] vkpk;ks± vkSj /ekZpk;ks± vkfn us blh ekxZ dk iz;ksx fd;kA
bl ekxZ us ml le; ds ifjfpr fo'o esa laLÑfr;ksa ds izpkj&izlkj esa ,d
egku Ük`a[kyk dk dk;Z fd;kA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk izHkko eè; ,f'k;k esa Hkh n`<+rk ls
vuqHko fd;k x;kA
eè; ,f'k;k ds lkezkT;ksa esa dqph ,d ,slk jkT; Fkk tgka Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vius iwoZ
oSHko ij FkhA bl lkezkT; ls js'ke ekxZ nks Hkkxksa esa caV tkrk gS vkSj phu esa Mqu gqokax
dh xqiQkvksa ij tkdj ;s ekxZ iqu% fey tkrs gSaA bl rjg ,d mÙkjh ^js'ke&ekxZ* Fkk
rFkk nwljk] nf{k.kh js'ke&ekxZA mÙkjh js'ke ekxZ lejdan] dk'kx<+] rqE'kqd] vkDlq dkjk
'kgj] rqiQkZu vkSj gkeh ls gksdj xqtjrk Fkk vkSj nf{k.kh js'ke ekxZ ;kjdUn] [kksrku]
dsfj;k] psjpsu vkSj ehjku ls gksdj tkrk FkkA Kku dh [kkst esa vkSj ckS¼ n'kZu dk izpkj
djus ds fy, vusd phuh vkSj Hkkjrh; fo}ku bu ekxks± ls x;sA
Hkkjr vkSj eè; ,f'k;k ds ns'kksa ds chp tks lkaLÑfrd vknku&iznku gqvk] mldk izek.k
bu lHkh ns'kksa esa izkIr izkphu Lrwiksa] efUnjksa] eBksa] ewfrZ;ksa vkSj fp=kksa ls izkIr gksrk gSA
bl ekxZ ij dbZ LFkku gS tgk¡ fHk{kq vkSj /ekZpk;Z] O;kikjh vkSj rhFkZ;k=kh lHkh ;k=kk ds
chp esa #dk djrs FksA ;s vkxs pydj ckS¼ f'k{kk ds egÙoiw.kZ dsUnz cusA ;gha ls gksdj
js'ke ds lkFk&lkFk tsM uked cgqewY; iRFkj] ?kksM+s rFkk vU; egÙoiw.kZ oLrqvksa dk
O;kikj gqvk djrk FkkA ijUrq bl ekxZ ls gksdj tkus okyk lcls vf/d izHkko'kkyh rÙo
FkkµckS¼ /eZA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd bl O;kikj ekxZ ls /eZ vkSj n'kZu dk vkLFkk
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj fojklr
331
ekM~;wy & 9
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk
fons'kksa esa izlkj
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk fons'k eas izlkj
vkSj fo'okl dk] Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; dk dyk vkSj laLÑfr dk izlkj gqvkA [kksrku ,d
cgqr gh egÙoiw.kZ iM+ko FkkA ;g nf{k.kh js'ke ekxZ ij fLFkr FkkA
Hkkjr ds lkFk blds laca/ksa dk bfrgkl nks gtkj o"kZ iqjkuk gSA e#Hkwfe ds chp gjh&Hkjh
/jrh ij clk ;g [kksrku jkT; js'keh diM+k m|ksx] u`R; vkSj laxhr] lkfgfR;d vkSj
O;kikfjd xfrfof/;ksa vkSj lksus rFkk tsM ds O;kikj ds fy, izfl¼ FkkA
fVIi.kh
bfrgkl esa] Hkkjr vkSj [kksrku ds chp laca/ dk ,d izek.k ;g gS fd fHk{kqvksa vkSj
f'k{kdksa dk vkokxeu fujarj pyrk jgkA ogka ls izkIr igyh 'krkCnh ds flDdksa ij ,d
vksj phuh Hkk"kk esa fy[kk gqvk gS rks nwljh vksj izkÑr Hkk"kk esa [kjks"Vh fyfi esaA ;g
[kksrku dh fefJr laLÑfr dks izekf.kr djrk gSA ;gka jsr ds vUnj ncs eBksa dh [kqnkbZ
djus ij cM+h la[;k esa laLÑr esa ckS¼ n'kZu dh ik.Mqfyfi;ka] muds fyI;Urj vkSj
vuqokn miyC/ gq, gSaA
21-4 iwohZ ,f'k;k esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr
phu
Hkkjr vkSj phu ds vkilh lEidZ nwljh 'krkCnh bloh esa vkjEHk gq,A Hkkjrh; laLÑfr
us loZizFke nks Hkkjrh; vkpk;ks±&èkeZjf{kr vkSj d';i ekarx ds ekè;e ls phu esa izos'k
fd;k tks phuh lezkV feax fr ds fuea=k.k ij lu~ 67 esa phu x, FksA
vkpk;Z&/eZjf{kr vkSj d';i ekrax ds i'pkr~ phu vkSj Hkkjr ds chp fo}kuksa dk
vkuk&tkuk fujarj fuckZ/ xfr ls pyrk jgkA phuh cgqr gh lH; yksx FksA mu lHkh us
cq¼ dh Hkkoiw.kZ dgkfu;ksa dks cgqr è;ku ls lqukA tks Hkh phuh ;k=kh Kku dh [kkst esa
Hkkjr vk;s] mUgksaus vius ;k=kk o`rkUr esa Hkkjr vkSj Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh brus foLrkj ls
ppkZ dh fd vkt og o`rkar ,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls gekjs fy, cgqr gh egÙoiw.kZ cu x,
gSaA Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj fogkjksa ds vusd f'k{kd phu esa izfl¼ gq, Fks
tSlsµdk×phiqje~ ds cksf//eZA os vè;;u ds fy, ukyank fo'ofo|ky; x;s vkSj ogka
ls os phu pys x, FksA os vius lkFk ;ksx dk n'kZu ys x;sA phu esa mUgksaus ^è;ku*
(euu) dk izpkj fd;kA ftls ckn esa phu esa ^pku~* dgk tkrk gSA cksf//eZ ogka brus
izfl¼ gks x;s fd phu vkSj tkiku esa mudh iwtk dh tkus yxhA
ckS¼ n'kZu us phuh fo}kuksa dks vkÑ"V fd;k D;ksfa d muds ikl igys ls gh ^dUÝ;wf'k;fuTe*
uked fodflr n'kZu FkkA
pkSFkh 'krkCnh esa ^osbZ* oa'k ds jktkvksa us lÙkk laHkkyhA bl oa'k ds igys lezkV us ckS¼
/eZ dks jkt /eZ ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA blls ckS¼ n'kZu ds izpkj dks xfr feyhA bl dky
esa gtkjksa laLÑr fdrkcksa dk phuh Hkk"kk esa vuqokn gqvk FkkA ladVe;] Hk;kud vkSj
yEch ;k=kk dks cgknqjh ls r; djrs gq, os cq¼ dh Hkwfe ij vk,A Hkkjr esa jgdj mUgksaus
332
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj fojklr
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk fons'k eas izlkj
ckS¼ksa ds 'ko&vo'ks"k rFkk ckS¼/eZ ij gLrfyf[kr iqLrdksa dks bdV~Bk fd;kA fofHkUu
'kSf{kd dsUnzksa esa jgdj buds fo"k; esa i<+kbZ dhA
ckS¼ /eZ ds izlkj ds lkFk phu esa cgqr gh cM+s Lrj ij xqiQkvksa dh [kqnkbZ rFkk eafnjksa
vkSj fogkjksa ds fuekZ.k dk dk;Z vkjEHk gqvkA bu xqiQkvksa esa dgha pV~Vkusa dkV dj
fo'kkydk; ewfÙkZ;ka cukbZ xb± rks dgha muds vanj vn~Hkqr fp=kdkjh dh xbZA buesa ls
Mqu&gqokax] ;qu&dkax vkSj yqax&esu nqfu;k ds izfl¼ xqiQk ifjlj esa ls gSaA buesa Hkkjrh;
izHkko dkiQh Li"V :i ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
ekM~;wy & 9
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk
fons'kksa esa izlkj
fVIi.kh
bl lkaLÑfrd laca/ rFkk fopkjksa ds vknku&iznku dk mÙkjnkf;Ro vkpk;ks± vkSj fHk{kqvksa
ds nks rjiQk vkokxeu ij fuHkZj gSA
dksfj;k
dksfj;k phu ds mÙkj&iwoZ esa fLFkr gSA dksfj;k dks Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds rÙo phu ls izkIr
gq, FksA lcls igys lqUnks uked ,d ckS¼ fHk{kq] cq¼ dh ewfrZ vkSj lw=k ysdj lu~ 352
bZ- esa dksfj;k igqapkA mlds mijkUr lu~ 384 esa vkpk;Z eYykuUn dksfj;k x;sA dksfj;k
ds I;ksax;kax uxj esa ,d Hkkjrh; fHk{kq us lu~ 404 bZ- esa nks eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k djok;k
FkkA mlds ckn vusd Hkkjrh; f'k{kd dksfj;k tkrs jgsA os Hkkjr ls /eZ] n'kZu] ewfrZ
cukus dh dyk] fp=kdyk] /krqfoKku] vkfn fo"k;ksa dk Kku vius lkFk yk,A Kku dh
[kkst djrs&djrs dksfj;k ls Hkh cgqr ls fo}ku Hkkjr vk;sA ;gka ij mUgksaus fo'ks"k :i
ls T;ksfr"k] [kxksy foKku] vk;qosZn vkSj Kku ds vU; dbZ {ks=kksa esa izf'k{k.k izkIr fd;kA
dksfj;k esa cus ;s eafnj vkSj ckS¼ fogkj /eZ ds lkFk&lkFk Kku ds dsUnz Hkh cu x;sA
cM+h la[;k esa ckS¼ xzaFkksa dk dksfj;k dh Hkk"kk esa vuqokn fd;k x;kA
vkBoha&uoha 'krkCnh esa Hkkjr ls è;ku ;ksx dk n'kZu dksfj;k igqapkA jktk] jkuh]
jktdqekj] ea=kh ;gka rd fd ogka ds lSfudksa us Hkh ohjrk vkSj fuHkZ;rk lh[kus ds fy,
;ksx dk izf'k{k.k izkIr djuk vkjaHk dj fn;kA Kku ds izfr leiZ.k dh Hkkouk ls dksfj;k
ds yksxksa us N% gtkj [kaMksa esa ckS¼ xzaFkksa dk izdk'ku fd;kA blh rjg Hkkjrh; fyfi;k¡
Hkh dksfj;k igaqphaA
tkiku
Hkkjr vkSj tkiku ds lkaLÑfrd laca/ksa dk bfrgkl iUnzg lkS o"kZ iqjkuk ekuk tkrk gS
ysfdu Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds tkiku esa izos'k ds fyf[kr izek.k lu~ 552 ls gSaA ml le;
dksfj;k ds lezkV us tkikuh lezkV ds fy, vusd izdkj dh HksaV Hksth ftuesa ckS¼
ewfÙkZ;ka] lw=k] iwtk esa iz;ksx gksus okyh oLrq,a vkSj muds lkFk ewfÙkZdkj] dykdkj]
okLrqdkj vkfn lfEefyr FksA
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj fojklr
333
ekM~;wy & 9
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk
fons'kksa esa izlkj
fVIi.kh
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk fons'k eas izlkj
tYnh gh ckS¼ /eZ dks jkt/eZ ?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;kA gtkjksa dh la[;k esa yksx fHk{kq rFkk
fHk{kq.kh cu x,A
tkiku esa laLÑr dks ifo=k Hkk"kk dk LFkku izkIr gqvkA fHk{kq laLÑr o.kks± vkSj ea=kksa dks
fy[kus ds fy, fo'ks"k izf'k{k.k izkIr djus yxsA ftl fyfi esa laLÑr ea=k fy[ks tkrs
Fks mls tkikuh esa ^f'kÙku~* dgk tkrk gSA ^f'kÙku~* ^fl¼e~* dk gh nwljk :i gS] ^fl¼e~*
dk vFkZ gS ,slh fyfi tks flf¼ nsrh gSA
vkt Hkh tkikuh fo}ku~ laLÑr ds vè;;u ds fy, mRlqd jgrs gSaA okLro esa ckS¼ xzaFkksa
dh Hkk"kk gksus ds dkj.k] laLÑr Hkkjr vkSj tkiku ds eè; ,d egÙoiw.kZ dM+h dk dk;Z
dj jgh gSA lkroha 'krkCnh esa jktoqQekj 'kksrksoqQrkb'kh ds le; phuh Hkk"kk esa vuwfnr
ckS¼ xzaFk tkiku igqaps FksA og bu xzaFkksa ds n'kZu ls cgqr izHkkfor gq,A
frCcr
frCcr fgeky; ds mÙkj esa cgqr gh Åaps iBkj ij clk gSA frCcr ds yksx ckS¼ gSA ekuk
tkrk gS fd frCcr ds jktk ujnso us vius ,d ea=kh FkksUeh lEHkksV ds lkFk lksyg Js"B
fo}kuksa dks ex/ HkstkA bu fo}kuksa us Hkkjrh; f'k{kdksa ls Kku izkIr fd;kA oqQN le;
ds i'pkr~ FkksUeh lEHkksV d'ehj pys x, FksA ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd mUgksaus Hkkjrh; fyfi
ds vk/kj ij frCcr ds fy, ,d u;h fyfi dk vkfo"dkj fd;kA vkt rd frCcr esa
blh fyfi dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA blus eaxksfy;k vkSj eapwfj;k dh fyfi dks Hkh
izHkkfor fd;k FkkA
,slk ekywe iM+rk gS fd FkksUeh lEHkksV vius lkFk Hkkjr ls vusdksa iqLrdsa ys x,A frCcr
ykSV dj FkksUeh lEHkksV us frCcrh yksxksa ds fy, u;s O;kdj.k dh jpuk dhA ;g ikf.kfu
}kjk fy[ks laLÑr O;kdj.k ij vk/kfjr ekuh tkrh gSA laeksV ds ekè;e ls vk;s lkfgR;
ds izfr jktk bruk vkdf"kZr gqvk fd mlus bl lkfgR; ds vè;;u esa pkj lky fcrk
fn,A mlus laLÑr ls frCcrh Hkk"kk esa vuqokn dh uhao MkyhA blds ifj.kkeLo:i
lkroha ls l=kgoha 'krkCnh rd fujarj vuqokn dk;Z pyrk jgkA bl izdkj fN;kuos gtkj
laLÑr xzaFkksa dk frCcrh Hkk"kk esa vuqokn gqvkA
ikBxr iz'u 21-2
1-
phu ekxZ dks js'ke ekxZ D;ksa dgk tkrk gS\
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2-
dqph dgka gS\ ;g D;ksa izfl¼ gS\
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
334
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj fojklr
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk fons'k eas izlkj
3-
igyh lnh esa ,d vksj phuh Hkk"kk esa [kqns gq, vkSj nwljh vksj [kjks"Vh fyfi esa
izÑfr fy[ks flDds dgk¡ izkIr gq,\
ekM~;wy & 9
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk
fons'kksa esa izlkj
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4-
nqu gqvkax] ;qu dkax vkSj yqax&esu D;k Fks\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------fVIi.kh
5-
dksfj;k esa ^è;ku&;ksx* n'kZu dc igqapk\
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6-
tkiku esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dSls igqaph\
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7-
tkiku esa ^f'kÙku* D;k gS\
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8-
bZ'kk i'pkr~ lkroha 'krkCnh ls l=kgoha 'krkCnh ds chp laLÑr Hkk"kk dh fdruh
iqLrdksa dk frCcrh Hkk"kk esa vuqokn fd;k x;k\
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
21-5 Jhyadk vkSj nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr
Jhyadk
vkius i<+k gksxk fd egkdkO; jkek;.k esa v;ksè;k ds jktk Hkxoku jke] lhrkth dks
okil ysus Jhyadk x, FksA ;g lEHko gS fd ml le; dh yadk vkSj Jhyadk vyx
vyx gksaA egkjktk v'kksd us Hkkjr ds ckgj ckS¼&/eZ ds izpkj ds fy, vFkd iz;kl
fd,A mUgksaus vius iq=k egsUnz vkSj iq=kh la?kfe=kk dks cq¼ ds lans'kksa ds izpkj dk;Z ds
fy, Jhyadk HkstkA muds lkFk vU; dbZ fo}ku~ Hkh x;sA ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd os vius
lkFk cks/x;k ls cksfèko`{k dh ,d 'kk[kk Hkh dkV dj ys x;s tks ogk¡ yxkbZ xbZA ml
le; Jhyadk esa nsokuke~fi; frLl uked jktk FkkA Hkkjr ls tks yksx x,] mUgksaus ekSf[kd
:i ls gh cq¼ dh f'k{kkvksa dk izpkj fd;kA izk;% nks lkS o"kks± rd Jhyadk esa yksxksa us
egsUnz }kjk fl[kk, x, 'kkL=kksa ds mPpkj.k dks laHkky j[kkA lcls igys egkfogkj vkSj
vHk;fxfj uked ckS¼ fogkjksa dk fuekZ.k gqvkA
ml le; ls vkt rd Jhyadk ckS¼ /eZ dk ,d l'kDr dsUnz jgk gSA Jhyadk ds yksx
ikfy Hkk"kk dk lkfgfR;d Hkk"kk ds :i esa iz;ksx djus yxsA Jhyadk dh laLÑfr dks lqanj
cukus esa ckS¼ /eZ dk egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA Jhyadk esa nhioa'k vkSj egkoa'k ckS¼/eZ
ds fo[;kr lzksr gSaA
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj fojklr
335
ekM~;wy & 9
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk
fons'kksa esa izlkj
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk fons'k eas izlkj
ckS¼ /eZ ds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; dyk Hkh Jhyadk igqaph] Hkkjrh; fo"k;] u`R; fp=kdyk
dh rduhd 'kSyh vkSj rjhds] yksd xhr vkSj dyk dh 'kSyh vkSj okLrqdyk dh fof/
Hkh ;gha ls ogk¡ igqaphA Jhyadk dh fp=kdyk dk lcls lqUnj fun'kZu ^flxhfj;k* uked
xqiQk fogkj esa feyrk gSA ,slk fo'okl fd;k tkrk gS fd jktk d';i us 5oha 'krkCnh
esa bls ,d etcwr fdys ds :i esa ifjofrZr dj fn;kA bldh fHkfÙk;ksa ij cuk;s x;s
fp=kksa dk vkdkj izdkj Hkkjr dh vejkorh dh dyk 'kSyh esa gSA
fVIi.kh
E;kaekj (cekZ)
bZlk laor~ ds izkjaHk esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj Hkkjrh; yksx cekZ igqapus yxs FksA E;kaekj
phu tkus okys jkLrs esa iM+rk FkkA vejkorh vkSj rkezfyfIr ls vkus okys yksxksa us nwljh
lnh ds ckn E;kaekj esa cluk vkjaHk dj fn;kA E;kaekj esa vkdj clus okys yksxksa esa
O;kikjh] czkã.k] dykdkj] f'kYih vkSj vU; yksx 'kkfey FksA
cekZ esa] ixku 11oha ls 13oha lnh rd ckS¼&laLÑfr dk egku dsUnz cuk jgkA ;gka ds
,d izrkih jktk dk uke vfu#¼ gSA bUgksaus [kstsxksu iSxksMk rFkk gtkjksa dh la[;k esa
eafnj cuok;sA mUgksaus ikfy Hkk"kk dks fodflr fd;k rFkk ckS¼ ,oa fgUnw /eZxzUFkksa dk
viuh ikfy Hkk"kk esa vuqokn djok;kA
cekZ ds jktnjckj ij Hkh Hkkjrh; ijaijk vkSj dk xgjk izHkko jgkA gky ds fnuksa rd ;gka
jkt&T;ksfr"kh] Hkfo";oDrk rFkk vkpk;Z czkã.k gqvk djrs FksA bUgsa cekZ esa iksUuk dgk
tkrk gSA buesa vf/dka'k Hkkjr ds ef.kiqj izns'k ds FksA ekuk tkrk gS fd cekZ esa ;s iafMr
vR;ar lfØ; jgsA iafMr x.k dh izflf¼ foKku] fpfdRlk rFkk T;ksfr"k esa muds vPNs
Kku ds dkj.k FkhA
FkkbZySaM
lu~ 1939 bZ- rd FkkbZySaM dks L;ke uke ls gh tkuk tkrk FkkA bl ns'k esa Hkkjrh;
laLÑfr dk izos'k bZlk dh izFke 'krkCnh esa gksuk 'kq: gqvkA lcls igys ;g dk;Z
O;kikfj;ksa us fd;k rFkk muds i'pkr~ izpkjdksa vkSj /ekZpk;ks± us bls vkxs c<+k;kA Hkkjrh;
laLÑfr vusd izdkj ls ogka igaqphA ogka ds jkT;ksa ds uke laLÑr esa j[ks x;s
tSlsµ}kjkorh] Jhfot;] v;ksè;k vkSj lq[kksn; vkfnA FkkbZySaM esa uxjksa ds uke Hkh
Hkkjrh;rk ds |ksrd gSa tSlsµdapuiqjh ds rtZ ij dkapucqjh] jktiqjh ds leku jktcqjh
vkSj yoiqjh ds leku yksciqjhA ;gka 'kgjksa ds izkphucqjh] flgcqjh tSls uke feyrs gS tks
laLÑr Hkk"kk ds izHkko dks n'kkZrs gSaA ;gka rd fd jktkjke] jktk&jkuh] egkt;k vkSj
pØoa'k tSls xfy;ksa ds uke ;gka jkek;.k dh yksdfiz;rk dk lk{; nsrs gSaA
czkã.kksa dh ewfÙkZ;k¡ vkSj ckS¼ eafnjksa dk ogka ij fuekZ.k rhljh&pkSFkh 'krkCnh esa vkjaHk
gks x;k FkkA ogka ds eafnjksa ls izkIr gksus okyh lcls izkphu ewfrZ;ka Hkxoku~ fo".kq dh gSaA
336
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj fojklr
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk fons'k eas izlkj
fofHkUu le; ij FkkbZySaM dh jkt/kuh dbZ ckj ifjofrZr gqbZA tgka Hkh ubZ jkt/kuh
curh Fkh ogka HkO; eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk Fkka v;ksè;k ftls ^v;qfRFk;k* dgrs
gSa mUgha esa ls ,d gSA ;gka cgqr cM+s&cM+s eafnj Fks ij vkt os lc [k.Mgjksa ds :i esa
[kM+s gSa ijUrq orZeku jkt/kuh cSdkad esa vkt Hkh 400 eafnj gSaA
ekM~;wy & 9
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk
fons'kksa esa izlkj
dEcksfM;k
fVIi.kh
pEik (vUue) vkSj dEckst (dEcksfM+;k) lkezkT;ksa ij Hkkjrh; ewy ds jktkvksa us 'kklu
fd;kA Hkkjr vkSj dEcksfM;k ds xgjs lkaLÑfrd laca/ dk bfrgkl igyh vkSj nwljh
'krkCnh bZ- i'pkr~ rd tkrk gSA izFke 'krkCnh ls dEckst esa Hkkjrh; ewy ds 'kkld
dkSfUMU; jktoa'k us 'kklu fd;kA vla[; laLÑr vfHkys[k rFkk lkfgR; ls ge muds
bfrgkl dk vuqeku yxk ldrs gSaA ge 'kkunkj eafnjksa dks ns[kdj mudk oSHko Kkr dj
ldrs gSaA
dEcksfM;k ds yksxksa us cM+s&cM+s Lekjd cuk, vkSj mudks Hkkjrh; egkdkO;ksa vkSj iqjk.kksa
ls ysdj f'ko] fo".kq] cq¼ vkSj vusd nsoh&nsorkvksa dh ewfrZ;ksa ls ltk;kA jktkvksa ds
}kjk bu xzUFkksa ds ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa dks iznf'kZr djus ds fy, dFkkudksa ls vusd va'k
pqus x,A pkSngoha 'krkCnh rd laLÑr jktHkk"kk ds in ij vklhu jghA
jktkvksa us laLÑr esa viuh mikf/;k¡ [kqnokb±A czkã.kksa dks lcls Åaps inksa ij fu;qDr
fd;k x;kA 'kklu dk lkjk dk;Z fgUnq fu;eksa vkSj czkã.k xzUFkksa ds vuqlkj pyk;k tkus
yxkA eafnjksa ds lkFk Kku dsUnz ds :i esa vkJe [kksys x,A rkeziqj] foØeiqj] /zqoiqj
vkfn uxjksa ds laLÑr uke j[ks x,A vkt rd ;gka Hkkjrh; eghuksa ds uke&psr~] fclkd]
ts'k] vklk<+ vkfn pyrs gSaA ;s Hkkjrh; ukeksa ds gh viHkz"V mPpkj.k gSaA blh izdkj FkksM+s
ls mPpkj.k Hksn ds lkFk ge vkt Hkh mudh Hkk"kk esa gtkjksa 'kCn ns[k ldrs gSaA
dEcksfM+;k esa fLFkr vkadksjokV dk eafnj lalkj dk lcls cM+k fo".kq eafnj gSA bl eafnj
ds ikap f'k[kj lqes# ioZr ds ikap f'k[kj ekus tkrs gSaA bl eafnj esa ogka ds ,d jktk
lw;ZoeZu dks fo".kq ds :i esa ewfÙkZeku fd;k x;k gSA ekuk tkrk gS fd og vius
iq.;&dk;ks± ds dkj.k fo".kqyksd pyk x;kA ;g eafnj ,d oxZehy esa iSQyk gqvk gSA
blds pkjksa vksj dh [kkbZ lnk ikuh ls Hkjh jgrh gS tks bldh 'kksHkk dh pkj pkan yxkrh
gSA bldh nhokjksa ij jkek;.k vkSj egkHkkjr ds fp=k [kksns x;s gSaA buesa lcls cM+k n`';
leqnzeaFku vFkkZr~ leqnz ds eFkus dk gSA
dEcksfM;k esa ;'kks/jiqj esa ,d vkSj HkO; eafnj gSµckiqQvksuA ;g X;kjgoha 'krkCnh esa
cuk;k x;k FkkA bldh nhokjksa ij egkdkO;ksa ds fp=k [kqns gq, gSa tSls jke&jko.k ds ;q¼
ds n`';] dSyk'k&ioZr ij vf/f"Br f'ko&ikoZrh ds n`'; rFkk dkenso ds HkLe gksus dk
n`';A
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj fojklr
337
ekM~;wy & 9
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk
fons'kksa esa izlkj
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk fons'k eas izlkj
fo;ruke (pEik)
pEikns'k esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds izlkj dk dk;Z Hkkjr ds O;kikfj;ksa vkSj jktoqQekjksa us
fd;kA ogka tk dj mUgksaus jktuhfr vkSj vFkZ'kkL=k ds vxz.kh ds :i esa vius dks fl¼
fd;kA nksuksa n`f"V;ksa ls mUgksaus ogka ds uxjksa ds uke bUnziqj] vejkorh] fot;] dkSBkj]
ik.Mqjax vkfn j[ksA
fVIi.kh
pEik ds yksx pe dgykrs gSaA pe yksxksa us cM+h la[;k esa fganq vkSj ckS¼ eafnjksa dk
fuekZ.k fd;kA os Hkxoku f'ko] x.ks'k] y{eh] ikoZrh] ljLorh] cq¼ rFkk yksds'oj vkfn
nsorkvksa dh iwtk fd;k djrs FksA bUgksaus eafnjksa esa vU; ewfÙk;ksa f'kofyaxksa dh Hkh LFkkiuk
dhA ;s eafnj HkO; Fks ijUrq vkt th.kZ&'kh.kZ voLFkk esa gSaA
eysf'k;k
izkphu dky ls Hkkjr esa eysf'k;k ds ckjs esa tkudkjh FkhA jkek;.k] tkrd dFkkvksa]
fefyUni.g] f'kYikfndje~ rFkk j?kqoa'k uked egkdkO;ksa esa ey;sf'k;k dk mYys[k vkrk
gSA eysf'k;k ds dsMkg rFkk oSysLyh vkfn izkUrksa ls bl ckr ds izek.k feys gSa fd ogka
'kSo /eZ izpfyr FkkA ;gka ls dqN ,slh nsfo;ksa dh ewfrZ;ka Hkh feyh gSa ftuds gkFk esa
f=k'kwy gSA vU; ewfrZ;ksa esa lkroha vkSj vkBoha lnh ls lacaf/r xzsukbV dk uUnh&'kh"kZ]
nqxkZ&izfrek rFkk x.ks'k ewfrZ vkfn fofHkUu LFkyksa ls izkIr gqbZ gSaA
izkphu dky esa eysf'k;k esa czkãh fyfi ds ijorhZ :i dk gh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA
dsMkg uked LFkku ls dqN ,sls ckS¼ xzaFkksa ds va'k feys gSa tks iqjkuh rfey ls feyrh
tqyrh fdlh fyfi esa fy[ks x, gSaA laLÑr ogk¡ dh lzksr Hkk"kk jghA ogka dh Hkk"kk dks
'kCn nsus dk dk;Z Hkh laLÑr Hkk"kk us fd;kA LoxZ] jl] xq.k] n.M] ea=kh] nksgn /hifr]
y{k bR;kfn vusd laLÑr 'kCn mudh Hkk"kk esa ik;s tkrs gSaA guqeku vkSj x#M+ viuh
vykSfdd 'kfDr;ksa ds fy, eysf'k;k esa izfl¼ FksA
Hkkjr vkSj eysf'k;k ds lkaLÑfrd laca/ksa ds lcls izkphu izek.k ogka ls feys laLÑr
ds f'kykys[k gSaA ;s pkSFkh ikapoha 'krkCnh dh Hkkjrh; fyfi esa fy[ks x;s gSaA buesa lcls
egÙoiw.kZ fyxksj ds f'kykys[k dks ekuk tkrk gSA ;gka ij djhc ipkl eafnj feys gSaA
b.Mksusf'k;k
/kfeZd okLrqf'kYi ds {ks=k esa b.Mksusf'k;k dk lcls cM+k f'ko&eafnj tkok }hi esa
LFkkfir gSA bls izEcuu dgk tkrk gSA ;g eafnj uoha 'krkCnh esa cuk;k x;k FkkA blds
eè; esa lcls cM+k eafnj f'ko eafnj gSA blds nksuksa vksj czãk vkSj fo".kq ds eafnj gSaA
bu rhu efUnjksa ds lkeus rhu eafnj vkSj gSa tks rhuksa nsorkvksa ds okguksa ds eafnj gSaA tSls
f'ko ds lkeus uUnh dk] fo".kq ds lkeus x#M+ dk vkSj czãk ds lkeus gal dk eafnj
338
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj fojklr
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk fons'k eas izlkj
gSA bu nks iafDr;ksa ds chp esa nks vU; eafnj nsoh nqxkZ rFkk x.kifr ds gSaA bl izdkj bu
vkB eafnjksa dk ,d lewg cu x;k gSA bl lewg ds pkjksa vksj NksVs&NksVs 240 eafnjksa dh
iafDr;ka gSaA ;g okLrqf'kYi dk vuqie mnkgj.k gSA bl eafnj dh nhokjksa ij jkek;.k rFkk
Ñ".k dFkk ds fp=kksa dh tks uDdk'kh dh xbZ gS] og lalkj dh lcls izkphu izLrqfr;ksa
esa ls gSaA
;gka iwtk ds le; laLÑr ea=kksa dk ikB fd;k tkrk gSA ckfy }hi ls laLÑr ds ,sls ikap
lkS ls vf/d lwÙkQ rFkk 'yksd bdV~Bs fd;s x;s gSa tks vusd nsoh&nsorkvksa dh Lrqfr
esa xk;s tkrs gSa] tSlsµf'ko] czãk] nqxkZ] x.ks'k] cq¼ vkfnA okLro esa ckfy gh ,d ek=k
izns'k gS tgka fganw laLÑfr le`¼ gqbZ vkSj vHkh rd vfLrRo esa gSA tcfd leLr (iqjkus
yksxksa) us bLyke Lohdkj dj fy;k gS] ^ckfy* fiQj Hkh fganw laLÑfr vkSj /eZ dk gh
vuqlj.k djrk gSA
ekM~;wy & 9
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk
fons'kksa esa izlkj
fVIi.kh
b.Mksusf'k;k ds tkok }hi ls Hkkjh la[;k esa ik.Mqfyfi;ka feyh gSaA ;s izk;% rkM+i=kksa ij
tkok dh izkphu fyfi ^dkfo* esa fy[kh x;h gSaA dkfo fyfi dk vk/kj Hkh czkãh fyfi
gh gSA bu xzaFkksa esa izk;% laLÑr esa 'yksd rFkk ^dkfo* Hkk"kk esa mu dh Vhdk,¡ fy[kh
gqbZ gSaA ;fn 'kSo /eZ rFkk n'kZu ds xzaFkksa ij fopkj fd;k tk;s rks muesa ^Hkqoudks'k* lcls
cM+k vkSj lcls iqjkuk xzUFk gSA blesa 525 'yksd laLÑr esa gSa rFkk ,d Vhdk bu 'yksdksa
ds vFkZ dks crkrs gq, fy[kh xbZ gSA
nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;k esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr rFkk /eZ dk ftruk izHkko gqvk mruk 'kk;n lalkj
ds fdlh vU; jkT; ij ugha iM+kA lkaLÑfrd vknku&iznku rFkk Hkkjrh; fyfi esa laLÑr
f'kykys[k lcls egÙoiw.kZ lzksr gSaA ;s f'kykys[k lHkh jkT;ksa esa izkIr gksrs gSaA bu
f'kykys[kksa rFkk lkfgR; ds vè;;u ls rFkk vU; lkfgR; ls ;gka dh Hkk"kk] /eZ jktuhfr]
lkekftd laLFkkuksa ij Hkkjr dk cgqr izHkko fn[krk gSA
^czkã.k] {kf=k;] oS';] 'kwnz*µ;s tkfr foHkktu rFkk o.kZ O;oLFkk dks Hkh tkurs FksA
ysfdu ;g O;oLFkk Hkkjr ds leku dBksj ugha FkhA ½Xosn ds dky esa tSlh deZ ds
vk/kj ij foHkkftr O;oLFkk Fkh oSlh gh O;oLFkk ;gk¡ ij FkhA tUe ds vk/kj ij ckfy
esa o.kZO;oLFkk ugha gSA fookg ds jhfr&fjokt Hkh izk;% ,d tSls gh gSaA
euksjatu dk cgqr yksdfiz; lk/u (Hkkjrh; dBiqryh ds izn'kZu tSlk) Nk;k ukVd
^ok;aqx* gSaµ ftldh dgkfu;ka eq[;:i ls jkek;.k vkSj egkHkkjr ls yh tkrh gSa vkSj
tks nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;k esa vHkh Hkh cgqr yksdfiz; gSA
ikBxr iz'u 21-3
1-
Jhyadk ds izFke nks eBksa ds uke crk;saA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj fojklr
339
ekM~;wy & 9
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk
fons'kksa esa izlkj
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk fons'k eas izlkj
2-
ckS¼ /eZ Jhyadk dSls igq¡pk\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3-
dkSu lh Hkk"kk Jhyadk dh lkfgR; dh Hkk"kk cuh\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4-
^vadksj okV* D;k gS\
fVIi.kh
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5-
^vadksj okV* ds ikap f'k[kj D;k dgykrs gSa\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6-
^vadksj okV* esa D;k fpf=kr gS vkSj D;ksa\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7-
vadksj okV eafnj fdldk izfrfuf/Ro djrk gS\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8-
^vadksj okV* dh nhokjksa ij D;k [kqnk gqvk gS\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9-
^vadksj okV* dh nhokjksa ij dkSu lk lcls egÙoiw.kZ n`'; [kqnk gqvk gS\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10- ^ckiqQvksu* ij D;k ltkoV dh xbZ gS\
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11- fo;ruke (pEik) ds dqN 'kgjksa ds uke crkb;s ftuds uke Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ij
vk/kfjr gSaA
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12- eysf'k;k esa 'kSo/eZ ds izek.k dgka ik;s x,\
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13- eysf'k;k esa dkSu lh egRoiw.kZ vkÑfr;k¡ [kqnkbZ esa izkIr gqb±\
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14- laLÑr ds mu 'kCnksa dks crkb, tks eysf'k;k dh Hkk"kk esa ik;s tkrs gSaA
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15- pkSFkh rFkk ikapoha 'krkCnh esa eysf'k;k esa dkSu ls lcls egÙoiw.kZ f'kykys[k gSa\
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------340
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj fojklr
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk fons'k eas izlkj
16- ^fyxksj* esa fdrus eafnj ik;s x,\
ekM~;wy & 9
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk
fons'kksa esa izlkj
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17- ^izacuu* D;k gS\
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18- f'ko] fo".kq rFkk czãk ds rhuksa eafnjksa ds lkeus D;k cuk gqvk gS\
fVIi.kh
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19- b.Mksusf'k;k ds tkok }hi esa fdrus eafnj gSa\
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20- b.Mksusf'k;k ds eafnjksa dh nhokjksa ij dkSu lh dgkfu;ka [kqnh gqb± gSa\
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21- b.Mksusf'k;k ds ckyh }hi esa D;k ik;k x;k\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
21-6 Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj vjc lH;rk ds laca/
LFky vkSj leqnz&ekxZ ds }kjk if'pe ,f'k;k ls Hkkjr dk laidZ izkphu dky ls pyk
vk jgk gSA bu nks laLÑfr&{ks=kksa (ml le; jk"Vª dk fopkj fodflr ugha gqvk Fkk) ds
chp laca/] if'pe ,f'k;k esa bLykeh lH;rk ds mn; vkSj izlkj ds lkFk vkSj xgjs gq,A
bl laca/ ds vkfFkZd&i{k ds fo"k; esa 9oha lnh ds eè; ds vjc rFkk vU; O;kikjh
;kf=k;ksa tSlsµlkSnkxj lqyseku] vy&elwnh] bCu gkSoqQy] vy bnfjlh vkfn ds o`rkarksa ls
tkudkjh feyrh gSA bu ;k=kk&o`rkarksa ds vuqlkj bu nks laLÑfr&{ks=kksa ds chp O;kikfjd
vknku&iznku dk laca/ vR;ar le`¼ FkkA cgjgky] laLÑfr ds {ks=k esa vkBoha lnh ;k
blls Hkh igys ls lfØ; esy&tksy ds izek.k feys gSaA
Hkkjr vkSj if'pe ,f'k;k ds chp lkFkZd lkaLÑfrd esy&tksy ds izek.k cgqr ls {ks=kksa
esa izkIr gksrs gSaA ge ;gka i<+saxs fd dSls bl laca/ ds iQyLo:i bLykeh&txr le`¼
gqvkA [kxksyfoKku ds {ks=k ds nks egÙoiw.kZ xzaFk ^czã&LiqQV&fl¼kar* ftls vjc txr
esa ^flaf/u* ds uke ls tkurs gSa] rFkk ^[k.Mu[kk/* (vjdan uke ls izfl¼) flU/ ds
nwrkoklksa ds ekè;e ls cxnkn igqapsA bu nwrkoklksa ds Hkkjrh; fo}kuksa dh enn ls bu
xzFa kksa dk vjch esa vuqokn vy&iQtkjh us fd;kA laHkor% vy&iQtkjh us ;kdwc&bu&rkjhd
dh Hkh enn dh FkhA ckn ds le; esa vk;ZHkV~V vkSj ojkgfefgj Ñr [kxksyfoKku ds
xzaFkksa dk Hkh vjc&txr esa vè;;u gqvk vkSj bUgsa vjc ds oSKkfud lkfgR; esa 'kkfey
dj fy;k x;kA
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj fojklr
341
ekM~;wy & 9
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk
fons'kksa esa izlkj
fVIi.kh
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk fons'k eas izlkj
vjc lH;rk dks Hkkjr dk ,d vU; egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku xf.kr FkkA vjc ds fo}kuksa us
xf.kr 'kkL=k dks ^fgfUnlk* (Hkkjr ls lacaf/r) dgdj Hkkjr ds izfr viuk ½.k
Lohdkj fd;k gSA Hkkjrh; xf.kr vjch fo}kuksa ds vè;;u vkSj fopkj&foe'kZ dk fiz;
fo"k; cu x;kA Hkkjrh; xf.kr dh yksdfiz;rk vU; fo}kuksa ds vfrfjDr vyfdUnh ds
xzaFkksa ds dkj.k T;knk c<+hA vjcksa us cgqr tYnh tku fy;k fd 'kwU; dh vo/kj.kk ls
lEiUu Hkkjrh; n'kfed&iz.kkyh vR;ar Økafrdkjh gSA lhfj;k ds ,d rRdkyhu fo}ku
us 'kwU; ds lkFk nk'kfed&iz.kkyh ds izfr viuh ÑrKrk izdV djrs gq, dgk Fkkµ^^eSa
ek=k bruk Hkj dguk pkgrk gwa fd ;g ifjx.kuk ukS vadksa ds lgkjs gksrh gSA blfy, tks
;g fo'okl djrs gSa fd D;ksafd os xzhd Hkk"kk cksyrs gSa] mUgksaus foKku dh ljgnksa dks
Nw fy;k gS] ;fn bu ckrksa dks tkusa rks mUgsa irk yxsxk fd nwljs yksx Hkh gSa ftUgsa oqQN
vkrk gSA**
10oha ls 13oha lnh ds vusd vjch lzksrksa ls irk pyrk gS fd fpfdRlk vkSj vkS"kf/
&foKku ds cgqr ls Hkkjrh; xzaFkksa dk [kfyiQk gk:u vy&j'khn ds funsZ'k ij vjch esa
vuqokn gqvkA [kyhiQk gk#u vy&jf'kn~ lu~ 786 bZ- ls lu~ 809 bZ- rd cxnkn dk
'kkld jgkA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij lqJqr lafgrk dk vuqokn vjch esa ,d Hkkjrh; us fd;k
ftls ea[k dgk tkrk gSA
[kxksyfoKku] T;ksfr"k&'kkL=k] xf.kr 'kkL=k rFkk vkS"kf/&foKku vkfn xzUFkksa ds vfrfjÙkQ
vjcksa us fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ds Hkkjrh; xzaFkksa ds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; lH;rk&laLÑfr ds
fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dh Hkh iz'kalk dhA mUgksaus Hkkjrh; xzaFkksa dk vuqokn Hkh djk;k] ysfdu
os vuqokn ls larq"V ugha gq, vkSj vuwfnr xazFkksa ij vk/kfjr vFkok muls O;qRiUu ekSfyd
xzaFkksa dh Hkh mUgksaus jpuk dhA vjcksa us Hkkjrh; Kku ds ftu vU; {ks=kksa dk vè;;u
fd;k mlesa lkai vkSj tgj ds fo"k; esa fy[ks xzaFk] i'kq&fpfdRlk ls lacaf/r xzaFk]
rdZ'kkL=k] n'kZu'kkL=k] uhfr'kkL=k] jktuhfr rFkk ;q¼&dyk ij fyf[kr xzaFk Hkh 'kkfey gSaA
bl izfØ;k esa vjc dh 'kCnkoyh Hkh vR;ar le`¼ gqbZA felky ds rkSj ij vjc yksx
tgktjkuh esa vR;ar vxz.kh Fks ijUrq vki bl {ks=k ds ,sls vusd vjch 'kCnksa dks igpku
ldrs gS tks Hkkjrh; ewy ds gSa] tSls] ^gwfÙkZ* (NksVh uko) tks gksjh ls cuk gS rFkk ^cuoh*
tks cfu;k ;k of.kd~ ls cuk gS] ,oa ^Mksuht* tks Mksaxh ls cuk gS vkfnA
21-7 Hkkjr ds jkse ls laca/
nf{k.k Hkkjr ds mRiknksa dk if'pe esa ,dkf/dkj Fkk D;ksafd mudh ogka cgqr ekax FkhA
okLro esa bZlk ;qx dh izFke rhu 'krkfCn;ksa esa Hkkjr dk if'pe ds lkFk ykHkizn leqnzh
O;kikj gqvk ftuesa jkse lkezkT; izeq[k FkkA jkse Hkkjrh; lkeku dk loksZÙke xzkgd FkkA
;g O;kikj nf{k.k Hkkjr ds lkFk gqvk tks dks;EcVwj vkSj enqjbZ esa feys jkse ds flDdksa
ls fl¼ gksrk gSA jkse esa dkyh fepZ] iku] elkyksa vkSj b=kksa dh cgqr ekax FkhA cgqewY;
iRFkj tSls uxhus] ghjs] iUus] ekf.kD; vkSj eksrh] gkFkh nkar] js'ke ,oa eyey ds oL=k
ogka cgqr ilan fd;s tkrs FksA jkse ds lkFk O;kikj ls Hkkjr esa lksuk vkrk Fkk vkSj Hkkjr
342
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj fojklr
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk fons'k eas izlkj
dks bl O;kikj ls cgqr ykHk gksrk Fkk rFkk ml le; oqQ"kk.k lkezkT; dks vkenuh ds
:i esa LFkk;h Lo.kZ eqnzk feyrh FkhA rfey jktkvksa us ;q¼ LFky ij vius f'kfojksa dh
j{kk ds fy,s vkSj enqjS ds uxj}kj dh igjsnkjh ds fy, Hkh ;ou fu;qDr fd;s FksA izkphu
Hkkjr esa ;ou 'kCn if'pe ,f'k;k rFkk Hkweè;lkxjh; {ks=k ds yksxksa ds fy, izpfyr Fkk
vkSj blesa jkseoklh rFkk ;wukuh yksx Hkh 'kkfey FksA oqQN bfrgkldkjksa dk er gS fd
^;ou* vaxj{kdksa esa oqQN jkseoklh Hkh gks ldrs FksA
ekM~;wy & 9
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk
fons'kksa esa izlkj
fVIi.kh
bl le; rd dkosjhiÙkue fons'kh O;kikj dk ,d cgqr egÙoiw.kZ dsUnz cu x;k FkkA
dkosjhiÙkue esa rV ij Åaps eap] xksnke vkSj HkaMkj x`g tgktksa ls mrjs eky dks j[kus
ds fy, cuk;s x;sA bu oLrqvksa dh pqaxh Hkqxrku ds ckn bu ij pksyksa dh ck?k ds
fpÉokyh eksgj yxkbZ tkrh FkhA mlds ckn eky O;kikfj;ksa ds HkaMkjx`gksa (iÙkuIiykbZ)
esa Hkstk tkrk FkkA fudV gh ;ou O;kikfj;kas ds vkokl vkSj fofHkUu Hkk"kk,a cksyus okys
fons'kh O;kikfj;ksa ds jgus ds LFkku gksrs FksA ogha ,d cM+s cktkj esa mudh t:jr dk
gj lkeku miyC/ gksrk FkkA ;gka iwQyksa vkSj b=kksa ds lqxaf/r ysi vkSj pw.kZ cukus okys]
nthZ tks flYd] Åuh vkSj lwrh oL=kksa ij dke djrs Fks] panu] ewaxs] lksus] eksrh vkSj
cgqewY; uxksa ds O;kikjh] vukt ds O;kikjh] /ksch] eNyh vkSj ued vkfn ds cspus
okys] eksph] lqukj] fp=kdkj] ewfrZdkj] yqgkj vkSj f[kykSus cukus okys lc fey tkrs FksA
;gka leqnz ikj lqnwj ns'kksa ls vk;s ?kksM+s Hkh cktkj esa cspus ds fy, yk, tkrs FksA
buesa vf/dka'k oLrqvksa dks fu;kZr ds fy, ,d=k fd;k tkrk FkkA fIyuh ds vuqlkj Hkkjr
ds fu;kZrksa esa dkyh fepZ vkSj vnjd Hkh 'kkfey FksA budk okLrfod ewY; ls lkS xquk
T;knk nke feyrk FkkA blds vfrfjDr Hkkjrh; b=k] elkyksa vkSj lqxa/ksa vkfn oLrqvksa dh
jkse esa cgqr vf/d [kir FkhA
izkphu dky esa fons'kksa ds lkFk Hkkjr ds O;kikj laca/ fdrus egÙoiw.kZ Fks bldk vuqeku
vki Hkkjrh; jktkvksa }kjk Hksts tkus okys vkSj muls feyus vkus okys jktnwrksa dh la[;k
ls yxk ldrs gSaA ,d ikaM~; (Pandya) jktk us bZlk iwoZ igyh 'krkCnh esa jkse ds lezkV
vxLVl ds ikl jktnwr Hkstk FkkA bZlk ds ckn lu~ 99 esa Hkh Vªk; ds fy, jktnwr Hksts
x;sA DykmfM;l] VªStu] ,aVksufel] iwbl] bafLreku rFkk vU; jktnwrksa us fofHkUu Hkkjrh;
jktnjckjksa dh 'kksHkk c<+k;hA
jkse ds lkFk O;kikj bruk vf/d Fkk fd bldh xfr dks fuckZ/ cukus ds fy, if'peh
rV ij lksikjk vkSj csjhxkt (HkM+kSp) tSls canjxkg cus] tcfd dksjkseaMy rV ls ^lqugjs
dSjlksuhl* (lqo.kZHkwfe) vkSj lqugjs Øhl (lqo.kZ }hi) ds lkFk O;kikj gksrk FkkA pksy
jktkvksa us vius canjxkgksa ij izdk'kLraHk yxk;s tks jkr esa rhoz jks'kuh nsdj canjxkgksa ij
tgktksa dk ekxZn'kZu djrs FksA ikaMspsjh ds lehi vkdsZesMw uked LFkku ij bVyh dh
vjsVkbu uke ls izfl¼ crZu cukus dh dyk ds dqN uewus ftu ij bVyh ds crZulkt
dh eqgj Hkh gS] rFkk jkseu ySai ds vo'ks"k Hkh feys gSaA
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj fojklr
343
ekM~;wy & 9
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk
fons'kksa esa izlkj
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk fons'k eas izlkj
vka/z {ks=k ls Hkh fons'kh O;kikj dh fu'kkfu;ka feyrh gSaA ;gka ds oqQN canjxkg vkSj
vklikl ds uxj Hkh O;kikj esa lgk;rk iznku djrs FksA vr% iSBu (izfrLFkku) ls iRFkj
rxj] lwrh eyey vkSj vU; oL=k fons'kksa dks tgkt ls Hksts tkrs FksA vka/z ds jktk
;KJh us jkT; ds leqnzh O;kikj ds izrhd :i esa tgkt&eqfnzr nqyZHk flDds pyk;sA
21-8 tgkt vkSj fons'kh O;kikj
fVIi.kh
fons'kksa esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds izlkj esa O;kikj ,d egÙoiw.kZ ekè;e jgkA izkphu le;
ls gh gekjs Hkkjrh; tgkt fo'kky lkxj dks ikj dj fons'kh rVksa ij igqapsA mUgksaus ogka
cgqr ls ns'kksa ds lkFk O;kikfjd laca/ cuk;sA iM+kslh ns'kksa ds lkfgR;] dyk vkSj f'kYi
ij Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj lH;rk dh Nki lkiQ&lkiQ fn[kk;h nsrh gSA ;gka rd fd lqnwj
vejhdh rVksa lwjhuke vkSj dSjsfc;u }hiksa ij Hkh Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds Le`fr fpÉ feyrs
gSaA
leqnzxqIr (lu~ 340&lu~ 380) ds ikl u dsoy 'kfDr'kkyh lsuk Fkh cfYd l'kDr
tylsuk Hkh FkhA xaxk&ikj izk;}hi esa rFkk ey; ds laxzgky;ksa esa ,sls oqQN f'kykys[k
feys gSa tks xqIrdky esa Hkkjrh; ukfodksa ds fØ;k dykiksa dks izekf.kr djrs gSaA
g"kZo/Zu ds (AD 606-647) ds dky esa Hkkjr dh ;k=kk djus okys g~;wulkax us Hkh ml
le; ds Hkkjr ds fo"k; esa foLrkjiwoZd fy[kk gSA pksy 'kkldksa us ,d etcwr tylsuk
cukbZ Fkh vkSj leqnz ikj ds ns'kksa ij vkØe.k Hkh fd, FksA
iqrZxkfy;ksa ds mYys[kksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd dqN Hkkjrh; O;kikjh ipkl tgktksa rd ds
Lokeh FksA muds vuqlkj Hkkjrh; O;kikfj;ksa ds ikl futh tgktksa dk gksuk vke ckr FkhA
if'pe esa fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij feyh gM+Iik&lH;rk ls lacaf/r oLrq,a fl¼ djrh gSa fd
bZlk iwoZ rhljh lgÏkCnh esa eSlksiksVkfe;k vkSj felz lH;rkvksa ds lkFk Hkkjr ds
O;kikfjd vkSj lkaLÑfrd laca/ FksA ;gh ugha] izkphu ;wuku] jkse vkSj iQkjl ds lkFk
gekjs ns'k ds lkaLÑfrd] /kfeZd vkSj lkekftd fopkjksa dk [kwc vknku&izknku gqvkA jkse
lkezkT; ds lkFk O;kikj ds iwQyus&iwQyus dk o.kZu jkse ds bfrgkldkj fIyuh (Pliny)
us fd;k ftls jkse dh /u&laink dk Hkkjr esa tkus dk nq[k FkkA
21-9 bl laidZ ls Hkkjrh;ksa us D;k lh[kk
Hkkjrh;ksa us fons'kh yksxksa ls vusd ubZ phtsa lh[kha mnkgj.kkFkZµxzhl vkSj jkse ls Lo.kZ
flDdksa dh <ykbZ] phu ls js'ke cukus dh dyk vkSj b.Mksusf'k;k ls iku dks mxkuk
lh[kkA mUgksaus fonsf'k;ksa ls O;kikj laca/ LFkkfir fd;sA fofHkUu ns'kksa dh dyk vkSj
laLÑfr dk Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ij Hkh izHkko iM+k yssfdu nwljs ns'kksa esa Hkh bldk izfrfcEc
ns[kus dks feykA
344
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj fojklr
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk fons'k eas izlkj
ekM~;wy & 9
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk
fons'kksa esa izlkj
ikBxr iz'u 21-4
1-
Hkkjr vkSj vjc ds vkfFkZd laca/ fdrus iqjkus gS\
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2-
vjc ds oqQN izfl¼ ;kf=k;ksa ds uke fy[ksA
fVIi.kh
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3-
Hkkjr us [kxksy foKku ds nks dkSu ls xzaFk vjc dks fn,\ uke crk;saA
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4-
Hkkjr dk xf.kr ds {ks=k esa vjc dks D;k ;ksxnku Fkk\
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5-
^lqJqr&lafgrk* dk vjch Hkk"kk esa fdlus vuqokn fd;k\
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6-
fpfdRlk vkSj vkS"kf/&foKku ij Hkkjrh; xzaFkksa dk vjch esa vuqokn fdlds iz;kl
ij fd;k x;k\ uke fy[ksaA
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7-
Hkkjrh; Kku ds fdl&fdl {ks=k esa vjch yksxksa us vè;;u fd;k\
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8-
jkseu flDds Hkkjr esa dgka ij feys\
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9-
vjc esa fdu phtksa dh T;knk ekax Fkh\
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10- oqQ"kk.k lkezkT; esa LFkk;h Lo.kZ eqnzk dks dSls LFkkfir fd;k x;k\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11- ^;ou* dkSu Fks\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12- izkphu Hkkjr esa ;ouksa dk D;k dk;Z Fkk\
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Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj fojklr
345
ekM~;wy & 9
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk
fons'kksa esa izlkj
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk fons'k eas izlkj
13- bVyh dh vjsVkbu uke ls izfl¼ crZu cukus okyh dyk ds uewus Hkkjr esa dgka
izkIr gq,\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14- vka/z izns'k ds fdl jktk us jkT; ds leqnzh O;kikj ds izrhd :i esa tgkt eqfnzr
nqyZHk flDds pyk;s\ uke crk;saA
fVIi.kh
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vkius D;k lh[kk
●
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk fo'o ds vusd Hkkxksa esa dbZ ekè;eksa ls izlkj gqvkA
●
Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky; viuh f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk ds fy, izfl¼ Fks vkSj mUgksaus dbZ
ns'kksa ds Nk=kksa dks vkdf"kZr fd;kA bu Nk=kksa us Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk fons'kksa esa izlkj
djus esa ,atsV dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dhA
●
laLÑr vkSj ckS¼ /eZ ds xzaFkksa dk fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn fd;k x;kA ;s xzaFk
Hkh Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds fons'kksa esa izlkj dk ,d izeq[k ekè;e cusA
●
ftu ns'kksa esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj /eZ dk izlkj gqvk ogka cgqr ls ckS¼eB rFkk
eafnj cuk, x,A
●
Hkkjrh; dyk 'kSfy;ksa dks cgqr ns'kksa ds dykdkjksa us viuk;kA
●
Hkkjr ds egkdkO; cgqr ns'kksa esa izfl¼ gSaA jkek;.k vkSj egkHkkjr egkdkO;]
nf{k.k iwohZ ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa esa lqizfl¼ egkdkO; gSaA
●
Jhyadk ckS¼ /eZ dks Lohdkj djus okyk izFke ns'k FkkA
●
Hkkjrh; fyfi czkãh nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa esa cgqr lh fyfi;ksa ds fy, ekud cuhA
●
bu ns'kksa esa izkIr cgqr ls f'kykys[k Hkkjr vkSj ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa ds chp lkaLÑfrd
laca/ ds egÙoiw.kZ lk{; gSaA
●
cekZ] FkkbySaM] Jhyadk vkSj dEcksfM;k vkfn ns'kksa esa vkt Hkh ckS¼ /eZ thoUr
:i esa fo|eku gSA
●
vjc lH;rk dks xf.kr ds :i esa Hkkjr dk egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fl¼ gqvkA
ikBkar iz'u
1346
fons'kksa esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds izlkj ds izeq[k ekè;e D;k Fks\
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj fojklr
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk fons'k eas izlkj
2-
fons'kksa esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds izlkj ds fy, izkphu fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh D;k Hkwfedk
Fkh\
3-
iwoZ ,f'k;k ds ns'kksa esa ckS¼ /eZ ^^'kkafr /eZ** ds :i esa dSls igqapk\
4-
FkkbZySaM esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ij fVIi.kh fy[ksaA
5-
b.Mksusf'k;k ds /kfeZd LFkkiR; dk o.kZu djsaA
6-
jkse lkezkT; ds lkFk Hkkjrh; O;kikj ds laca/ksa dk la{ksi esa fooj.k fy[ksA
7-
izkphu Hkkjr dh leqnzh rFkk fons'kh O;kikj rd xgjh igq¡p FkhA foospu djsaA
ekM~;wy & 9
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk
fons'kksa esa izlkj
fVIi.kh
ikBxr iz'uksa ds mÙkj
21-1 1- O;kikjh] f'k{kd vkSj /eZizpkjdA
2- ukyank vkSj oYyHkh fo'ofo|ky;A
3- rkjkukFk] frCcrh fo}kuA
4- d';i ekrax vkSj /eZjf{krA
5- lezkV ds vuqjks/ ij og laLÑr ds xzUFkksa dks phuh Hkk"kk esa vuqokn djus
x,A
6- tks yksx Hkkjr NksM+dj ;wjksi Hkze.k ij x;s ;k ogk¡ cl x,] os gh Hkkjrh;
laLÑfr ds fons'kksa esa izpkjnwr cusA
7- tks yksx] Hkkjr ls ;wjksi esa ?kwes vkSj ogha O;ofLFkr gks x, ;k jgus yxs os
fons'k esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds jktnwr cusA
21-2 1- D;ksafd phu dk eq[; O;kikj ewY;oku js'ke Fkk!
2- oqQph eè; ,f'k;k esa FkkA ;g Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk izfl¼ dsUnz FkkA ;gka js'ke
ekxZ f}Hkkftr gksrk FkkA
3- [kksrku] vks;fll lkezkT;A
4- lalkj ds lqizfl¼ xqiQk ifjljA
5- bZlk i'pkr~ vkBoha vkSj ukSoha 'krkCnh ds eè; esaA
6- Hkkjrh; laLÑfr tkiku esa dksfj;k ds ekè;e ls igqaphA lu~ 552 esa dksfj;k
ds lezkV us tkikuh lezkV ds fy, vusd izdkj dh HksaV Hksth ftuesa ckS¼
ewfrZ;k] lw=k] iwtk ds fy, lkekxzh] dykdkj] fp=kdkj ewfrZdkj rFkk okLrqdkj
Hkh lfEefyr FksA
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj fojklr
347
ekM~;wy & 9
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk
fons'kksa esa izlkj
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk fons'k eas izlkj
7- ftl fyfi esa laLÑr ea=k fy[ks tkrs gSa mls tkikuh Hkk"kk esa ^f'kÙku* dgrs
gSa\ f'kÙku fl¼e~ dk gh nwljk :i gSA
8- 96]000 laLÑr xzaFk
21-3 1- egkfogkj vkSj vHk;fxfj
fVIi.kh
2- ;s v'kksd Fks ftUgksaus vius iq=k egsanz vkSj iq=kh la?kfe=kk dks fo}kuksa ds lkFk
Jhyadk HkstkA cks/x;k ls cksfèko`{k dh ,d 'kk[kk dks ogka ij yxk fn;k
x;kA
3- ikfyA
4- ;g fo".kq dk vkokl ekuk tkrk gSA
5- os lqes# ioZr ds ikap f'k[kj@pksfV;ka dgykrh gSaA
6- jktk lw;ZoeZu dks fo".kq ds vorkj ds :i esa fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA mlus
vius iz'kaluh; dk;ks± ls LoxZ esa LFkku izkIr fd;k FkkA
7- ;g ,d oxZehy ds vUnj cuk gqvk gS vkSj blds pkjksa vksj [kkbZ gS tks
bldh HkO;rk dks pkj pkan yxk nsrh gSA
8- jkek;.k vkSj egkHkkjr ds n`'; bl efUnj dh nhokjksa ij [kqnok, x,A
9- leqnz&eaFku dk n`';A
10- jke vkSj jko.k] dSyk'k ioZr ij f'ko&ikoZrh rFkk dkenso ds fouk'k dk
n`';A
11- bUnziqj] vejkorh] fot;] dkSBkj] ik.MqjaxA
12- dsnkg esa vkSj osYtyh izkUr esaA
13- f=k'kqy ds lkFk L=kh vkÑfr] uUnh dk flj] nqxkZ dh ewfrZ] x.ks'k vkSj
f'kofyaxA
14- LoxZ] jl] xq.k] n.M] ea=k] /hifr] y{k vkfn oqQN 'kCn gSA
15- fyxksj ls vfr egÙoiw.kZ f'kykys[kA
16- ipkl eafnjksa ls T;knkA
17- tkok }hi esa lcls fo'kky f'ko eafnj izEcuu dgykrk gSA
18- f'ko] fo".kq vkSj czãk ds okguksa ds eafnjA
19- 240 NksVs efUnjksa ls f?kjs gq, vkB fo'kky efUnjA
348
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj fojklr
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk fons'k eas izlkj
20- jkek;.k vkSj Ñ".kA
ekM~;wy & 9
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk
fons'kksa esa izlkj
21- f'ko] czãk] nqxkZ] x.ks'k cq¼ vkSj [kksts x, vU; nsoh&nsorkvksa ds ikap lkS
ls T;knk Lrqfrxku] Lrks=k [kksts x,A
21-4 1- ;g ukSoha@uoeha lnh esa vkjaHk gqvkA
2- lkSnkxj lqyseku] vy&elwnh] bCu gkoqQy] vy&bnjhlhA
fVIi.kh
3- (v) czãLiqQVfl¼kUr µ vjc esa flfU/u dgrs gSaA
(c) [k.M[kk| vjdUn uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
4- n'keyo iz.kkyh ds lkFk bldh 'kwU; vo/kj.kkA
5- ea[kA
6- [kyhiQk gk#u&vy&j'khnA
7- liZ] fo"k] i'kq&fpfdRlk ij xzUFk rFkk rdZ'kkL=k] n'kZu] uhfr'kkL=k jktuhfr]
rFkk ;q¼ foKku ij iqLrdsaA
8- dks;EcVwj vkSj enqjS esaA
9- dkyh fepZ] iku] elkys] lqxaf/r b=k] cgqewY; uxhus tSls csfjy] tse] ghjk]
:ch] ekf.kD; eksrh] gkFkhnkar] js'ke] eyey vkfnA
10- O;kikj esa jkse ls Hkkjr esa lksuk yk;k x;kA blls oqQ"k.k lkezkT; eas LFkk;h
Lo.kZ eqnzk dks"k LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
11- if'peh ,f'k;k vkSj Hkweè;lkxjh; {ks=k ds yksxksa ds fy, FkkA blesa xzhd vkSj
jkse ds yksx Hkh FksA
12- ;q¼ {ks=k ij rEcqvksa dh igjsnkjh] vkSj enqjkbZ ds }kjksa dh lqj{kkA
13- ikafMpsjh ds fudV vfjdkesMw LFky ijA
14- ;KJhA
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj fojklr
349