Matakuliah
Tahun
: J0134/ Manajemen Strategik
: 2006
STRATEGI INTERNASIONAL
Pertemuan 20
1
Opposing Pressures and Three
International Strategies
Pressures to Lower Costs
High
Global
strategy
Transnational
strategy
Multidomestic
strategy
Low
Low
High
Pressures for Local Adaptation
2
A Transnational International Strategy
is likely to utilize a structure that results in emphasis
on both geographic and product structures
A structure based on geographic lines usually
implies a multi-domestic international strategy
A structure based on product lines usually
implies a global international strategy
3
Strengths and Limitations of
Various International Strategies
Strategy
Global
Multidomestic
Transnational
Strengths
Limitations
• Strong integration
• Limited ability to adapt
• Standardization, economies • Dependence on a single facility
of scale, lowers costs
• Higher tariffs and transportation
• Uniform standards of quality costs
• Ability to adapt
• Ability to detect
opportunities
• Economies of scale
• Ability to adapt
• Activities in optimal
locations
• Knowledge flows, learning
• Less ability to realize cost savings
• Difficulty in transferring knowledge
• “Over adaptation” as conditions
change
• Unique challenges in
determining optimal locations of
activities - cost and quality
• Unique managerial challenges
in fostering knowledge transfer
4
Extent of Investment and Risk
Entry Modes for International
Expansion
High
Wholly Owned
Subsidiary
Joint Venture
Strategic Alliance
Franchising
Licensing
Exporting
Low
Low
High
Degree of Ownership and Control
5
Advantages of International
Operations
Absorb excess capacity
Reduce unit costs
Spread risk over wider markets
Low-cost production facilities
Less intense competition
Lower taxes
Economies of scale
6
Disadvantages of International
Operations
Difficult communications
Underestimate foreign competition
Cultural barriers to effective management
Complications arising from currency
differences
7
Kesulitan yang timbul pada
Strategi Internasional
Cultural differences
– Norms
– Values
– Work ethic
8