ekWM;wy - 5
oL=k ifjlTtk
oL=k ,oa ifj/kku
25
fVIi.kh
oL=k ifjlTtk
tc ge oL=k [kjhnus ds fy;s ckt+kj tkrs gSa vkSj dbZ izdkj ds oL=k ns[krsa gSa rks
[kjhnus ls igys muds ckjs esa nqdkunkj ls dbZ iz'u dj tkudkjh ysrs gSaA tSl]s D;k
;g oL=k /kksus ij fldqM+sxk\ D;k bldk jax iDdk gS\ D;k bls ?kj ij /kks;k tk
ldrk gS ;k MªkbDyhfuax djokuh iM+sxh\ dqN oL=kksa ij iDds jax] fldqM+u jfgr ;k
/kksvks vkSj iguks (wash & wear) ds funsZ'k dk yscy yxk gksrk gSA ge fyt+h fct+h]
pkanuh] fpukWu] fØady vkfn ds ukeksa ls Hkh ifjfpr gSaA vf/kdrj bu 'kCnksa ;k ukeksa
ls gesa vf/kd tkudkjh ugha feyrhA dHkh nqiV~Vk jaxus okyk dgrk gS bls jaxk ugha
tk ldrk D;ksafd ;g ikWfy,LVj gSA D;k bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd ikWfy,LVj oL=kksa ij
jax ugha p<+rk\ ijarq gesa rks fofHkUu izdkj ds ikWfy,LVj nqiV~Vs nqdkuksa ij fn[krs
gSaA mUgsa dSls jaxk tkrk gS\ tc ge lwV dk diM+k [kjhnus cktkj tkrs gSa
rc nqdkunkj gesa fMt+kbunkj oL=k fn[kkrk gS tks cka/kuh ;k ckfVd ds gksrs gSaA
;s fMt+kbu fdl izdkj cuk;s tkrs gSa\ bl ikB esa ge ,sls lHkh iz'uksa ds mÙkj
ik;saxsaA
mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us ds i'pkr vki fuEufyf[kr dj ldsaxs%
ifjlTtk dk vFkZ le>uk o oL=kksa ij budks yxkus dk egRo crkuk(
ifjlTtkvksa dk oxhZdj.k djuk vkSj izR;sd ds egRo dks le>kuk(
jatdkas ds izdkj o muds fof'k"V xq.kksa dh O;k[;k(
jaxkbZ dh izfØ;k ds pj.kksa dk mYys[k(
ca/kst] ckfVd vkSj fizfVax dh izfØ;k dk izn'kZuA
x g foKku
185
ekWM;wy - 5
oL=k ifjlTtk
oL=k ,oa ifj/kku
25.1 ifjlTtk D;k gS\
fVIi.kh
D;k vkius dj?ks ij cus oL=k dks ns[kk gS\ vkerkSj ij ;g oL=k [kqjnqjk] nkx /kCcs
okyk gksrk gS rFkk bls xzs oL=k ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA jtkbZ ds [kksy cukus ds
fy;s mi;ksx fd;k tkus okyk ekjdhu diM+k ihykiu fy;s gq;s vkSj xank gksrk gSA
;g Hkh xzs diM+k dgykrk gSA ij T;knkrj diM+s ftUgsa ge nqdku ls [kjhnrs gSa]
fpdus] lkQ vkSj LoPN gksrs gSaA ,slk D;ksa gksrk gS\ ,slk diM+ksa ij dh xbZ ifjlTtk
ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
oL=kksa ij cqukbZ ds ckn dh tkus okyh dksbZ Hkh izfØ;k] tks oL=k ds :Ik] Li'kZ
o mi;ksfxrk eas lq/kkj yk, ifjlTtk dgykrh gSA
tc lwrh diM+s ij ifjlTtk dh tkrh gS] rks ;g vf/kd pedhyk] etcwr o /kksus
ij fldqM+u jfgr gks tkrk gSA blh izdkj vU; ifjlTtk,sa oL=k dks dksey ;k dM+k]
ty ;k /kCck izfrjks/kd] jaxhu ;k fMt+kbunkj cuk ldrh gSaA
25.2 ifjlTtkvksa dk oxhZdj.k
ifjlTtkvksa dk oxhZdj.k fuEu izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gSA
¼a½ LFkkbZ o uohdj.kh; ¼vLFkkbZ½ ifjlTtk
¼ b½ vk/kkjHkwr ¼ewy½ rFkk fof'k"V ifjlTtk
vk/kkjHkwr ifjlTtk,a vkerkSj ij lHkh oL=kksa ij muds :i dks lq/kkjus ds fy;s
nh tkrh gSaA fof'k"V ifjlTtk fdlh fo'ks"k dkj.k ;k mi;ksx dh n`f"V ls nh tkrh
gSA
ifjlTtk
vLFkkbZ
lan`<u
dyQ yxkuk
LFkkbZ
elZjhdj.k
ok'k&,u&fo;j
vk/kkjHkwr
eatkbZ
¼xzs diM+ksa dks½
foajtu
lan`<+u
fof'k"V
elZjhdj.k
fldqM+u fu;a=k.k
ok'k&,u&fo;j
jaxkbZ rFkk NikbZ
fp=k 25.1
vDlj gekjs lkeus ;g leL;k vkrh gS fd oL=kksa dks /kksus o iguus ds ckn mudk
dM+kiu [kRe gks tkrk gS vkSj ml ij lyoVsa iM+ tkrh gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa ge D;k
dj ldrs gSa\ gj ckj /kksus ds ckn diM+s ij ge dyQ yxkrs gSa vkSj bL=kh djrs
gSaA bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd dqN ifjlTtk,a /kksus o MªkbDyhfuax rd gh izHkko'kkyh
gksrh gSaA ijarq dqN ,slh Hkh gSa tks ,d ckj nh tk;sa rks diM+s ij cuh jgrh gSa tSls
flyoV izfrjks/kh o ok'k&,u&fo;j ifjlTtkA bu ifjlTtkvksa ij /kqykbZ] MªkbDyhfuax
186
x g foKku
oL=k ifjlTtk
ekWM;wy - 5
oL=k ,oa ifj/kku
;k bL=kh djus ls dqN Hkh izHkko ugha iM+rkA bl izdkj dh ifjlTtk,a fVdkÅ gksrh
gS ijarq ?kj ij ugha nh tk ldrhA dqN LFkkbZ ifjlTtk,a fof'k"V ;k vk/kkjHkwr gks
ldrh gSaA
ikBxr iz'u 25.1
1.
fVIi.kh
dks"Bd esa fn, ladsr 'kCnksa dks Bhd djds fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsaA
1. ifjlTtk oL=k dh --------------------- vkSj --------------------- eas lq/kkj ds fy;s nh
tkrh gSA ¼mrki;ksfx½] ¼i:½
2. ifjlTtk dk oxhZdj.k --------------------- ;k --------------------- vkSj --------------------- ;k
--------------------- ds vuqlkj dj ldrs gSaA ¼/kkjvkrHkw½] ¼"Vf'kfo½] ¼bZLFkkv½]
¼bZLFkk½
3. og ifjlTtk tks gj /kqykbZ ds ckn nh tkrh gS mls --------------------- dgrs gSaA
¼bZLFkkv½
4. dj?ks ls izkIr gksus okys [kqjnqjs] eSys o /kCcs ;qDr oL=k dks -------------------dgrs gSaA ¼iM+kd xzs½
5. tks ifjlTtk yxHkx izR;sd oL=k ij yxkbZ tkrh gS og --------------------dgykrh gSA ¼/kkjvkrHkw½
25.3 dqN lkekU; ifjlTtk,a
vc ge fofHkUu ifjlTtkvksa dh ewyHkwr fo'ks"krkvksa ds ckjs esa fopkj djsaxs
¼A½ vk/kkjHkwr ifjlTtk,a
¼i½
eatkbZ (Scouring) @lQkbZ
xzs diM+s ds :i esa izkIr oL=k esa izkÑfrd :i ls dbZ v'kqf);ka ikbZ tkrh gSaA
;g oL=k fuekZ.k ds le; yxs gq, rsy] ekse vkSj eSy ds /kCcs gks ldrs gSaA
fdlh Hkh ifjlTtk dks djus ls igys bu v'kqf);ksa dh iw.kZ lQkbZ cgqr
egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA ;g eatkbZ (scouring) dgykrh gS tks izk;% lHkh oL=kksa dks
nh tkrh gSA blds fy;s lkcqu o vU; jklk;fud inkFkksZa dk mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA lQkbZ ds i'pkr oL=k vf/kd fpduk] lkQ o vo'kk"skd cu tkrk
gSA
fØ;kdyki 25-1% ,d u;s o iqjkus /kqys oL=k dks ysdj mls ikuh esa Mky
nhft;sA vkius D;k ns[kk\ iqjkuk oL=k tYnh Mwcsxk D;kasafd mldh
vo'kks"k.k 'kfDr vf/kd gSA tSls gh ;g ikuh lks[ksxk ;g Hkkjh gksdj Mwc
tk;sxkA
x g foKku
187
ekWM;wy - 5
oL=k ifjlTtk
oL=k ,oa ifj/kku
¼ii½
fVIi.kh
fojatu (Bleaching)
tc oL=k rS;kj gksrs gSa rc og v'kqf);ksa o jax lkexzh dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k
,dne lQsn jax ds ugha gksrsA mUgsa lQsn o gYds jax esa jaxus ls igys fojatu
fØ;k dh tkrh gSA oL=k ds vuqlkj mi;qDr fojatd inkFkks± dk p;u djds
oL=kksa ls jax gVk;k tkrk gSA fojatd fØ;k lwrh] Åuh o flYd ds diM+ksa ij
dh tkrh gSA ekuo fufEkZr oL=kksa ij fojatu fØ;k ugha dh tkrh D;ksafd og
izkÑfrd :i ls gh lQsn gksrs gSaA D;k vkidks dqN ekuo fufeZr oL=kksa ds
uke ;kn gSa\
fojatd fØ;k cgqr lko/kkuhiwoZd djuh pfg;s D;ksafd jax dks gVkus okyk
jklk;fud inkFkZ diM+s dks Hkh dqN gn rd gkfu iagqpk ldrk gSA
gkbMªkstu&ij&vkDlkbM ,d lkoZHkkSfed fojatd gS ftldk lHkh izdkj ds
oL=kksa ij mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
¼iii½ lan`<+u (Stiffening)
lan`<+u dk vFkZ gS] lkekU; rkSj ij tks oL=k yphyk gks og lan`<+u ds i'pkr
dM+d cu tkrk gSA ?kj ij vki vius diM+ksa dks fdl izdkj dM+d cukrs
gSa\ gk¡] vki vjkjksV@eSns dk dyQ ;k pkoy dk ek¡M iz;ksx djrs gSaA js'keh
diM+ksa dks dM+d djus ds fy;s xksan dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA dM+siu ls oL=k
Hkkjh] fpduk o pedhyk cu tkrk gSA dbZ ckj nqdkunkj bldk ykHk mBkdj
xzkgdksa dks Bxrs gSaA vkius ns[kk gksxk fd dqN oL=kksa dks ;fn gkFk ls jxM+k
tk;s rks lQsn ikmMj >M+rk gSA ,slk diM+s dks vf/kd ek=kk esa dyQ yxkus
ds dkj.k gksrk gSA ?kfV;k oL=kksa dks vf/kd ek=kk esa dyQ yxk fn;k tkrk
gSA ,sls oL=kksa dks ugha [kjhnuk pkfg;sA D;k vki crk ldrs gSa D;ksa\
188
fØ;kdyki 25-2 % ,d dyQ yxs diM+s dks ysdj maxfy;ksa ds chp
jxfM+;sA fQj oL=k dks izdk'k ds lkeus ys tkdj ijf[k;sA LVkpZ ds >M+
tkus ds dkj.k jxM+s x;s LFkku ij cqukbZ ds fNnz vf/kd [kqys izrhr gksaxsA
blls irk py tk;sxk fd oL=k dh xq.koÙkk dSlh gSA bl fØ;kdyki }kjk vki Js"B
xq.koÙkk okys oL=k dk pquko dj ldsaxsA
¼B½ fof'k"V ifjlTtk,a
¼i½ elZjhdj.k (Mercerization)
ifjlTtk ls igys lwrh diM+k fu"izHk o [kqjnqjk gksrk gS ftl ij vklkuh ls
flyoVsa iM+ tkrh gSaA tc jklk;fud inkFkksZa tSls fd lksfM;e gkbMªksDlkbM
ds mi;ksx ls bl lwrh oL=k ij elZjhdj.k fd;k tkrk gS rks ;g etcwr]
pedhyk vkSj jax vklkuh ls vo'kksf"kr djus okyk cu tkrk gSA ;g ,d
LFkkbZ ifjlTtk gSA vktdy ;g ifjlTtk lwrh oL=kksa ij fu;fer :i ls
dh tkrh gSA flykbZ ds mi;ksx esa vkus okys /kkxs Hkh elZjkbt+ fd;s tkrs gSaA
D;k vki crk ldrs gSa D;kas\
x g foKku
oL=k ifjlTtk
ekWM;wy - 5
oL=k ,oa ifj/kku
¼ii½
fldqM+u fu;U=k.k (Shrinkage control)
tc vkidh ubZ deht+ /kksus ds ckn NksVh gks tkrh gS rc D;k gksrk gS\
/kksus ds i'pkr oL=k ds vkdkj esa NksVk gksuk gh fldqM+u gSA
;fn oL=k ij yxs yscy ij lsuQksjkbT+M ;k fldqM+u izfrjks/kd ;k ,UVhf'kzUd
fy[kk gks rks bldk vFkZ gS fd oL=k esa fldqM+u fu;U=k.k ds fy;s ifjlTtk
dh x;h gSA ,slk oL=k /kksus ij NksVk ugha gksxkA ;fn oL=k ij ;g yscy ugha
yxk gS rc vki ?kj esa gh oL=k dks fldqM+u jfgr dj ldrs gSaA gks ldrk
gS vki ,slk djrs Hkh gksaA lkM+h ij QkWy yxkus ls igys ;k diM+s ls lwV
cuokus ls igys vki diM+s dks ikuh esa dqN nsj fHkxksdj j[krs gSaA diM+k
[kjhnrs oDr vko';drk ls dqN vf/kd gh diM+k [kjhn dj bl dks ikuh
esa jkrHkj fHkxksb;s] fupksfM+;s vkSj lq[kkb;sA bl izdkj ds oL=k ls cuk diM+k
/kksus ij fQj ugha fldqMs+xkA
fVIi.kh
fØ;kdyki 25-3% ,d u;k] fcuk /kqyk [kknh dk diM+k yhft;sA mlesa ls
15 las-eh- dk pkSdksj VqdM+k dkV yhft;sA diM+k /kksdj lq[kk yhft;sA
lw[kus ij diMs+ dks uki yhft;sA D;k vkdkj esa dqN ifjorZu gqvk\ ;fn
vkdkj esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gqvk] bldk vFkZ gS fd oL=k fldqM+k ughaA vkdkj esa
vUrj diM+s ds fldqM+u dk Li"V ladsr gSA
¼iii½ ty vojks/ku (Water proofing)
cjlkrh] Nkrs o frjiky esa iz;qDr gksus okys oL=kksa esa jklk;fud fØ;k }kjk
ty vojks/kd xq.k mRiUu fd;s tkrs gSaA bl izdkj dh ifjlTtk dks okVj
izwfQax dgrs gSa vkSj ;g ,d LFkkbZ ifjlTtk gSA
¼iv½ ikpZesaVhdj.k
D;k vkius vkWjxUMh oL=k esa nwljs oL=kksa ls dqN fHkUurk ikbZ gS\ ;g >huk
ysfdu dM+d gS] ;g ikjn'khZ Hkh gS vksj /kksus ds mijkUr Hkh bldk dM+kiu cuk
jgrk gSA ,slk ikpZesaVhdj.k ifjlTtk ds dkj.k gS tks oL=kksa dks LFkkbZ dM+kiu
nsrh gSA blh dkj.k vkWjxUMh lkM+h dks LVkpZ yxkus dh vko';drk ugha
gksrhA
¼v½ ok'k&,u&fo;j
vki tkurs gSa fd lwrh oL=k mi;ksx djus ls cqjh rjg eql tkrs gSaA
ok'k&,u&fo;j ifjlTtk ds dkj.k oL=kksa dh ns[kjs[k vklku gks tkrh gS
D;kssafd mUgsa ckj&ckj bL=kh djus dh vko';drk ugha jgrhA oL=kksa ij
lyoVsa Hkh de iM+rh gSaA ;g ifjlTtk Hkh LFkkbZ gS vkSj blds fy;s jsft+uuqek
jklk;fud inkFkksZa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
x g foKku
189
ekWM;wy - 5
oL=k ifjlTtk
oL=k ,oa ifj/kku
¼vi½ jaxkbZ vkSj NikbZ
cktkj esa miyC/k oL=k lQsn] jaxhu fMt+kbu ;k fQj lkns jaxksa ds feyrs gSaA
oL=kksa ij jaxus vkSj fMt+kbu cukus dh izfØ;k dks jaxkbZ o NikbZ djuk dgrs
gSaA jaxkbZ ls laiw.kZ diM+s ij jax vk tkrk gS tcfd diM+ksa ds dqN [kkl fgLlkasa
esa jaxksa ls fMt+kbu cukus dks NikbZ dgrs gSaA ;g cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ gS fd jaxhu
o Nis gq;s diM+s dk jax iDdk ¼n`<+ ;k dyj QkLV½ gksuk pkfg;s] D;ksafd ;fn
jax /kksus] jxM+us ;k bL=kh djus ij fudyrk gS rks fMt+kbu [kjkc gks tkrk gSA
fVIi.kh
iDds jax dh igpku djus ds fy;s ,d xhys] lQsn :eky dks jaxhu diM+s ij
jxfM+;sA ;fn jax :eky ij yx tk; rc jax iDdk ugha gSA ,sls dPps jax ds
oL=k u [kjhnsaA ;fn vkius dPps jax dk u;k lwrh oL=k [kjhnk gks rks mls
ued okys BaMs ikuh esa fHkxks dj j[ksaA blls jax dqN gn rd iDdk gks
tk;sxkA
ikBxr iz'u 25.2
1-
lgh o xyr crk,a o Li"Vhdj.k nsaA
¼i½
eatkbZ ifjlTtk oL=k dks lkQ djrh gSA
Li"Vhdj.k-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
¼ii½ fojatu dk oL=k ij dksbZ gkfudkjd izHkko ugha gksrk gSA
Li"Vhdj.k----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------¼iii½ fldqM+u fu;U=k.k ifjlTtk ?kj ij Hkh dh tk ldrh gSA
Li"Vhdj.k----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------¼iv½ vkWjxUMh LFkkbZ :i ls dM+d oL=k gSA
Li"Vhdj.k-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------¼v½ flykbZ ds fy;s elZjkbTM /kkxk iz;ksx djuk pkfg;sA
Li"Vhdj.k-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2-
dks"Bd ls lgh 'kCn dks pqudj fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dfj;sA
¼i½
190
elZjhdj.k —------------------------- ifjlTtk gSA ¼LFkkbZ] vLFkkbZ½
x g foKku
ekWM;wy - 5
oL=k ifjlTtk
oL=k ,oa ifj/kku
¼ii½ oL=k ds yscy ij fldqM+u fu;a=k.k —------------------------- ds uke ls Hkh vafdr
gksrk gSA ¼ikZpesUVhdj.k@lsUQksjkbT+M½
¼iii½ ty izfrjks/ku —------------------------- ifjlTtk gSA ¼vk/kkjHkwr@fof'k"V½
¼iv½ ;fn /kksus ij jax ugha fudyrk rks oL=k ij —------------------------- ifjlTtk dh
x;h gS ¼ty izfrjks/kd@jax n`<+rk½
3-
fVIi.kh
oL=k esa fuEu xq.k izkIr djus ds fy;s iz;ksx dh tkus okyh ifjlTtk dk uke
fyf[k;sA
¼i½
¼ a½
et+cwr o pednkj lwrh oL=k
¼ b½ vPNh jax vo'ks"kdrk
ifjlTtk-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------¼ii½ ¼a½ dM+d lwrh oL=k
¼b½ xfeZ;ksa esa dh tkus okyh nSfud /kqykbZ dks >syus ;ksX;
ifjlTtk------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------¼iii½ ¼a½ lwrh oL=k tks vklkuh ls fldqM+rk u gksA
¼b½ ftlesa ckjckj bfLrjh djus dh vko';drk u gksA
ifjlTtk----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------¼iv½ ¼a½ oL=k vo'kks"kd u gksA
¼b½ oL=k ls ikuh vkj&ikj u tk ldsA
ifjlTtk-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
25.4 jaxkbZ@jax ls ifjlTtk
oL=k ij jax iz;ksx djus dh izfØ;k dks jaxkbZ dgrs gSaA lkekU;r% oL=kksa ij jaxkbZ
NikbZ dk dke ewy ifjlTtk ds ckn] ijUrq vU; ifjlTtkvksa ls igys gh fd;k
tkrk gSA ijarq iz'u mBrk gS fd ge diM+s jaxrs D;ksa gSa\ jaxkbZ eq[;r% diM+s dks
jaxdj mldh :IklTtk esa lq/kkj ykus ds fy;s dh tkrh gSA
mRifÙk ds vk/kkj ij jatdksa dk oxhZdj.k fuEu izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gSA
¼A½ izkÑfrd
(i) dslj
(ii) esganh
(iii) uhy
x g foKku
¼B½ jklk;fud
vEyh; jatd (Acid)
{kkjh; jatd (Basic)
,tk+bs d (Azoic)
191
ekWM;wy - 5
oL=k ifjlTtk
oL=k ,oa ifj/kku
Lor% jatd (Direct)
ifjf{kIr jatd (Disperse)
izfr/kkjh jatd (Reactive)
oSV jatd (Vat)
fVIi.kh
jatd dks jax Hkh dgrs gSaA
vkb;s vc izR;sd lewg dks ns[ksa&
izkÑfrd jatd& ;g jatd izÑfr esa miyC/k inkFkksZa ls cuk;s tkrs gSa] ¼tSls ikS/ks]
dhV] [kfut½
jklk;fud jatd& ;g jax izkÑfrd Lkzksrksa ls izkIr ugha gksrsA ;g fofHkUu jklk;fud
inkFkksZa dks la'ysf"kr djds cuk;s tkrs gSaA jklk;fud jax lLrs] mi;ksx esa vklku
vkSj iDds gksrs gSa ij ;s ty iznw"k.k dk dkj.k curs gSaA
25-4-1 jaxkbZ ds pj.k
ckt+kj esa u dsoy jaxs gq;s oL=k cfYd flykbZ cqukbZ ds /kkxs Hkh fofHkUu jaxksa esa feyrs
gSaA vkb;s ns[ksa jaxkbZ fdu&fdu voLFkkvksa esa dh tkrh gSA
¼1½ rUrq voLFkk& bl voLFkk esa izkÑfrd o ekuo fufeZr nksuksa gh izdkj ds rUrq
jaxs tk ldrs gSaA rUrqvksa ij ,d leku vkSj iDdk jax p<+rk gS] ijarq ckn esa
gksus okyh fofHkUu izfØ;kvksa ls cgqr ls rUrq [kjkc gks tkrs gSaA
¼2½ lwr voLFkk& dbZ ckj lwr dks Hkh jaxk
tkrk gSA fo'ks"kdj ;fn mUgsa lwr voLFkk
esa gh cspuk gksA d<+kbZ ds lwr] flykbZ
ds lwr o cqukbZ ds lwr dh jaxkbZ blh
voLFkk esa dh tkrh gSA
¼3½ oL=k voLFkk& ;g oL=k jaxus dh lcls
vf/kd izpfyr voLFkk gSA T;knkrj
oL=k tks ,d jax esa jaxs tkrs gSa blh
voLFkk esa jaxs tkrs gSaA ;g jaxkbZ dh
Rofjr fof/k gS vkSj bleas jaxksa dk
feyku djuk vklku gksrk gSA fefJr
oL=kksa dks Hkh bl voLFkk esa vklkuh ls
jaxk tk ldrk gSA
fp=k 25.1: lwr voLFkk esa jaxkbZ
fp=k 25.2: oL=k voLFkk esa jaxkbZ
192
x g foKku
ekWM;wy - 5
oL=k ifjlTtk
oL=k ,oa ifj/kku
¼4½ diM+ksa dh jaxkbZ& dHkh&dHkh diM+k flyus ds ckn mUgsa jaxus dh vko';drk
iM+rh gS mnkgj.k ds fy;s nqiV~Vs ckn esa Hkh jaxs tkrs gSaA
fVIi.kh
fp=k 25.3: diM+ksa dh jaxkbZ
25.5 jaxkbZ o NikbZ }kjk fMt+kbu cukuk
oL=k ij fMt+kbu cukus ds fy;s jaxkas dks lko/kkuhiwoZd pqus gq;s LFkku ;k vkÑfr ij
yxkuk pkfg;sA ;g dk;Z fuEu rduhdksa ds mi;ksx ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA
¼A½ ca/kst
¼B½ ckfVd
¼C½ CykWd fizfVax
¼A½ ca/kst ;k VkbZ ,.M Mkb
vkius cka/kuh ls cus vkd"kZd nqiV~Vs ns[ks gh gksaxs ftuesa iwjk oL=k lQssn fcanqvks ls
Hkjk gksrk gSA D;k vkius dHkh lkspk fd bl rjg dk izHkko fdl izdkj oL=k ij izkIr
fd;k x;k gS! ;g jaxkbZ dh ,d fof/k ca/kst ls laHko gqvkA
ca/kst jax izfrjks/k dh ,d izfØ;k gSA
jax izfrjks/k dk vFkZ gS fd oL=k esa dqN ,slk fd;k tk; rkfd jax ds fy;s
vojks/k mRiUu gksA fdlh LFkku fo'ks"k dks cka/kdj jaxus ls ca/ks gq;s LFkku ij jax izos'k
ugha dj ldrkA bl cka/kuh dh izfØ;k esa oL=k ds dqN pqus gq;s Hkkx dks fMt+kbu
ds vuqlkj cka/k nsrs gSaA ifj.kke Lo:i jax mu dqN ca/ks gq;s fgLlksa esa ugha tk ikrkA
bl izfØ;k ls vki fofHkUu izdkj ds fMt+kbuksa dh jpuk dj ldrs gSaA
cka/kuh ds vusd rjhds gSaA muesa ls dqN fuEu izdkj gSaA
¼1½ ekcZfyax ;k xksyk cukdj& diM+s dks
¼2½ cka/kuk& diM+s dks ,d fcanq
eqB~Bh esa eksM+&rksM+ dj idM+dj] fofHkUu
ls mBkdj leku nwjh ij
LFkkuksa ij cka/k nhft,A fQj diM+s dks
/kkxs ls cka/k nsa A
jaxdj] lw[ks diM+s dks [kksy dj nsf[k,A
fp=k 25.4: ekcZfyax
x g foKku
fp=k 25.5
193
ekWM;wy - 5
oL=k ifjlTtk
oL=k ,oa ifj/kku
¼3½ xkaB cka/kuk& fMt+kbu ds
vuqlkj diM+s ij xkaBs cka/k
nsa vkSj fQj jaxkbZ dj ysaA
¼4½ rg yxkuk& diM+s dh rgsa
fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj ls yxkdj
mls cka/kdj fMt+kbu cuk;saA
fVIi.kh
fp=k 25.6
¼5½ oLrq cka/kuk& dqN eksrh ;k iRFkj
ysaA bUgsa oL=k ij fMt+kbu ds
vuqlkj cka/kdj jaxsA
fp=k 25.8
¼B½ ckfVd
ckfVd jax izfrjks/k dh ,d vU; rduhd
gSA bl fof/k esa jax dk izfrjks/k ekse dh
lgk;rk ls fd;k tkrk gSA oL=k ds
pqfuank Hkkxksa ij] fMt+kbu ds vuqlkj]
fi?kys gq;s ekse dks yxk nsrs gSaA tc
oL=k dh jaxkbZ dh tkrh gS rc ekse
yxs fgLls ij jax ugha p<+ ikrk] ifj.kke
Lo:i oL=k ij ,d uewuk cu tkrk
gSA oL=k ij ekse fdlh cz'k ;k fQj
ydM+h ds CykWd dh lgk;rk ls yxk;k
tkrk gSA
194
fp=k 25.7
¼6½ fVªfVd fof/k& oL=k ij dPps
Vkads ls fMt+kbu cuk;sa vkSj
fQj /kkxs dks [khapdj cka/kdj
jax nasA
fp=k 25.9
fp=k 25.10
x g foKku
ekWM;wy - 5
oL=k ifjlTtk
oL=k ,oa ifj/kku
¼C½ NikbZ ;k fiazfVax
NikbZ] tSlk fd vki tkurs gh gSa oL=k ij jax ls uewus cukuk gSA D;k vki dHkh
Mkd?kj x;s gSa\ ogk¡] izR;sd i=k ij ,d fVdV yxk gksrk gS ftl ij L;kgh
iSM ij LVSEi dks nckdj eqgj yxk nh tkrh gSA gkFkksa }kjk NikbZ Hkh Bhd blh
izdkj djrs gSaA ,d ydM+h ds BIis ij uewuk [kksn dj vafdr fd;k tkrk gSA
bl BIis dks xk<+s jax ds ?kksy esa Mqcksdj oL=k ij yxkdj fMt+kbu vafdr dj
fy;k tkrk gSA bls Cykd fiazfVax vFkok BIis dh NikbZ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;gh
izfØ;k ?kj ij miyC/k oLrqvksa dh lgk;rk ls Hkh dh tk ldrh gS] vki viuh
dYiuk 'kfDr ls dbZ fnypLi uewus cuk ldrs gSaA
fVIi.kh
fp=k 25.11: Cykd@BIis dh NikbZ
uhps dqN uewus fn;s x;s gSaA ;g uewus ?kj ij ik;h tkus okyh lkexzh ls gh cuk;s
x;s gSaA D;k vki dqN vU; uewuksa o fMt+kbuksa ds fo"k; esa lksp ldrs gSa\
x g foKku
fp=k 25.12
195
ekWM;wy - 5
oL=k ifjlTtk
oL=k ,oa ifj/kku
fØ;kdyki 25-4% ?kj esa ,slh lkexzh <wa<sa tks BIis ds :i esa iz;ksx dh tk
ldsA fn;s gq;s ckWDl esa mudh lwph cuk;saA bl dk;Zdyki ls vki ?kj ij
miyC/k lkexzh dk jpukRed iz;ksx dj ldsaxsA
Øe la[;k
oL=k ij BIis ds fy;s iz;ksx dh tk ldus okyh lkexzh
fVIi.kh
vkius D;k lh[kk\
ifjlTtk
egRo
oL=k ds
izdkj
:i
Li'kZ
mi;ksfxrk
esa lq/kkj
vk/kkjHkwr
eatkbZ
fojatu
lan <+u
fof'k"V
elZjhdj.k
fldqM+u fu;U=k.k
ty vojks/ku
ok'k&,u&fo;j
ikpZesUVhdj.k
jax }kjk ifjlTtk
jaxkbZ
jaxkbZ ds pj.k
rUrq voLFkk
lwr voLFkk
oL=k voLFkk
196
jaxkbZ dh fof/k;ka
ca/kst
ckfVd
NikbZ
fof/k
CykWd fizafVax
x g foKku
ekWM;wy - 5
oL=k ifjlTtk
oL=k ,oa ifj/kku
ikBkUr iz'u
123456-
oL=k ifjlTtk D;k gS\ oL=kksa ij ifjlTtk nsuk vko';d D;ksa gS\
fdUgha nks vk/kkjHkwr ifjlTtkvksa dh O;k[;k dhft;sA
fof'k"V ifjlTtkvksa ds uke fyf[k;sA izR;sd ds mi;ksx o izfØ;k dks Hkh
le>kb;sA
**jaxkbZ] jax }kjk dh tkus okyh ifjlTtk gS^^] O;k[;k dhft;ssA
oL=k cukus ds fdu&fdu pj.kksa esa jaxkbZ dh tk ldrh gS\ fp=k lfgr
le>kb;sA
NikbZ dh ifjHkk"kk nhft;sA
fVIi.kh
ikBxr iz'uksa ds mÙkj
25-1
25-2
12345-
:i] mi;ksfxrk
vk/kkjHkwr@fof'k"V( vLFkkbZ@fVdkÅ
vLFkkbZ
xzs oL=k
vk/kkjHkwr
1.
(i)
gk¡] eatu] oL=k dh lkcqu vkSj jklk;fud inkFkksZa }kjk /kqykbZ
djuk gS rkfd v'kqf);ak nwj dh tk ldsaA
(ii) ugha] foajtu cgqr lko/kkuh iwoZd fd;k tkuk pkfg;s] blls jax
dks gkfu igqWaprh gSA vf/kd rst fojatd ls dqN gn rd oL=k
dks Hkh gkfu iagqp ldrh gSA
(iii) gk¡] jkrHkj oL=k dks fHkxksdj j[kus o lq[kkus ls oL=k fldqM+ tkrk
gSA
(iv) gk¡] ,slk ikpZesUVhdj.k uke dh ,d LFkkbZ ifjlTtk ds dkj.k
gksrk gSA
(v) gk¡] elZjhdj.k ls lwr] eqyk;e] pednkj o etcwr curk gSA
2. (i) LFkkbZ] (ii) lsUQksjkbTM (iii) fof'k"V (iv) jax n`<+rk
3. (i) elZjkbts'ku] (ii) lan`<+u (iii) ok'k&,u&os;j] (iv) ty vojks/kh
vf/kd tkudkjh ds fy, ns[ksa
http:/www.pburch.net
x g foKku
197