ekWM;wy - 5
oL=k foKku & ,d ifjp;
oL=k ,oa ifj/kku
22
fVIi.kh
oL=k foKku & ,d ifjp;
thou esa diM+s] Hkkstu vkSj vkokl dh gh Hkk¡fr egÙoiw.kZ gSaA diM+ksa dk mi;ksx ge
ru <dus] 'kjhj dh j{kk djus o Lo;a dks ltkus ds fy;s djrs gSaA vki ds ikl
fofHkUu voljksa ij iguus ds fy;s fofHkUu Js.kh ds diM+s gksaxs] tSls jkst+ iguus
okys diM+s] vkWfQl esa iguus okys diM+s] ikVhZ esa iguus okys diM+s o jkf=k esa
iguus okys diM+s vkfnA
diM+s oL=kksa ls cuk;s tkrs gSa vkSj vktdy ckt+kj esa dbZ izdkj ds oL=k
miyC/k gSaA D;k vki tkurs gSa fd ;s oL=k D;k gSa vkSj bUgsa fdl izdkj cuk;k tkrk
gS\ fdl izdkj oL=kksa esa fofo/krk ykbZ tkrh gS\ fdl izdkj dqN oL=k vU; oL=kksa
dh vis{kk vf/kd pedhys gksrs gSa\ dqN oL=k ot+u esa gYds gksrs gSa rks dqN Hkkjh\
bl ikB esa vki bu lc vkSj buls tqM+s nwljs iz'uksa ds mÙkj ik;saxsA
mn~ns';
;g ikB i<+us ds ckn vki fuEufyf[kr dj ldsaxs%
oL=k foKku dk vFkZ crkuk o mlds fo"k; foLrkj dks LFkkfir djuk(
rUrq dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk o rUrqvksa dk mudh yEckbZ o mRifÙk ds vk/kkj ij
oxhZdj.k(
fofHkUu izdkj ds rUrqvksa dh fo"ks'krkvksa o mi;ksxksa dh O;k[;k] vkSj(
HkkSfrd ijh{k.k ds vk/kkj ij rUrq ds izdkj dh igpku djukA
22-1 oL=k foKku dh ifjHkk"kk o foLrkj
vius pkjksa vksj nsf[k;s vkSj vius dejs ds oL=kksa dks igpkfu,A vki ik;saxs fd vki
u dsoy oL=kksa dks igu jgs gSa] cfYd bl ij cSB Hkh jgs gSaA laHkor% oL=k dk ,d
VqdM+k nhokjksa ij okWy gSafxax ds :i esa vFkok inksZa ds :i esa Hkh yVd jgk gSA
bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd oL=kksa ls u dsoy vkids diM+s curs gSa cfYd os ?kj vkSj
ckgj Hkh iz;ksx esa yk;s tkrs gSaA D;k vki oL=kksa ds dqN vkSj mi;ksx crk ldrs
146
x g foKku
oL=k foKku & ,d ifjp;
ekWM;wy - 5
oL=k ,oa ifj/kku
gSa\ th gk¡] vkius lgh vuqeku yxk;kA ?kj esa oL=kksa dk mi;ksx jlksbZ?kj esa uSifdu]
Luku?kj esa rkSfy;s] fcLrj ij pknj] lksQs ij doj vkSj Q'kZ ij dkyhu ds :i esa
fd;k tkrk gSA m|ksx txr] fpfdRlk vkSj okguksa ds {ks=k esa Hkh oL=kksa ds dbZ mi;ksx
gSaA
oL=k D;k gS\
fVIi.kh
oL=k diM+s dk ,d VqdM+k gSA
oL=k ds izR;sd igyw dk v/;;u gh oL=k foKku dgykrk gSA ;g crkrk gS fd dSls
fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;k¡ oL=k dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA
vkius vuqHko fd;k gksxk fd fHkUu&fHkUu oL=k u dsoy ns[kus esa vfirq vius xq.k]
mi;ksx o ns[kjs[k dh fof/k;ksa esa Hkh fHkUu gksrs gSaA js'keh diM+k fpduk o pedhyk]
lwrh diM+k fpduk ij fu"izHk gksrk gSA Åuh diM+k [kqjnqjk gksrk gS ij 'kjhj dks
xeZ j[krk gS vkSj lwrh diM+k BaMd iznku djrk gSA lwrh diM+k vklkuh ls /kks;k
tk ldrk gSA ijarq /kksus ds ckn bls vkd"kZd cuk, j[kus ds fy;s bl ij bL=kh
djuk vko';d gSA uk;ykWu o ikWfy,LVj Hkh vklkuh ls /kks;s tk ldrs gSa vkSj
/kksus ds ckn bu ij bL=kh djus dh Hkh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA js'keh oL=kksa dks
;k rks e`nq lkcqu ls /kks;k tkrk gS ;k budh 'kq"d /kqykbZ ¼MªkbZDyhu½ dh tkrh gSA
;s vkSj ,slh vusd oL=k laca/kh vo/kkj.kk,a oL=k foKku ds vUrxZr le>kbZ x;h gSaA
vkt cktkj esa fofHkUu izdkj ds oL=k dbZ izdkj ds jax] cukoV o fMt+kbu esa
miyC/k gSaA mudh dher esa Hkh fHkUurk gSA ,d le>nkj miHkksDrk dks oL=k foKku
dh tkudkjh gksuk egÙoiw.kZ gS] D;ksafd blls oL=k dks csgrj <+ax ls le>us esa
enn feyrh gSA
22.2 rUrq
D;k vkius dHkh lkspk gS fd oL=k fdlls cuk gS\ bls Lo;a tkuus dk iz;Ru dfj;sA
fdlh oL=k ls ,d /kkxk [khapdj [kksfy;sA vki ns[ksaxs fd ;g /kkxk NksVs&NksVs js'kksa
dks ,saBdj cuk;k x;k gSA cky tSls ,d js'ks dks rUrq dgrs gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] oL=k
dh ewyHkwr bdkbZ rUrq gSA
22-2-1 rUrqvksa dk oxhZdj.k
¼1½
rUrq y?kq o nh?kkZdkj gksrs gSa vkSj mudh yEckbZ rUrqvksa dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ
fo'ks"krk gSA NksVs rUrq dks ns[kus ds fy;s lwr dk ,d xksyk yhft;s vkSj
mlesa ls js'ks fudkfy;sA vki ns[ksaxs fd ;s js'ks dkQh NksVs gSaA vc uk;ykWu
ds oL=k esa ls rUrq fudkfy;sA vki ns[ksaxs fd ;g yEcs rUrq gSaA NksVs rUrqvksa
dks LVsiWy rUrq o yEcs rUrqvksa dks fQykesUV rUrq dgrs gSaA
¼2½
rUrqvksa dk oxhZdj.k mudh mRifÙk ds vk/kkj ij Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
dqN rUrq izkÑfrd lzksrksa ls izkIr fd;s tkrs gSa tSls fd ikS/kksa] tkuojksa o
x g foKku
147
ekWM;wy - 5
oL=k foKku & ,d ifjp;
oL=k ,oa ifj/kku
[kfutksa lsA ;s izkÑfrd rUrq dgykrs gSaA nwljs izdkj ds rUrqvksa dks
ekuofufeZr rUrq dgrs gSaA
¼A½ izkÑfrd rUrq ;k rks ouLifr rUrq] tkUro rUrq ;k [kfut rUrq ds :i esa
gks ldrs gSaA vkb,] budh vkSj vf/kd tkudkjh izkIr djrs gSaA
fVIi.kh
¼ i½
ouLifrd rUrq & tks rUrq ikS/kksa
ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ls izkIr fd;s
tkrs gSa mUgsa ouLifrd rUrq dgk
tkrk gSA vkius ikS/kksa ij mxrs
gq, dikl ds lQsn js'kksa dks rks
ns[kk gh gksxkA ;s cht ds js'ks gSaA
blh izdkj twV vkSj ¶ySDl ikS/kksa
ds ruksa ls rFkk vUukukl ds iÙkksa
ls Hkh rUrq izkIr fd;s tkrs gSaA
rUrq Qy ds ckgjh vkoj.k ls Hkh
izkIr fd;s tkrs gSa] tSls ukfj;y
fp=k 22.1: ouLifrd rUrq&lwrh
dh Nky ls dkW;j uke dk js'kk
izkIr gksrk gSA lHkh ouLifr rUrq lsyqykst+ ls cus gksrs gSaA
¼ii½
tkUro rUrq & D;k vki mu tkuojksa ds uke crk ldrs gSa ftuls
rUrq izkIr gksrs gSa\ HksM+ ,d ,slk vke i'kq gS ftlds ckyksa ls gesa Åu
izkIr gksrh gSA Å¡V] cdjh o [kjxks'k dqN vU; i'kq gSa ftuls Åu
ds rUrq izkIr fd;s tk ldrs gSaA
js'ke Hkh tkUro rUrq gSA ;g js'ke ds dhM+s ls fudyk ,d izdkj dk
lzko ;k rjy inkFkZ gSA D;k vki tkurs gSa fd js'ke lcls etcwr
izkÑfrd js'kk gS\
tkUro rUrq izksVhu ls cus gksrs gSaA
fp=k 22.2: tkUro rUrq & js'ke
148
fp=k 22.3: tkUro rUrq & Åu
x g foKku
ekWM;wy - 5
oL=k foKku & ,d ifjp;
¼iii½ [kfut rUrq & [kfutksa ls izkIr izkÑfrd rUrqvksa dks [kfut rUrq dgrs
gSa tSls ,LcsLVkWlA vkius ,LcsLVkWl dh iÙkjksa dks Nrksa ij yxs gq,
ns[kk gksxkA D;k vki ,LcsLVkWl ds dqN vkSj mi;ksx crk ldrs gSa\
nedy dfeZ;ksa }kjk ,LcsLVkWl ds oL=kksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS
D;ksafd ;s oL=k vToyu'khy gksrs gSaA
oL=k ,oa ifj/kku
fVIi.kh
js'ke dks NksM+dj ckdh lHkh izkÑfrd rUrq LVsiWy vFkok y?kq rUrq gSaA js'ke
nh?kkZdkj ;k fQykesaV rUrq gSA
¼B½
ekuo fufeZr rUrq & rUrqvksa dk ,d vU; oxZ ekuo fufeZr rUrq dgykrk
gSA tSlk fd uke ls gh fofnr gksrk gS ;s rUrq lh/ks izÑfr ls ugha izkIr fd;s
tkrs gSa cfYd jlk;uksa dk iz;ksx dj cuk;s tkrs gSaA ekuofufeZr rUrq nks
izdkj ds gksrs gSa&
¼i½ iquZmRikfnr rUrq
¼ii½ Ñf=ke rUrq
vkb,] buds ckjs esa vkSj vf/kd tkusaA
¼ i½
iquZmRikfnr rUrq & budks izkÑfrd dPps inkFkksZa ls cuk;k tkrk gS tSls
lsY;qykst+ ¼csdkj lwrh rUrqvksa ;k ydM+h dh yqxnh½ ;k fQj izksVhu lsA ;g
bl ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd fdl izdkj dk rUrq cuk;k tkuk gSA ;g
izkÑfrd dPps inkFkZ jlk;uksa dh lgk;rk ls iquZmRikfnr fd, tkrs gSaA
js;kWu ,d iquZmRikfnr lsY;qykst+ rUrq gSA
¼ii½
Ñf=ke rUrq & ;s jklk;fud inkFkks± ls izkIr fd;s tkrs gSa vkSj LoHkko esa
iw.kZr% flaFksfVd gksrs gSa tSls uk;ykWu] ikWfy,LVj] ,fØfyd ¼dS'kfeykWu½
vkfnA Ñf=ke rUrq lkekU;r% nh?kkZdkj gksrs gSa ij vko';drkuqlkj bUgsa
NksVs VqdM+ksa esa dkVdj LVsiy rUrq cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
fp=k 22.4: ekuo fufeZr
Ñf=ke rUrq % ikWfy,LVj
x g foKku
fp=k 22.5:ekuo fufeZr Ñf=ke
rUrq% ,fØfyd
149
ekWM;wy - 5
oL=k foKku & ,d ifjp;
oL=k ,oa ifj/kku
vc ge nksuksa oxhZdj.kksa dks ,d lkFk j[k dj ns[krs gSaA
rUrq
fVIi.kh
yEckbZ ds vk/kkj ij
y?kq vkdkj
nh?kkZdkj
dikl
twV
Åu
js'ke
uk;ykWu
ikWfy,LVj
js;ku
mRifÙk ds vk/kkj ij
izkÑfrd
150
ekuo fufeZr
ouLifrd
tkUro
[kfut
dikl
twV
¶ySDl
dkW;j
js'ke
Åu
,sLcsLVWl
iquZmRikfnr
js;kWu
jklk;fud
uk;ykWu
ikWfy,LVj
,fØfyd
x g foKku
ekWM;wy - 5
oL=k foKku & ,d ifjp;
oL=k ,oa ifj/kku
ikBxr iz'u 22-1
1-
uhps fn;s x;s okD;ksa ds fjDr LFkku okys 'kCn bl fiVkjs esa fn;s x;s gSaA
'kCn uhps dh vksj] lkeus o frjNs fy[ks gq;s gSaA bu 'kCnksa dks <awf<;s vkSj
fu'kku yxkdj okD;ksa dks iwjk dhft;sA
fiVkjk
{k
Hk
LVs
;
t
ch
t
c
y
u
tk
l
yk
nh
;
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i
j
y
o
[k
x
M%
i
ik
b
th
oh
o
Fk
y
jk
x
tk
Ur
o
;
"k
'k
Q
r
u
fla
Fks
fV
d
jk
uk
ik
tk
Å
d
fd
[k
t
n
l
fQ
'kk
e
cs
Hks
M+
l
es
i
jk
j
y
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n
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v
vk
ih
yks
uh
yk
M+s
o
;
?kq
Ñ
i
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Fkk
es
js
ts
Qw
y
[k
x
g
{k
l
f=k
V
p
Fkh
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UV
vkS
vks
,
Fks
ls
e
Vs
N
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j
iq
u%
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fn
r
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es
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fVIi.kh
n
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o
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O;
b
dk
bZ
?k
jk
js
rs
gk
V
¼i ½
¼ii½
oL=k fdlh ----------------- dk ,d VqdM+k gSA
NksVs rUrq -------------rUrq dgykrs gSa vkSj yEcs rUrq ------------ rUrq
dgykrs gSaA
¼iii½ rUrq oL=k dh ------------------- gSA
¼iv½ ekuo fufeZr rUrq---------------;k ---------------- gks ldrs gSaA
¼v½ Åu ---------- rUrq gS tks --------------- ls izkIr gksrk gSA
¼vi½ ikWfy,LVj --------------- rUrq gSA
¼vii½ dikl ikS/ks dk ------------ gSA
¼viii½ js'ke nh?kkZdkj rUrq gS vkSj Åu ------------ rUrq gSA
2dkWye 1 dks dkWye 2 ls feykb;s&
dkWye 1
dkWye 2
¼a½ js;kWu
¼i½ flaFksfVd
¼b½ dikl
¼ii½ ruk rUrq
¼c½ flYd
¼iii½ iquZmRikfnr rUrq
¼d½ uk;ykWu
¼iv½ izkÑfrd lsY;qykst+
¼e½ Åu
¼v½ iÙkh rUrq
¼f½ twV
¼vi½ tkUro rUrq
¼g½ ,sLcsLVkWl
¼vii½ tkUro lzko
¼viii½ [kfut rUrq
x g foKku
151
ekWM;wy - 5
oL=k foKku & ,d ifjp;
oL=k ,oa ifj/kku
fVIi.kh
152
x g foKku
oL=k foKku & ,d ifjp;
ekWM;wy - 5
oL=k ,oa ifj/kku
fVIi.kh
x g foKku
153
ekWM;wy - 5
oL=k foKku & ,d ifjp;
oL=k ,oa ifj/kku
22-4 rUrqvksa dh igpku
fVIi.kh
vktdy cktkj esa oL=kksa dh fofo/k fdLesa miyC/k gksus ds dkj.k] mudh igpku
djuk egRoiw.kZ gks x;k gSA vki tkurs gSa fd oL=kksa esa fofo/krk vyx&vyx
rUrqvksa dks feykdj ykbZ tkrh gSA vr% oL=k esa rUrqvksa ds ewy rRoksa dk Kku gksuk
vko';d gS rkfd bl Kku ds vk/kkj ij ge oL=k dk mi;ksx vkSj ns[kHkky dj
ldsaA gks ldrk gS fd dHkh dksbZ udyh rUrq dks ns[kdj vkidks /kks[kk gqvk gksA
tSls js'keh oL=k dh rjg fn[krk gqvk oL=k udyh js'ke fudyk gksA dbZ ckj oL=k
ij yxk gqvk yscy o nqdkunkj Hkh vkidk lgh ekxZn'kZu ugha dj ikrsA
Toyu ijh{k.k ,d lk/kkj.k vkSj fo'oluh; ijh{k.k gS ftls vki n`f"Vxr ijh{k.k
ds lkFk&lkFk dj ldrs gSaA Toyu ijh{k.k fdlh rUrq fo'ks"k dh igpku ugha
djkrk ijUrq og rUrq fdl lewg dk gS] bldh tkudkjh nsrk gSA dikl] ¶ySDl
vkSj js;kWu tyus ij ,d leku ifj.kke nsrs gSa D;ksafd ;s lc ewyr% lsY;qykst+ ls
cus gSaA
¼i½
n`f"Vxr ijh{k.k & fdlh oL=k dh igpku vki mlds ckgjh :i ls dj
ldrs gSa ijUrq igpku esa 'kq)rk vuqHko ls vkrh gSA bl ikB ds izkjaHk esa
fn;s x;s xq.k fofHkUu oL=kksa dh igpku esa lgk;d gks ldrs gSa] tSls js'keh
oL=k fpdus] pednkj o dksey gksrs gSa] lwrh oL=k fpdus] fu"izHk vkSj Åuh
oL=k [kqjnqjs gksrs gSaA
¼ii½
Toyu ijh{k.k & bl ijh{k.k dks djus ds fy;s diM+s ds ,d 2x2 ls-ehds VqdM+s dks ,d fpeVh ls idM+dj fuEufyf[kr fØ;k djsaA
fp=k 22.6: Toyu ijh{k.k
154
x g foKku
ekWM;wy - 5
oL=k foKku & ,d ifjp;
oL=k ,oa ifj/kku
rkfydk 22-2 rUrqvksa ds Toyu ijh{k.k dk fooj.k
uke
¼1½ izkÑfrd
lSY;qykst+
rUrq&lwrh]
fyuu
ekuofufeZr
lsY;qykst+
rUrq&js;kWu
izksVhu
rUrq&Åu
ykS ds
utnhd
fldqM+rk
ugha gSA
vkx idM+
ysrk gSA
"
ykS ls
nwj
fldqM+
tkrk gSA
js'ke
"
fi?kyrk gS
¼2½ ekuo fufeZr
flaFksfVd rUrq& vkSj
ikWfy,LVj
fldqM+dj
ykS ls nwj
gks tkrk
gSA
ykS esa
tYnh ty
tkrk gSA
"
/khjs
tyrk gSA
tyuk
cUn gks
tkrk gSA
"
/khjs
tyuk
tyrk gS
can gks
vkSj
tkrk gSA
fi?kyrk gSA
"
"
,fØfyd
"
tYnh&
tYnh
vkokt ds
lkFk
tyrk gSA
xa/k
vof'k"V
tyrs
dkxt dh
xa/k vkrh
gSA
gYdh] HkqjHkqjh
/kwfey jax
dh jk[kA
"
/khjs&/khjs
vkokt ds
lkFk
tyrk gSA
uk;ykWu
x g foKku
ykS ls
gVkdj
tyrk
jgrk gS
vkSj ckn
esa ngdrk
gSA
"
tyrs gq;s
ckyksa tSlh
xa/kA
"
jklk;fud
inkFkks±
tSlh xa/kA
"
flaFksfVd ;k
jklk;fud
inkFkks±
tSlh xa/kA
tyrk
jgrk gS]
rUrq
fi?kydj
cwan
cudj
fxjrk gSA
vEyh;
fljds
tSlh xa/kA
fVIi.kh
vfr de
ek=kk esa
gYdh]
HkwjHkqjh
jk[kA
NksVs
dkys eksrh
tSlh jk[k]
gkFkksa ls
elyh tk
ldrh gSA
dkys eksrh
tSlh jk[k
tks
gkFkksa ls
elyh tk
ldrh gSA
dBksj nkus&
nkj dkys
dRFkbZ jax
dh jk[kA
"
<s<+h&es<+h]
dkyh
nkusnkj
dBksj jk[k
ftls gkFk
ls elyk
tk ldrk
gSA
155
ekWM;wy - 5
oL=k foKku & ,d ifjp;
oL=k ,oa ifj/kku
ikBxr iz'u 22-2
1.
fVIi.kh
(i)
lgh mÙkj pqfu;s vkSj vius mÙkj dk dkj.k fyf[k;s&
dkSu lk oL=k lfnZ;ksa ds fy;s lcls mi;qDr gS\
¼a ½
dikl
¼b½ uk;ykWu
¼c ½
Åuh
¼d½ ikWfy,LVj
dkj.k ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(ii)
lcls n`<+ rUrq dkSu lk gS\
¼a ½
js'ke
¼b½ uk;ykWu
¼c ½
,fØfyd
¼d½ ikWfy,LVj
dkj.k ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(iii) dkSu ls oL=k dks /kksus ds i'pkr de ls de bL=kh dh vko';drk gksrh gS\
¼a ½
¼ b½
¼c ½
¼ d½
lwrh
js;kWu
js'ke
ikWfy,LVj
dkj.k ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(iv) tc lwrh diM+k tyrk gS rks mldh xa/k dSlh gksrh gS\
¼a ½
tyrs dkxt tSlh
¼b½ tyrs cky tSlh
156
x g foKku
oL=k foKku & ,d ifjp;
ekWM;wy - 5
oL=k ,oa ifj/kku
¼ c½
vEyh;
¼ d½ jklk;fud inkFkZ tSlh
dkj.k ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(v)
fVIi.kh
tc flaFksfVd oL=k vkx ds ikl yk;s tkrs gSa rks
¼ a½
og fldqM+dj nwj gks tkrs gSa
¼ b½ fi?kydj fldqM+ tkrs gSa
¼ c½
vkx idM+ ysrs gSa ij tyrs ugha
¼ d½ Åij fn;s fodYi esa ls dksbZ ugha
dkj.k ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(vi) tyh gqbZ js;kWu dh jk[k dSlh gksrh gS\
¼ a½
dBksj eksrh tSlh] tks elyh ugha tk ldrhA
¼ b½ eksrh tSlh] ftls elyk tk ldrk gSA
¼ c½
gYdh HkwjhA
¼ d½ gYdh HkqjHkqjh o de ek=kk esaA
dkj.k ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.
dkj.k crkb;s&
(i)
lwrh oL=k xfeZ;ksa ds fy;s o varoZL=kksa ds fy;s mi;ksxh gSaA
(ii)
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2.
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5.
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izkÑfrd
ouLifrd
(ii)
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flaFksfVd
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2-
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¼ii½ D;ksafd lcls n`<+ rUrq gSA
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vf/kd tkudkjh ds fy;s nsf[k,
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160
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