ekWM;wy - 3
?kjsyw midj.k
lalk/ku izca/ku
16
fVIi.kh
?kjsyw midj.k
vki vius ?kj esa vius nSfud dk;ksZa esa lgk;rk ds fy;s rjg rjg ds midj.kksa dk
iz;ksx djrs gksaxsA ;s midj.k u dsoy vkids le; o ÅtkZ dh cpr djus esa
lgk;rk djrs gSa cfYd vkids dke dks n{krkiw.kZ <ax ls Hkh djrs gSaA buesa ls dqN
dks vki euksjtau ds mn~ns'; ls Hkh iz;ksx djrs gSSa tSls Vsfyfotu vkSj E;wftd
flLVe vkfn vkSj vki ns[ksaxs fd dqN midj.k vPNh gkyr esa gksrs gaS tcfd vU;
dks ckj&ckj ejEer dh o cnys tkus dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA
,slh fLFkfr esa vki D;k djrs gSa\ D;k vki ckj&ckj cktkj tkus ls cp ldrs gSa\
D;k vki crk ldrs gSa] dSls\ vki ckj&ckj cktkj tkus dh bl ijs'kkuh dks
midj.kksa ds mfpr pquko] ns[kHkky o j[kj[kko ls nwj dj ldrs gSaA cktkj esa
fofo/k ewY;] xq.koÙkk] fMtk;u ds midj.k ekStwn gSaA dqN midj.kksa ij vki
xq.koÙkk ekud fpg~u vkSj xkajVh ns[krs gSaA bu midj.kksa ds p;u ds fy;s vkidks
fdl izdkj dk Kku pkfg;s\ vki mudk mfpr izdkj ls fdl izdkj pquko djrs
gSa\ vki mudh ns[kHkky fdl izdkj djrs gSa\ bl ikB esa vki ,sls vkSj blh izdkj
ds vU; iz'uksa ds mÙkj ik;saxsA
mn~ns';
bl ikB dk i<+us ds i'pkr vki l{ke fuEufyf[kr dj ldsaxs&
midj.k 'kCn dh ifjHkk"kk vkSj lkekU; ?kjsyw midj.kksa dk oxhZdj.k(
?kjsyw midj.kksa ds pquko dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjdksa dh O;k[;k(
?kjsyw midj.kksa ds iz;ksx esa lko/kkfu;ksa dh O;k[;k(
?kjsyw midj.kksa dh ns[kHkky vkSj j[kj[kko dh fof/k;ksa dh O;k[;k(
bu midj.kksa dk iz;ksx djrs le; b±/ku] fctyh vkSj ikuh ds laj{k.k ds fy;s
fn'kk funsZ'k nsukA
x`g foKku
23
ekWM;wy - 3
lalk/ku izca/ku
?kjsyw midj.k
16.1 midj.kksa dk oxhZdj.k
ge lHkh viuk dk;Z nks izdkj ls djrs gSaA geesa ls dqN vius gkFkksa ls dke djrs
gSa tcfd vU; fdUgha fo'ks"k phtksa dh lgk;rk ysrs gSaA ;s phtsa gekjs dke dks vPNh
rjg ls djus esa lgk;rk djrh gSaA
fVIi.kh
dksbZ Hkh pht tks gekjs dke esa gekjh lgk;rk
djrh gS og midj.k dgykrh gS A
bu midj.kksa esa ls dqN dks pykus ds fy;s fctyh dh vko';drk iM+rh gS tcfd
vU; dks ughaA vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd midj.k nks izdkj ds gksrs gSaA
fctyh ls pyus okys
fctyh ls u pyus okys
¼1½ fctyh ls pyus okys
midj.k% vius ?kj
ds pkjksa vksj nsf[k;s
vkSj ,sls dqN
midj.kksa dh igpku
dfj;s ftUgsa dk;Z
djus ds fy;s fctyh
dh t:jr iM+rh gSA
,sls dkSu ls midj.k
gSaA ;s midj.k
VksLVj] feDlh] ikuh
xeZ djus dh jkWM]
fp=k 16.1: fctyh ls pyus okys midj.k
bL=kh] jsfÝtjsVj] okf'kax
e'khu] xhtj vkfn gS
tks dsoy fctyh ls gh
py ldrs gSaA
fp=k 16.2: fcuk fctyh ls pyus okys midj.k
24
¼2½ fctyh ls u
pyus okys midj.k%
midj.kksa dh ,d vU;
Js.kh gS ftls pykus ds
fy;s fctyh dh
vko';drk ugha iM+rhA
bl Js.kh esa jlksbZ ds
crZu o midj.k vkrs
gaS tSls flykbZ e'khu]
x`g foKku
?kjsyw midj.k
ekWM;wy - 3
lalk/ku izca/ku
[kkuk idkus dk pwYgk] lkSj dqdj vkfnA dbZ ckj ge fctyh ls pyus okys
midj.k dh vis{kk vU; midj.k dk iz;ksx dk vU; lksp ldrs gaSA mnkgj.k
ds fy;s fctyh ls pyus okys fÝt dh vis{kk ge ^xzkeh.k 'khry* dk iz;ksx
dj ldrs gSaA
^xzkeh.k 'khry* tkyh ls cuh ,d NksVh vYekjh gksrh gSA bldks VkV ls pkjksa vksj
ls <ddj j[kk tkrk gS ysfdu lkeus ls ugha <dk tkrkA bl VkV ds fljs ikuh ds
dVksjksa esa Mwcs jgrs gSa vkSj yxkrkj Hkhxs jgrs gSaA
fVIi.kh
bl izdkj ge vius dke ds fy;s ?kj ij vusdksa phtksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA ;gh phtsa
midj.k dgykrh gSaA ge vius le; vkSj ÅtkZ dh cpr vkSj viuh n{krk c<+kus
ds fy;s Hkh budk mi;ksx djrs gaSA
bu midj.kksa ds n{krkiw.kZ iz;ksx esa mudk lgh pquko] mfpr iz;ksx vkSj mudh lgh
ns[kHkky vkrh gS rkfd x`g.kh de ls de le; esa de ls de iz;kl ls vf/kd ls
vf/kd dk;Z dj ldsA
16.2 ?kjsyw midj.kksa dk pquko
vkius ?kj ij iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys midj.kksa ds oxhZdj.k ds fo"k; esa i<+kA vki
tkurs gh gSa fd ;s midj.k fofo/k izdkj dh lqfo/kkvksa ls ySl gksrs gSa vkSj fofo/k
izdkj ds fMtk;uksa esa] fHkUu&fHkUu ewY;ksa ij miyC/k gksrs gSaA
vr% tc vki fdlh midj.k dks [kjhnus ds fy;s cktkj tkrs gSa rc vkidks budk
pquko djrs le; /;ku nssus ;ksX; fcanqvksa dks vo'; tkuuk pkfg;sA ,d midj.k
ds fy;s iz;qDr ekunaM nwljs ls fHkUu gksrk gSSA vkb;s ;gka mudh foLrkj ls O;k[;k
djsa&
¼1½ t:jr ij vk/kkfjr% tks Hkh midj.k ge [kjhnsa mlls gekjh t:jr iwjh
gksuh pkfg;sA dHkh Hkh fdlh midj.k dks blfy;s u [kjhnsa fd og nwljs yksxksa
ds ikl gS ;k fQj og lLrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s dbZ izdkj dh layXu
oLrqvksa okys QwM izkslslj dh vis{kk vki ,d lk/kkj.k feDlj xzkbUMj ys
ldrs gSa tks vkidh t:jr ds vuqlkj gksxkA bl izdkj vki /ku Hkh cpk
ldaasxsA
¼2½ le;] /ku vkSj ÅtkZ dh cpr% tc vki ,d oLrq [kjhn jgs gksa] ns[ksa fd ;g
vkids le;] ÅtkZ o /ku dks cpkus esa Hkh mi;ksxh gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy; izs'kj dqdj esa [kkuk tYnh id tkrk gS vr% vki le; vkSj
iSls dh cpr djrs gSa D;ksafd blesa de b±/ku dh [kir gksrh gSA vki viuh
ÅtkZ dh Hkh cpr djrs gSa D;ksafd ;g iz;ksx esa ljy gS vkSj fuxjkuh dh Hkh
vko';drk ugha gksrhA
x`g foKku
25
ekWM;wy - 3
?kjsyw midj.k
lalk/ku izca/ku
,d rst /kkj okyk pkdw Qy o lfCt;ksa dks ljyrk ls dkV ldrk gSA vr%
vki viuh ÅtkZ dh cpr djrs gSaA eksaFkjk pkdw ls dkVus esa ne yxkuk iM+rk
gS vkSj Qy&lCth Bhd ls dVrs Hkh ugha gSA
fVIi.kh
¼3½ lQkbZ djus esa ljy% [kjhns gq;s midj.k vPNs gksus pkfg;s tks /kksus o lkQ
djus esa vkSj j[kj[kko esa Hkh ljy gksaA mnkgj.k ds fy;s yksgs ds crZuksa dks
lkQ djuk dfBu gksrk gS tcfd LVhy ds crZuksa dks ljyrk ls /kks;k tk
ldrk gSA
¼4½ lqj{kk% tks dqN Hkh vki [kjhnsa og ?kj ij iz;ksx ds fy;s lqjf{kr gksuk pkfg;sA
D;k vki tkurs gSa fd fctyh ds midj.k dh lqj{kk dh xkajVh nsus okyk
dkSu&lk fpg~u gS\ gk¡ vki Bhd dgrs gSa& ISI fpg~u okys midj.k iz;ksx ds
fy; lqjf{kr gSaA bu midj.kksa dks iwjh rjg ls tkap ij[kdj cuk;k tkrk gS
vkSj os mPp xq.koÙkk okys gksrs gSaA vkidks lqfuf'pr dju gksxk fd tks Hkh
fctyh ds midj.k vki [kjhnsa mu ij ISI fpg~u yxk gksuk pfg;sA bl fpg~u
ds fcuk midj.k lLrs rks gks ldrs gSa iajrq iz;ksx esa lqjf{kr ugha gksrsA
ekud mRikn os mRikn
gS tks lqj{kk] etcwrh] o
dk;Z {kerk ds U;wure
ekudksa dk vuqikyu
djrs gSA
xkjaVh % fdlh midj.k
dh n{k dk;Zi.z kkyh dk oknk
djukA
lHkh fctyh midj.kksa ds lkFk 3 fiu Iyx vkSj fo|qr~jks/kh rkj vo'; gksuh
pkfg;sA ,sls fctyh ds midj.kksa dk p;u er dfj;s ftlds /kkrq okys iqtsZ
[kqys gksa] D;ksafd buls vkidks >Vdk yx ldrk gSA fctyh ls u pyus okys
midj.kksa esa ns[ksa fd muds dksus uqdhys u gksaA muesa gaSMy <hys u gksaA bl
izdkj ds midj.k iz;ksx esa lqjf{kr ugha gksrs D;ksafd iz;ksx djrs le; buls
pksV yx ldrh gSA
midj.k ij muds dk;Z djus dh xkajVh yxh gksuh pkfg;sA xkajVh dk vFkZ gS
fd mRiknd ,d fuf'pr le; ds fy;s ml midj.k ds pyus dk mÙkjknkf;Ro
ys jgk gSA fÝt fuEkkZrk 5 o"kZ rd dh xkjaVh ns ldrs gSaA ia[kksa ds fuekZrk
7 lky rd dh xkjaVh ns ldrs gSaA bldk vFkZ gS fd 5 ls 7 o"kksZ rd vkids
fÝt vkSj ia[ksa dks vkidsk ijs'kkuh eqDr lsok nsuh pkfg;sA ;fn dksbZ ijs'kkuh
vkrh Hkh gS rc mRiknd bldh eq¶r ejEer dj nsxkA
vkids fy;s ;g lqfuf'pr djuk vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ gS fd fdlh Hkh eagxs
midj.k ds lkFk mldh lsok dh xkjaVh vo'; gksA nqdkunkj ls midj.k
ds mu fgLlksa ds ckjs esa iwfN;s ftu ij xkjaVh feyrh gS rkfd ckn esa vki
ds lkFk /kks[kk u gksA [kjhnkjh djrs le; nsf[k;s fd xkjaVh dkMZ Bhd ls
Hkjk gS vkSj mlesa gLrk{kj fd;s x;s gksa o ml ij ml nqdkunkj dh eqgj
yxh gksA
¼5½ ewY;% tc Hkh vki cktkj tkrs gSa] lcls igys vki oLrq dh dher tkuuk
pkgsaxsA
lk/kkj.k midj.kksa dh dher vf/kd ugha gksrhA tcfd dqN vU; midj.kksa
eagxs gksrs gS D;ksafd os dbZ izdkj ds dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA
26
x`g foKku
?kjsyw midj.k
ekWM;wy - 3
lalk/ku izca/ku
mnkgj.k ds fy;s ,d fÝt cgqr dherh gskrk gS tcfd xzkeh.k 'khry dkQh
lLrk gksrk gSA fdUrq tc iz;ksx fd;k tk;s rc xzkeh.k 'khry mrus dk;Z ugha
dj ik;sxk ftrus ,d fÝt dj ikrk gSA fÝt ls vki cQZ ys ldrs gSa] mlesa
[kkuk vkSj ikuh BaMk jg ldrk gS] vkblØhe cuk ldrs gSa vkSj [kkuk
ifjjf{kr dj ldrs gSa ysfdu xzkeh.k 'khry esa ughaA xzkeh.k 'khry dqN gh
lky pysxk tcfd fÝt dbZ lky rd dke vkrk gSA
fVIi.kh
vr% ;fn laHko gks] rc Qk;ns ns[kus ds ckn eagxs fÝt dks [kjhnus esa gh
le>nkjh gSA ijarq ,slk lHkh ekeyksa esa lR; ugha gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s fdlh
x`g.kh ds fy, tfVy vkSj egaxh flykbZ dh e'khu [kjhnuk csdkj gS D;ksafd
mls ?kj ds NksVs eksVs dk;ksZa ds fy;s gh flykbZ e'khu dh vko';drk gksxhA
¼6½ fcØh i'pkr lsok% yxkrkj iz;ksx ds ckn midj.k esa dqN le; i'pkr dqN
VwV QwV Hkh gks tkrh gSA ;fn vkidks mdj.k esa dqN ejEer dh ;k dqN iqtksZa
dks cnyus dh vko'drk gS rc vkidks ;g lsok lLrs nkekas ij
miyC/k gksuh pkfg;sA blfy;s ;g lqfuf'pr djuk t:jh gS fd LFkkuh;
cktkj esa midj.k dh fcØh i'pkr lsok miyC/k gSA ftl midj.k dh fcØh
i'pkr lsok miyC/k gks mldk pquko lnSo Bhd jgrk gSA
ikBxr iz'u 16.1
1-
fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dfj;s&
¼ a½
midj.kksa dk oxhZdj.k -----------------------------------—vkSj -----------------------------------—ds
:i esa fd;k x;k gSA
¼b½ fdlh Hkh midj.k ds izHkko'kkyh iz;ksx ds varxZr mldk pquko] ----------------------------------- vkSj -----------------------------------—vkrs gSaA
¼ c½
-----------------------------------—fdlh midj.k dh izHkkoh dk;Z{kerk dk iDdk oknk
gSA
¼d½ fdlh Hkh midj.k ds pquko dh lcls igyh 'krZ mldh ----------------------------------—gSA
2-
¼ e½
tks midj.k ,d ls vf/kd dk;Z dj ldrk gS og -------------------------------gksrk gSA
¼f½
vPNh fcØh i'pkr lsok ljy -----------------------------------—vkSj ---------------------------lqfuf'pr djrk gSA
fuEu esa ls dkSu ls oDrO; lgh gSa vkSj dkSu ls xyr\ vius mÙkjksa dk vkSfpR;
crkb;sA
¼a½ dsoy fctyh ds midj.k Je dh cpr djrs gaSA
x`g foKku
27
ekWM;wy - 3
?kjsyw midj.k
lalk/ku izca/ku
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------¼b½ fctyh ls u pyus okys midj.k gkFk ls pyk;s tk ldrs gSaA
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------¼ c½
fVIi.kh
ekud fl) mRikn lqj{kk o fVdkmiu dks lqfuf'pr djrs gaSA
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
¼d½ lHkh fctyh ds midj.kksa dks ISI fpg~u fn;k tkrk gSA—
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------¼ e½
vf/kd eagxs midj.k lLrs midj.kksa dh vis{kk ifjokfjd t:jrkaas dks
vf/kd iwjk djrs gSaA
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------fØ;kdyki 16-1% fdlh bysDVWªkfud vkSj fctyh ds lkeku dh nqdku ij
tkb;s vkSj fÝt vkSj Vsyhfotu ds fuEu fooj.k bdB~Bs dfj;s vkSj mUgsa
fjdkWMZ dfj;sA
Ø-l-
fooj.k
¼ 1½
czkWUM vkSj ekWMy
¼vkdkj vkSj fHkUu izdkj½
¼ 2½
ewY;
¼ 3½
fcØh i'pkr lsok
¼ 4½
xkjaVh
fÝt
Vsyhfotu
16.3 ?kjsyw midj.kksa dk lgh iz;ksx
fulUnsg fdlh midj.k dk iz;ksx le;] Je o ÅtkZ cpr ds lanHkZ esa lHkh ds fy;s
ykHknk;d gS ysfdu budk iz;ksx djrs le; lHkh dks dqN lko/kkfu;ka cjrus dh
Hkh vko';drk gSA blls vkidks >a>V jfgr yEch lsok lqfuf'pr :i ls feyrh gsSA
D;k vki crk ldrs gSa fd vkidks lko/kkfu;kas dh vko';drk D;ksa gS\ D;ksafd
vkidh ykijokgh ls xaHkhj nq/kZVuk,a Hkh gks ldrh gS tks vkids thou dks [krjs esa
Mky ldrh gSA
;gk¡ dqN fcanq fn;s tk jgs gSa tks vkidks midj.k [kjhnrs le; /;ku esa j[kus
pkfg;s&
28
x`g foKku
?kjsyw midj.k
ekWM;wy - 3
lalk/ku izca/ku
&
midj.k ds lkFk fn;s x;s funsZ'kksZa dks if<+;s vkSj mudk dM+kbZ ls ikyu
dfj;sA
&
nsf[k;s fd lHkh fctyh ds midj.kksa ds rkj o Iyx mfpr :i ls yxs gksa vkSj
fctyh dgha ls Hkh yhd u gks jgh gksA midj.k dh lQkbZ djus ls igys
mldk Iyx fudky yhft;s rkfd fctyh dk >Vdk u yxsA
&
ikuh ds uyksa ls fctyh ds lHkh midj.kksa dks nwj jf[k;sA bu midj.kksa dks
ikuh ls rc rd u /kks;sa tc rd fd funsZ'k esa ,slk u fy[kk gksA
fVIi.kh
D;k vki crk ldrs gS D;ksa\ gk¡] D;ksafd blls vkidks >Vdk yx ldrk gSA
16.4 ns[kHkky vkSj j[kj[kko
vPNh xq.krÙkk okys midj.k [kjhnuk tgk¡ cgqr vPNk gS ogha yEch d"V jfgr lsok
ds fy;s bu midj.kksa dh mfpr ns[kHkky Hkh vko';d gSA blds fy;s dqN lk/kkj.k
ns[kHkky o j[kj[kko dh tkudkjh vkidh enn djsxh] tks uhps nh x;h gSA
&
xhys gkFk iSjksa ls dHkh Hkh fdlh fctyh ds midj.k dks u Nq,aA
&
;fn fdlh midj.k ls fctyh dk gYdk >Vdk Hkh yxrk gS rks tc rd
mldh ejEer u dh tk; mls nqckjk iz;ksx u djsaA
&
fctyh dk midj.k iz;ksx djrs le; /;ku nsa fd bldh rkj jkLrs esa u
vk;sA D;k vki crk ldrs gSa] D;ksa\ gka vki blls my> dj fxj ldrs gSaA
;g tk¡p ysa fd Iyx lkWdsV esa Bhd ls yxk gks vkSj rkj 3 fiu Iyx esa Bhd
ls yxh gksA
&
tk¡p ysa fd fctyh ds cksMZ esa mfpr ¶;wt+ yxs gksa ftlls vkx yxus dk Mj
u jgsA
tc oksYVst vpkud ls c<+ tk;s ;k ykbu ij fctyh dk vfrfjDr Hkkj gks
;k 'kkVZ lfdZV gks rc ,e-lh-ch- (MCB) fo|qr vkiwfrZ dks dkV nsrk gSA
&
jlksbZ?kj esa dke djrs le; flaFksfVd diM+s ;k uk;ykWu ds diM+s u igusaA
,slk djuk D;ksa t:jh gS] D;ksafd uk;ykWu vkx tYnh idM+dj xy tkrk gS
vkSj Ropk ij fpid dj xgjs t[e iSnk dj nsrk gSA
&
,sls cjruksa dk iz;ksx djsa ftuesa cSdsykbV ;k diM+s ydM+h ds gSaMy yxs gksaA
;fn gSaMy u gksa rks pwYgs ls mrkjus ds fy;s laMlh ;k diM+s dk iz;ksx djsaA
viuk nqiêk ;k lkM+h dk iYyk dHkh Hkh iz;ksx u djsaA
&
iz;ksx ds ckn lHkh ?kjsyw midj.kksa dks vPNh rjg ls lkQ dj nsuk pkfg;sA
midj.k dh ckgjh lrg dks /kwy o fpdukbZ ls cpkus ds fy;s vPNh rjg ls
iksafN;sA
x`g foKku
29
ekWM;wy - 3
?kjsyw midj.k
lalk/ku izca/ku
&
dsjksflu LVkso ds VSad dks nks frgkbZ Hkkx rd gh Hkjsa rkfd VSad QVs ughaA dHkh
Hkh pyrs gq;s LVkso ;k tSusjsVj eas feêh dk rsy u MkysaA
&
VwVh&pVdh gqbZ xSl dh V~;wc dks rqjar cny nsa vkSj fctyh ds midj.k dh
dVh QVh o [kqyh rkjksa dks Hkh vo'; cny nsaA izs'kj dqdj dh xkLdsV ¼jcj
dh V~;wc½ Hkh ;fn dM+h gks xbZ gks ;k <hyh gks xbZ gks rks mls Hkh rqjar cny
nsaA
&
tc iz;ksx esa u gks rc xSl dk flysaMj uhps ls cVu can dj nsaA
&
rst /kkj ;k uqdhys midj.kksa dks lko/kkuh iwoZd jf[k;s rkfd os uqdhys pksV
u igqapk;saA mnkgj.k ds fy;s pkdw dks mldh /kkj okyk Hkkx uhps dh vksj
j[kdj [kM+k djds jf[k;sA tc vki pkdw dks iz;ksx ds fy;s mBk;saxs rc
vkidk gkFk pkdw ds gSMay ij iM+sxkA
&
Hkki dh uyh izs'kj dqdj ds ¼oSUV ikbi½ dks ges'kk lkQ j[ksa vkSj mlesa dksbZ
pht u Qalus nsa rkfd Hkki ljyrk ls fudy ldsA tc rd nkc de u gks
tk; rc rd izs'kj dqdj dh lhVh u gVk;saA izs'kj dqdj ds <Ddu dks [kksyus
ls igys Hkki dh vkokt dks can gksus nsaA
&
ukWufLVd crZu dks iz;ksx djrs le; /kkrq ds pEep vkSj djfN;ksa dk iz;ksx
u djsa] D;kssafd blls crZu dh ukWufLVd ijr fudy ldrh gSA iz;ksx ds ckn
ukWufLVd crZuksa dks /kksus ds fy;s dHkh Hkh l[r twus dk iz;ksx u djsaA
&
flykbZ e'khu ljyrk ls pyrh jgs blds fy;s e'khu dks lkQ j[ksa vkSj blds
iqtksZa es rsy fu;fer Mkyrs jfg;sA
&
ekbØksoso vksou dks iz;ksx djrs le; /kkrq ds crZu iz;ksx esa u yka,A dsoy
ekbØksoso ds fy, lqjf{kr crZuksa dks gh Ikz;ksx djsaA iz;ksx ls igys
funsZ'kksa dks lko/kkuh iwoZd Ik<+saA
fVIi.kh
ikBxr iz'u 16.2
uhps nh x;h lwph esa ls lcls mfpr 'kCn pqudj fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsa&
¼rkj] ekbØksoso vksou] flUFksfVd] Iyx] ,e-lh-ch-@¶;wt] nq/kZVuk] Hkki dh uyh] xeZ½
30
1-
?kjsyw midj.kksa ds vlko/kkuh iwoZd iz;ksx ls xaHkhj --------------------------------- gks
ldrh gSA
2-
fctyh ds midj.k dks lkQ djrs le; --------------------------------- dks fLop cksMZ ls
fudky nsuk pkfg;sA
3-
--------------------------------- lfdZV dks rksM+ dj fo|qr dks dkV nsrk gSA
4-
jlksbZ?kj esa dke djrs le; --------------------------------- diM+s ugha iguus pkfg;sA
x`g foKku
?kjsyw midj.k
ekWM;wy - 3
lalk/ku izca/ku
5-
izs'kj dqdj ds --------------------------------- dks lkQ j[ksa o bls vo:) u gksus nsa rkfd
blesa ls Hkki ljyrk ls vk tk ldsA
6-
--------------------------------- esa [kkuk idkrs le; /kkrq ds crZuksa dk iz;ksx u djsaA
16.5 b±/ku] fo|qr vkSj ty laj{k.k
fVIi.kh
vc rd vkius i<+k fd ?kjsyw midj.kksa dk pquko vkSj mudk mi;ksx fdl izdkj
djuk pkfg;sA vc vkidks fctyh] b±/ku o ty vkfn egÙoiw.kZ lalk/kuksa ds lja{k.k
ds fo"k; esa tkuus dh vko';drk gS D;ksafd budh vkiwfrZ vR;kf/kd lhfer gSA gesa
budks lajf{kr djus dh vko';drk blfy;s gS rkfd os lekIr u gksa vkSj Hkfo"; esa
Hkh miyC/k jgsaA bl rjg ls ge iSls dh cpr Hkh dj ldrs gaSA vkb;s ns[ksa ge ,slk
fdl izdkj dj ldrs gSaA
b±/ku
vkidks xSl] feêh dk rsy vkfn ?kj esa iz;ksx gksus okys b±/ku dks lajf{kr djus dh
vko'drk gSA vki ,slk fdl izdkj dj ldrs gSa\ uhps tks fy[kk gS mls vktek dj
ns[ksa&
&
vius ¼LVkso xSl@izs'kj LVkso o cÙkh okys LVkso½ ds cuZj dh fu;fer :i ls
lQkbZ djsaA
&
idkus ls igys] tes gq, Hkkstu dks dejs ds rki ij vkus nhft;s rkfd idus
esa b±/ku dh [kir de gksA
&
idkus ls igys nky vkSj pkoy dks fHkxks dj jf[k,A
&
[kqys crZu dh vis{kk ges'kk izs'kj dqdj dk gh iz;ksx djsaA blls b±/ku dh
[kir de gksrh gSA izs'kj dqdj esa lsisjsVj dk iz;ksx djrs gq;s ,d le; esa
vf/kd ls vf/kd phtsa idkus dk iz;kl djsa tSls nky] pkoy] lfCt;ka vkfnA
&
;fn vki izs'kj dqdj dk iz;ksx dj jgs gSa rks dqdj esa izs'kj cuus ds ckn vFkkZr
igyh lhVh ctrs gh vkWap de dj ysaA
&
crZu <d dj [kkuk idk,aA
&
fÝt esa xeZ [kkuk j[krs le;] mlds rkieku dks dejs ds rkieku ij vkus
nhft;sA
&
b±/ku dks cpkus ds fy;s lkSj dqdj dk iz;ksx djsaA
fØ;kdyki 16-2% 250 xzke nky dks fHkxk dj izs'kj dqdj esa idkb;sA
mlh nky dks fcuk fHkxks;s Hkh idkb;sA Hkhxh gqbZ nky dks idkus esa
yxs le; vkSj fcuk Hkhxh nky dks idkus esa yxs le; dh rqyuk
dhft;sA
x`g foKku
31
ekWM;wy - 3
lalk/ku izca/ku
?kjsyw midj.k
fctyh
vki tkurs gSa fd fctyh oLrqvksa dks mfpr izdkj ls ns[kus ds fy;s vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ
gSA izdk'k gesa izkd`frd :i ls ¼lw;Z ls½ vkSj Ñf=ke ¼fctyh ds cYc vkSj V~;wc½
miyC/k gksrk gSA fctyh ÅtkZ dk ,d izdkj gSA ;g ?kjksa esa 2 izdkj ls iz;ksx dh
tkrh gS&
fVIi.kh
¼1½ rki o izdk'k mRiUu djus ds fy;s& bL=kh] VksLVj] ikuh xeZ djus dh jkWM
vkSj cYcksa }kjkA
¼2½ eksVj dh lgk;rk ls xfr djus esa vFkkZr ia[ks] dwyj] fÝt] feDlj xzkbUMj
vkfnA
tks Hkh fctyh ge iz;ksx djrs gSa mlds fy;s gesa Hkqxrku djuk iM+rk gS vkSj fctyh
vktdy vR;ar eagxh gks x;h gSA vr% ?kj ij fctyh dk iz;ksx djrs le; gesa
vR;ar lko/kku jguk pkfg;sA vki fuEu ckrksa dk vuqlj.k djds fctyh dk laj{k.k
dj ldrs gSaA
&
ckj ckj fÝt u [kksysaA ;fn fÝt esa phtsa j[kuh ;k fudkyuh gks rks ,d gh
le; esa djsaA
&
dejs ls fudyrs le; lc cfÙk;ka o ia[ks can dj nsaA
&
ckFk:e o cxhps dks esa izdkf'kr djus ds fy;s de okWV okyh V~;wc ykbV yxk
ysaA
&
xhtj] okf'kax e'khu o feDlj xzkbUMj dk iz;ksx de ls de djsaA
&
vius fctyh ds midj.kksa dks vPNh gkyr esa j[ksaA ;fn dksbZ [kjkch gks rks
bldh rqjar ejEer djk ysaA
&
lkSj ykyVsu] dqdj vkSj okVj ghVjksa dk iz;ksx c<+k nsa] rkfd fctyh dh cpr
gks ldsA
&
cYc dh vis{kk V~;wc ykbV vkSj lh-,Q-,y ¼dkWEiSDV ¶yksfjlsUV ykbV½ dk
iz;ksx djsaA
vk/kqfud ?kjksa esa Vh-oh-] VsfyQksu ¼ySaMykbu vkSj eksckby½] dEI;wVj] QSDl e'khu
E;wftd flLVe vkfn gksrs gSaA vkidks budk lko/kkuh iwoZd iz;ksx djuk pkfg;s
rkfd mudks pykus dk [kpZ T;knk u gksA mnkgj.k ds fy;s Vh-oh- iwjs fnu pysxk
rks fctyh dk fcy Hkh c<+sxkA gesa ;g Hkh ns[kuk gksxk fd blls /ofu iznw"k.k u gks
vkSj yksxksa dks ijs'kkuh u gksA
fØ;kdyki 16-3% ,d eghus ds fy;s ?kj ij fctyh ds laj{k.k dh
tkudkjh dk vuqlj.k dfj;s&
32
¼1½ bl eghus ds fctyh ds fcy dh fiNys eghus ds fctyh ds fcy ls rqyuk
dhft;sA
x`g foKku
ekWM;wy - 3
?kjsyw midj.k
¼2½ vius lalk/kuksa dks cpkus dh vU; fof/k;k¡ esa lksfp;sA izR;sd esa gqbZ cpr dk
irk dfj;sA
lalk/ku izca/ku
ty
vktdy izzR;sd O;fDr dks ikuh dh deh ds fo"k; esa irk gSA ;g vfr vko';d
gS fd ikuh dh ,d Hkh cawn cjckn u dh tk;A D;k vki tkurs gSa vki ;g dSls dj
ldrs gSa\
fVIi.kh
gkWa] ,sls dbZ rjhds gSa ftuls ikuh lajf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA uhps fn;s x;s fp=k
dks nsf[k;sA ;g crkrk gS fd izR;sd xfrfof/k esa fdruk ikuh iz;qDr gksrk gSA
fp=k 16-3
ikuh dks lajf{kr djus dh dqN fof/k;ka ;gk¡ nh tk jgh gSa&
&
diM+s /kksus ds ikuh dks ?kj esa lQkbZ o iksaNk yxkus ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tk
ldrk gS [kkldj cjkens vkSj lhf<+;ksa ijA
&
Qyksa o lfCt;ksa dks /kksus ds ikuh ls cxhps ds ikS/ks lhaps tk ldrs gSaA
&
ugkus ds fy;s QOokjs ds ikuh dh vis{kk ckYVh dk ikuh de [kpZ gksrk gSA
&
Qyksa o lfCt;ksa dks cgrs ikuh esa /kksus dh vis{kk crZu esa j[kdj /kks;saA
&
dkj /kksus o ikS/kkas dks lhapus ds fy;s ikbi dh vis{kk ckYVh ls ikuh MkysaA
&
dwyj dks Hkjrs le; ogha [kM+s jgsa vU;Fkk ikuh cgus yxrk gSA
&
vius nkar cz'k djrs le; vkSj eqag /kksrs le; cgrs uy ls ikuh ysus dh vis{kk
ex esa ikuh ysaA
D;k vki ,slh gh dqN ckrsa vkSj lksp ldrs gSa\ mu ckrksa dks vktekb;s vkSj ;fn
muls ikuh dh cpr gksrh gS rks mUgsa vius fe=kksa o iM+ksfl;ksa dks Hkh crkb;ssA
x`g foKku
33
ekWM;wy - 3
?kjsyw midj.k
lalk/ku izca/ku
fVIi.kh
fØ;kdyki 16-4% x.kuk dhft;s fd vkids ifjokj dks iwjs fnu esa fdrus
ikuh dh vko';drk gksrh gSA vxys fnu diM+s /kksrs le; ikuh dks Qsafd;s
ugha cfYd mls bdB~Bk dfj;sA bldks ?kj ds Q'kZ vkSj vius xkM+h dks
/kksus ds fy;s iz;ksx dfj;sA ikuh dks mi;ksx djus ds ,sls gh dqN oSdfYid rjhdksa
ds fo"k; esa lksfp;sA ;fn vki ,d lIrkg ;k ,d eghus rd ikuh dh ,slh gh cpr
djrs jgs rks vuqeku yxkb;s fd vki fdruk ikuh cpk ik;saxsA
ikBxr iz'u 16.3
¼1½ ?kj ij fctyh ds laj{k.k ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb;sA
—
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
—
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
—
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
¼2½ ?kj ij b±/ku cpkus ds fy;s /;ku esa j[ks tkus okys pkj fcanqvksa ds fo"k; esa
fyf[k;sA
—
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
—
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
—
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
—
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
¼3½ uhps fn;s x;s oDrO;ksa ds fy;s lgh ;k xyr fyf[k;sA vius mÙkj ds fy;s
dkj.k Hkh fyf[k;sA
34
¼ a½
LVkso ds cuZj dh fu;fer lQkbZ dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA
—
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
x`g foKku
?kjsyw midj.k
ekWM;wy - 3
lalk/ku izca/ku
—
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
—
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
¼b½ rst vk¡p ij j[ks izs'kj dqdj ls yxkrkj lhVh dk vFkZ gS [kkuk rsth
ls id jgk gSA
—
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
—
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
—
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
¼ c½
V~;wc ykbV vkSj lh-,Q-,y- esa fctyh dh [kir de gksrh gSA
—
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
—
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
—
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fVIi.kh
¼d½ nkar cz'k djrs le; uy dks cgrs jgus nsuk pkfg;sA
—
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
—
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
—
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
¼ e½
[kkuk idkrs le; crZu dks <dk ugha gksuk pkfg;sA
—
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
—
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
—
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
¼f½
ckYVh esa Hkjs gq;s ikuh ls dkj /kkSus ls ikuh dh cpr gksrh gSA
—
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
—
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
—
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
x`g foKku
35
ekWM;wy - 3
?kjsyw midj.k
lalk/ku izca/ku
vkius D;k lh[kk
vki ikB dks vklkuh ls ;kn j[k ldsa blds fy;s uhps dqN eq[; fcanq fn;s tk jgs
gSaA
?kjsyw midj.kksa dk
fVIi.kh
oxhZdj.k
fctyh ls pys okys
fcuk fctyh ds pyus okys
mfpr
pquko
mfpr ns[kHkky
o j[kj[kko
fctyh
b±/ku
ty dk laj{k.k
gksrk gS
le;
ÅtkZ
/ku dh
cpr
ikBkUr iz'u
36
1.
Je cpkÅ midj.k 'kCn dh ifjHkk"kk nhft;sA
2.
?kj ij fctyh ds midj.kksa dk iz;ksx djrs le; /;ku esa j[ks tkus okys
fcanqvksa ds fo"k; esa fyf[k;sA
3.
^xzkeh.k 'khry* D;k gS\ bldh mi;ksfxrk fyf[k;sA
4.
?kjsyw midj.kksa ds pquko ds le; /;ku esa j[ks tkus okys ikap dkjdksa dh lwph
cukb;sA
x`g foKku
ekWM;wy - 3
?kjsyw midj.k
lalk/ku izca/ku
5-
?kjsyw midj.kksa dh lkt laHkky o ns[kHkky ds fy;s pkj fn'kk funsZ'k fyf[k;sA
6-
fuEu esa ls dkSu lh xfrfof/k vlqjf{kr gS vkSj D;ksa\
¼ a½
jlksbZ?kj esa dke djrs le; uk;ykWu ds diM+s iguukA
¼b½ LVkso ;k tsujsVj esa tyrs le; gh rsy HkjukA
¼ c½
xSl ds pwYgs dks flfyaMj ls pV[kh V~;wc ls tksM+ukA
fVIi.kh
¼d½ ukWufLVd crZuksa dks ukbykWu ds twus ls lkQ djukA
¼ e½
izs'kj dqdj ls] mldh lhVh mBkdj Hkki fudkyukA
¼f½
fctyh ds midj.kksa dks Nwus ls igys Iyx gVk ysukA
¼g½
xhys gkFkkssa ls fctyh ds midj.k pykukA
ikBxr iz'uksa ds mÙkj 16.1
16-1 1-
¼a½ fctyh ls pyus okys] fcuk fctyh ds pyus okys
¼b½ ns[kHkky] lqj{kk
¼c½ xkajVh
¼d½ t:jr@vko';drk
¼e½ eagxk
¼f½ ejEer] cnyuk
2-
¼a½ xyr ¼b½ lgh ¼c½ lgh ¼e½ lgh ¼f½ xyr
16-2 1. nq/kZVuk
2. Iyx
5- osUV ikbi
3. ,e-lh-ch- (MCB)@¶;wt
4- uk;ykWu ds
6. ekbØksoso vksou
16-3 1. ikB i<a+sA 2. ikB i<+saA 3. ¼a½ xyr] ¼b½ xyr] ¼c½ lgh] ¼d½ xyr]
¼e½ xyr] ¼e½lgh]
ikBkUr iz'uksa ds mÙkj
iz'u 1 ls 5 ds fy;s ikB i<+saA
6-
vlqjf{kr xfrfof/k& ¼a½] ¼b½] ¼c½] ¼e½] ¼f½] ¼g½ dkj.kksa ds fy;s ikB i<+saA
vf/kd tkudkjh ds fy;s ykWx vkWu djsaA
http://dbs.extension.iastate.edu/answer/projects/answerline/
questions/Household Equipment.html.
x`g foKku
37