3
fVIi.kh
ikfjokj] LokLF; o lqj{kk
izkphure o loZ lk/kkj.k ekuo laLFkk *ifjokj^ og lcls vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ lewg gS
ftlls ge lc yksx tqM+s gSaA geesa ls izR;sd ,d ifjokj esa iSnk gksrk gS] ftlesa
ekrk&firk] nknk&nknh] pkpk&pkph o HkkbZ&cgu vkfn gksrs gSaA bu lcds chp ge
Lo;a dks lqjf{kr] okafNr o Lusg flDr eglwl djrs gSaA ifjokj esa gekjh ns[kHkky
gksrh gS o ge vkfFkZd o HkkoukRed :i ls lqjf{kr jgrs gSaA ifjokj esa gesa nwljksa
ls laca/k cukuk] nwljksa ls O;ogkj djuk] vius cqtqxks± dk vkKkikyu djuk o
mudk lEeku djuk fl[kk;k tkrk gSA ifjokj gesa vius jhfr&fjoktksa o laLÑfr
dks lh[kus esa enn djrk gS tks gesa ih<+h nj ih<+h feyrs pys vk jgs gSaA
bl ikB esa vki ifjokj ds dk;Z o izdkj ds fo"k; esa lh[ksaxs] o ifjokj ds fofHkUu
lnL;ksa] fo'ks"kdj cPpksa ds LokLF; o lqj{kk ds fo"k; esa ifjokj dh Hkwfedk ds fo"k;
esa i<+saxsA
mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us ds ckn vki fuEufyf[kr dj ik;saxs%
28
*ifjokj^ 'kCn dh ifjHkk"kk o blds egÙoiw.kZ dk;ksZa dk mYys[k(
ifjokj ds izdkj dk o.kZu(
cnyrs ikfjokfjd ifjo'k dk ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dh cnyrh Hkwfedk rFkk
ftEesnkfj;ksa esa laca/k LFkkiuk(
*LokLF;^ 'kCn dh ifjHkk"kk(
ikfjokfjd LokLF; dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjdksa dh O;k[;k(
*lqj{kk^ dk vFkZ rFkk lqjf{kr ?kj&ifjokj cukus ds fofHkUu rjhdksa dk
mYys[kA
x g foKku
3-1 ifjokj
ifjokj lkoZHkkSfed gksrs gSa vkSj blesa fookfgr iq:"k] efgyk o muds cPps 'kkfey gksrs
gSaA ifjokj dk vFkZ gS dqN lacaf/kr yksxksa dks lewg tks ,d gh ?kj esa jgrs gSaA ifjokj
ds lnL;] ifjokj ls tUe] fookg o xksn fy;s tkus ls lacaf/kr gksrs gSaA blls ifjokj
dh rhu fo'ks"krk,a irk pyrh gSaA
;s gSa & nEifr dks fookg djds ifr iRuh dk uSfrd ntkZ izkIr gksrk gS vkSj os
'kkjhfjd laca/k Hkh LFkkfir djrs gSaA nwljk] ifjokj dk vFkZ gS blds lHkh lnL;ksa
ds fy;s ,d gh vkoklh; LFkku gksukA fulUnsg] ,slk Hkh ns[kk x;k gS fd dHkh&dHkh
ifjokj ds ,d ;k vf/kd lnL;ksa dks vLFkkbZ :i ls dke ds fy;s ?kj ls nwj Hkh
jguk iM+ ldrk gSA mlh izdkj o`) ek¡&cki] pkpk&rkÅ] vkSj muds cPps Hkh
ifjokj dks fgLlk gksrs gSaA
rhljk] ifjokj esa u dsoy fookfgr nEifr gksrs gSa cfYd cPps Hkh gksrs gSa & Lo;a
ds ;k nÙkd ¼xksn fy;s x;s½A vius cPpksa dks nEifr tUe nsrs gSa vkSj nÙkd cPps
nEifr }kjk dkuwuu xksn fy;s tkrs gSaA
Li"Vr;k] ifjokj lekt dh igyh laxfBr bdkbZ gSA vkb,] vc ge ifjokj ds
dk;ksZa ds ckjs esa tkusaA
3-1-1 ifjokj ds dk;Z
ifjokj dbZ egÙoiw.kZ dk;ks± dk fuoZgu djrk gSA
(i)
;g lqj{kk iznku djrk gSA fuf'pr :i ls ifjokj uotkr f'k'kqvksa o cPpksa]
fd'kksjksa] chekjksa vkSj cqtqxks± dh lcls vPNh ns[kHkky djrk gSA
(ii)
;g vius lnL;ksa dks ,d ,slk HkkoukRed vk/kkj nsrk gS tks vU;Fkk laHko
ughaA bl izdkj dh Hkkouk cPpksa ds LoLFk fodkl ds fy;s vifjgk;Z gSA
njvly] ifjokj ,d izkFkfed lewg gS tks lnL;ksa ds chp ,d varjaxrk o
Lusg ds Lora=k izn'kZu dh vkKk nsrk gSA
(iii) ;g vius lnL;ksa dks f'kf{kr djrk gS tks ikfjokfjd ifjos'k esa thou thuk
lh[krs gSaA cPpksa dks lekt ds fu;e fl[kk;s tkrs gSa] vkSj ;g Hkh fd vU;
yksxksa ds lkFk fdl izdkj esy&tksy j[kuk gS o cqtqxks± ds izfr vknj o
mudh vkKk dk ikyu fdl rjg ls djuk gS vkfnA
(iv) ;g vkfFkZd lqj{kk iznku djrk gSA ifjokj ds izR;sd lnL; dh vk/kkjHkwr
t:jrsa tSls Hkkstu] vkokl o diM+k miyC/k djk;k tkrk gSA os ?kj ds dk;Z
o ftEesnkfj;ksa esa gkFk c¡Vkrs gSaA
(v)
;g euksjatu dk lzksr Hkh gSA ifjokj izlUurk dk lzksr gks ldrk gS tgk¡
ekWM;wy - 1
ikfjokfjd LokLF; o lqj{kk
x g izca/ku&dyk o foKku
lHkh lnL; ,d nwljs ls ckr&phr dj ldrs gSa] [ksy ldrs gSa o fHkUu&fHkUu
xfrfof/k;k¡ dj ldrs gSaA ;s xfrfof/k;k¡ ?kjsyw dk;Z ls ysdj R;kSgkj ;k fQj
tUe] lxkbZ o fookg vkfn dh gks ldrh gSaA
(vi) ifjokj cPpksa ds lekthdj.k dk dk;Z Hkh djrk gSA ekrk&firk cPpksa dks
yksxksa ds lkFk fey tqydj jgus] izse djus] fgLlsnkjh] t:jr ds le; enn
o ftEesnkjh fuoZgu dk ikB Hkh i<+krs gSaA ifjokj cPpksa esa eukso`f Ùk;ksa o ewY;ksa
dk iks"k.k djrk gS vkSj mudh vknrksa dks izHkkfor djrk gSA ifjokjksa esa gh
ijEijkxr dkS'ky fl[kk;s tkrs gSaA ifjokj gh vius uUgs lnL;ksa dks Ldwy
esa vkSi+pkfjd f'k{kk ds fy;s rS;kj djrk gSA
fVIi.kh
(vii) ifjokj ;kSu laca/kh dk;Z Hkh djrk gS tks izR;sd izk.kh dh tSfod vko';drk
gSA vki tkurs gh gSa ifjokj dk vFkZ fookg gS vkSj lHkh lekt fookg ds ckn
L=kh iq:"k ds chp ;kSu laca/kksa dks LohÑfr nsrs gSaA
(viii) fookfgr iq:"k o efgyk ds 'kkjhfjd laca/kksa ds QyLo:i ifjokj esa iztuu
dk dk;Z Hkh iw.kZ gksrk gSA tUe ysus okys cPps lekt ds Hkfo"; ds lnL;
gksrs gSaA
vki vius ifjokj dks ns[kdj crkb, fd mijksDr lHkh dk;Z iwjs gks jgs gSa ;k ugha]
vkidk mÙkj 'kk;n *gk¡^ gh gksxkA vkius ns[kk gksxk fd dqN ifjokj NksVs gksrs gSa
rks dqN cgqr cM+s gksrs gSaA fcYdqy lgh gSa vkiA vkb,] vc ns[krs gSa fd gekjs
vkl&ikl fdrus izdkj ds ifjokj gSaA
3-2 ifjokj ds izdkj
&
la;qDr ifjokj
&
,dy ifjokj
gekjs ns'k esa ,d bdkbZ ds :i esa ifjokj dk cgqr egÙo ekuk tkrk gSA Hkkjrh;
ifjokj cgq/kk fLFkj o cky dsfUnzr gksrs gSaA vkb, tkurs gSa fd nksuksa la;qDr rFkk
,dy ifjokjksa dh D;k&D;k fo'ks"krk,a gksrh gSaA
la;qDr ifjokj dqN ,dy ifjokjksa ls feydj curk gS vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i ;g
dkQh cM+k gksrk gSA ;g ifr&iRuh] mudh vfookfgr yM+fd;ksa] fookfgr yM+dksa]
mudh ifRu;ksa o cPpksa ls feydj curk gSA ;g ,d ;k nks ihf<+;ksa ds yksxksa dk
lewg gS] tks lkFk jgrs gSaA
30
x g foKku
ikfjokfjd LokLF; o lqj{kk
ekWM;wy - 1
x g izca/ku&dyk o foKku
fVIi.kh
fp=k 3.1 : la;qDr ifjokj
la;qDr ifjokj dh dqN izk:fid fo'ks"krk,a fuEu gSa&
(i)
lHkh lnL; ,d gh Nr ds uhps jgrs gSaA
(ii)
lHkh lnL;ksa dh lka>h jlksbZ gksrh gSA
(iii) lHkh lnL; ifjokj dh laifÙk ds fgLlsnkj gksrs gSaA la;qDr ifjokj dk lcls
cM+k iq:"k ifjokj dk foÙk lapkyu o laifÙk ns[krk gSA ;kfu ifjokj dk [kpZ
,d gh foÙk lzksr ls pyrk gSA
(iv) lHkh lnL; ikfjokfjd ?kVukvksa] R;kSgkjksa o /kkfeZd mRloksa esa ,d lkFk
'kkfey gksrs gSaA
(v)
ifjokj dh csfV;k¡ 'kknh ds ckn vius ifr ds ?kj pyh tkrh gSa tcfd csVs
?kj esa gh viuh ifRu;ksa o cPpksa ds lkFk jgrs gSaA
(vi) la;qDr ifjokj esa fu.kZ; ?kj ds lcls cM+s iq:"k lnL; }kjk fy;s tkrs gSaA
?kj dh lcls cM+h efgyk Hkh fu.kZ; ysus dk dk;Z dj ldrh gS] ijarq vizR;{k
:i lsA
ijEijkxr :i ls la;qDr ifjokj gh gekjs lekt esa ik;s tkrs FksA vc ifjorZu vk
jgk gS fo'ks"kdj 'kgjh {ks=kksa esaA ijarq O;kikfjd o Ñf"k iz/kku ?kjkuksa esa vHkh Hkh
la;qDr ifjokj dh izFkk tkjh gSA
la;qDr ifjokj ds dbZ ykHk gSa&
;g ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dks feyulkj cukrk gSA dke] fo'ks"kdj Ñf"k dk;Z dks
ckaV dj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
;g ifjokj esa cw<+s] vlgk; o csjkstxkjksa dh ns[kHkky djrk gSA
x g foKku
31
ekWM;wy - 1
ikfjokfjd LokLF; o lqj{kk
x g izca/ku&dyk o foKku
fVIi.kh
NksVs cPpksa dk ykyu&ikyu Hkyh&Hkk¡fr gksrk gS] fo'ks"kdj tc nksuksa ekrk&firk
dke dkth gksaA
ekrk ;k firk dh e`R;q gks tkus ij cPps dks la;qDr ifjokj esa iwjk HkkokukRed
o vkfFkZd lgkjk feyrk gSA
la;qDr ifjokj esa vkfFkZd lqj{kk vf/kd jgrh gSA
la;qDr ifjokj dh dqN leL;k;sa Hkh gSa&
dHkh&dHkh efgykvksa dks de lEeku fn;k tkrk gSA
vDlj lnL;ksa ds chp laifÙk dks ysdj ;k fdlh O;kikj dks ysdj fookn mB
[kM+k gksrk gSA
dqN efgykvksa dks ?kj dk lkjk dk;Z djuk iM+rk gSA mudks viuk O;fDrRo
fu[kkjus ds fy;s cgqr de le; o volj feyrk gSA
,dy ifjokj & lk/kkj.kr;k ;g ,d NksVh bdkbZ gS
ftlesa ifr&iRuh o muds vfookfgr cPps jgrs gSaA
dHkh&dHkkj ifr dk vfookfgr HkkbZ ;k cgu Hkh muds
lkFk jg ldrs gSaA rc ;g ,d foLr`r ifjokj gksxkA
,dy ifjokj esa jgus ds dqN ykHk gSa&
32
,dy ifjokj ds lnL; lk/kkj.kr;k vf/kd vkRe
fuHkZj gksrs gSa vkSj os vkRefo'okl ls Hkjs gq;s o
fdlh Hkh dke esa igy djus esa l{ke gksrs gSaA
fp=k 3.2 : ,dy ifjokj
,dy ifjokjksa esa cPpksa dks Lo;a fu.kZ; ysus ds fy;s mRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gS
ftlls mudk vkRefo'okl c<+rk gSA
lnL;ksa ds chp xgjk HkkoukRed yxko fodflr gksrk gSA ,slk vf/kd ,dkUr
o vkilh esy&feyki ds volj feyus ds dkj.k laHko gksrk gS tks ,dy
ifjokjksa esa Hkyh&Hkk¡fr miyC/k gksrs gSaA
,slk ns[kk x;k gS fd tgk¡ dksbZ lekt vf/kd vkS|ksfxd o 'kgjh cu tkrk
gS] ogk¡ ,dy ifjokj gksus dh laHkkouk c<+ tkrh gSA cM+s 'kgjksa esa ,dy
ifjokjksa dh vf/kdrk dk ,d izeq[k dkj.k vkolh; leL;k gSA cM+s ifjokj
dks jgus ds fy, txg Hkh T;knk pkfg,A ;fn ifjokjksa dks lqfo/kkiw.kZ <ax ls
jguk gks rks muds ikl ,dy ifjokj esa jgus ds vykok vkSj dksbZ pkjk ugha
gSA
,dy ifjokjksa dh leL;k;sa&
,dy ifjokjksa esa uofookfgr nEifr dks fdlh cqtqxZ dk lgkjk ugha gksrkA
mUgsa lykg nsus ds fy;s dksbZ Hkh vuqHkoh O;fDr miyC/k ugha gksrkA
x g foKku
ikfjokfjd LokLF; o lqj{kk
ekWM;wy - 1
x g izca/ku&dyk o foKku
tc ekrk&firk nksuksa gh dke dkth gksa rks cPpksa dh ns[kHkky ds fy;s dksbZ
ugha jgrkA
cqjs le; esa ifjokj dks dksbZ vkfFkZd o HkkoukRed lgkjk ugha jgrkA
,dy ifjokjksa esa lkeatL;] feytqy dj dke djuk o lg;ksx ds ewY; eqf'dy
ls gh lh[kus dks feyrs gSaA
fVIi.kh
ikBxr iz'u 3-1
1.
lgh fodYi pqusa o vius pquko dk dkj.k Hkh fy[ksaA
(i)
,d la;qDr ifjokj esa /ku&
(a)
iwjs ifjokj dk lk¡>k gksrk gS
(b)
izR;sd NksVh bdkbZ ds eqf[k;k ds ikl gksrk gS
(c)
izR;sd NksVh bdkbZ dh efgyk eqf[k;k ds ikl gksrk gS
(d)
iq:"k o efgyk eqf[k;k nksuksa ds ikl gksrk gS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(ii)
la;qDr ifjokj esa fu.kZ; fy;s tkrs gSa&
(a)
dsoy iq:"k eqf[k;k }kjk
(b)
dsoy efgyk eqf[k;k }kjk
(c)
nksuksa iq:"k o efgyk eqf[k;k }kjk
(d)
lHkh lnL;ksa }kjk
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(iii) la;qDr ifjokj esa laifÙk dk vf/kdkj gksrk gS&
x g foKku
(a)
dsoy iq:"k eqf[k;k dk
(b)
dsoy efgyk eqf[k;k dk
(c)
nksuksa iq:"k o efgyk eqf[k;k dk
(d)
ifjokj ds lHkh lnL;ksa dk
33
ekWM;wy - 1
ikfjokfjd LokLF; o lqj{kk
x g izca/ku&dyk o foKku
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2-
fVIi.kh
la;qDr ifjokj vkSj ,dy ifjokj ds cPpksa esa fodflr nks&nks fo'ks"krk,a
fyf[k;s&
(i)
la;qDr ifjokj
(a) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(b) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ii)
,dy ifjokj
(a) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(b) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3-3 cnyrk ikfjokfjd ifjos'k
tSlk fd ge igys gh crk pqds gSa vkS|ksxhdj.k ls ifjokjksa esa dbZ cnyko vk;s gSaA
ifj.kkeLo:i ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dh Hkwfedk o ftEesnkfj;ksa esa Hkh cnyko vk;k gSA
vc rd ,d ijEijkoknh ifjokj esa csVk gh ifjokj ds O;olk; ;k is'ks dks laHkkyrk
FkkA firk ;k iq:"k lnL; gh /ku dekrs Fks vkSj ?kj ls ckgj ds dk;ksZa ds fy;s
ftEesnkj gksrs FksA efgyk,a ?kj o cPpksa dh ns[kHkky djrh FkhaA
vkt cPps] yM+ds ;k yM+fd;ka vf/kd f'kf{kr gSa vkSj muds ikl ukSdfj;ksa ds csgrj
volj Hkh gSaA mUgksaus vU;=k dke djus ds fy;s ?kj NksM+ fn;s gSaA vDlj os xzkeh.k
vapyksa ;k dLcksa ls cM+s 'kgjksa esa dke ds fy;s tkrs gSaA blds ifj.kkeLo:i Hkh
,dy ifjokjksa dh la[;k c<+h gSA NksVs ifjokjksa ds dkj.k thou dh vko';drk,a
Hkh cnyh gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy;s mudh jk'ku dh t:jrsa la;qDr ifjokj dh vis{kk
de gksrh gSaA
vdsys gksus ds dkj.k efgykvksa dks ?kj o ckgj nksuksa dh ftEesnkfj;ksa dk fuoZgu
djuk iM+rk gSA iq:"kksa dks Hkh ?kj ds dkeksa tSls cPpksa dh ns[kHkky vkfn esa gkFk
caVkuk iM+rk gSA dHkh&dHkh efgyk,a ?kj ls ckgj tkdj ukSdjh djrh gSa o iSlk
dekus rFkk ?kj vkSj cPpksa dh ns[kHkky dh nksgjh ftEesnkjh fuHkkrh gSaA cPpksa dks
vf/kd vkRe fuHkZj cuuk iM+rk gS lkFk gh ?kj dh dqN ftEesnkfj;ksa esa Hkh gkFk
c¡Vkuk iM+rk gSA
ikfjokfjd thou] tks igys iq:"k iz/kku Fkk] tgk¡ iRuh o cPpksa ds dqN gh vf/kdkj
Fks vkSj tks viuh jk; rd O;Dr ugha dj ldrs Fks] vc cny jgk gSA ,d vk/kqfud
34
x g foKku
ikfjokfjd LokLF; o lqj{kk
ekWM;wy - 1
x g izca/ku&dyk o foKku
?kj esa efgyk dks cgqr vf/kd Lora=krk o lkekftd egÙo izkIr gSA cPpksa ds Hkh vius
vf/kdkj gSaA mudh :fp;ka o bPNkvksa dk lEeku fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA ikfjokfjd
elyksa ij os viuh jk; nsus esa Hkh l{ke gSaA la;qDr ifjokjksa esa tks dk;Z nknk&nknh]
pkpk&pkph o HkkbZ&cguksa ds dkj.k foHkkftr Fks] os ,dy ifjokjksa esa dsoy
ekrk&firk ij gh dsafnzr gksrs gSaA
fVIi.kh
pwafd ,dy ifjokj vius ckdh ds ifjokj o lacaf/k;ksa ls dkQh nwj jgrk gS] vr%
iM+kslh] lgdehZ] fe=k vkfn cgqr egÙoiw.kZ cu tkrs gSaA ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dks Lo;a
dks muds vuq:i <kyus dh vko';drk gSA
fØ;kdyki& vius pkjksa vksj ns[ksa o vius vM+ksl&iM+ksl ds ifjokjksa dk
fujh{k.k djsa fd fdUgha nks ifjokjksa ds lnL; fdl izdkj dk;Z dj jgs gSaA
ns[ksa fd
&
ifjokjksa dk eqf[k;k dkSu gS
&
/ku dh O;oLFkk dkSu djrk gS
&
D;k ekrk&firk nksuksa dk;Z djrs gSa
&
fu.kZ; dkSu ysrk gS
&
?kjsyw dk;Z dkSu djrk gS
&
[kjhnkjh dkSu djrk gS
&
cPpksa dh ns[kHkky dkSu djrk gS
3-4 **LokLF;^^ dh ladYiuk
D;k vki LokLF; dh ifjHkk"kk ns ldrs gSa\ gk¡ vki Bhd crk jgs gSaA LokLF; dk
vFkZ gS jksxksa ls eqDr jgukA ysfdu ;g ifjHkk"kk v/kqjh gSA fo'o LokLF; laxBu ds
vuqlkj & ^^LokLF; 'kkjhfjd] ekufld o lkekftd :i ls LoLFk gksus dh voLFkk
gS] u fd dsoy 'kjhj esa jksx dh vuqifLFkfr ek=k**A
bldk vFkZ D;k gS\ LoLFk jgus dk eryc 'kkjhfjd :i ls Bhd gksuk] ekufld
'kkafr] izlérk o fparkvksa ls jfgr jguk gSA O;fDr yksxksa ls esy tksy j[k lds]
lekt ds yksxksa ls lEidZ djus esa vkRefo'okl ls Hkjiwj gks] nwljksa dh lgk;rk
dj lds o mudh t:jr ds le; laosnu'khy jgs] ;gh LokLF; gSA
D;k vc vki vPNs LokLF; ds dqN ladsrdksa dh lwph cuk ldrs gSa\ gk¡ vkius Bhd
crk;kA ;s fuEu gSa&
x g foKku
35
ekWM;wy - 1
ikfjokfjd LokLF; o lqj{kk
x g izca/ku&dyk o foKku
vPNk LokLF;
fVIi.kh
'kkjhfjd
mfpr vklu
vkSlr Hkkj o yEckbZ
'kjhj ds vax Bhd ls
dke dj jgs gSa
lkQ o LoPN Ropk
pedhyh vka[ks
LoPN 'okl
vPNh Hkw[k
vPNh uhan
ÅtkZoku
ekufld
izlUu
larq"V
vkRefo'oklh
yksxksa dh
vko';drkvksa ds fy;s
laosnu'khy
ruko o volkn jfgr
'kkar
lkekftd
yksxksa ls esytksy
c<+kus okyk
lq[kn Hkko Hkafxek
nwljksa dh lgk;rk
djuk
nwljksa ds izfr
ftEesnkjh dk Hkko
ikBxr iz'u 3-2
¼1½
*LokLF;^ 'kCn dh ifjHkk"kk vius 'kCnksa esa nssaA
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
¼2½
vPNs 'kkjhfjd LokLF; dh nl fo'ks"krk,a crk,aA
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
¼3½
ekufld o lkekftd LokLF; dh ikap&ikap fo'ks"krk,a crk,aA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3-4-1 ikfjokfjd LokLF; dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd
,d ifjokj esa vyx&vyx t:jrksa o vko';drkvksa okys yksx jgrs gSa tSls cw<+s
o toku] efgyk,a o iq:"kA
¼1 ½
36
iks"kd vkgkj & gesa Hkkstu dh vko';drk D;ksa gksrh gSa\ gesa Hkkstu dh
t:jr gksrh gS rkfd gesa ÅtkZ izkIr gks] ekalisf'k;ka o gfì;ka cu ldsa vkSj
x g foKku
ikfjokfjd LokLF; o lqj{kk
ekWM;wy - 1
x g izca/ku&dyk o foKku
vius 'kjhj dks jksxksa ls cpk ldsaA gesa larqfyr vkgkj [kkuk pkfg;s] ftldk
vFkZ gS] gekjs Hkkstu esa dkcksZgkbMªsV] izksVhu] olk] foVkfeu vkSj [kfut lgh
ek=kk esa ekStwn gksaA ;g lgh ek=kk gekjh vk;q] fyax] dk;Z vkSj LokLF; dh
voLFkk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ,d c<+rs cPps dks vf/kd izksVhu dh] ,d o;Ld
dks vf/kd dkckssZgkbMªsV dh vko';drk gksrh gS D;ksafd og vf/kd dk;Z
djrk gSA jksxh O;fDr ds fy;s jksx ds vk/kkj ij vyx gh Hkkstu dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA e/kqesg ds jksxh dks ehBk ugha fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA
Hkkstu lgh oDr ij fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA gesa chp&chp esa [kkus dh vknr
ij jksd yxkuh pkfg;sA cPpksa dks fo'ks"k :i ls [kkus ds izfr ehu&es[k
fudkyus okyk ugha gksuk pkfg;s vkSj Qy o lfCt;k¡ [kkuh pkfg;sA mUgsa
vf/kd ryk Hkquk o gSEcxZj o fiTt+k tSls QkLV QwM ls cpuk pkfg;sA cPpksa
ds Hkkstu esa pkWdysV] ehBk o dksyk tSls is; inkFkZ dkQh de ek=kk esa gksus
pkfg;sA
¼2½
fVIi.kh
O;fDrxr LoPNrk
O;fDrxr LoPNrk ds pkj eq[; igyw gSa &
(i)
LoPNrk
(ii) O;k;ke
(iii) vkjke o uhan
(iv) LoLFk vknrsa
(i)
LoPNrk
gkFk% gkFkksa dh fu;fer :i ls lQkbZ dh tkuh pkfg;sA ge fnuHkj esa QuhZpj]
fdrkcsa] flDds] uksV o tkuojksa dks yxkrkj Nwrs jgrs gSaA bu lc esa chekjh ds
thok.kq gksrs gSa] tks gekjs gkFkksa vkSj vaxqfy;ksa }kjk gekjs 'kjhj ds vU; Hkkxksa esa igqap
tkrs gSa ;k Hkkstu }kjk gekjs eqag esa Hkh igq¡p tkrs gSaA bu lc ek/;eksa }kjk fdlh
Hkh izdkj ds laØe.k ls cpus ds fy;s ;kn j[ksa&
eaqg esa gkFk u Mkysa
dHkh Hkh iqLrd ds iéksa dks vaxqfy;ksa esa Fkwd yxkdj u iyVsa o u gh uksVksa
dks bl izdkj fxusa
gksaBksa ds chp uksV ;k vU; fdlh pht dks idM+uk vkSj Hkh vf/kd [krjukd
gS
'kkSpky; tkus ds ckn gkFkksa dks ges'kk lkcqu ;k jk[k ls /kks;sa u fd feêh ls
x g foKku
37
ekWM;wy - 1
ikfjokfjd LokLF; o lqj{kk
x g izca/ku&dyk o foKku
fVIi.kh
Hkkstu ls igys o ckn esa gkFk /kksus dh Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ,d vPNh vknr gS
ftls Hkwyuk ugha pkfg;s
;|fi gkFk feykuk vk/kqfudrk dh fu'kkuh ekuk tkrk gS ijarq ;g thok.kqvksa
ds vknku&iznku dk vPNk lzksr gS
Ropk% viuh Ropk dks LoLFk cuk, j[kus ds fy, fuR; fnu Luku djuk pkfg,
D;ksafd fu;fer Luku &
Ropk dks LoPN o thok.kq jfgr cuk;s j[krk gS
ilhus ls mRié nqxZU/k dks nwj djrk gS
Ropk ds iksjksa dks [kqyk j[krk gSA
varoZL=kksa dks fuR; cnysa o /kks;saA ukd lkQ djus ds fy;s :eky@uSifdu dk
iz;ksx djsaA
cky% ckyksa dks Hkh fuR; izfr da?kh djsa o fu;fer /kqykbZ djds ckyksa dks LoPN j[ksaA
,slk djus ls cky LoLFk o tq,a o :lh jfgr gks tkrs gSaA le;&le; ij ckyksa
dh rsy ls ekfy'k vR;f/kd t:jh gSA
nk¡r% nk¡rksa dh lQkbZ fnu esa nks ckj dh tkuh pkfg;sA ,d ckj izkr% tkxus ds ckn
o ,d ckj lksus ls igys] izR;sd ckj Hkkstu djus ds ckn eqag dh vPNh izdkj
lQkbZ furkUr vko';d gSA blls nk¡rksa ds chp Qals vé ds d.k fudy tkrs gSaA
vR;f/kd feBkb;ka vkSj pkWdysV Hkh gekjs nk¡rksa o elwM+ksa nksuksa ds fy;s gkfudkjd
gSaA ;fn nk¡r o elwM+s LoPN ugha gSa rks lkal nqxZU/k ;qDr gks tkrh gSA
ukd ls lkal ysuk% ges'kk ukd ls gh lkal ysa] eqag ls ughaA vkidh ukd vanj tkrh
gqbZ ok;q esa ls /kwy o dhVk.kqvksa dks Nku nsrh gS vkSj bl izdkj vkidks dbZ rjg
dh chekfj;ksa ls Hkh cpkrh gSA
vk¡[ksa% vk¡[kksa dks Hkh fnu esa nks ;k rhu ckj lkQ fd;k tkuk pkfg;s] vU;Fkk
lQsn@ihyh xanxh vk¡[kksa ds dksuksa ij fpid tkrh gSA ifjokj esa dHkh Hkh ,d nwljs
dk rkSfy;k u iz;ksx djsaA dHkh&dHkh lHkh lnL;ksa }kjk ,d gh lykbZ ls dkty
yxkus ij Hkh vk¡[kksa esa laØe.k gks ldrk gSA
dku% dkuksa dks Hkh LoPN j[kk tkuk pkfg;sA ;fn vki vius dkuksa dh izfrfnu
lQkbZ ugha djrs rks vki ns[ksaxs fd dku ds vUnj eSy te jgh gSA dku ds vanj
dh ekse ueZ o eqyk;e QjSjh }kjk gh lkQ dh tkuh pkfg;sA vius dkuksa dh lQkbZ
ds fy;s dHkh Hkh uqdhyh phtksa dk bLrseky u djsaA
uk[kwu% izÑfr us vaxqfy;ksa dh n{krk c<+kus ds fy;s muesa uk[kwu cuk;s gSa rkfd ge
oLrqvksa dks vPNh izdkj idM+ ldsa o iz;ksx dj ldsaA gekjs uk[kwu gekjh
38
x g foKku
ekWM;wy - 1
ikfjokfjd LokLF; o lqj{kk
x g izca/ku&dyk o foKku
O;fDrxr lqanjrk dh Hkh fu'kkuh gSA ijarq yacs o fcuk rjk'ks gq;s uk[kwuksa esa eSy o
thok.kq ,d=k gks tkrs gSa vr% ges'kk vius uk[kwuksa dks LoPN j[ksa o fu;fer :i
ls bUgsa dkVrs Hkh jgsaA
ikBxr iz'u 3-3
fVIi.kh
LoPN gkFkksa] Ropk] ckyksa] vk¡[kksa] uk[kwuksa] ukd o dkuksa ds nks egÙoiw.kZ ladsrdksa ds
fo"k; esa fy[ksaA
Øe la0
'kjhj dk Hkkx
1-
gkFk
2-
Ropk
3-
cky
4-
vk¡[ksa
5-
uk[kwu
6-
ukd
7-
dku
ladsrd
¼ii½ O;k;ke
lHkh vk;q oxksZa ds fy;s dqN u dqN O;k;ke vR;ar vko';d gSA cPps] fd'kksj vkSj
tokuksa dks bldh fo'ks"krkSj ij vko';drk jgrh gSA 'kkjhfjd O;k;ke ls jDr
lapkj c<+rk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] 'kjhj ds izR;sd vax&izR;ax dks fodkl ds fy;s
vko';d vkWDlhtu izkIr gks tkrh gSA
O;k;ke dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSa tSls &
rst lSj djuk ;k iSny pyuk] nkSM+uk] ,jksfcDl
o ;ksx bR;kfnA
dcìh] [kks&[kks] QqVckWy] gkWdh vkSj blh izdkj
ds vU; rst j¶rkj okys [ksyA
dq'rh] naM cSBd] tqMks o djkVs bR;kfnA
fp=k 3.3 O;k;ke
cqtqxZ O;fDr;ksa dks pqLr cus jgus ds fy;s gYdh pgydneh vkSj ;ksxklu vkfn
cgqr vPNs O;k;ke gSaA
x g foKku
39
ekWM;wy - 1
ikfjokfjd LokLF; o lqj{kk
x g izca/ku&dyk o foKku
¼iii½
fVIi.kh
fp=k 3.4 mfpr vklu
vklu
'kjhj dk mfpr vklu vPNs izHkko'kkyh O;fDrRo
ds fy;s cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA vki tkurs gh gSa fd
vklu dk vFkZ gS] O;fDr fdl izdkj ls mBrk]
cSBrk] pyrk o dk;Z djrk gSA vki dks Hkh viuh
ihB lh/kh djds o da/ks rku dj mBuk&cSBuk rFkk
pyuk pkfg;sA
¼iv½ vkjke o uhan
fnuHkj vkidks dkQh dke djus iM+rs gSaA QyLo:i vkidh
ekalisf'k;ka Fkd tkrh gSaA blh izdkj vkidk efLr"d Hkh
Fkd tkrk gS D;ksafd vki i<+rs fy[krs o vU; dbZ ekufld
xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkh fyIr jgrs gSaA dqN le; dk foJke o jkr
dh uhan vkidks vxys fnu ds fy;s iqu% rjksrkt+k dj nsrh
gSA uhan ls u dsoy Fkds gq;s efLr"d dks cfYd Fkdh gqbZ
ekalisf'k;ksa dks Hkh vkjke feyrk gSA
fdruk lksuk pkfg;s\
cgqr NksVs cPps yxHkx iwjk fnu gh lksrs jgrs gSa
o;Ldksa ds fy;s 6&7 ?kaVs dh uhan i;kZIr gS
fp=k 3.5 vk'ku
vko';d gS
ftl dejs esa vki lksrs gSa] mls [kwc goknkj gksuk pkfg;sA bl dejs dks 'kksj ls nwj
gksuk vko';d gSA
¼v½ LoLFk vknrsa
vkidks Lo;a esa LoLF; vknrksa dks fodkl djuk pkfg;sA bu vknrksa esa ls dqN
izeq[k gSa%
40
Hkkstu fu;r le; ij djsa
fu;fer le; ij lks;sa
izfrfnu 'kkSp ds fy;s tk;sa] gks lds rks izkr% dky esa
fdlh Hkh izdkj ds eknd inkFkksZa ds izyksHku esa u vk;saA blh izdkj iku]
rEckdw o iku elkyk Hkh u [kk;sa vkSj 'kjkc ls Hkh nwj jgsa
lkoZtfud LFkkuksa o lM+dksa ij Fkwdsa ugha o eyew=k dk R;kx u djsaA
lkoZtfud 'kkSpky;ksa dks Hkh fcuk xank fd;s gq;s iz;ksx djsaA
x g foKku
ikfjokfjd LokLF; o lqj{kk
ekWM;wy - 1
x g izca/ku&dyk o foKku
3.4.2 LoPNrk & vius vklikl dh
LoPNrk dk vFkZ gS vius vklikl ds LFkkuksa dks xank gksus ls cpk;saA ,slh dkSu lh
phtsa gSa tks vkids okrkoj.k dks xank djrh gSa\
¼ i½
gekjs ?kj dh xanxh
jlksbZ?kj dk dpjk & Qyksa o lfCt;ksa ds fNyds
dHkh&dHkh Qsadk x;k cklh Hkkstu
cjruksa dh /kksou
Lukux`g dh fudklh dk ikuh
ekuo eyew=k] lqfo/kk gksus ij ;g lk/kkj.kr;k lhojykbu esa tkrk gS ;k
xM~<+snkj lw[ks 'kkSpky;ksa esa Mky fn;k tkrk gSA
tku cw> dj ekjs x;s pwgs ;k frypêksa ds :i esa
dqN jíh dkxt] jíh iSfdax ds FkSys ;k fVu
;fn cxhpk gS rks ikS/kksa dk dpjk
(ii)
lM+dksa o xfy;ksa dk dpjk
lM+d ds fdukjs ds o`{kksa dh ifÙk;k¡ ;k fpfM+;ksa dh chV
tkuojksa dk eyew=kA xk;] HkSal o xyh ds dqÙkksa dk eyew=kA dHkh&dHkkj yksx
vius ikyrw dqÙkksa dks lkoZtfud LFkyksa ij eyew=k djus NksM+ nsrs gSaA
dHkh&dHkkj e`r i'kqvksa tSls fcYyh] dqÙks ;k eos'kh vkfn dks [kqys LFkku ij
Qsad fn;k tkrk gS
tkucw>dj Qsads x;s ?kjsyw dwM+k
fVIi.kh
(iii) Ldwy ds vanj dk dpjk
?kj ds dpjs dh lHkh phtsa ;gk¡ rd fd jlksbZ?kj dk dpjk Hkh Ldwy ds dpjs esa
vkrk gS] tc Ldwy esa dSaVhu ;k vU; izdkj dh dksbZ tyiku x`g dh O;oLFkk gksA
vkids vklikl xanxh gks rks D;k gksrk gS\
;fn vkids vklikl dh txg xanh gks vkSj mlesa lM+h xyh oLrq,a fc[kjh gksa]
ukfy;ka can gks] xank ikuh vklikl ds x<~<ksa esa Hkjk gks] rks nqxZU/k vkrh gS vkSj ,sls
LFkku ns[kus esa Hkh xans yxrs gSaA blds vfrfjDr bu LFkkuksa esa dhM+s edkSM+s o chekjh
iSnk djus okys thok.kq iuirs gSaA ,ssls LFkkuksa esa jgus okys yksx cgq/kk gStk] ihfy;k]
eysfj;k o riSfnd vkfn jksxksa ds f'kdkj cu tkrs gSaA
x g foKku
41
ekWM;wy - 1
ikfjokfjd LokLF; o lqj{kk
x g izca/ku&dyk o foKku
3.4.3 ekSle vkSj diM+s & ekSle ds vuqlkj diM+s iguuk
fVIi.kh
Hkh vPNs LokLF; ds fy;s egÙoiw.kZ gSA vki tkurs gh gSa
diM+s vkidks vR;kf/kd lnhZ o xehZ ls cpkrs gSaA blds
vfrfjDr diM+ksa dks LoPN gksuk pkfg;s vU;Fkk vkidks
Ropk laca/kh leL;k;sa gks ldrh gSaA xfeZ;ksa esa lwrh diM+s
igusaA lwrh diM+s Ropk dks vkjke igq¡pkrs gSa D;ksafd ;s
ilhus dks lks[kdj tYnh gh lw[k tkrs gSa vkSj 'kjhj dks
lw[kk o BaMk j[krs gSaA Åuh oL=k vkidks xeZ j[krs gSa vkSj
lfnZ;ksa esa vkidks lnhZ ls cpkrs gSaA
fp=k 3.6
ikBxr iz'u 3-4
izR;sd ds fy;s nks&nks dkj.kksa dk mYys[k djsaA
(i)
fu;fer O;k;ke
1- -----------------------------
2- -----------------------------
(ii)
mfpr vklu
1- -----------------------------
2- -----------------------------
(iii) LoLFk vknrsa
1- -----------------------------
2- -----------------------------
(iv) ekSle ds vuqlkj diM+s
1- -----------------------------
2- -----------------------------
3-5 lqj{kk dh ladYiuk
lqj{kk dk vFkZ thou dh lqj{kk ls gSA lqj{kk 'kkjhfjd rFkk euksoSKkfud gks ldrh
gSA
vki tkurs gSa fd 'kkjhfjd lqj{kk 'kjhj o mldh izfØ;kvksa dh lqj{kk gSA bldk
LokLF; ls lh/kk laca/k gSA tc vkids vkl&ikl dh ok;q iznwf"kr gks ;k vkids ihus
dk ikuh ;k Hkkstu laØfer gks rc vki chekj iM+ ldrs gSaA ;fn Q'kZ vR;ar
fpduk gks ;k Nr ij eq¡Msj u gks rc vki fxj dj ?kk;y gks ldrs gSaA fctyh ds
rkj] midj.k o fLop] uqdhys vkStkj ;k jlksbZ?kj esa vkx] VwVh dkap dh f[kM+fd;ka
vkfn ftuds lEidZ esa vki vkrs gSa ;k ftUgsa vki iz;ksx djrs gSa] os vkidks ?kk;y
dj ldrs gSaA vius 'kjhj dh j{kk ds fy;s vkidks lqfuf'pr djuk gksxk fd vkidk
?kj@Ldwy jgus o dke djus ds fy;s lqjf{kr LFkku gS vkSj vki Lo;a Hkh lqj{kk ds
bu fu;eksa dk ikyu djrs gSaA dsoy ;gh ugha] cfYd vU; yksxksa dks Hkh vkidks
lqj{kk ds fu;eksa dk ikyu djus dks dguk pkfg;sA
euksoSKkfud lqj{kk dk rkRi;Z gS fd vki vius vkl&ikl ds yksxksa ds fo"k; esa
dSlk eglwl djrs gSaA ;g bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd vkidk ykyu ikyu
fdl izdkj gqvk gSA
42
x g foKku
ikfjokfjd LokLF; o lqj{kk
ekWM;wy - 1
x g izca/ku&dyk o foKku
ekrk&firk vius cPpksa dh ns[kHkky cM+s izse ls djrs gSaA os cPpksa dks ifjokj]
laca/kksa] jhfrfjoktksa o lekt ds fu;eksa ds fo"k; esa crkdj cPpksa dk lkekthdj.k
djrs gSaA os cPpksa esa uhfr;ksa vkSj ewY;ksa dk lekos'k Hkh djrs gSa rkfd cPps Lo;a dks
vuq'kkflr djds nwljksa ds lkFk Hkh lkSgknzZiw.kZ <ax ls jg ldsaA tc cPps ,sls
okrkoj.k esa jgrs gSa rks os HkkoukRed :i ls n`<+] larq"V vkSj lkekftd :i ls nwljksa
ds lkFk vPNk O;ogkj djus esa leFkZ gks tkrs gSaA os lcdk lEeku djrs gSa vkSj os
Lo;a ds fo"k; esa Hkh ldkjkRed lksp j[krs gSaA os fdlh Hkh laHkkfor ?kVuk dk lkeuk
djus dks rS;kj jgrs gSa] pkgs og lQyrk gks ;k vlQyrkA ;fn os vlQy gksrs
gSa rks os tkurs gSa fd muds ifjokj okys mudk lkFk vo'; nsaxsA
fVIi.kh
vktdy dbZ 'kgjksa esa ,dy ifjokjksa esa nksuksa ekrk&firk dkedkth gSaA bu ?kjksa ds
cPps Ldwy ls vkdj ?kj dks [kkyh ikrs gSa vkSj rhu&pkj ?kaVs rd Lo;a gh viuh
ns[kHkky djrs gSaA ,sls le; ij cM+ksa vkSj cPpksa ds chp lEidZ egÙoiw.kZ gS vkSj
;g lEidZ VsyhQksu ;k fdlh vPNs iM+kSlh ds ek/;e ls gks ldrk gSA vU;Fkk cPps
fcxM+ ldrs gSa vkSj HkVd Hkh ldrs gSaA
tc ekrk&firk ?kj ij gksa] pkgs os dkedkth gksa ;k xSj dkedkth] os cPpksa ds lkFk
dkQh le; fcrk,a] ;g vko';d gSA bl chp og cPpksa ls fnuHkj dh ckrsa lqu
ldrs gSa] os ns[k ldrs gSa fd mUgksaus viuk x`gdk;Z fd;k ;k fQj mUgsa vxys fnu
ds fy;s ;k fdlh ijh{kk vkfn ds fy;s rS;kjh dh vko';drk rks ughaA ekrk&firk
cPpksa dks vius fnypLi vuqHko o ?kVukvksa ds fo"k; esa Hkh crk ldrs gSaA ;g iwjk
iz;ksx ekrk&firk o cPpksa dks utnhd ykus ds fy;s gS] o cPpksa dks ;g crkus ds
fy;s fd ekrk&firk cPpksa dk [;ky djrs gSaA os mUgsa I;kj Hkh djrs gSa vkSj ;g Hkh
fd t:jr ds le; os vius cPpksa ds lkFk gSaA ;g dgus dh vko';drk ugha gS
fd ;g lc ekufld :i ls lqjf{kr cPpksa dks cukus ds fy;s ekrk firk dk fuos'k
gSA
3-6 cky 'kks"k.k ls lqj{kk
cky 'kks"k.k] 'kkjhfjd] ;kSutfur ;k ekufld gks ldrk gSA ;g pkgs fdlh Hkh :i
esa D;ksa u gks] oftZr gS vkSj cPps dh lqj{kk ds fy;s ?kkrd gSA 'kkjhfjd izrkM+uk
esa o;Ldksa }kjk cPpksa dks ihVk tkrk gS vkSj dejs esa cUn djds mls ltk nh tkrh
gS] ;k fQj fdlh ,d fo'ks"k eqnzk esa yEch vof/k rc fcBk fn;k tkrk gSA ;kSu 'kks"k.k
dk vFkZ gS cPpksa dks oftZr ;kSu O;ogkj esa fyIr djukA ekufld 'kks"k.k esa cPpksa
dks ekufld izrkM+uk nh tkrh gSaA mldks dgk tkrk gS fd rqe fdlh dke ds ugha
gksA HkkoukRed pksV igq¡pkdj ;k lkekftd :i ls cPps dk cfg"dkj djds Hkh
ekufld vk?kkr igq¡pkus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA vr% bu lc ls cPpksa dh lqj{kk
dh tkuh pkfg;sA
x g foKku
43
ekWM;wy - 1
ikfjokfjd LokLF; o lqj{kk
x g izca/ku&dyk o foKku
3-7 /kweziku] efnjk o eknd inkFkks± ls lqj{kk
/kweziku] efnjkiku o eknd inkFkks± dk lsou lk/kkj.kr;k fe=kksa ds ncko ds dkj.k
;k [ksy&[ksy esa fd;k tkrk gSA ijarq cPps 'kh?kz gh mlds vknh gks tkrs gSa vkSj fQj
mudh okilh dk dksbZ jkLrk ugha jgrkA
fVIi.kh
tc dksbZ /kzweiku djrk gS rks og dkcZueksuksvkWDlkbM vkSj fudksVhu lkal ls Hkhrj
ysrk gS vkSj ;s nksuksa gh 'oklsfUnz; ra=k ds fy, gkfudkjd gSaA blls eq[k vkSj
QsQM+ksa dk dSalj gks ldrk gSA efnjkiku ls /kefu;k¡ dBksj gks ldrh gSa ftlls
fny dk nkSjk iM+ ldrk gSA
;fn fpfdRld ds funsZ'kkuqlkj vkS"kf/k;ka yh tk;sa rc os ykHknk;d gksrh gSaA tSls
gh mipkj [kRe gks tk;s] budk lsou jksd fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA ijarq dksdhu o
ekWQhZu vkfn eknd inkFkks± dk yxkrkj iz;ksx] O;lu cu tkrk gS tks vkxs pydj
[krjukd gks ldrk gSA
efnjkiku] /kweziku] vkS"kf/k;ksa dh vknr gks NqM+kuk vR;ar dfBu gS ijarq blds fy;s
;fn dfBu iz;kl fd;s tk;sa vkSj fiz;tuksa dk lkFk o lgkjk gks rks ;g laHko gSA
3-8 ?kj vkSj lqj{kk
dbZ ckj yksxksa ds lkFk ?kj ds vanj gh nq?kZVuk,a ?kV tkrh gSaA yksx fxjdj ;k
tydj Lo;a dks ?kk;y dj ysrs gSaA cPps dbZ ckj ?kj ij j[ks gq, fdlh fo"kkDr
inkFkZ dks ih ysrs gSa] tSls dhVuk'kd] vEy vkfnA
lcls vf/kd xaHkhj [krjk rks vkx ls gksrk gSA fdlh dejs esa [kjkc ghVj vkfn ds
dkj.k vkx yx ldrh gSA dbZ ckj flxjsV ls Hkh Hkh"k.k vkx yx tkrh gSA fctyh
ds [kjkc rkjksa ds dkj.k Hkh dbZ ckj vkx yx tkrh gS] blls >Vdk Hkh yx ldrk
gSA
fØ;kdyki
¼1½
¼i ½
44
fuEu fcanqvksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, vius ?kj ij lqj{kk ij ,d uksV fyf[k;s&
jlksbZ ?kj
& pwYgk fdruk lqjf{kr gS
& midj.kksa dh fLFkfr o iz;ksx esa lqj{kk
& rst vkStkj & mudh fLFkfr o iz;ksx esa lqj{kk
& Q'kZ
¼ii½ Lukukxkj
& Q'kZ & fxjus ls lqj{kk ds fy;s
& dksbZ Hkh ,slh fQfVax tks jkLrs esa vkdj vkids pksV igq¡pk,
x g foKku
ekWM;wy - 1
ikfjokfjd LokLF; o lqj{kk
x g izca/ku&dyk o foKku
¼iii½ f[kM+fd;k¡ vkSj 'kh'ks
& D;k bUgsa vklkuh ls [kksyk ;k can fd;k tk ldrk gS
& dksbZ Hkh VwVk dk¡p tks vkidks pksV igq¡pk ldrk gS
fVIi.kh
vkius D;k lh[kk
,dy
ifjokj
izdkj
la;qDr
iznku djrk gS
dk;Z
HkkoukRed vk/kkj
f'k{kk
LokLF;
lqj{kk
foÙkh; lqj{kk
'kkjhfjd
'kkjhfjd
etksjatu
ekufld
euksoSKkfud
lekthdj.k
lkekftd
ekufld
ySafxd dk;Z
iztuu
ikBkar iz'u
1.
*lqj{kk^ 'kCn dh ifjHkk"kk nhft;sA blds nks izdkj crkb;sA
2.
vius ifjokj esa fuEu dk lko/kkuhiwoZd fujh{k.k dhft, vkSj ifjokj dh
ekufld lqj{kk c<+kus esa buds ;ksxnku ij ,d laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k;sA
(i) ifjokj ds lnL;
(ii)
x g foKku
dkedkth lnL;
45
ekWM;wy - 1
ikfjokfjd LokLF; o lqj{kk
x g izca/ku&dyk o foKku
(iii)
ikfjokfjd lnL;ksa ds chp varjaxrk
(iv)
ikfjokfjd lnL;ksa ds chp dk;Z foHkktu
(v)
dksbZ Hkh gky dh ?kVuk ftlesa fdlh ,d lnL; us nwljs ds fy;s dqN
fd;k gks
fVIi.kh
ikBxr iz'uksa ds mÙkj
3-1
1½
(i) (a), (ii) (a), (iii) (d)
2½
(i) (a) Hkkxhnkjh (b) lcls HkkoukRed laca/k
(ii) (a) LorU=krk (b) Lo;a fu.kZ; ysuk
3-2
1]
2]
3-3
ikB i<+sa
3-4
ikB i<+sa
3] & ikB i<+sa
vf/kd tkudkjh ds fy;s ns[ksa
http@@www.bccf.bc.ca@[email protected]
46
x g foKku