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32.15
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68
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32.4.16
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32.16
1Ð
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32.5
xyþ™!˜ ëy !Ÿ…ö윘
1. ²Ì„,þ!“þîû ö¢ï¨ëÅ vþzþ™œ!k• „þîûöì“þ ç ¦þyöìœyîy¢öì“þÐ
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32.6
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32.7
þ™yàþ†“þ ²ÌöìÙÀîû vþz_îû
32.1
1Ð „þ éôôôé xy
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32.2
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32.3
1Ð ›%£!% îû
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3Ð ö†yÛþîyî%
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32.4
1Ð „þV ö²Ì!¢öìvþ!ª „þöìœöì‹îû öîû!œˆ–
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3Ð !˜ƒ¢A† ‹#î˜
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32.5
1Ð ö‘þyœ îy!‹öìëû ˜y‰þ†y˜ „þöìîû
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3Ð þ™îû#öì”îû !î‰þîû’ ¦)þ!›öì“þ
32.6
1Ð ¢yþ™ ç ö›yöì¡ìîû ~„þ¢öìA† ‹œ …yçëûy
2Ð ö‡yvþüyöì„þ ‹œ …yçëûyöì“þ
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32.7
1Ð î£z þ™vþü!Šéöœ
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32.8
1Ð „þ éôôôé S3V … éôôôé S1V
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2Ð …– †– ‡
3Ð !î¡ìëû ¢Á™!_îû ²Ì!“þ !˜Ü™,£“þy
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32.9
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2Ð î%öì˜y £y!“þîû xyŸA„þyëû
32.10
1Ð „þV î˜Ä šþöìœîû öœy¦þ– îy¢y î¤y•yîû x˜%„)þœ ‹yëû†y–
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32.11
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3Ð ”Ÿîûí– ›%öìA†îû ö‹œyëû
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32.12
1Ð ˜„äþöìŠé”# ¦þ„þöì“þîû ßþf#Ð ˜y‰þéôôôé“þy›yŸyëû xyöì›y”Ð !‹!˜¢ !„þ˜öì“þ …%!Ÿéôôôéàþ„þöìîéôôôé“þî% †îŖ £y!¢Ð
72
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vþzþ™˜Äy¢
2Ð öœ…öì„þîû öîyöì˜îû þ™Šéöì¨îû !‹!˜¢éôôôé›!Mþîû þ™Šé¨ç ~„þÐ ›yíyîû „¤þyÝþy– œyœ !šþöì“þ ²Ì¦,þ!“þîû ²Ì!“þ
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32.13
1Ð ¢#›y˜yîû !˜Ÿy˜y
2Ð ö”yîîû% þ™y§¬y î#îûî”Å#
3Ð îûy‹Ä ö˜£z ~…˜Ð î,啖 …%î †!îûîÐ
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6Ð î%öì˜y ö›yöì¡ìîû ö”î“þyÐ ö›yöì¡ìîû  îûÇþy „þöìîû˜Ð
32.14
1Ð „þyŸ#îû îy{‹#îû ö›öìëûÐ ”%éôé!“þ˜!ÝþÐ !¦þöìÇþ „þöìîû– šþ¢œ „%þöìvþüyëû– „þœy£z– †› „þyöìÝþÐ
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32.15
1Ð ¦þy!îû þ™!îûÜñyîû þ™!îûFŠé§¬
3Ð îûy‹þ™%öì“þîû ›öì“þy ö‰þ£yîûy– îû)þ™ xyöìŠé x!¦þ‹y“þ  îöìœ ›öì˜ £ëû
32.16
1Ð ›£y‹öì˜îû „þyöìŠé !‡ !î!„Êþ îr•Ð ‰þîû› xy!íńþ ¢‚„þÝþÐ
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73
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ì ˜ ~î‚ îŠéöîì û
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vþzöÍì …Ô öìëy†ÄÐ
32.9
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S1V !î¦)þ!“þ¦)þ¡ì’ îöì¨Äyþ™y•Äyöìëûîû öœ…y òþ™öìíîû þ™¤y‰þy!œó– S2V ¢O#î‰þw ‰þöìRyþ™y•Äyöìëûîû òþ™yœyöì›ïóÐ
74
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›!vþvþzœ éôé VIII („þ)
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þ™ëÅÝþ˜
Ÿ·yíÅ ç Ýþ#„þy
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îy‚œy
33. „þ
þ™ëÅÝþ˜
34. „þ
þ™ëÅÝþ˜ õ ¢‚†àþ˜ ç þ™!îû„þyàþyöì›y
35. „þ
þ™ëÅÝþ˜ õ ¢½þyî˜yéô颛¢Äyéô颛y•yöì˜îû þ™í
75
›!vþvþzœ éôé VIII („þ)
†’Kþyþ™˜
þ™ëÅÝþ˜
Ÿ·yíÅ ç Ýþ#„þy
76
vþzF‰þ ›y•Ä!›„þ
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†’Kþyþ™˜
þ™ëÅÝþ˜
Ÿ·yíÅ ç Ýþ#„þy
33 „þ
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33.1
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ì îyîû „þîûy– þ™ëÅÝþ„þ ç ö¢£z ‹yëû†yîû ¢öìA† ‡!˜Ûþ öëy†yöìëy† Þíyþ™˜ „þîûyÐ
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33.2
vþzöìjŸÄ õ
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þ™ëÅÝþöì˜îû ¢‚Kþy ç ßþºîþ)û ™
òþ™ëÅÝþ˜ó Ÿöì·îû î%Äêþ™!_†“þ xíÅ þ™!îû„þ!ғþ ¼›’Ð þ™ëÅÝþ˜éôôôé þ™!îû Sþ™!îû„þ!ғþV + xÝþ˜ S¼›’VÐ
Ÿ·yíÅ ç Ýþ#„þy
Tourism Society of England-~îû ¢‚Kþy x˜%¢yöìîû þ™ëÅÝþ˜ îy ‘Tourism is the temporary,
short-term movement of people to destination outside the places where they normally
live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes.’ xíÅyê þ™ëÅÝþ˜ £öìFŠé !˜öì‹îû îy¢Þíyöì˜îû ç „þ›Å¢‚Þíyöì˜îû îy£zöîì û ßþºÒöì›ëûy!” ç
xÞíyëû# ¼›’Ð
World Tourism Organisation öìíöì„þ þ™ëÅÝþ„þöì”îû öë ¢‚Kþy ö”çëûy £öìëöû Šì é “þyöì“þ þ™ëÅÝþöì˜îû ßþºîþ)û ™
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places outside their usual environment for more than twenty four (24) hours and not
more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to
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þ™yàþ†“þ ²ÌÙÀ 33.1
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33.4
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% ¢%öë
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ì – !£›y‰þöìœîû ‰þwyëû– xîû’
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ì îûÐ
¦þyîûö“
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ì îû ²Ìyhsþî“Åþ# Ÿyhsþ x‚ŸÐ
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‹öìœîû “þœyëû 40 - 50 !›Ýþyîû †¦þ#öìîû v%þî%!îû £öìëû ö˜öì› ‡%öî
ì û öîvþüyöì˜y xyîû ~„þ •îûö’
ì îû xy„þ¡ì’
Å #ëû ‹œ„Êþ#vþüyÐ
œyÇþym#öìþ™– xy¨y›y˜ !˜öì„þyîîû m#öìþ™ þ™!îûÜñyîû ¢›%o‹œ– ~…yöì˜ ~£z ‰þ›ê„þyîû ‹œ„Êþ#vþüy ö„þw †öìvþü ö“þyœy
öëöì“þ þ™yöìîÐû
†%£y þ™ëÅÝþ˜õ ¦þyîûö“ì þîû xö옄þ †%£y îy þ™y£yvþü ö„þöìÝþ !˜!›Å“þ xyîy¢ xyöìŠéÐ !„þhsþ$ ~†%öœ
ì y !˜öìëû þ™ëÅÝþ˜
îy‚œy
87
›!vþvþzœ éôé VIII („þ)
†’Kþyþ™˜
þ™ëÅÝþ˜
†öìvþü ö“þyœyîû ö„þyöì˜y „þy‹ £ëû!˜Ð
xyçîûA†yîyöì”îû xyöìŸ þ™yöìŸ ¢%!î…Äy“þ x‹hsþyîû ›öì“þy 30!Ýþ †%£y xyöìŠéÐ ›•Ä ¦þyîûö“
ì þ xyöìŠé xhsþ“þ
500!Ýþ †%£yÐ ~îû xö옄þ†%!œ !Šéœ ²Ìy÷ì†!“þ£y!¢„þ ›y˜%¡öì ”ì îû xyîy¢Ð “þyöì”îû xö옄þ†%!œöì“þ çöì”îû x¤y„þy †%£y!‰þe
Ÿ·yíÅ ç Ýþ#„þy
xyöìŠéÐ vþz”ëû!†!îû …[þ!†!îûö“
ì þ þ™y£yöìvþüîû †y ö„þöìÝþ ÷‹˜öì”îû ö”îöì”î#îû ›)!“Åþ ÷“þ!îû £öìëöû Šì éÐ
33.6.5
î˜ ç î˜Ä²Ìy’# þ™ëÅÝþ˜
~›˜!„þ xy!šÊþ„þyöì“þç ö˜£z ¦þyîûö“
ì þîû ›öì“þy ~öì“þy !îþ™%œ ‹#î ç vþz!qöì”îû ¢›yöìîŸÐ ‹#î÷ìî!‰þöìeÄîû
¢yöìí ¦þyîûö“
ì þîû ¢›,å• ¢y‚ßþ,ñ!“þ„þ ú!“þ£Ä !îöìŸ¡ì œÇþĒ#ëûÐ î˜Ä²Ìy’# þ™ëÅÝþ˜ †öìvþü çöìàþ ˜ÄyŸy˜yœ þ™y„Åþ– þ™Ÿ%
þ™y!…öì”îû ¢‚îû!Çþ“þ !˜îy¢– x¦þëûyîû’Ä– ¢î îû„þöì›îû ‹œy¦)þ!› ²Ì¦,þ!“þöì„þ !¦þ!_ „þöìîÐû î˜Ä²Ìy’# þ™ëÅÝþ˜ ö„þöìwîû
~„þ!Ýþ ¢‚!Çþ® !îîîû’ ö”çëûy £œÐ
„þyÙÂ#öìîî
û û „þhßþ$ îû# ›,† vþz”Äy˜ †vþüy £öìëöû Šì é ”y!‰þ†¤yç ¢‚îû!Çþ“þ x¦þëûyîûö’
ì ÄÐ ˜£z!˜“þyöìœ xyöìŠé „þîûöî
ì Ýþ
S!‹› „þîûöî
ì Ýþéôé~îû ˜yöì›V ‹y“þ#ëû þ™y„Åþ îy‡ ç £y!“þîû xyîy¢ÞíœÐ !îr•Äéôé¢y“þþ™%îyû îû ›•Äî“Åþ# vþzþ™“þĄþyëû xyöìŠé
„þy˜ä£y ‹y“þ#ëû þ™y„ÅþÐ ~!Ýþ îy‡– !‰þ“þy– !‰þeœ £!îû’ îy !‰þ“þöìœîû xyîy¢ vþz”Äy˜Ð „þyŠéy„þy!Šé îyr•î†vþü îyöì‡îû
‹˜Ä !î…Äy“þÐ ¦þîû“þþ™%öî
ì î
û û Sîûy‹Þíyöì˜V þ™y!…îûyœëû !î…Äy“þ !îö씟y†“þ îy þ™!îûëyëû# þ™y!…öì”îû ‹˜ÄÐ
ö¢ïîûyöìTþÆéîû !†îû xîû’Ä !¢‚öì£îû ‹˜Ä !î…Äy“þÐ
!î…Äy“þ !îŸyœy„,þ!“þ ¢yîû¢ xyöìŠé îûy‹Þíyöì˜Ð
„þ’ÅyÝþöì„þîû ‹y“þ#ëû þ™yöì„þÅ £y!“þ xyöìŠéÐ
xy¢yöì›îû „þy!‹îûyˆy ‹y“þ#ëû þ™yöì„þÅ xyöìŠé ~„þŸ,A†# †[þyîûÐ ›y˜¢ ‹y“þ#ëû þ™yöì„þÅ xyöìŠé £y!“þ– îy‡–
†[þyîûÐ
vþz!vþü¡Äì yîû !‰þÍñyëû xyöìŠé î£%²Ì„þyîû ‹œ²Ìy’#Ð
ö„þîûyœyîû ‹y“þ#ëû þ™y„Åþ öþ™!îûëyû öìîû xyöìŠé î%ö˜
ì y Ÿ%öë
ì yû îû– £y!“þ– †‹Å˜„þyîû# £!îû’Ð
…y‹%îyû öì£yîû ²Ìhßþy!î“þ ‹y“þ#ëû vþz”Äyöì˜ ¢‚îû!Çþ“þ £öìî 800 ¦þyœ%„þÐ
˜“%þ˜ ˜“%þ˜ ˜ÄyŸ˜yœ þ™y„Åþ– þ™!îûöî
ì Ÿ îyr•î þ™!îû– ²Ìy’#öì”îû !˜îûyþ™_y ç x¦þëû ”yöì˜îû îÄîÞíy
î˜Ä²Ìy’# þ™ëÅÝþöì˜îû vþz§!¬ “þ ‡ÝþyöìîÐ ¢öìA† ¢öìA† xîû’Ä ¼›’„þyîû# ç þ™îœþyöìîyû £˜„þyîû#öì”îû vþzþ™oî öíöì„þ ›%=þ
îûy…öì“þ £öìî xîû’Ä þ™!îûöî
ì Ÿöì„þÐ íy„þöì“þ £öìî Þíy˜#ëûö”ì îû ‚îûÇþöì’îû xyhsþ!îû„þ vþzö”ì Äy†Ð
þ™yàþ†“þ ²ÌÙÀ 33.6
1V
!˜Á¬!œ!…“þ ²Ìy’#öì”îû ‹˜Ä !î…Äy“þ Þíyöì˜îû ˜y› !œ…%˜éôôôé
²Ìy’#
88
Þíy˜
iV
!¢‚£
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iiV
Indian Bustard
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iiiV
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ivV
î%ö˜
ì y Ÿ%öë
ì yû îû
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vþzF‰þ ›y•Ä!›„þ
þ™ëÅÝþ˜
2V
þ™îœþyöìîyû £˜ £z˜!ÞÝþ!ÝþvþzÝþä †%!œîû „þy‹ „þ#Ú ~£z îû„þ› £z˜!ÞÝþ!ÝþvþzÝþä xyöìŠé ~›˜ !“þ˜!Ýþ ‹yëû†yîû
›!vþvþzœ éôé VIII („þ)
†’Kþyþ™˜
˜y› !œ…%˜Ð
3V
x¦þëûyîû’Ä îœöì“þ !„þ öîyGþyëûÚ
Ÿ·yíÅ ç Ýþ#„þy
33.7
xyþ™!˜ ëy !Ÿ…ö윘
1.
xy•%!˜„þ þ™ëÅÝþ˜ ç ²Ìy‰þ#˜ „þyöìœîû þ™ëÅÝþöì˜îû “þšþy“þÐ
2.
xy•%!˜„þ þ™ëÅÝþöì˜îû ö×!’!î¦þyöì†îû !¦þ!_Ð
3.
!îöì˜y”˜ ç xî„þyŸ ëyþ™˜ þ™ëÅÝþöì˜îû xA†Ð
4.
þ™ëÅÝþ˜ vþz§ë
¬ öû ˜
ì îû ‹˜Ä ²Ìöìëyû ‹˜#ëû î£% ¢Á™” xyöìŠé ¦þyîûö“
ì þÐ
5.
‹œéôé£yçëûyîû !î!¦þ§¬“þy Šéyvþüyç ‹#î÷ìî!‰þeÄ îûÇþ’yöìîÇþ’– ö‰þyîûy!Ÿ„þy!îû ç xîû’Ä ¼›’„þyîû#öì”îû
vþzêþ™y“þ ²Ì¦,þ!“þîû ²Ì!“þöìîyû •éôéîÄîÞíy ¦þyîûö“
ì þîû þ™ëÅÝþöì˜ ²Ì¢yîû ‡ÝþyöìîÐ
~Šéyvþüyç !Ÿ…ö윘 éôôôé
éôôôé
þ™îœþyMþœ þ™ëÅÝþöì˜îû !î!¦þ§¬ !”„þ– ö뛘 þ™îœþŸ,A†– ‘þyœ% x‚öìŸ “%þ¡ìyîû £z“þÄy!”îû xþ™îûþ) ™ !îhßþyîû–
þ™îÅö“
ì þîû †%£y ç …y” ~î‚ þ™y£yöìvþüîû †y ö„þöìÝþ ›)!“Åþ ç xyîy¢ !˜›Åyöì’îû !î!¦þ§¬ þ™!îû‰þëûÐ
éôôôé
¢y†îû vþzþ™„)þöìœ ÷˜¢!†Å„þ ÷î!‰þeÄ ç ¢y†îû “þ#öìîî
û û xy„þ¡ìöÅ ’
ì þ™ëÅÝþöì˜îû ¢›,!å•Ð
éôôôé
xy›yöì”îû Ÿ“þŸ“þ îŠéöî
ì î
û û ²Ìy‰þ#˜ ú!“þöì£Äîû !˜”ŸÅ˜ îy þ™ëÅÝþöì˜îû !îö쟡ì xy„þ¡ì’
Å Ð !î!¦þ§¬ öœy„þ!ŸöìÒ
!˜ë%=þ £îyîû šþöìœ œÇþ œÇþ Þíy˜#ëû ›y˜%ö¡
ì î
ì û ‹#!î„þyîû ¢‚Þíy˜Ð
xyîû !Ÿ…ö윘 éôôôé
éôôôé
xy‹öì„þîû !îÙ» xíŘ#!“þîû þ™!îûö²ì Ì!Çþöì“þ þ™ëÅÝþ˜ !ŸöìÒîû †%îc
%û xö옄þ…y!˜Ð
éôôôé
þ™îœþ– ¢y†îûéôé÷¢„þ“þ– ¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þ ç ú!“þ£Äéôéö„þw ²Ì¦,þ!“þ î£% ÷î!‰þöìeÄîû šþöìœ †öìvþü vþzöàì þöìŠé ˜y˜y
•îûö˜
ì îû þ™ëÅÝþ˜Ð
éôôôé
~ þ™ëÅÝþöì˜îû ö×!’!î¦þy† £öìëöû Šì é ö¦þïöì†y!œ„þ xîÞíy˜– Þíy!˜„þ ÷î!ŸTþĖ þ™ëÅÝþ„þöì”îû ˜y˜y ¦þyöìî
xy„þ¡ìöÅ ’
ì îû ¢%öë
ì y† £z“þÄy!”îû !¦þ!_öì“þÐ
éôôôé
xÄyvþöì¦þMþyîû îy x!¦þëy˜›)œ„þ þ™ëÅÝþ˜ “þyöì”îû ‹˜Ä ëyîûy ”%†›
Å ‹yëû†yëû öëöì“þ ¦þyöìœyîyöì¢ ~î‚
‹œ„Êþ#vþüy– þ™îœþyöìîyû £˜– “%þ¡ìyîû „Êþ#vþüy– @Õy£z!vþ‚– †Í³þ ö…œy– !ßþñ ²Ì¦,þ!“þ öîûy›yMþ„þîû x˜%Ÿ#œ˜
ëyöì”îû …%î !²ÌëûÐ
îy‚œy
89
›!vþvþzœ éôé VIII („þ)
†’Kþyþ™˜
þ™ëÅÝþ˜
33.8
1.
Ÿ·yíÅ ç Ýþ#„þy
þ™yàþyhsþ ²ÌÙÀ
¢‚öìÇþöìþ™ vþz_îû !”˜
S„þV
„þ# îû„þ› ¢›%o÷좄þ“þ þ™ëÅÝþ„þöì”îû öî!Ÿ þ™Šé¨Ú
S…V
¦þyîûö“
ì þîû „þ# „þ# ÷î!ŸTþÄ ú!“þ£y!¢„þ ~î‚ ¢y‚ßþ,ñ!“þ„þ þ™ëÅÝþöì˜îû ö²Ìîû’y ö”ëûÚ
2.
@ùÌ#öìÜ¿ þ™yîœþÄ þ™ëÅÝþöì˜îû „þyîû’†%!œ vþzöÍ
ì …
Ô „þîû˜
% ëy þ™ëÅÝþ„þöì”îû xy„þ¡ì’
Å „þöìîÐû
3.
þ™yíńþÄ ö”…y˜
(i)
¢y•yîû’ ëyçëûy xy¢y ç þ™ëÅÝþ˜Ð
(ii)
xy¦þÄhsþîû#˜ þ™ëÅÝÅ þ˜ ç î!£†Åy›# þ™ëÅÝþ˜Ð
4.
þ™ëÅÝþöì˜îû ö„þy˜ä ö„þy˜ä !”„þ þ™ëÅÝþ˜öì„þ xy•%!˜„þ „þöìîÚ
û
5.
öë!Ýþ !àþ„þ ö¢!Ýþöì“þ !Ýþ„þ !‰þ£« !”˜õ
i. S„þV Ÿ£îû „þyöìŠé £öìœ þ™yîœþÄ þ™ëÅÝþöì˜îû ~„þ!Ýþ !îöìŸ¡ì ¢%!î•y
S…V
„þyŠéy„þy!Šé Ÿ£îû íy„þöìœ þ™ëÅÝþ„þöì”îû ¢‚…Äy „þöì› ëyëûÐ
ii. S„þV ö„þyA„þ˜ ~î‚ †%‹îûyÝþ vþzþ™„)þöìœ ÷¢„þ“þ þ™ëÅÝþ˜ †öìvþü ö“þyœy ëyöìî ˜yÐ
S…V ö„þîûyœy ç ö†yëûyëû ÷¢„þ“þ þ™ëÅÝþ˜ ëöìíTþ vþz§“
¬ þÐ
iii. S„þV xö옄þ†%öœ
ì y •›Å íy„þyîû šþöìœ “þ#íÅö„ì þöìwîû ¢‚…Äy xö옄þ öî!Ÿ £öìëöû Šì éÐ
S…V ”%†Å xyîû ²Ìy¢y” ö”…öì“þ ö”…öì“þ „Ïþyhsþ £öìëû ›y˜%¡ì “þ#íÅÞíy˜ †öìvþü “%þöìœöìŠéÐ
6.
7.
þ™yíńþÄ ö”…y˜õ
i)
þ™îœþyöìîyû £˜ ç öÝþÆ!„þ‚
ii)
ößþñÝþ SSkateV ç !ßþñ SSkiV
iii)
îûyšþ!Ýþ‚ Sö¦þœyëû ‰þvþüyV ç Rowing S”¤yvþüÝþy˜yV
†¦þ#îû ‹öìœ v%þy“þyöìîî
û û ö…œy SdivingV ö”…yîyîû ¢›ëû „,þ!e›¦þyöìî Ù»y¢@ùÌ£öì’îû ‹˜Ä „þ# „þ#
vþzþ™„þîû’ îÄî£yîû „þîûy £ëûÚ
90
vþzF‰þ ›y•Ä!›„þ
›!vþvþzœ éôé VIII („þ)
†’Kþyþ™˜
þ™ëÅÝþ˜
8.
„þyîû’†%!œ vþzöÍ
ì …
Ô „þîû˜
% õ
i)
²Ìîyœë%=þ ¢y†öìîû ”¤yvþüÝþy˜y ‹œ„Êþ#vþüyîû þ™öìÇþ öî!Ÿ vþzþ™ë%=þÐ
ii)
îyöì‡îû x¦þëûyîû’Ä xö옄þ†%öœ
ì y– !„þhsþ$ ö@ùÌÝþ îyÞÝþyvÅþ ¢yîûö¢
ì îû ‹˜Ä ›ye ~„þ!ÝþÐ
iii)
vþz_îû ¦þyîûö“
ì þ öîû„þvÅþ ¢‚…Ä„þ “þ#íÅëye# xyöì¢ !„þhsþ$ ~…y˜„þyîû þ™ëÅÝþöì˜ vþz§ë
¬ öû ˜
ì îû ›yey
~…öì˜y …%î „þ›Ð
33.9
33.1.
33.2.
33.3.
Ÿ·yíÅ ç Ýþ#„þy
þ™yàþ†“þ ²ÌöìÙÀîû vþz_îû
1V
iV xÞíyëû#¦þyöìî– iiV þ™!îû„þ!ғþ– iiiV 24 S‡rÝþyV– ~„þ SîŠéîVû
2V
i)-S†V, ii)-S„þV, iii)-S…V
1V
!îŸyœ ç ¢%²Ìy‰þ#˜ ú!“þ£y!¢„þ ~£z ö”öìŸ þ™ëÅÝþöì˜îû x¢‚…Ä ÷î!‰þeÄ !î”Ä›y˜ îöìœÐ
2V
þ™!Øþ›îöìA†îû ¢%¨îûî˜Ð
3V
„,þ¡Öy ç „þyöìîîû# ˜”#îû ›•Äî“Åþ# îéôém#þ™ ö„þyöìœîû £É”Ð
1V
þ™ëÅÝþ˜ ¢)öe
ì x˜Ä ö”öìŸ SiV îy!’öì‹Äîû ²Ì¢yîû– SiiV ²Ìë%!=þîû !î!˜›ëû– SiiiV ¢y‚ßþ,ñ!“þ„þ
xy”y˜éôé²Ì”y˜Ð
2V
33.4 1V
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†’Kþyþ™˜
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þ™yàþ†“þ ²ÌÙÀ 34.3
1.
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34.6
1.
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†’Kþyþ™˜
þ™ëÅÝþ˜
34.7
1.
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¢‚öìÇþöìþ™ vþz_îû !”˜õ
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3.
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34.8
34.1 1)
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“þy!œ„þy éôé 1
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17,000
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20,03,000
10,05,000
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102
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7.8 Ÿ“þy‚Ÿ
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2.6 Ÿ“þy‚Ÿ
éôé
13.7 Ÿ“þy‚Ÿ
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ì þ £öìî ¢îû„þyîûö„ì þÐ ¢îÅy!•„þ ¢›yöìîöìŸîû ¢›ëû î£% þ™ëÅÝþöì„þîû ¢›y†› !˜ëûsþf’ „þîûö“
ì þ £öìîÐ þ™ëÅÝþ„þîûy ëyöì“þ
ëyçëûyéôéxy¢y !˜!”ÅTþ þ™öìí „þöìîû ö¢Ýþyîû çþ™îû „þvþüy ˜‹îû”y!îû ”îû„þyîûÐ þ™ëÅÝþ˜ ö„þw þ™ëÅÝþ„þöì”îû þ™!îû“þÄ=þ î‹Åě%=þ
îûy…yîû ‹˜Ä ¢y›y˜Ä Ÿ%Íñ !˜•Åyîûö’
ì îû „þíy ¢îû„þyîû !îöìî‰þ˜y „þîûöŠì éÐ
x¢‚…Ä …yîyîû ö”y„þy˜ …%öœ
ì vþz‰¤ þ% þ™yîœþÄ þ™ëÅÝþ˜ ö„þöìwîû îy!’!‹Ä„þ#„þîû’ !˜ëû!sþf“þ „þîûö“
ì þ £öìîÐ
x!“þ!íéôéþ™ëÅÝþ„þ ç Þíy˜#ëû ›y˜%ö¡
ì î
ì û ›öì•Ä ¢£öìëy!†“þy ~…˜ !îöìŸ¡ì ‹îû!% îû £öìëû þ™öìvþüöŠì éÐ vþz”y£îû’ßþºîþ)û ™
¦þîû“þþ™%öî
ì û ˜ÄyŸ˜yœ þ™yöì„þÅ îû ‰þyîûþ™yöìŸîû „,þ¡ì„þîûy …îûyîû ¢›ëû ë!” …yöìœîû !„þŠ%é ‹œ öŠéövì þü ˜y ö”ëû “þy£öìœ
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›)œ î=þîÄõ
l
¢îû„þy!îû vþzö”ì Äyöì†îû þ™yŸyþ™y!Ÿ þ™ëÅÝþ˜ !ŸöìÒîû x@ù̆!“þîû ‹˜Ä !î!¦þ§¬ öî¢îû„þy!îû ²Ì!“þÛþy˜ç
~!†öìëû xy¢öìŠé˜Ð
l
¢îû„þyîûö„ì þ ²Ìöìëyû ‹˜#ëû !î!• !˜ö씟
Å xyöìîyû þ™ „þîûö“
ì þ £öìî þ™%îyû „þ#!“Åþ†%!œöì„þ þ™ëÅÝþ„þöì”îû
ëöìíFŠé xy‰þîûö’
ì îû £y“þ öíöì„þ îûÇþy „þîûö“
ì þÐ
l
î!£îûy†“þ þ™ëÅÝþ„þ xyîû Þíy˜#ëû ¢›y‹ vþz¦þöìëî
û û ¢£öìëy!†“þyîû x¦þyî ‡Ýþöìœ þ™ëÅÝþ˜!ŸÒ
îy ~œy„þyîû vþz§ë
¬ ˜
û ö„þyöì˜yÝþy£z £öìî ˜yÐ
108
vþzF‰þ ›y•Ä!›„þ
›!vþvþzœ éôé VIII („þ)
†’Kþyþ™˜
þ™ëÅÝþ˜
þ™yàþ†“þ ²ÌÙÀ 35.3
1.
†’þ™ëÅÝþöì˜îû !“þ˜!Ýþ ö˜!“þîy‰þ„þ ²Ì¦þyöìîîû vþzöÍ
ì …
Ô „þîû˜
% Ð
2.
…y‹%îyû öì£y ¦þyßþñöìëî
Å û Çþ!“þîû „þyîû’ „þ#Ú
3.
‹˜›öì“þîû ‰þyöìþ™ Þíy˜#ëû þ™!îûöî
ì Ÿ îûÇþy þ™yîyîû ”%!Ýþ ”,Tþyhsþ !”˜Ð
4.
x!“þ¢‚…Äyëû þ™ëÅÝþöì˜îû ‰þyöìþ™îû ¢›¢Äy öíöì„þ þ™ëÅÝþ˜ ö„þw†%!œöì„þ ›%=þ îûy…yîû !“þ˜!Ýþ þ™”öìÇþþ™
Ÿ·yíÅ ç Ýþ#„þy
vþzöÍ
ì …
Ô „þîû˜
% Ð
35.7
1.
xyþ™!˜ ëy !Ÿ…ö윘
!îöì”!Ÿ þ™ëÅÝþöì„þîû ¢‚…Äy ~î‚ !îöì”!Ÿ ›%oy x‹Åö˜
ì îû !£¢yöìî ¦þyîû“þ !îÙ»þ™ëÅÝþöì˜îû öÇþöìe ~…öì˜y
xö옄þ !þ™!Šéöë
ì Ðû ö”öìŸîû !îöì”!Ÿ îy!’‹Ä öíöì„þ xyöìëî
û û ~„þ “,þ“þ#ëûy‚Ÿ xyöì¢ þ™ëÅÝþ˜ !ŸÒ öíöì„þÐ
þ™ëÅÝþ˜ !ŸöìÒ „þ› !î!˜öìëyû öì† öî!Ÿ „þ›Å¢‚Þíy˜ £ëûÐ ~îû šþöìœ x˜%§“
¬ þ ~œy„þyîû vþz§ë
¬ ˜
û ‡öìÝþ–
‹#î˜ëyeyîû ›y˜ vþz§“
¬ þ £ëûÐ
2.
xyhsþ‹Åy!“þ„þ þ™ëÅÝþöì˜ îy£zöî
ì û þ™’Ä ˜y þ™y!àþöìëç
û þ™öìîyû Çþ vþzêþ™y”˜ îû®y!˜ „þöìîû îû®y!˜îû vþz§!¬ “þ
‡ÝþyëûÐ ~£z þ™öìîyû Çþ vþzêþ™y”˜ îœöì“þ öîyGþyëû !îöì”!Ÿöì”îû ²Ì!“þ xy!“þöìíëû“þy ç þ™!îûö¡
ì î
ì yÐ “þy
Šéyvþüy £hßþ!ŸöìÒîû ›öì“þy öœy¦þ˜#ëû ¢y›@ùÌ# !î!„Êþ £ëû ²Ì‰þyöìîî
û û ‹˜Ä ö„þyöì˜y îÄëû ˜y „þöìîÐû
3.
²Ìy„,þ!“þ„þ þ™!îûöî
ì Ÿ ~î‚ ²Ìb ¢Á™” ç •¹‚¢yîö쟡ì xy„þ¡ì’
Å #ëû íyöì„þ x!“þ!îû=þ þ™ëÅÝþöì„þîû ‰þyöìþ™
Çþ!“þ@ùÌhßþ £îyîû xyöì† xî!•Ð x!˜ëû!sþf“þ †’þ™ëÅÝþ˜ þ™ëÅÝþ˜ ~œy„þyëû ²Ì!“þ„)þœ ²Ì¦þyî öšþöìœÐ
xyîy¢˜ ¢‚„%þœy˜ x˜%ëyëû# þ™ëÅÝþ„þ !˜ëûsþf’ xyîŸÄ„þ ëyöì“þ Þíy˜#ëû ”%†!Å “þ ˜y £ëûÐ
4.
!îöì”!Ÿ þ™ëÅÝþöì„þîû x˜%„þîûö’
ì îû šþöìœ Þíy˜#ëû “þîû’
% ¢›y‹ ëyöì“þ ú!“þ£Ä ç ¢y‚ßþ,ñ!“þ„þ !î!FŠé§“
¬ þyîû
„þîöìœ ˜y þ™öìvþü ö¢ ¢Áºörì • ¢“þ„Åþ“þy ‹îû!% îûÐ
5.
þ™ëÅÝþöì˜îû ²Ì¢yöìîî
û û œöìÇþÄ ~…˜ ¢îû„þy!îû îÄîÞíyþ™˜yîû þ™yŸyþ™y!Ÿ öî¢îû„þy!îû vþzö”ì Äy†ç ~!†öìëû
xy¢öìŠéÐ
35.8
1.
þ™yàþyhsþ ²ÌÙÀ
¢‚öìÇþöìþ™ vþz_îû !”˜õ
i) ˜“%þ˜ „þ›Å¢‚Þíy˜ ¢,!Tþîû öÇþöìe !ŸÒ ç „,þ!¡ìîû ö‰þöìëû þ™ëÅÝþ˜ ö„þ˜ îyNþ˜#ëûÚ
ii) !îöì”!Ÿ þ™ëÅÝþ„þ ç Þíy˜#ëû ¢›yöì‹îû ›öì•Ä ¢‚‡yöì“þîû !“þ˜!Ýþ „þyîû’ vþzöÍ
ì …
Ô „þîû˜
% Ð
iii) þ™ëÅÝþ˜ „þ#¦þyöìî x˜%§“¬ þ ~œy„þy öíöì„þ ›y˜%ö¡
ì î
ì û ‰þöìœ ëyçëûyöì„þ xyÝþ„þyöì“þ ¢y£yëÄ „þöìîÚ
û
2.
”%öÝì þyîû ›öì•Ä þ™yíńþÄ ö”…y˜
i) þ™öìîyû Çþ îû®y!˜ ç ²Ì“þÄÇþ îû®y!˜
ii) Þíy˜#ëû “þîû’% öì”îû vþzþ™îû !îöì”!Ÿ þ™ëÅÝþ„þöì”îû ²Ì¦þyî ç Þíy˜#ëû ¢›yöì‹îû vþzþ™îû !îöì”!Ÿ þ™ëÅÝþ„þöì”îû
²Ì¦þyîÐ
iii) þ™yríŸyœy ç þ™ëÅÝþ˜ xyîy¢
3.
îy‚œy
¦þyîûö“ì þ !îöì”!Ÿ þ™ëÅÝþ„þ Ýþy˜yîû ‹˜Ä !“þ˜!Ýþ þ™”öìÇþöìþ™îû „þíy îœ%˜Ð
109
›!vþvþzœ éôé VIII („þ)
†’Kþyþ™˜
þ™ëÅÝþ˜
4.
þ™ëÅÝþöì˜îû þ™öìÇþ þ™!îûî£öì˜îû †%îc
%û !˜’Åëû „þîû˜
% Ð
5.
îÄy…Äy „þîû˜
%
i) þ™ëÅÝþ˜ !ŸÒ xö옄þ†%öœ
ì y !ŸöìÒîû ¢›§ºöë
ì û †öìvþü çöìàþÐ
ii) Þíy˜#ëû þ™!îûöîì öìŸîû vþzþ™îû þ™ëÅÝþöì˜îû ²Ì¦þyîÐ
Ÿ·yíÅ ç Ýþ#„þy
35.9
35.1 1)
2)
35.2 1)
þ™yàþ†“þ ²ÌöìÙÀîû vþz_îû
iV
iiV
iiiV
ivV
„þ›Å¢‚Þíy˜ ¢,!Tþ
îÄ!=þ†“þ ç !îöì”!Ÿ þ™%!¤ ‹ !î!˜öìëyû öì†îû ¢½þyî˜y
îûy‹Ä†%!œ þ™!îû„þҘyîû !î!¦þ§¬ þ™!îû„þyàþyöì›yîû vþz§ë
¬ ˜
û
¢îû„þyîû ç ¢‚!ÙÕTþ ~öì‹!ªîû ¢£öìëy!†“þy
iV ¢îû„þyöìîîû û vþzö”ì Äyöì†îû x¦þyî
iiV þ™ëÅÝþöì˜îû vþzþ™ë%=þ þ™!îû„þyàþyöì›yîû x¦þyîÐ
iiiV ö”öìŸ xíÅ÷˜
ì !“þ„þ x˜%§!¬ “þ ç îûy‹÷ì˜!“þ„þ x!Þíîû“þy
S„þV xy!“þöìíëû“þy ç xy˜%¡!ì A†„þ þ™!îûö¡
ì î
ì y
2)
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3)
SiV þ™ëÅÝþöì˜îû ›y•Äöì› xyöìîyû xíÅ xy¢y
S…V ö£yöìÝþöìœîû ¢%!î•y
SiiV þ™ëÅÝþ„þöì”îû þ™!îûö¡
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ì yîû x!‹Å“þ xöìíÅ ßþ%ñœ– £y¢þ™y“þyœ †vþüyîû ¢%öë
ì y†Ð
SiiiV „þ›Å¢‚Þíyöì˜îû ¢%öë
ì y† öþ™öìëû þ™y!îûîy!îû„þ ¢‚„þ#’Å †![þ öíöì„þ ö›öìëöû ”ì îû ›%!=þ ç Çþ›“þyëû˜Ð
4)
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ì îû þ™!îûö¡
ì î
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5)
þ™%öî
ì yû öì˜y ßþ¿,!“þ hßþ½þ– ßþºy•#˜“þy vþz_îû„þyöìœ !˜!›Å“þ xy„þ¡ì’
Å #ëû ö¢ï• ~î‚ !‰þe ç „þyîû!% ŸöìÒîû
ëy”%‡îûÐ
35.3 1 .
S„þV x!“þ!îû=þ ›yeyëû þ™ëÅÝþöì˜îû ‰þyöìþ™ Þíy˜#ëû þ™!îûöî
ì öìŸîû Çþ!“þÐ
S…V þ™ëÅÝþ„þöì”îû !îœy¢î£%œ ‹#îöì˜îû x˜%„þîû’ „þîûö“
ì þ !†öìëû Þíy˜#ëû ¢y›y!‹„þ ú!“þ£Ä !Ÿ!íœÐ
S†V Þíy˜#ëû ²Ìb ¢Á™”öì„þ þ™’ÄoîÄ !£¢yöìî †’Ä „þîûyîû ‹˜Ä Þíy˜#ëû ›y˜%ö¡
ì î
ì û †îÅöî
ì yöì• xy‡y“þÐ
2.
îûy˜çöìëû ›!¨öìîî
û û „þyöìŠé îöìœ !î›y˜ çàþy˜y›yîû „þÁ™˜Ð
3.
iV ‹˜›öì“þîû x˜%„þ) öìœ ö„þyöìÝþÅ îû !˜öì”öÅ Ÿ
ì “þy‹›£öìœîû ‰þy!îû!”öì„þ 10–500 î†Å !„þ!› ‹Oyœ ›%=þ
£çëûyÐ
iiV ›£yîœ#þ™%î›
û öì„þ þ™%öî
ì yû þ™%!îû þ™ëÅÝþ˜ ˜†îû# !£öì¢öìî †öìvþü ö“þyœy öíöì„þ ¢öìîû xy¢y ‹˜›öì“þîû
‰þyöìþ™Ð
4.
S„þV öî¢îû„þy!îû ¢y›y!‹„þ ²Ì!“þÛþy˜ ç •›Å#ëû ÝþÆyÞÝþ†%!œîû ¢‚îûÇþ’ vþzö”ì Äy†Ð
S…V ²Ìy‰þ#˜ þ™%îyû „þ#!“ÅþÞíöìœ ëöìíFŠé !î‰þîû’ îr• „þîûyîû ‹˜Ä „þöìàþyîû !î!•!˜ö졕
ì xyöìîyû þ™Ð
S†V x!“þ!íéôéþ™ëÅÝþ„þ ç Þíy˜#ëû ›y˜%ö¡
ì î
ì û ›öì•Ä ¢£öìëy!†“þy ç îr•%cþ™)’Å ¢Á™„ÅþÞíyþ™öì˜îû vþzö”ì Äy†
@ùÌ£’Ð
110
vþzF‰þ ›y•Ä!›„þ
›!vþvþzœ éôé VIII (…)
†’Kþyþ™˜
†’Kþyþ™˜
Ÿ·yíÅ ç Ýþ#„þy
ú!FŠé„þ
îy‚œy
33. …
†’Kþyþ™˜
34. …
†’Kþyþ™öì˜îû þ™!îû„þyàþyöì›y
35. …
†’Kþyþ™öì˜îû ¢›¢Äy ç ¢›y•y˜
111
›!vþvþzœ éôé VIII (…)
†’Kþyþ™˜
†’Kþyþ™˜
Ÿ·yíÅ ç Ýþ#„þy
112
vþzF‰þ ›y•Ä!›„þ
›!vþvþzœ éôé VIII (…)
†’Kþyþ™˜
†’Kþyþ™˜
Ÿ·yíÅ ç Ýþ#„þy
33 …
†’Kþyþ™˜
¢‚Kþyéôé†î% c%û éôé²Ì„þyîûö¦ì þ”éôôôé ¢›¢Äy ç ²Ì!“þ„þyîû
33.1
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Ÿ·yíÅ ç Ýþ#„þy
o
öîû!vþç îy öî“þyîû ›y•Äöì›îû
l ¢Á±‰þyöìîîû û •yîû’y ç ÷î!ŸTþÄ îÄy…Äy—
l öî“þyöìîîû û ¦)þ!›„þy !îöìÙա쒗
l öî“þyöìîîû û ¢#›yî啓þy !˜’Åë—û
o
öÝþ!œ!¦þŸ˜ ›y•Äöì›îû
l ÷î!ŸTþÄ !˜ö씟
Å ç „þyöì‹îû !îöìÙա쒗
l î!œÛþ“þy ç ”)îœ
Å “þy îÄy…Äy—
l x˜Äy˜Ä ›y•Ä› öíöì„þ öÝþ!œ!¦þŸöì˜îû þ™yíńþÄ !˜’ÅëÐû
34.4.1
!‰þîûy‰þ!îû“þ ›y•Äöì›îûû ¢‚Kþy
xy•%!˜„þ ÷î”%Ä!“þ˜ ²Ì!„Êþëûy ç ›%!o“þ ›y•Ä› Šéyvþüy£z öë ¢î ²Ì!„Êþëûy îy vþzþ™„þîûö’ì îû ›y•Äöì› ë%ö†ì ë%ö†ì
þ™%î¡%û yì ˜%„þÊ öì› †’Kþyþ™öì˜îû „þy‹ ‰þöìœ ~öì¢öìŠé ö¢ ¢î ›y•Ä›öì„þ£z îöìœ †’Kþyþ™öì˜îû !‰þîûy‰þ!îû“þ ›y•Ä›Ð
!‰þîûy‰þ!îû“þ ›y•Ä›éôôôé ~!Ýþ !î!¦þ§¬ îûyöì‹Ä !î!¦þ§¬ ˜yöì› þ™!îû!‰þ“þÐ
xr•Ê²Ìö”ì öìŸ ~!Ýþîû ˜y› ò‹˜þ™”›óÐ xö옄þ ‹yëû†yëû îœy £ëûéôôôé ‹˜ ›y•Ä›Ð
îy‚œyëû òöœy„þ !ŸÒó ˜y›!Ýþîû !î!¦þ§¬ ˜y›õ öœy„þ˜yÝþĖ öœy„þ†#“þÐ
öœy„þ !ŸÒ „þœyîû ›öì•Ä xyöìŠé !˜‹ßþº xyMþ!œ„þ ÞÝþy£zœ– „þí„þ“þy– ¢‚†#“þ– ˜y‰þ– öþ™yŸy„þ– öœy„þyy‰þyîû
²Ì¦þ, !“þÐ ~†%öœ
ì y x!“þ þ™%öîì yû öì˜y xyîû ~†%öœ
ì yîû öŸ„þvþü ¢›yöì‹îû †¦þ#öìîÐû
~†%öœ
ì y !„þ ~…öì˜y xyöìŠéÚ £¤ÄyÐ xyöìŠéÐ “þöìî xMþœöì¦þöì” þ™yíńþÄ xyöìŠéÐ †Ò îœy– ˜yÝþ„þ– þ™%“þ% œ ˜y‰þ
²Ì¦þ, !“þ ²Ìyëû ¢îÅe£z xyöìŠéÐ
þ™yàþ†“þ ²ÌÙÀ 34.1
SaV
!‰þîûy‰þ!îû“þ ›y•Äöì›îû ¢‚Kþy „þ#Ú
SbV
~…˜ç ‰þœöìŠé ~›˜ !“þ˜!Ýþ !‰þîûy†“þ ›y•Äöì›îû ˜y› !œ…%˜Ð
34.1.2
!‰þîûy‰þ!îû“þ !î!¦þ§¬ ›y•Äöì›îû !î!¦þ§¬ xy!A†„þ
†’Kþyþ™öì˜îû vþzöj
ì ŸÄ– ¢y›y!‹„þ ú!“þ£Ä ç xyMþ!œ„þ ¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þ x˜%¢yöìîû !‰þîûy‰þ!îû“þ †’›y•Äöì›îû ˜y˜y
xy!A†öì„þîû ÷î!‰þeÄ œÇþ „þîûyÐ ¢î xy!A†„þ ‹˜!²Ìëû ˜y £öì“þ þ™yöìîû !„þhsþ$ ö¢†%öœ
ì y Kþyþ™öì˜îû „þy‹öì„þ ¢y£yëÄ
„þöìîÐû ¦þyöìœy „þöìîû î%öGì þ ö˜îyîû ‹˜Ä xy!A†„þ†%öœ
ì y !î!¦þ§¬ ¦þyöì† ¦þy† „þöìîû ö”…yöì˜y £œéôôôé
˜y„þyvþüy S˜y„þyîûyVõ
„þy!àþ !”öìëû ö‘þyœ îy!‹öìëû ö„þy˜ç îy“Åþy îy xyö씟 ²Ì‰þyîûÐ xö옄þÝþy îy‚œyëû ö‘¤þvþüy
ö”çëûyÐ
120
vþzF‰þ ›y•Ä!›„þ
†’Kþyþ™˜
þ™%“þ% œ ˜y‰þõ
¢%²Ìy‰þ#˜ ~£z xy!A†„þ!Ýþ ~…öì˜y @ùÌy›yMþöìœ ‰þöìœÐ Šéyëûy þ™%“þ% œ îy ¢%ö“ì þy ‰þy!œ“þ þ™%“þ% œ ˜y‰þ
›!vþvþzœ éôé VIII (…)
†’Kþyþ™˜
öîŸ ‹˜!²ÌëÐû
þ™Ýþ!‰þeõ
~£z xy!A†öì„þ Šé!î ö”…yîyîû ¢öìA† „þy!£!˜ îœy £ëûÐ
녘 !œ!…“þ Ÿöì·îû ‰þœ !Šéœ ˜y “þ…˜ öíöì„þ£z ~£z xy!A†„þ ‰þöìœ xy¢öìŠéÐ ö뛘
Þíy˜#ëû î#öìîîû û „þy!£!˜– ëyîû ö„þyöì˜y !œ!…“þ “þíÄ ö˜£z– öœy„þ„þíyîû ›y•Äöì› @ùÌyöì› @ùÌy›yhsþöìîû öœy„þ›%ö…ì ²Ì‰þy!îû“þÐ
„þí„þ“þy ~î‚ „þ!î†y˜ ~îû ¢%¨îû vþz”y£îû’Ð
„þí„þ“þy– †Òîœyõ
öœy„þ†y˜õ
ö˜ïÝþ!A„þõ
Ÿ·yíÅ ç Ýþ#„þy
!î!¦þ§¬ xMþöìœîû öœy„þ¢‚†#“þ x“þÄhsþ ‹˜!²Ìëû ›y•Ä›Ð
~„þ!Ýþ !î…Äy“þ öœy„þ!ŸÒÐ vþz_îû ¦þyîûö“ì þ …%î ‹˜!²Ìëû !îöì˜y”˜ ›y•Ä›Ð ~öì“þ ˜y‰þ ç ¢‚†#öì“þîû
!›×’Ð
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þ™)î¦Å þyîûö“ì þ …%î ‹˜!²Ìëû !îöì˜y”˜ ›y•Ä›Ð ~öì“þç ˜y‰þéôé†y˜ ç x!¦þ˜öìëîû û ¢y£yöìëÄ „þy!£!˜ î!’Å“þ
£ëûÐ
¢y›y!‹„þ– ²Ìíy†“þ– xy˜%Ûþy!˜„þ ~„þ!Ýþ ‹yëû†yëû î£% ›y˜%ö¡ì îì û ö”…yéôé¢yÇþyê ç ›“þy›öì“þîû
xy”y˜²Ì”y˜ ~£z ¢î ‹›yöìëöû “ì þîû ~„þ!Ýþ ÷î!ŸTþÄÐ
ö›œy ç vþzê¢îõ
Þíy˜öì¦þöì” ~îû îû„þ›öìšþîû xyöìŠéÐ ²Ì!“þ xy!”îy¢# ¢›yö싣z öþ™yŸy„þ– vþzþ™„þîû’– ²Ì“þ#„þ
¢Áº!œ“þ !˜‹ßþº ˜y‰þ ²Ì‰þ!œ“þÐ ~£z ¢î öœ„þ˜,ö“ì þÄ ˜y˜y ¢y›y!‹„þ îy“Åþy ²Ì‰þy!îû“þ £ëûÐ
öœy„þ˜,“þÄõ
öœy„þ!‰þeõ
ö”ëûyœ!‰þe– !Ÿœy!œ!þ™ ç ›%oy!œ!þ™– ›)!“Åþ– hßþ( þ™ ²Ì¦þ, !“þÐ
xyîûç !„þŠ%é !‰þîûy‰þ!îû“þ ›y•Äöì›îû xy!A†„þõ
þ™¤y‰þy!œ– ›A†œ†y˜– vþyöì„þîû î‰þ˜– …˜yîû î‰þ˜– Šévþüy–
•¤y•y– ²Ìîy”– öœy„þyëû“þ ›sþf £z“þÄy!”Ð
¦þyîöì“þ ›‹y œyöì† ~„þ!Ýþ !î¡ìöëì îû û vþzþ™Þíyþ™˜y ˜y˜y xy!A†öì„þ £öì“þ þ™yöìîÐû ö뛘éôôôé îûy›„þy!£!˜Ð
þ™yàþ†“þ ²ÌÙÀ 34.2
1.
˜#öì‰þîû ö„þy˜!Ýþ !‰þîûy‰þ!îû“þ ›y•Äöì›îû ›öì•Ä þ™öìvþü ˜yéôôôé
S„þV ö…œy•%œy–
S…V öšþyöìÝþy@ùÌy!šþ
S†V þ™%“þ% œ ˜y‰þ
2.
ö˜ïÝþ!A„þ ö„þyíyëû ²Ì‰þ!œ“þÚ ~îû ÷î!ŸTþÄ „þ#Ú
3.
öë ö„þyöì˜y !“þ˜!Ýþ …%î þ™%öîì yû öì˜y !‰þîûy‰þ!îû“þ ›y•Ä› vþzöÍ
ì …Ô „þîû˜% Ð
!‰þîûy‰þ!îû“þ ›y•Äöì›îû ²Ìöìëyû †
!‰þîûy‰þ!îû“þ ›y•Ä› ¦þyîûö“ì þ î£%„þyœ •öìîû ²Ì‰þ!œ“þÐ þ™!ÍÔ xMþöìœ ~Ýþy Kþyþ™˜ ›y•Ä› !£¢yöìî îÄî£,“þ £öìëû
xy¢öìŠéÐ þ™!ÍÔîû ›y˜%¡ì ~£z ›y•Äö웣z „þöìîû xy¢öìŠé ¢y›y!‹„þ– ²Ìíy†“þ– ÷˜!“þ„þ ç xyöìîöì†îû ²Ì„þyŸÐ ~£z ›y•Ä›
xyíÅ¢y›y!‹„þ vþz§ë¬ öû ˜ì îû „þyöì‹ †%îc
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„þîûö“ì þ þ™yöìîû ~£z ›y•Ä›Ð
”,Tþyhsþ ßþºîþ)û ™ ßþºy•#˜“þy ¢‚@ùÌyöì› öœy„þ ›y•Ä› ö”Ÿöì²Ì› ²Ì‰þyöìîîû û „þy‹ „þöìîöû Šì éÐ !î…Äy“þ ˜yÝþÄîÄ!=þc ›%„þ% ¨
îy‚œy
121
›!vþvþzœ éôé VIII (…)
†’Kþyþ™˜
Ÿ·yíÅ ç Ýþ#„þy
†’Kþyþ™˜
”y¢ ßþºy•#˜“þy ¢‚@ùÌyöì›îû „þyöì‹ ëyeyöì„þ œy!†öìëöû Šì é˜Ð òþ™yœyó ˜y›„þ öœy„þ†yíyîû †y˜öì„þ vþz!vþü¡Äì y ¢îû„þyîû
¢›y‹öì‰þ“þ˜yîû „þyöì‹ œy!†öìëöû Šì é˜Ð
¦þyîû“þ ¢îû„þyöìîîû û ¢‚†#“þ ç ˜yÝþ„þ !î¦þy† SSong and Drama DivisionV ~£zvþ¢ä– öþ™y!œç ²Ì¦þ, !“þ
!î¡ìöëì û ¢y›y!‹„þ ¢öì‰þ“þ˜“þy î,!å•îû ‹˜Ä !‰þîûy‰þ!îû“þ ›y•Ä›öì„þ îÄî£yîû „þöìîöû Šì éÐ vþzê¢öìîîû !”öì˜ xy›îûy ‡îû
¢y‹y£z– š%þœ !›!Tþ ö”çëûyéôéö˜ì çëûy „þ!îûÐ ~öì„þ xöì˜Äîû ¢öìA† îr•%c ç ²Ì#!“þîû îy“Åþy öþ™ï¤öŠì é !”£zÐ !‰þîûy‰þ!îû“þ
›y•Ä› ¦þyöìœy ¢Á™„Åþ Þíyþ™öì˜îû ¦þyöìœy Kþyþ™˜Ð
þ™yàþ†“þ ²ÌÙÀ 34.3
!àþ„þ Ÿ· öîöìŠé !˜öìëû Ÿ)˜ÄÞíyöì˜ î¢y˜éôôôé
i) !‰þîûy‰þ!îû“þ ›y•Ä› £öìFŠé ~„þ!Ýþ ....................... ›y•Ä›Ð
S„þV ëy!sþf„þ ö„þ ²Ìöëì yû † !˜¦Åþîû– S…V ëy!sþf„þ
S†V þ™öìîyû Çþ
S‡V ësþf!˜¦Åþîû“þy ›%=þ
ii) ßþºy•#˜“þy xyöì¨yœöì˜ x˜Ä“þ› !‰þîûy‰þ!îû“þ ›y•Ä› ëyeyöì„þ „þyöì‹ œy!†öìë!û Šéöœ
ì ˜
S„þV îûî#w˜yí àþy„%þîû–
S…V !möì‹wœyœ îûyëû
S†V ›%„þ% ¨ ”y¢
S‡V !†!îûŸ‰þw ö‡y¡ì
iii) ö„þy˜ä xy!A†öì„þ ˜y‰þ– †y˜ ç x!¦þ˜öìëîû û ¢y£yöìëÄ „þy!£!˜ öŸy˜yöì˜y £ëûÚ
S„þV öœy„þ †yíy–
34.3.4
S…V ëyey
S†V !‰þe„þœy
S‡V þ™%“þ% œ ˜y‰þÐ
¢#›yî啓þy
xö옄þ ¢%!î•y íy„þy ¢öì_ç
´ !‰þîûy‰þ!îû“þ ›y•Äöì›îû x¢%!î•y ç ¢#›yî啓þyîû !”„þÝþyç ›öì˜ îûy…y ”îû„þyîûÐ
x¢%!î•y ç ¢#›yî啓þy
¢%!î•y
l
›y˜!î„þ xyöì ”ŸÅ„þéôéö×
ì y“þyöì„þ „þyöìŠé Ýþyöì˜Ð
l
~îû xyöì !˜!”ÅTþ xMþöìœîû ›öì•Ä£z ¢#›yîå•Ð
l
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l
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¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þîû vþzqyî„þ !˜öì‹îûy£zÐ
~„þ xMþöìœîû xy!A†„þ x˜Ä xMþöìœ ‹˜!²Ìëû
˜yç £öì“þ þ™yöìîÐû
l
x˜%Ûþy˜ ¢‚îûÇþöì’îû îy öîû„þvÅþ îûy…yîû x¢%!î•yÐ
l
‹#î˜ ëyþ™öì˜îû xA†Ð
l
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l
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l
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‹y!“þ •›Å !˜!îÅöŸ
ì öì¡ì ¢î îëûö¢ì îû ›y˜%ö¡ì îì û „þyöìŠé
@ùÌ£’#ëûÐ
¢îy£z x‚Ÿ !˜öì“þ þ™yöìîû îöìœ x‚Ÿ@ùÌ£’„þyîû#îû
¢‚…Äy öî!Ÿ £öì“þ þ™yöìîÐû !„þhsþ$ ¢îyîû „þy‹ ¢›y˜
‹˜!²Ìëû £ëû ˜yÐ
l
~£z ›y•Äöì›îû xyöì î%!å•îû „þyöìŠé ˜ëû–
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~£z ›y•Äöì›îû xö옄þ !î¡ìëîû hßþ$ xy‹
x²Ìy¢!A†„þÐ
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›y•Ä› !£¢yöìî ~…˜ xyîû „þyëńþîû £öìFŠé ˜y–
„þyîû’ !˜þ™%’ ”Çþ !ŸÒ#îûy xöì˜öì„þ öî¤ö‰ì þ ö˜£z–
l
122
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x”œéôé ¢£ö싣z „þîûy ëyëûÐ
vþzF‰þ ›y•Ä!›„þ
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Þíy˜#ëû ‹#î˜ öíöì„þ vþzöàì þ xyöì¢ ~îû xy!A†„þ ç
!î¡ìëÐû
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›y•Ä› xy•%!˜„þ ‹#îöì˜ ö“þ›˜ xyöìŸ#œ £öìFŠé
˜yÐ
þ™yàþ†“þ ²ÌÙÀ 34.4
›!vþvþzœ éôé VIII (…)
†’Kþyþ™˜
Ÿ·yíÅ ç Ýþ#„þy
1. !‰þîûy‰þ!îû“þ ›y•Äöì›îû ‰þyîû!Ýþ ¢%!î•y ö”…y˜Ð
2. !‰þîûy‰þ!îû“þ ›y•Äöì›îû ‰þyîû!Ýþ x¢%!î•y ö”…y˜Ð
34.3.5
›%!o“þ ›y•Äöì›îû ¢‚Kþy– ¢‚îy” ÷“þ!îûîû ²Ì!„Êþëûy ç †%îû%c
¢‚îy”þ™e ¢‚îy”éôé!îîîû’– ¢‚îy” !˜îr• ²Ì¦þ, !“þîû !î¡ìëû ¢‚@ùÌ£– ¢Á™y”˜y ç ›%oöì’îû „þy‹ ¢Á™§¬ „þöìîÐû
¢‚îy”þ™e ¢„þyöìœ ç !î„þyöìœ ²Ì„þy!Ÿ“þ £ëûÐ !îöì„þöìœîû ¢‚îy”þ™eöì„þ îöìœ ¢yr•Ä ÷”!˜„þÐ
†“þ„þyœ xyþ™!˜ ~„þ!Ýþ ”%‡ÝÅ þ˜y ö”öì…!Šéöœ
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þ™yàþ†“þ ²ÌÙÀ 34.6
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2. ”%!Ýþ „þöìîû xyMþ!œ„þ ç Þíy˜#ëû ¢‚îyöì”îû ”,Tþyhsþ !”˜Ð
3. ¢‚îy”þ™öìeîû !îÙ»y¢öìëy†Ä“þy îœöì“þ „þ# öîyGþyëûÚ
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34.3.7
¦þyîûöì“þ ¢‚îy”þ™e ²Ìî“Åþ˜ ç “þyîû ²Ì¦þyî
¦þyîûö“ì þ ¢‚îy”þ™e ²Ìî“Åþ˜õ
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þ™yàþ†“þ ²ÌÙÀ 34.7
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2. ¦þyîûö“ì þîû ²Ìy‰þ#˜“þ› ¢‚îy”þ™e!Ýþ– ëy xy‹ç ‰þœöìŠé– ö„þy˜ä!ÝþÚ
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127
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34.3.8
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1. ¢‚îy”þ™öìeîû !“þ˜!Ýþ xy„þyöìîîû û vþzöÍ
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34.3.9
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þ™yàþ†“þ ²ÌÙÀ 34.12
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34.4.13
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þ™yàþ†“þ ²ÌÙÀ 34.13
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„þíyëû xyöìŠé ÷î!‰þeÄ £öìFŠé ‹#îöì˜îû ›ŸœyÐ …yîyöìîû îœ%˜– öþ™yŸyöì„þ îœ%˜– îr•%öc
ì îœ%˜ !„þ‚îy !îöì˜y”öì˜
îœ%˜ ›y˜%¡ì ‰þyëû ÷î!‰þeÄÐ
‰þÄyöì˜öìœîû x˜%Ûþy˜ ëyöì“þ ÷î!‰þeěëû £ëû “þyîû ‹˜Ä x˜%Ûþyöì˜îû þ™!îû„þҘyëû ˜y˜y xy!A†öì„þîû xy×ëû
ö˜çëûy £ëûÐ
~£z ¢î xy!A†„þ ²Ì•y˜“þ ”%£z ö×!’öì“þ !î¦þ=þõ
S„þV „þҘy!¦þ!_„þ– S…V îyhßþî!¦þ!_„þ
˜yÝþ„þ– ö¢yþ™– xöìþ™îûy ²Ì¦þ, !“þ ‰þœ!“þ x˜%Ûþy˜ £öìFŠé „þҘy!¦þ!_„þÐ !£!¨ ò£y›öìœy†ó–
ò‡îû ~„þ ›!¨îûó ²Ì¦þ, !“þ– îy‚œy ò!“þ!íîû x!“þ!íó îy ò¢%î’Åœ“þyó ²Ì¦þ, !“þöì“þ îyhßþî“þyîû Šéyþ™ íy„þöìœç „þy!£!˜†%!œ
„þyÒ!˜„þÐ
„þҘy!¦þ!_„þ x˜%Ûþy˜õ
xyþ™!˜ !„þ ‹yö옘 ö¢yþ™ xöìþ™îûy ˜y›!Ýþ ~öì¢öìŠé ¢yîy˜ vþzêþ™y”„þ ¢‚Þíyîû öî“þyîû ˜yÝþ„þ x˜%Ûþy˜ öíöì„þÚ
îy‚œy
135
›!vþvþzœ éôé VIII (…)
†’Kþyþ™˜
†’Kþyþ™˜
xyþ™˜yîû îy!vþüö“ì þ£z £ëû“þ !îûö›ì yÝþ S”)î!û ˜ëûsþf’ ësþfV !˜öìëû „þyvþüy„þy!vþü £öìFŠéÐ xyþ™˜yîû
›y ‰þy£zöŠì é˜ ~„þ!Ýþ x˜%Ûþy˜– xyþ™˜yîû öîy˜ ‰þy£zöŠì é˜ xyîû ~„þ!ÝþÐ xí‰þ ”%‹öì˜îû£z £zFŠéy ~›˜ ö„þyöì˜y x˜%Ûþy˜
ö”…y ëyîû ›öì•Ä xyöìŠé îyhßþî ‹#îöì˜îû „þíyÐ
îyhßþî!¦þ!_„þ x˜%Ûþy˜õ
Ÿ·yíÅ ç Ýþ#„þy
îyhßþî!¦þ!_„þ „þöìë„
û þ!Ýþ x˜%Ûþyöì˜îû „þíyõ
‹y“þ#ëû– xyhsþ‹Åy!“þ„þ ~î‚ Þíy˜#ëû ¢‚îyöì” ö×y“þyîûy !îöìŸ¡ì †%îc
%û ö”ëûÐ ¢îy£z ‹y˜öì“þ
‰þyëû „þ# „þ# ‡Ýþ˜y ‡ÝþöìŠé ~î‚ “þyöì”îû ²Ì!“þ!„Êþëûy „þ# £öìFŠéÐ
¢‚îy” î%öœ
ì !Ýþ˜õ
öîy˜Å!¦þÝþy „%þÄ£z‹ „þ˜öìÝþÞÝþ öîŸ ‹˜!²Ìëû £ëûÐ ö¢£z x˜%Ûþy˜ ö×y“þyöì”îûç x‚Ÿ@ùÌ£öì’ vþzê¢y!£“þ
„þöìîöû Šì éÐ xy‹„þyœ ~£zî„û þ› x‚Ÿ@ùÌ£’›)œ„þ „%þ£z‹ x˜%Ûþyöì˜îû ¢‚…Äy xö옄þÐ
„%þ£z‹õ
%û þ™)’Å xö옄þ !î¡ìöëì £û z !îö쟡ìKþîûy îö윘Рö„þîœ
¢›yöì‹îû †%îc
!îûöþì ™yÝÅþ£z ëöìíTþ ˜ëû– ~„þ!Ýþ !î¡ìöëì û !î!¦þ§¬ ›“þy›“þ Ÿ%˜öìœ !˜‹ßþº ~„þ!Ýþ ”,!Tþ¦þ!A† ÷“þ!îû „þîûy ëyëûÐ îûy‹˜#!“þ
!˜öìëû î=þîÄ öþ™Ÿ ç þ™ëÅyöìœy‰þ˜yëû ö×y“þyîûy xy‹„þyœ öîŸ vþzê¢y£#Ð
ö„þyöì˜y !î¡ìöë
ì û îœy ç xyöìœy‰þ˜yõ
þ™yàþ†“þ ²ÌÙÀ 34.14
1.
öÝþ!œ!¦þŸöì˜îû ”%öÝì þy xy!A†„þ „þ# „þ#Ú
2.
îyhßþî!¦þ!_„þ x˜%Ûþyöì˜îû ”%!Ýþ ”,Tþyhsþ !”˜Ð
34.3.15
÷î”%Ä!“þ˜ ›y•Äöì›îû ¢%!î•y ç x¢%!î•y
¢%!î•y
˜y˜yîû„þöì›îû ~î‚ xö옄þ ¢‚…Ä„þ ›y˜%ö¡ì îì û „þyöìŠé öþ™ï¤öŠì é ö”çëûy ëyëûÐ
›%£ö) “ì þÅ îû ›öì•Ä£z îy“Åþy ‹y!˜öìëû ö”çëûy ëyëûÐ
~„þ£z ¢öìA† î£% ›y˜%ö¡ì îì û „þyöìŠé îy“Åþy ö”çëûy ëyëûÐ
~„þ!Ýþ ›y•Äö웣z ˜y˜y ×yîĖ ”,ŸÄ !î¡ìëû îÄî£yîû „þîûy ëyëûÐ
öîû„þ!vÅþ‚ „þöìîû î£%!”˜ •öìîû îûy…y ëyëû ¦þ!î¡ìÄöì“þîû ‹˜ÄÐ
x”)îû ¦þ!î¡ìÄöì“þ ~£z ›y•Ä› x‚Ÿ@ùÌ£’›)œ„þ „þîûy ëyöìîÐ
x¢%!î•yõ
!˜„þÝþ ¢Á™öì„þÅ îû ˜ëûÐ
²Ì!“þ!„Êþëûy öþ™öì“þ ¢›ëû öœöì† ëyëûÐ
îÄëûî£%œÐ
x˜%Ûþy˜ ÷“þ!îûîû ‹˜Ä !îöìŸ¡ì ²Ì!ŸÇþ’ ”îû„þyîûÐ
@ùÌy›#’ ~œy„þyëû ²Ì¢yîû ¢#!›“þÐ
136
vþzF‰þ ›y•Ä!›„þ
›!vþvþzœ éôé VIII (…)
†’Kþyþ™˜
†’Kþyþ™˜
þ™yàþ†“þ ²ÌÙÀ 34.15
1.
÷î”%Ä!“þ˜ ›y•Äöì›îû !“þ˜!Ýþ ¢%!î•yîû vþzöÍ
ì …Ô „þîû˜% Ð
2.
öÝþ!œ!¦þŸöì˜ xyþ™˜yîû !²Ìëû !“þ˜!Ýþ !˜ëû!›“þ x˜%Ûþyöì˜îû vþzöÍ
ì …Ô „þîû˜% Ð
34.4
xyþ™!˜ ëy !Ÿ…ö윘
!‰þîûy‰þ!îû“þ ›y•Ä› ¢Á™öì„þÅ
›%!o“þ ›y•Ä› ¢Á™öì„þÅ
1.
!‰þîûy‰þ!îû“þ ›y•Äöì›îû !î!¦þ§¬ xy!A†„þéôôôé ˜y‰þ– ˜yÝþ„þ– öœy„þ
„þíy £z“þÄy!”Ð
2.
!‰þîûy‰þ!îû“þ ›y•Äöì›îû †%îû%céôôôé ßþºy•#˜“þy ¢‚@ùÌyöì› ~£z
›y•Äöì›îû †%îc
%û – ¢y›y!‹„þ ¢öì‰þ“þ˜“þy î,!å• £z“þÄy!”Ð
3.
!‰þîûy‰þ!îû“þ ›y•Äöì›îû ¢%!î•y S›y˜!î„þ xyöì– “,þ’›)œ
hßþöìîîû û ¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þîû ¢öìA† ‡!˜Ûþ“þyV ç x¢%!î•y SxyMþ!œ„þ
¢#›yî啓þy– ¢#!›“þ ”ŸÅ„þöì×y“þy £z“þÄy!”ÐV
1.
“þíÄ ç ¢‚îyöì”îû þ™yíńþÄ
2.
¢‚îyöì”îû ¢)eéôôôé ö„þږ „þ…˜Ú– ö„þyíyëûږ ö„þ˜Ú– „þ#ږ
ö„þ›˜ „þöìîÚû
3.
¢‚îy” £îyîû öëy†Ä“þyéôôôé ¢›ëûöìîû…y– ²Ì¦þyî– !î“þ„Åþ–
vþzöÍ
ì …Ô öìëy†Ä“þy– ¢yÁ±!“þ„þ“þy– xyöì ²Ìöëì yû ‹˜#ëû“þy–
!ŸÇþ’#ëû“þyÐ
4.
¢‚îyöì”îû !î!¦þ§¬ •îû˜éôôôé xyMþ!œ„þ– Þíy˜#ëû– ‹y“þ#ëû–
xyhsþ‹Åy!“þ„þÐ
5.
¢‚îyöì”îû !˜îûöþì ™Çþ“þy– ¦þyîû¢y›Ä– !îÙ»y¢öìëy†Ä“þyÐ
6.
£z!“þîy‰þ„þ ç ö˜!“þîy‰þ„þ ¢‚îy”Ð
7.
¦þyîû“þ#ëû ¢‚îy”þ™öìe „þœ„þy“þyîû Þíy˜Ð
8.
!î!¦þ§¬ öÇþöìe ¢‚îyöì”îû Þíy˜Ð
9.
¢‚îy”þ™öìeîû !î!¦þ§¬ xy„þyîûÐ
10.
öî“þyîû ›y•Ä› ¢Á™öì„þÅ
îy‚œy
Ÿ·yíÅ ç Ýþ#„þy
¢‚îyöì”îû îy!Nþ“þ †%’yîœ#Ð
1.
öîû!vþçîû vþzöj
ì ŸÄéôôôé ‹y˜yöì˜y– !Ÿ!Çþ“þ „þîûy– !îöì˜y”˜Ð
2.
öîû!vþçîû ÷î!ŸTþÄéôôôé •¹!˜îû ¢y£yöìëÄ Šé!î †öìvþü ö“þyœy–
o%“þ†!“þ¢Á™§¬ ›y•Ä›– ¢y”y!¢ö앖 öìëy†Ä– „þ› …îû‰þÐ
3.
öîû!vþçîû ¢#›yî啓þyéôôôé ¢%öëì y† ›ye ~„þîyîû– Šé!î£#˜–
²Ì‰þy!îû“þ îy“Åþy ¢£öì‹ ¦%þöìœ ëyëû– î!•îûö”ì îû ö„þyöì˜y „þyöì‹
œyöì† ˜yÐ
137
›!vþvþzœ éôé VIII (…)
†’Kþyþ™˜
†’Kþyþ™˜
öÝþ!œ!¦þŸ˜ ›y•Ä› ¢Á™öì„þÅ
Ÿ·yíÅ ç Ýþ#„þy
34.5
›%!o“þ ›y•Ä›
öî“þyîû ›y•Ä›
”)î”û ŸÅ˜ ›y•Ä›
34.6
2)
34.2 1)
138
÷î!ŸTþÄ¢›)£éôôôé ”,ŸÄ ×yîÄ SV– ²Ìy’îhsþ– ‡öìîyû ëûy– Çþ’Þíyëû#–
îÄëû¢y•ÄÐ
2.
!î!¦þ§¬ „þy‹éôôôé !Ÿ!Çþ“þ „þöìî–û “þíÄ ‹y˜yëû– xy˜¨ ö”ëûÐ
3.
!î!¦þ§¬ ‰þÄyöì˜öìœîû ÷î!ŸTþÄÐ
4.
öÝþ!œ!¦þŸöì˜îû ¢%!î•y ç x¢%!î•yÐ
1.
!‰þîûy‰þ!îû“þ ›y•Äöì›îû !î!¦þ§¬ xy!A†öì„þîû vþz”y£îû’ !”˜Ð
2.
!‰þîûy‰þ!îû“þ ›y•Äöì›îû ¢%!î•y†%!œ ö”…y˜Ð
3.
Kþyþ™öì˜îû „þyöì‹ !‰þîûy‰þ!îû“þ ›y•Ä›†%!œ ö„þy˜Ýþy ö„þy˜Ýþy
~…öì˜y „þ# „þ# „þyöì‹ îÄî£,“þ £öìFŠé î%!Gþöìëû !”˜Ð
1.
¢‚îyöì”îû ²Ì•y˜ •îû˜†%!œ „þ# „þ#Ú
2.
¢‚îy” ç “þíÄéôôôé ”%öëì îû û ›öì•Ä “þšþy“þ ö”…y˜Ð
3.
¢‚îy” £öìëû çàþyîû öëy†Ä“þy†%!œ î%!Gþöìëû !”˜Ð
4.
ö„þyöì˜y …îîûö„ì þ ëíyíÅ ¢‚îy” £öì“þ £öìœ „þ# „þ# Ÿ“Åþ
þ™)îû’ „þîûöì“þ £ëûÚ
5.
¢‚îy”þ™e ç ¢y›!ëû„þ þ™öìeîû þ™yíńþÄ î%!Gþöìëû !”˜Ð
1.
†’›y•Ä› !£¢yöìî öî“þyöìîîû û ¢%!î•y†%!œ vþzöÍ
ì …Ô „þîû˜% Ð
2.
¢y›y!‹„þ vþz§ë¬ öû ˜ì öî“þyöìîîû û ¦)þ!›„þy î%!Gþöìëû !”˜Ð
1.
›y•Ä› !£¢yöìî öÝþ!œ!¦þŸöì˜îû ÷î!ŸTþĆ%!œ ö”…y˜Ð
2.
xyþ™˜yîû ¢îöì‰þöìëû !²Ìëû !Ýþ!¦þ ö²Ìy@ùÌy› „þ#Ú ö„þ˜ !²Ìëû
ö¢!Ýþ î%!Gþöìëû !”˜Ð
3.
öÝþ!œ!¦þŸöì˜îû ¢%!î•y ç x¢%!î•y†%!œ î%!Gþöìëû !”˜
þ™yàþyhsþ ²ÌÙÀ
!‰þîûy‰þ!îû“þ ›y•Ä›
34.1 1)
1.
þ™yàþ†“þ ²ÌöìÙÀîû vþz_îû
öë ›y•Ä› y˜%„þÊ öì› xy›yöì”îû ú!“þöì£Äîû •yîûy  „þöìî–û †’Kþyþ™öì˜îû „þy‹ xîÄy£“þ îûyöì…
“þyöì„þ£z îöìœ !‰þîûy‰þ!îû“þ ›y•Ä›Ð
iV „þí„þ“þy
iiV îûöAì †y!œ
iiiV þ™%“þ% œ ˜y‰þ
„þ ~î‚ …
2)
vþz_îû ¦þyîûö“ì þ– †y˜ ç ˜yöì‰þîû !›×’Ð
3)
vþz_îû !î!¦þ§¬ îû„þ› £öì“þ þ™yöìîÐû
vþzF‰þ ›y•Ä!›„þ
†’Kþyþ™˜
34.3 1)
iV ‡
34.4 1)
vþz_îû !î!¦þ§¬ îû„þ› £öì“þ þ™yöìîÐû
2)
34.5 1.
iiV †
iiiV ëyey
vþz_îû !î!¦þ§¬ îû„þ› £öì“þ þ™yöìîÐû
S„þV “þíĖ S…V ¢‚îy”– S†V “þíĖ S‡V ¢‚îy”
3.
¢›ëûéôéöîû…y– !î“þ„Åþ– ²Ìöëì yû ‹˜#ëû“þy– ²Ì!¢!啖 ÷˜„þÝþÄ
34.6 1.
¢‚îy”þ™e ö”öì… !àþ„þ „þöìîû !˜˜
2.
¢‚îy”þ™e ö”öì… !àþ„þ „þöìîû !˜˜
3.
öë ¢‚îy”þ™öìeîû ¢‚îy”öì„þ þ™yàþ„þ !îÙ»y¢ „þöìîû
The Times of India
3.
˜î‹# £!îû‹˜
4.
¢“þ#”y£ îr•– ßþf# !ŸÇþyîû ²Ì¢yîû– ¦þyîûö“ì þîû ßþºy•#˜“þy ¢‚@ùÌyöì› !î²Õî# ¢‚@ùÌy›#öì”îû ö”Ÿöì²Ìö›ì îû
vþzj#þ™˜y öëy†yöì˜y
îÊvþ !ŸÝþ– ÝþÄyîœöìëvû þ– ¢y®y!£„þ
2.
þ™,!íî#îû ¢î £zrÝþyîûö˜ì Ýþ öíöì„þ ö”…y ëyëû
3.
÷˜îÅÄ!=þ„þ“þy– ¢£‹öìîy•Ä“þy– !îÙ»y¢öìëy†Ä“þy
34.9 1.
34.10
The Hindu, ›yœëûyœy ›öì˜yîû›y– The Hindustan Times
2.
34.8 1.
Ÿ·yíÅ ç Ýþ#„þy
i) ö„þ– (ii) „þ…˜– (iii) ö„þyíyëû– (iv) ö„þ˜– (v) ö„þ›˜ „þöìî–û
2.
34.7 1.
›!vþvþzœ éôé VIII (…)
†’Kþyþ™˜
!îöì˜y”˜– !ŸÇþy”y˜Ð ”,Tþyhsþ ˜y˜y ‹öì˜îû ˜y˜y îû„þ› £öì“þ þ™yöìîÐû
2.
¢%œ¦þ– öìëy†Ä– îÄî£yîû ¢£‹Ð
3.
iv
4.
iV ¦%þœ– iiV !àþ„þ– iiiV ¦%þœ– ivV !àþ„þ– vV ¦%þœ
1. þ™yöìàþîû òöîû!vþç ¢#›yî啓þyó x‚Ÿ!Ýþ ö”öì… vþz_îû ÷“þ!îû „þîû˜
% Ð
2. iV ¦%þœ– iiV !àþ„þ– iiiV !àþ„þ– ivV !àþ„þ– vV !àþ„þ
îy‚œy
139
›!vþvþzœ éôé VIII (…)
†’Kþyþ™˜
†’Kþyþ™˜
34.11
1. ”)î”û ŸÅö˜
ì îû ”,ŸÄ×yîÄ ‰þ!îûe
2. ²Ìy’îhsþ– ”,ŸÄ×yîÄ !î¡ìë–û ‡öìîyû ëûy
3. ²Ìy’îhsþ– ”,ŸÄ×yîÄ
Ÿ·yíÅ ç Ýþ#„þy
4. iV …– iiV †– iiiV „þ– ivV „þÐ
34.12
1.
)
”)î!û ŸÇþy ²Ì’yœ#öì„þ xö옄þ ‡!˜Ûþ „þîûy
)
“þíIJ̔y˜
„þ
…
2. ”)î”û ŸÅö˜
ì îû òKþy˜ ”ŸÅ˜ó x˜%Ûþy˜
3. vþz_îû ˜y˜y‹öì˜îû ˜y˜y îû„þ› £öì“þ þ™yöìîû
4. iV öÝþ!œ!¦þŸ˜– iiV !˜„þÝþ !ŸÇþyîû ›öì“þy– iiiV e%!Ýþ
34.13
1. i) ‡– (ii) †– (iii) ‡Ð
2. i) !vþ¢„þ¦þy!îû ‰þÄyö옜éôôôé !îKþy˜ ç ö¦þïöì†y!œ„þ !î¡ìëû
(ii) ¢‚îy” ‰þÄyö옜éôôôé ö”Ÿ !îöì”öìŸîû ¢‚îy”
3. i) 300M, (ii) Travel, (iii) Living, (iv) Zoom
34.14
1. i) „þҘy!¦þ!_„þ, (ii) îyhßþî!¦þ!_„þ
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34.15
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35.1
²Ìhßþyî˜y
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35.2
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35.2
¢y‚ßþ,ñ!“þ„þ ¢›¢Äy
†’›y•Äöì›îû œÇþļTþ þ™!îûöîì Ÿ˜yîû ¢›¢Äy Šéyvþüy xyîûç ~„þ²Ì„þyîû ¢›¢Äy ²Ìy¢!A†„þ¦þyöìî vþzöÍ
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þ™yàþ†“þ ²ÌÙÀ 35.1
1.
†’›y•Äöì›îû ”%!Ýþ ¢›¢Äyîû vþzöÍ
ì …Ô „þîû˜% Ð
2.
†’›y•Ä› ²Ì‰þy!îû“þ !îKþyþ™˜ „þ#¦þyöìî ¢›yöì‹îû þ™öìÇþ Çþ!“þ„þîû £öì“þ þ™yöìîÚû
3.
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4.
¢›yöì‹îû !þ™!Šéöëì û íy„þy x‚Ÿ †’›y•Äöì›îû ¢%öëì y† þ™%öîì yû þ™%!îû @ùÌ£’ „þîûö“ì þ þ™yöìîû ˜y ö„þ˜Ú
35.3
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35.4
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