rstlka fg u o;% leh{;rs
fVIi.kh
21
rstlka fg u o;% leh{;rs
izLrqr
ikB ^mRrjjkepfjre~* ls mn~/`r ukV~;ka'k dk laikfnr :i gSA v;ksè;k ds jktk
jkepUnz ds }kjk v'oes/ ;K ds volj ij NksM+k x;kA ?kksM+k tc okYehfd vkJe ds
lehi igq¡prk gS rc {kf=k;ksa ds ijkØe :ih bl ?kksM+s dks yo vius lkFkh cVqdx.kksa
lfgr vkJe dh vksj ys tkrk gSA ?kksM+s dks NqM+kus ds fy, pUnzdsrq dh lsukvksa dk yo
ds lkFk ;q¼ gksrk gSA rc lqeU=k lkjfFk ds lkFk jFkk:< pUnzdsrq vkrk gSA vdsys yo
ds lkFk cgqr ls lSfudksa dks ;q¼ djrs ns[k pUnzdsrq yTtk vuqHko djrk gSA rHkh
pUnzdsrq dh lsuk Hkkxrh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA pUnzdsrq yo ls }U} ;q¼ ds fy, dgrk gSA
pUnzdsrq ds lSfud yo ij iqu% vkØe.k djrs gSaA yo ds t`EHkdkL=k ds iz;ksx ls lkjh
lsuk LrC/ gks tkrh gSA yo vkSj pUnzdsrq ijLij vkReh;rk Hkjk Lusg vkSj vuqjkx
vuqHko djrs gSaA yo dks iSny ns[k pUnzdsrq Hkh jFk ls uhps mrj tkrk gS vkSj dgrk
gS fd ;gh U;k; ;q¼ dk fl¼kUr gS vkSj ;gh j?kqdqy dh jhfr gSA
mn~ns';kfu
162

bea ukV~;ka'ka ifBRok Hkoku~@Hkorh

yoL; ijkØefo"k;s ysf[krqa leFkZ% Hkfo";fr_

pUnzdsrks% pfj=kL; mYys[ka drq± 'k{;fr_

ukV~;ka'ka ?kVukØes.k iquysZf[k";fr_

deZ/kj;leLrinkuka foxzga dfj";fr_

okD;s"kq yksV~ ydkjL; LFkkus yV~ydkjL; iz;ksxa dfj";fr_

bfr] ek] vye~ vO;;kuka okD;s"kq iz;ksxa dfj";frA
laLÑr
rstlka fg u o;% leh{;rs
fØ;kdyki% 21-1
fVIi.kh
'kCnkFkZ%
rr% ¾ mlds ckn] jFkk:<+% ¾ jFk ij
p<+k gqvk] ,dkfdue~ ¾ vdsys dks]
fp=k 21-1% fp=ka n`"V~ok v/Lrkr~ nÙka laokna iwj;rA
fnO;k& ,"k% dL; vkJe% vfLr\
'ks[kj%& ,"k% ------------- vkJe% vfLrA ½"ks% uke ------------- vfLrA
fnO;k& okYehfd% r=k fda fy[kfr\
'ks[kj%& l% ------------- fy[kfrA
fnO;k& vkJes dk rkilh fr"Bfr\
'ks[kj%& eU;s] lk rkilh ------------- ,oA
fnO;k& r=k ØhMUrkS ------------- dkS Lr%\
'ks[kj%& lhrk;k% iq=kkS ------------- ------------- p bfr eU;sA
21-1 bnkuha ewyikBa iBke%
izFke ,dka'k%
(rr% izfo'kfr lqeU=ks.k lg jFkk:<% pUnzdsrq%)
pUnzdsrq%&
vk;Z! ,dkfdua yoe~ mfí'; cgwuka ;q¼kjEHk% bfr yTtrs es g`n;e~A
laLÑr
163
rstlka fg u o;% leh{;rs
lqeU=k%
oRl! leLrlSU;nye~ vfi yole{ka ;ks¼qe~ ukye~A
pUnzdsrq%&
(lfoLe;e~) gUr! izfrfuorZUrs vLekda lSfudk%A vk;ZA Ro;Zrke~] Ro;Zrke~!
vLenzFka r=kSo u;rqA
lqeU=k%
(jFkosxa fu:I;) vk;q"eu~! ,"k izkIrk% o;e~A i';rq r=kkfLr yo%A
pUnzdsrq%&
Hkks Hkks yo! egkckgks! fdesfHkLro lSfudS%A
,"kks¿gesfg ekeso] rstLrstfl 'kkE;rqAA1AA
fVIi.kh
vye~ ¾ i;kZIr] izfrfuorZUrs ¾ ykSV jgs
gSa] Ro;Zrke~ ¾ tYnh dhft,] fu:I; ¾
ns[kdj] u;rq ¾ ys pysa] igq¡pk;sa] izkIrk%
¾ igq¡p x,] ,fg ¾ vkvks] ,s{okd% ¾
b{okdqoa'kh;] izLrqr% ¾ mifLFkr] dnua
¾ fouk'k] niZfud"k% ¾ xoZ dh dlkSVh]
lw;ZdqydqekjL; ¾ lw;Zoa'kh dqekj dh]
izlUu ddZ'kk ¾ izlUu ;k dksey vkSj
dBksj] ohjopu iz;qfDr% ¾ ohjrkiw.kZ
opuks a dk iz ; ks x ] vLrq ¾ vPNk]
laHkko;kfe ¾ lRdkj djrk gw¡] dydy%
¾ dksykgy] vla[;krS% ¾ vla[; (ds
}kjk)] f}jnrqjxL;UnuLFkS% ¾ gkFkh] ?kksM+ksa
vkS j jFk ij lokj (vkids }kjk)
dopko`rS% ¾ dop igus gq,] ;qxir~ ¾
,dlkFk] o% ¾ rqEgsa] lksUekFke~ ¾ O;fFkr
gksdj] vuqdEirs ¾ n;k dj jgk gSA]
llEHkzee~ ¾ 'kh?kzrk ls] t`EedkL=ks.k ¾
t`Eed uked (ewfNZrdj nsus okys) vL=k
ls] laLrEHk;kfe ¾ LrfEHkr djrk gw¡
ukV~;su ¾ vfHku;iwoZd
lSU;?kks"kk% ¾ lSU;èofu;k¡ fp=kfyf[krfeo
¾ ekuksa fp=k esa cus gksaA
vLiUne~ ¾ ps"Vkjfgr
vftroh;Ze~ ¾ vijkts; 'kfDr okyk
izkpsrlkr~ ¾ okYehfd ls
vU;ksU;e~ ¾ ,d nwljs dks
fuoZ.;Z ¾ ns[kdj
Dofpr~ ¾ dgha
vgsrq ¾ fcuk dkj.k ds
izfrfØ;k ¾ rdZ] fordZ jksdFkke
rUrq% ¾ lw=k
Hkwrkfu ¾ izkf.k;ksa dks
vUr% ¾ vUnj] ân; dks
iwftr% ¾ Lokxr] lEekfur
{kk=k/eZ% ¾ {kf=k; dk /eZ
ifjikfyr% ¾ ifjikfyr gqvk
i¼fr% ¾ ohjksa ds pfj=k dh ifjikVh]
ijEijk
lkaxzkfed% ¾ ;q¼ lEcU/h
164
(rr% izfo'kfr /hjks¼rijkØeks yo%)
yo%
lk/q jktiq=k! lk/q! lR;eS{okd% [kYoflA ,"k izLrqrks¿fLeA
pUnzdsrq%
Hkks Hkks dqekj!
vR;n~Hkqrknfl xq.kkfr'k;kfRiz;ks es
rLekRl[kk Roefl ;Uee rÙkoSoA
rfRda futs ifjtus dnua djksf"k
uUos"k niZfud"kLro pUnzdsrq%AA2AA
yo%
vgks egkuqHkkoL; lw;ZdqydqekjL; izlUuddZ'kk ohjopuiz;qfDr%A vLrq]
,ueso laHkko;kfeA
f}rh; ,dka'k%
(iquusZiF;s dydy%)
pUnzdsrq%
Hkks Hkks jktku%! vla[;krS% f}jn&rqjx&L;UnuLFkS% Hkon~fHk% dopko`rS%
,dfLeu~ inkrkS ;qxir~ ;r~ ;q¼a izkjC/a rn~ o% f/x~ vLeku~ p f/d~A
yo%
(lksUekFke~) vk% dFke~ vuqdEirs uke\ (llEHkzea fofpUR;) Hkorq
t``EHkdkL=ks.k rkor~ lSU;kfu laLrEHk;kfeA (bfr ukV~;su eq×pfr)
lqeU=k%
v;s! fdfenkuhe~ lSU;?kks"kk% iz'kkUrk%! oRl! eU;s dqekjs.k t`EHkdkL=ka
iz;qDrfefrA
pUnzdsrq%
v=k d% lUnsg%! i';rq lSU;e~ fp=kfyf[krfeo vLiUne~ vkLrsA
vrks¿ftroh;± t`EHkdkL=kesosne~A
lqeU=k%
dqr% iqujL; t`EHkdL; izkfIr%\
pUnzdsrq%
Hkxor% izkpsrlkfnfr eU;kegsA
lqeU=k%
oRl! lko/kuks HkoA Hkoku~ ,o vkØE;rsA
laLÑr
rstlka fg u o;% leh{;rs
r`rh;% ,dka'k%
pUnzdsrq% yo% p& (vU;ksU;a izfr) vgks fiz;n'kZu% dqekj%A (lLusgkuqjkxa fuoZ.;Z)
dFkfeo v;e~ vkReh;% bo izfrHkkfrA
fVIi.kh
lqeU=k% & izk;'k% izkf.kuke~ ,"k% LoHkko ,oA ;r% dL;fpr~ Dofpn~ vkuUne;h izhfr%
Hkofr ,oA
vgsrq% i{kikrs ;LrL; ukfLr izfrfØ;kA
l fg LusgkRedLrUrqjUrHkwZrkfu lhO;frAA3AA
dqekjkS& (vU;ksU;eqfí';) ;a fujh{;So eekaxs"kq vkfyaxuL; vfHkyk"k mRi|rs rRdFka
e`nq'kjhjs¿fLeu~ 'kjk% eksDrO;k%\
pUnzdsrq%
& vorjkE;k;Z! L;Unukr~A
lqeU=k%
& dL; gsrks%\
pUnzdsrq%
& ,dLrkon;a ohjiq#"k% iwftrks Hkofr] vfi p vk;Z! {kk=k/eZ ifjikfyrks
HkofrA
lqeU=k%
& 'kksHkua oRl!
,"k lkaxzkfedks U;k;% ,"k /eZ% lukru%A
b;a fg j?kqflagkuka ohjpkfj=ki¼fr%AA4AA
cks/iz'uk%
1-
ewyikBa ifBRok fjDrLFkkuiwfrZa dq#rA
(d) leLrlSU;nye~ vfi ------------- ;ks¼qe~ ukye~A
([k) vgks egkuqHkkoL; ------------- izlUuddZ'kk ohjopuiz;qfDr%A
(x) vrks ------------- t`EHkdkL=kesosne~A
(?k) b;a fg j?kqflagkuka -------------A
2-
^v* LrEHkL; ik=kS% lg ^c* LrEHkL; dFkukfu la;kst;rA
^v*
(d) pUnzdsrq% yo% p (ijLije~!)
laLÑr
^c*
(i)
vk;Z! ,dkfdua yoe~ mfí'; cgwuka
;q¼kjEHk% bfr yTtrs es g`n;e~A
165
rstlka fg u o;% leh{;rs
([k) yo%
(ii)
(x) pUnzdsrq%
(iii) vgks fiz;n'kZu% dqekj%A
(?k) lqeU=k%
(iv) lk/q jktiq=k! lk/q! lR;eS{okd%
dqr% iqujL; t`EHkdL; izkfIr%A
fVIi.kh
[kYoflA
21-1-1 izFke% ,dka'k%
rr% izfo'kfr -------------------------- laHkko;kfe
O;k[;k
(i) leLrlSU;nye~ vfi yole{ka ;ks¼qe~ ukye~A
gekjh lEiw.kZ lsuk Hkh yo ds le{k ;q¼ djus ds fy, i;kZIr ugha gSA ;g dFku lqeU=k
dk pUnzdsrq ds izfr gSA tc pUnzdsrq yo dks lkjh lsuk ls eqdkcyk djrs gq, ns[krk
gS rks mls yTtk eglwl gksrh gSA bl lanHkZ esa lqeU=k ds mi;qZDr dFku dk Hkko ;g gS
fd yo vR;Ur rstLoh] egkohj ,oa ijkØeh ckyd gS] ftldk lkjh lsuk,¡ feydj Hkh
dqN fcxkM+ ugha ldrhA
(ii) Hkks Hkks yo! egkckgks! ---------------------------------------------------- rstLrstfl 'kkE;rqAA1AA
vUo;% Hkks Hkks egkckgks yo! ,fHk% lSfudS% ro fde~ (iz;kstua lsRL;fr)\ ,"k% vge~
eke~ ,o ,fgA rst% rstfl 'kkE;rqA
O;k[;k% tc pUnzdsrq viuh lsukvksa dks lc vksj ls foeq[k ns[krk gS rc og tYnh ls
viuk jFk yo ds ikl ys tkdj dgrk gS fd gs egkckgq yo! bu lSfudksa ds lkFk yM+us
ls D;k ykHk\ rqEgkjs fy, rks eSa gw¡] eq>ls gh fHkM+ks ftlls rst rst esa 'kkar gks tk,A
bldk Hkko ;g gS fd pUnzdsrq yo ls dgrk gS fd lSfud dk ;q¼ lSfud ls rks Bhd
gS fdUrq rqe rks ohj gks] rstLoh gks vr% eq> ohj ds lkFk yM+uk gh rqEgsa mfpr gSA bl
izdkj pUnzdsrq Lo;a vius dks rFkk yo nksuksa dks lekucy'kkyh o rstLoh ekudj
U;k;;q¼ dh ckr djrk gSA
HkkokFkZ%& vfLeu~ 'yksds izfrikfnra ;r~ lekucy;ksjs"k ;q¼e~ mfpra HkofrA cyoku~
dnkfi fucZysu lg ;q¼a u dq;kZr~A
(iii) vR;n~Hkqrknfl ----------------------------------------------------------------- ro pUnzdsrq%AA2AA
vUo;%& vR;n~Hkqrkr~ xq.kkfr'k;kr~ vfi Roe~ es fiz;% l[kk vfl] rLekr~ ;r~ ee rr~
ro ,oA rr~ futs ifjtus fda dnua djksf"k\ uuq ,"k% pUnzdsrq% ro niZfud"k%A
166
O;k[;k% tc pUnzdsrq yo ls leku cyh gksus ds dkj.k }U} ;q¼ djus dh ckr djrk
gS rks yo pUnzdsrq dh iz'kalk djrs gq, dgrk gS fd gs jktdqekj! rqe fuf'pr gh
laLÑr
rstlka fg u o;% leh{;rs
xkSjo'kkyh b{okdqoa'kh; gksA rqEgkjh ;g ckr loZFkk ohjksfpr gSA blds ckn] pUnzdsrq yo
ls dgrk gS fd gs dqekj! rqe vR;ar vn~Hkqr xq.kksa ds dkj.k eq>s cM+s fiz; gksA vr% rqe
esjs fe=k gksA blfy, tks oLrq esjh gS] og rqEgkjh gh gSA rks fiQj vius gh yksxksa
(lSfudksa) dk D;ksa fouk'k dj jgs gks\ vjs rqEgkjs xoZ dh dlkSVh rks ;g pUnzdsrq gSA
vFkkZr~ vkvks eq>ls gh ;q¼ djksA ^pdkfLr ;ksX;su fg ;ksX;laxe%* ;g U;k; Hkh gSA
fVIi.kh
HkkokFkZ% foi{ks fLFkrefi yoa iz'kalu~ pUnzdsrq% v=kkfi izfrikn;fr ;r~ Rof; xq.kku~
n`"V~ok vga izh.kkfe] Roa ee fe=ke~ vflA rFkkfi ;fn ;q¼e~ bPNfl psr~ lekucysu e;k
lg ;q¼a dq# ;su ro vgÄïkj% foxfyrks Hkosr~A
(iv) izlUuddZ'kk ohjopuiz;qfDr%& vFkkZr~ izlUu vkSj dBksj ohj&opuksa dk iz;ksxA
pUnzdsrq ds Lo;a dks yo ds xoZ dh dlkSVh dgus ij yo dgrk gS fd lw;Zoa'kh;
egkizHkko'kkyh dqekj pUnzdsrq ds izlUurk o dBksjrk ls ifjiw.kZ ohjopuksa dk iz;ksx
okLro esa Lodqyksfpr gh gSA
O;kdj.kfcUno%
(i)
lfU/foPNsn%&
ukye~
¾ u $ vye~
;q¼kjEHk%
¾ ;q¼ $ vkjEHk%
fdesfHkLro
¾ fde~ $ ,fHk% $ ro
,"kks¿ge~
¾ ,"k% $ vge~
izLrqrks¿fLe
¾ izLrqr% $ vfLe
[kYofl
¾ [kyq $ vfl
vR;n~Hkqrknfl ¾ vfr $ vn~Hkqrkr~ $ vfl
(ii)
;Uee
¾ ;r~ $ ee
roSo
¾ ro $ ,o
uUos"k%
¾ uuq $ ,"k%
leLrinkuka foxzg%
jFkk:<%
¾ jFke~ vk:<+%
f}rh;krRiq#"k
lfoLe;e~
¾ foLe;su lfgre~
r`rh;krRiq#"k
egkckgks!
¾ egkUrkS ckgw ;L; rRlEcq¼kS cgqczhfg
jktiq=k!
¾ jkK% iq=k% rRlEcq¼kS
"k"BhrRiq#"k
lw;ZdqydqekjL; ¾ lw;ZL; dqye~ rL; dqekj% rL; "k"BhrRiq#"k
laLÑr
167
rstlka fg u o;% leh{;rs
(iii) izÑfrizR;;foHkkx%
fVIi.kh
;ks¼qe~
;q/~ $ rqequ~
fu:I;
fu
mfí';
mr~ $ fn'k~ $ Y;i~
izLrqr%
iz
$ :i~ $ Y;i~
$ Lrq
$ Dr
ikBxriz'uk% 21-1
1-
v/ksfyf[kriz'ukuke~ mRrjkf.k laLÑrHkk"k;k fy[krA
(d) leLrlSU;nye~ vfi dL; le{ka ;ks¼qe~ i;kZIra uklhr~\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------([k) pUnzdsrq% de~ l[kk bfr dFk;fr\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(x) pUnzdsrq% dL; Ñrs niZfud"k% vfLr\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(?k) lw;ZdqydqekjL; ohjopuiz;qfDr% dhn`'kh vfLr\
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2-
d% de~ izfr dFk;fr\
;Fkk& vk;Z! Ro;Zrke~A vLenzFka r=kSo u;rqA
(i)
168
d%
de~ izfr
pUnzdsrq%
lqeU=ka izfr
vk;q"eu~! ,"k izkIrk% o;e~A i';rq r=kkfLr yo%A
-------------
-------------
(ii) lR;eS{okd% [kYoflA
-------------
-------------
(iii) dqr% iqujL; t`EHkdL; izkfIr%
-------------
-------------
(iv) ,dLrkon;a% ohjiq#"k% iwftrks Hkofr
-------------
-------------
laLÑr
rstlka fg u o;% leh{;rs
3-
v/ksfyf[krinkuka lEcks/uL; ,dopus :ia fy[krA
inkfu
lEcks/uL; ,dopus :ikf.k
fVIi.kh
;Fkk& vk;q"eku~
vk;q"eu~!
(i) vk;Z%
-------------
(ii) oRl%
-------------
(iii) dqekj%
-------------
(iv) egkckgq%
-------------
(v) jktiq=k%
-------------
21-1-2 f}rh;% ,dka'k%
iquusZiF;s ------------------- vkØE;rsA
O;k[;k
vrks¿ftroh;± t`EHkdkL=kesosne~
tc gkFkh ?kksM+ksa rFkk jFkksa ij lokj pUnzdsrq ds vla[; lSfudksa us vdsys iSny yo ij
,d lkFk vkØe.k fd;k rc yo us mu ij t`EHkdkL=k dk iz;ksx dj fn;k ftlls
pUnzdsrq dh lkjh lsuk LrC/ vFkkZr~ fp=kfyf[kr lh ps"Vkjfgr gks xbZA blls pUnzdsrq
vkSj lqeU=k nksuksa dks fo'okl gks x;k fd ;g vL=k vijkts; 'kfDr okyk ^t`EHkd* gh
gS vkSj blh dk ;g foLe;dkjh izHkko gSA
t`EHkdksa dk Lo:i dSlk gS\ ^t`EHkd* va/dkj vkSj fctyh dk Hk;adj feJ.k lk gksrk
gSA izy;dkyhu izp.M iou ds }kjk mM+k;s x, ;s vkdk'k dks O;kIr dj ysrs gSaA
O;kdj.kfcUno%
(d) lfU/foPNsn%
dopko`rS%
¾ dop $ vko`rS%
vrks¿ftroh;Ze~
¾ vr% $ vftroh;Ze~
izkpsrlkfnfr
¾ izkpsrlkr~ $ bfr
lksUekFke~
¾ mUekFksu lfgre~
llEHkzes.k
¾ lEHkzes.k lfgre~
([k) lekl
laLÑr
169
rstlka fg u o;% leh{;rs
fVIi.kh
vftroh;Ze~
¾ u ftra oh;Za ;L; rr~
vLiUne~
¾ u LiUn% vfLr ;fLeu~ rr~
(x) izÑfr&izR;;;ksx%
fofpUR;
¾ fo $ fpUr~ $ Y;i~
izkjC/e~
¾ iz $ vk $ jHk~ $ Dr
iz'kkUrk%
¾ iz $ 'ke~ $ Dr
ikBxriz'uk% 21-2
1-
v/ksfyf[krku~ iz'uku~ mÙkjr
(d) dL; lSfudS% ;qxir~ ;q¼a izkjC/e~\
([k) t`EHkdkL=ka dsu iz;qDre~\
(x) lSU;e~ fdfeo vLiUne~ vklhr~\
(?k) yo% t`EedkL=ka dqr% izkIroku~\
2-
) bfr fpßsu fufnZ'krA
'kq¼a okD;e~ (
) bfr fpßsu v'kq¼a okD;a p (
(d) pUnzdsrks% lsuk xtrqjxinkfr;qDrk vklhr~A
( )
([k) yo% L;UnuLFk% ;q¼e~ djksfr LeA
( )
(x) t`EHkdkL=kL; iz;ksxs.k lSU;?kks"kk% iz'kkUrk% vHkou~
( )
(?k) ^izkpsrl%* ofl"Bequs% uke vfLrA
( )
21-1-3 r`rh;% ,dka'k%
panzdsrq% yo% ----------------------- ohj pkfj=ki¼frA
O;k[;k
(i) vgks fiz;n'kZu% dqekj%& ;q¼ djus ds fy, m|r tc nksuksa dqekj (yo vkSj
pUnzdsrq) LugsiwoZd ,d nwljs ds izfr ns[krs gSa rks vkReh;rk dk vuqHko djrs gq,
ijLij ,d nwljs ds fy, dg mBrs gSa vksg! ;g dqekj dSlk fiz;n'kZu gS! vFkkZr~ lqUnj
gSA
170
laLÑr
rstlka fg u o;% leh{;rs
(ii) vgsrq% i{kikrks -------------------------------------- lhO;frAA3AA
vUo;%& ;% vgsrq% i{kikr% rL; izfrfØ;k ukfLrA l% LusgkRedrUrq% fg Hkwrkfu vUr%
lhO;frA
fVIi.kh
O;k[;k& pUnzdsrq tc ;q¼ ds fy, lkeus vk;s gq, yo ds izfr vkReh;rk dk vuqHko
djrk gqvk vk'p;Z izdV djrk gS rc mldk lkjfFk lqeU=k dgrk gS fd cgqr ls izkf.k;ksa
dk ;g LoHkko gksrk gS fd fdlh dk fdlh esa vkuUne; izse gks tkrk gSA tks fcuk fdlh
dkj.k ds vuqjkx (i{kikr) gksrk gS mls dksbZ jksd Hkh ugha ldrkA bl Lusg :ih lw=k
dk ân; ls lEcU/ gksrk gS vkSj og izkf.k;ksa ds ân;ksa dks ijLij lhdj ,d ân;h dj
nsrk gSA mlh izdkj tSls ,d rUrq (/kxk) nks ijLij oL=k [k.Mksa dks lhdj ,dkdkj dj
nsrk gSA vFkkZr~ fHkUu fHkUu tho Lusgo'k gh ijLij vkÑ"V gksrs gSaA
HkkokFkZ% v=k lqeU=k% izfrikn;fr ;r~ dL;fpr~ df×pr~ izfr ;r~ izse Hkofr r=k fdefi
dkj.ka u izR;{khfØ;rsA rr~ izse dnkfi u fu#è;rsA fHkUuk% vfi tuk% ijLija Lusgo'kkn~
,dhHkofUrA
(iii) ,"k lkaxzkfedks U;k;% -------------------------- ohjpkfj=ki¼fr%AA4AA
vUo;%& ,"k% lkaxzkfed% U;k;%] ,"k% lukru% /eZ%] b;a fg j?kqflagkuka ohjpkfj=ki¼fr%A
O;k[;k& tc ;q¼ ds fy, m|r nksuksa dqekj (pUnzdsrq vkSj yo) ijLij LusgkRed
vuqjkx izdV djrs gSa rks pUnzdsrq lqeU=k ls dgrk gS fd ;g ohj dqekj iSny gS vr%
eSa Hkh jFk ls mrjrk gw¡] blls bl ohj iq#"k dk lEeku Hkh gksxk vkSj {kf=k; /eZ dk
ikyu HkhA rc lqeU=k dgrk gS oRl! rqe /ekZuqdwy gh lksp jgs gksA D;ksafd jFkk:<
iSny ls ugha yM+k djrs vr% ;gh laxzke dk U;k; gS] ;gh lukru /eZ gS vkSj Js"B
j?kqoa'kh ohjksa dh ;gh vkpkj ijEijk gSA
HkkokFkZ% j?kqdqye~ vrho [;kre~ vklhr~ ;rks fg rs ;q¼sfi U;k;fiz;k% vklu~A vLeknso
j?kqdqys mRiUu% pUnzdsrq% HkwfeLFksu yosu lg ;qn~/a drq± HkwekS vorjfrA
O;kdj.kfcUno%
lfU/foPNsn%
;LrL;
fujh{;So
eekaxs"kq
vorjkE;k;Z
rkon;e~
laLÑr
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
;%
fujh{;
ee
vorjkfe
rkor~
$
$
$
$
$
rL;
,o
vaxs"kq
vk;Z
v;e~
171
rstlka fg u o;% leh{;rs
lekl%
fiz;n'kZu%& fiz;a n'kZua ;L; l% (cgqozhfglekl%)
fVIi.kh
e`nq'kjhjs & e`nq 'kjhja rfLeu~ (deZ/kj;lekl%)
ohjiq#"k%& ohj% pklkS iq#"k% (deZ/kj;lekl%)
izÑfrizR;;iz;ksx%
fuoZ.;Z ¾ fuj~ $ o.k~Z $ Y;i~
fujh{; ¾ fuj~ $ bZ{k~ $ Y;i~
iwftr% ¾ iwt~ $ Dr
lkaxzkfed ¾ laxzke $ Bd~
eksDrO;k% ¾ eqp~ $ rO;r~
ikBxriz'uk% 21-3
1-
,dinsu mÙkjrA
(d) LusgkRed% rUrq% dkfu vUr% lhO;fr\
([k) L;Unukr~ d% vorjfr\
(x) ohjpkfj=ki¼fr% ds"kke~ vfLr\
(?k) dL; egkuqHkkoL; izlUuddZ'kk ohjopuiz;qfÙkQ vklhr~A
2-
172
fo'ks"k.kfo'ks";esyua dq#r&
(d) fiz;n'kZu%
(1) i{kikr%
([k) vkuUne;h
(2) /eZ%
(x) vgsrq%
(3) U;k;%
(?k) lkaxzkfed%
(4) dqekj%
(Ä) lukru%
(5) izhfr%
laLÑr
rstlka fg u o;% leh{;rs
3-
mnkgj.ke~ vuql`R; yksV~ydkjs iz;qDrokD;kfu yV~ydkjs ifjorZ;r
yksV~ ydkjs
;Fkk Nk=k% ikBa iBrq
yV~ ydkjs
Nk=k% ikBa iBfr
(d) ckydk% m|kus ØhMUrq
-------------------------------
([k) Roe~ x`ga xPN
-------------------------------
(x) ;w;e~ dFkka Ük`.kqr
-------------------------------
fVIi.kh
(?k) rkS iQykfu [kknrke~
fdef/xre~\

yo% ijkØeh ohj% ckyd% vfLrA l ,dy% ,o pUnzdsrks% leLrlSU;k; vye~A

yo% t`EHkdkL=kiz;ksxs fl¼% vfLrA

pUnzdsrq% U;k;;q¼fiz;% ohj% vfLrA l ,dya yoe~ mn~fn'; cgwuka lSfudkuka ;q¼a
n`"V~ok yTtrsA

pUnzdsrq% xq.kkfr'k;kr~ yoa iz'kalfrA

^inkfruk lg inkfr% ,o ;q¼ dq;kZr~* bfr ohjk.kka j?kw.kka pkfj=ki¼fr% vfLrA

fo'ks"k.kL; fo'ks";insu lg lekl% deZ/kj;rRiq#"klekl% dF;rsA

mies; inL; miekuinsu lg vfi lekl% HkofrA

yksV~ydkjs iz;qDrokD;kuka okP;ifjorZudkS'kye~A

^bfr* ^ek* ^vye~* vO;;kuka okD;s"kq iz;ksx%A
;ksX;rfoLrkj%
(d)
(i)
dfo&ifjp;%& ^HkoHkwfr* fonHkZ izns'k esa in~eiqj ds fuoklh FksA budk fLFkfrdky
700 bZ- ;k lkroha 'krkCnh dk mÙkjk¼Z ekuk tkrk gSA budk tUe mnqEcjoa'k
czkã.kksa ds ifjokj esa gqvk FkkA buds firk dk uke ^uhyd.B* rFkk ekrk dk uke
^trqd.khZ* FkkA buds xq# dk uke ^Kkufuf/* FkkA ^Jhd.B* mudh mikf/ FkhA os
lHkh 'kkL=kksa ds Kkrk rFkk jlfl¼ dfo FksA
laLÑr
173
rstlka fg u o;% leh{;rs
(ii) Ñfrifjp;& ^HkoHkwfr* dh rhu jpuk,¡ izfl¼ gSaA 1& ekyrhek/oe~ 2&
egkohjpfjre~ rFkk 3& mÙkjjkepfjre~A ;s rhuksa ukVd gSaA ^mÙkjjkepfjre~* budh
loZizfl¼ jpuk gSA blesa lkr vad gSaA ^mÙkjjkepfjr* dh dFkk oLrq jkek;.k ij
vk/kfjr gS ftls ^HkoHkwfr* us viuh dYiuk ls [kwc ltk;k gSA ^^mÙkjs jkepfjrs
HkoHkwfrfoZf'k";rs**A
fVIi.kh
(iii) HkkofoLrkj%
(d) xq.kk% iwtkLFkkua xqf.k"kq u p fyaxa u p o;%A
(mRrjjkepfjrs)
([k) Lusg'p fufeÙklO;is{k% bfr foizfrf"k¼esrr~A
(mÙkjjkepfjrs)
(x) u [kyq u [kyq ck.k% lfUuikR;ks¿;efLeu~
e`nqfu e`x'kjhjs rwyjk'kkfookfXu%AA
(vfHkKku'kkdqUrye~)
(?k) dqya o`Ùksu j{;rsA
(Ä) O;fr"ktfr inkFkkZukUrj% dks¿fi gsrq%A
u [kyq cfg:ik/hu~ izhr;% laJ;UrsAA
([k) Hkk"kkfoLrkj%
174
1-
deZ/kj;lekl%& tc nks inksa esa ls izFke in fo'ks"k.k rFkk f}rh; in fo'ks";
gksrk gS ;k ,d in mieku rFkk nwljk in mies; gks rks ogk¡ deZ/kj; lekl gksrk
gSA foxzg djus ij nksuksa inksa esa izFkek foHkfDr gksrh gS rFkk fyax o opu Hkh ,d
leku gksrs gSaA ;g lekl rRiq#"k dk gh Hksn gS blfy, bl lekl esa Hkh mÙkj in
iz/ku gksrk gSA tSls xkSjiq#"k% ¾ xkSj% iq#"k%A (;gk¡ foxzg esa nksuksa inksa esa izFkek
foHkfDr gS] fyax o opu Hkh ,d leku gSaA izFke in fo'ks"k.k gS vkSj nwljk in
fo'ks";A
(i)
fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks"; deZ/kj;
leLrine~
Ñ".kliZ%
ohjiq#"k%
¾
¾
foxzg%
Ñ".k% p vlkS liZ%
ohj% p vlkS iq#"k%
egkiq#"k%
¾
egku~ p vlkS iq#"k%
fnO;dFkk
¾
fnO;k p vlkS dFkk
ve`rok.kh
¾
ve`rk p vlkS ok.kh
LoPNoL=ke~
¾
LoPNa p rr~ oL=ke~
uhydeye~
¾
uhya p rr~ deye~
ikB~;iqLrde~
¾
ikB~;a p rr~ iqLrde~
laLÑr
rstlka fg u o;% leh{;rs
(ii) mieku&mies; deZ/kj;%
2-
leLr ine~
?ku';ke%
foxzg%
?ku% bo ';ke%
iq#"kflag%
iq#"k% flag% bo
eq[kdeye~
eq[ke~ deye~ bo
fo|k/ue~
fo|k ,o /ue~
;'kks/ue~
;'k% ,o /ue~
iq#"k'kknwZy%
iq#"k% 'kknwZy% bo
fVIi.kh
deZokP; ,oa HkkookP; esa yV~ o yksV~ ydkj esa dqN /krqvksa ds :i
iB~ (i<+uk)] xe~ (xPN~) tkuk
yV~ (orZeku dky)
,dopue~
f}opue~
cgqopue~
izFke iq#"k
iB~;rs
iB~;srs
iB~;Urs
izFke iq#"k
xE;rs
xE;srs
xE;Urs
yksV~ (vkKkFkZd)
izFke iq#"k
iB~;rke~
iB~;srke~
iB~;Urke~
izFke iq#"k
xE;rke~
xE;srke~
xE;Urke~
(3) yksV~ ydkjs iz;qDrokD;kuka okP;ifjorZue~
okP; rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSaA 1- dr`ZokP; 2- deZokP; 3- HkkookP;A drZ`okP; esa drkZ
esa izFkek rFkk deZ esa f}rh;k foHkfÙkQ gksrh gSA blesa fØ;k ds vuqlkj iz;qÙkQ fd;s tkrs
gSa tcfd deZokP; esa drkZ esa r`rh;k foHkfÙkQ rFkk deZ esa izFkek foHkfÙkQ gksrh gSA
deZ&okP; esa fØ;k ds opu rFkk iq#"k deZ ds vuqlkj iz;qÙkQ fd;s tkrs gSaA HkkookP;
esa deZokP; dh gh rjg drkZ esa r`rh;k foHkfÙkQ gksrh gS fdUrq pw¡fd HkkookP; esa deZ
ugha gksrk vr% fØ;k in dk dsoy izFke iq#"k] ,d opu esa gh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS
'ks"k vU; lHkh dkjdksa esa muds vuqlkj gh foHkfÙkQ;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] tSls
dj.k esa r`rh;k] lEiznku esa prqFkhZ vkfnA vki yV~ ydkj (orZeku dky) esa
okP;ifjorZu blls iwoZ i<+ pqds gksaxsA ;gk¡ ij yksV~ ydkj (vkKk nsuk) esa iz;qDr okD;ksa
ds okP;ifjorZu dks mnkgj.k }kjk Li"V fd;k x;k gS&
laLÑr
175
rstlka fg u o;% leh{;rs
fVIi.kh
drZ`okP;e~
HkkookP;e~@deZokP;e~
1- cky% xPNrq
ckysu xE;rke~
2- l% glrq
rsu gL;rke~
3- Roe~ xPN
Ro;k xE;rke~
4- mek ikBa iBrq
me;k ikB% iB~;rke~
5- Nk=k% ukVda i';rq
Nk=ks.k ukVda n`';rke~
6- Roe~ v=k vkxPN
Ro;k v=k vkxE;rke~
7- Roe~ dFkka Ük`.kq
Ro;k dFkk Jw;rke~
(4) bfr] ek] vye~] vO;;kuka iz;ksx%
bfr (,slk] bruk) bl vO;; dk iz;ksx fdlh Hkh xzUFk ds mnkgj.k dks Li"V djus ds
fy, ;k fdlh ds dFku dks mn~/`r djrs gq, fd;k tkrk gSA tSls
(i)
Jhen~Hkxonxhrk mifn'kfr& ^^deZ.;sokf/dkjLrs** bfrA
(ii)
eq.Mdksifu"kn~ mifn'kfr& ^^lR;eso t;rs** bfrA
(iii) rSfÙkjh;ksifu"kn~ mifn'kfr& ^^lR;a on] /eZ pj** bfrA
(iv) uhfr'krde~ mifn'kfr& ^^okXHkw"k.ke~ Hkw"k.ke~** bfrA
^ek* (er) ^ek* vO;; dk iz;ksx ^yksV~ ydkj esa gksrk gSA tSls
Roe~ lR;a u onfl ¾ Roe~ vlR;a ek onA
Roe~ izkr% foyEcsu u mfÙk"B ¾ Roa izkr% foyEcsu ek mfÙk"BA
vye~ (cl] i;kZIr) ^cl* vFkZ eas iz;qDr ^vye~* ds ;ksx esa r`rh;k gksrh gSA vkSj
^i;kZIr* vFkZ esa iz;qDr ^vye~* ds ;ksx esa prqFkhZ gksrh gSA tSls&
(i)
vya dksykgysu (cl gks pqdk 'kksj@'kksj cUn djks)
(ii)
vya fooknsu (cl gks pqdk >xM+k@>xM+k cUn djks)
vye~ (i;kZIr) vFkZ esa&
176
(i)
bne~ Hkkstua ckyk; vye~ (;g Hkkstu ckyd ds fy, i;kZIr gS)
(ii)
v;e~ mins'k% rqH;e~ vye~ (;g mins'k rqEgkjs fy, dkiQh gS)
laLÑr
rstlka fg u o;% leh{;rs
ikBkUriz'uk%
1-
fVIi.kh
v/ksfyf[kriz'ukuke~ mÙkjkf.k laLÑrHkk"k;k fy[krA
(d) yo% dhn`'k% ckyd% vfLr\
-----------------------------------------------------------------([k) f}jn&rqjx&L;UnuLFkk% dL; lSfudk% vklu~\
-----------------------------------------------------------------(x) dhn`'k% i{kikr% izfrfØ;k;ksX;% u Hkofr\
-----------------------------------------------------------------(?k) rstlka fg u o;% leh{;rs bfr 'kh"kZde~ vk/`re~ vfLr\
-----------------------------------------------------------------(Ä) ikBks¿;e~ dLekr~ xzUFkkr~ ladfyr%\ d'p rL; ys[kd%\
------------------------------------------------------------------
2-
3-
,rkfu okD;kfu ?kVukØes.k iqu% fy[krA
(d) pUnzdsrks% lSfudS% lg yoL; ;q¼e~ HkofrA
-------------
([k) pUnzdsrq% }U};q¼k; yoe~ vkà;frA
-------------
(x) yoL; ijkØes.k pUnzdsrks% lSfudk% izfrfuorZUrsA
-------------
(?k) yo% t`EHkdkL=ka eq×pfrA
-------------
(Ä) ija rnSo pUnzdsrks% leLrk lsuk iqu% yoa izfr vkØkE;frA
-------------
(p) rsu lokZ lsuk fu'ps"Vk HkofrA
-------------
(N) inkfruk yosu lg ;ks¼qa pUnzdsrq% Lo;efi jFkkr~ vorjfr
-------------
mi;qDrinsu fjDrLFkkuiwfr± dq#r
(d) ------------- yosu lg cgwuka ;q¼kjEHk% u 'kksHkrsA (,dkfduk@,dkfdue~)
([k) Roe~ xq.kkfr'k;kr~ es ------------- l[kk vflA (fiz;k@fiz;%)
(x) v;s! fde~ bnkuhe~ lSU;?kks"kk% ------------- (iz'kkUrk%@iz'kkUr%)
(?k) vfLeu e`nq'kjhjs dFka 'kjk% ------------- (eksDrO;e~@eksDrO;k%)
laLÑr
177
rstlka fg u o;% leh{;rs
4-
leLrinkfu jp;rA
(i)
foLe;su lfgre~
(ii)
fiz;a n'kZua ;L; l%
fVIi.kh
(iii) jkK% iq=k%
(iv) ohj% iq#"k%
(v)
5-
e`nq 'kjhje~ rfLeu~
yksV~ydkjs iz;qDrokD;kuka yksV~ydkjs ,o okP;ifjorZua dq#rA
(d) dr`ZokP;e~
;Fkk Roe~ gl
HkkookP;e~
Ro;k gL;rke~
(i)
Roe~ fr"B
----------------------------------------
(ii)
l% i=ka fy[krq (deZokP;s)
----------------------------------------
(iii) Nk=kk% x`ga xPNUrq
----------------------------------------
(iv) ckfydk% ikBa iBUrq
----------------------------------------
([k) v/ksfyf[krs"kq okD;s"kq ^bfr* ^ek* ^vye~* vO;;kuka iz;ksxa dq#rA
(i)
dkya O;Fk± ------------- u;A
(ii)
Lo/eZs fu/ua Js;% ------------- xhrk mifn'kfrA
(iii) ;=k uk;ZLrq iwT;Urs jeUrs r=k nsork% ------------- euq% dFk;frA
(iv) ,rn~/ua thouk; -------------
6- pUnzdsrks% pfj=ka i×pokD;s"kq fy[krA
mÙkjkf.k
cks/iz'uk%
1- (d) yole{ka] ([k) lw;d
Z y
q dqekjL;] (x) vftroh;Z]a (?k) ohjpkfj=ki¼fr%
2-
178
d] (iii) [k] (iv) x] (i) ?k] (ii)
laLÑr
rstlka fg u o;% leh{;rs
ikBxriz'uk% 21-1
1-
d- yoL;] [k- yoe~] x- yoL;] ?k- izlUuddZ'kk]
2-
(i) lqeU=k% pUnzdsrqa izfr] (ii) yo% pUnzdsrqe~ izfr]
fVIi.kh
(iii) lqeU=k% pUnzdsrqa izfr] (ii) pUnzdsrq% lqeU=ka izfr]
3-
(i) vk;Z! (ii) oRl! (iii) dqekj! (iv) egkckgks! (v) jktiq=k!
ikBxriz'uk% 21-2
1-
(d) pUnzdsrks%] ([k) yosu] (x) fp=kfyf[krfeo] (?k) okYehds%
2-
(d)  ([k)  (x)  (?k) 
ikBxriz'uk% 21-3
1-
(d) Hkwrkfu] ([k) pUnzdsrq%] (x) j?kqflagkuke~] (?k) lw;ZdqydqekjL;
2-
(d) $4 ([k) $5 (x) $ 1 (?k) $3 (Ä) $ 2
3-
(d) ØhMfUr ([k) xPNfl (x) Ük`.kqFk (?k) [kknr%
ikBkariz'uk%
1-
(d) yo% ijkØeh ohj% ckyd% vfLrA
([k) pUnzdsrks% (x) vgsrq% (?k) yoe~ (Ä) mRrjjkepfjrkr~] HkoHkwfr%
2-
d- x- [k- Ä- ?k- p- N
3-
(d) ,dkfduk ([k) fiz;% (x) iz'kkUrk% (?k) eksDrO;k%
4-
(i) lfoLe;e~ (ii) fiz;n'kZu% (iii) jktiq=k% (iv) ohjiq#"k% (v) e`nq'kjhjs
5- (d) (i) Ro;k LFkh;rke~ (ii) rsu i=ka fy[;rke~ (iii) Nk=kS% x`ga xE;rke~ (iv)
ckfydkfHk% ikB% iB~;rke~
([k) (i) ek (ii) bfr (iii) bfr (iv) vye~
6-
1- pUnzdsrq% U;k;;q¼fiz;% ohj% vfLrA
2- l% ,dysu yosu lg cgwuka ;q¼a n`"V~ok yTtrsA
3- l% yoa izfr }U};q¼k; dFk;frA
4- l% xq.kkfr'k;kr~ yoe~ l[kk bfr dFk;frA
5- inkfra yoa n`"V~ok jFkkr~ vorh;Z {kk=k/eZL; ikyua djksfrA
laLÑr
179

पीडीएफ फाइल जो नई विंडों में खुलती है।

पीडीएफ फाइल जो नई विंडों में खुलती है।