iq=kks¿ga i`fFkO;k%
fVIi.kh
19
iq=kks¿ga i`fFkO;k%
izkphu
dky esa euq"; dk thou izÑfr dh xksn esa gh iyrk FkkA izÑfr us gesa cgqr
dqN ns j[kk gS tSls ok;q] ty] tho&tarq] LFky vkSj o`{k vkfnA i'kq&i{kh] o`{k] yrk
bR;kfn gekjs ifjokj ds vax gh FksA nksuksa dk thou ,d nwljs ij vkfJr FkkA ekuo }kjk
viuh ykyp dh iwfrZ esa izÑfr dk euekuk nksgu djus ls izkÑfrd mQtkZ nwf"kr vkSj
foyqIr gks jgh gS vkSj izÑfr esa vlUrqyu gks jgk gS] bu lcdk laj{k.k izÑfr laj{k.k
dgykrk gSA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa Hkwfe dks ekrk ds leku ekuk x;k gS vkSj ^ge i`Foh
ds iq=k vkSj iqf=k;k¡ gSa\ ,slh Hkkouk dks ysdj ge lcdks pyuk pkfg, ;g fl[kk;k x;k
gS] blls ge izÑfr ds izfr tkx:d jg ldsaxs vkSj i`Foh dks gh ugha cfYd iwjs
okrkoj.k dks iznwf"kr gksus ls cpkus dk dk;Z djsaxsA laLÑr okÄ~e; esa izÑfr laj{k.k ds
izfr tkx:drk feyrh gSA bl ikB esa geus izÑfr laj{k.k ls lacaf/r 'yksdksa dks fy;k
gS tks gesa okrkoj.k 'kqf¼ vkSj izÑfr&laj{k.k dh f'k{kk iznku djrs gSaA vkb;s ge buesa
ls dqN dk vè;;u djsaA
mn~ns';kfu
bea ikBa ifBRok Hkoku~&Hkofr
124

i;kZoj.kj{k.kL;ksik;ku~ o.kZf;";fr@ysf[k";fr_

ikBxri|kuka lLoja ikBa dfj";fr_

i|kukeUo;a ysf[k";fr_

'yksdHkkoek/`R; iz'ufuekZ.ka dfj";fr_

cgqozhfgleLrinkuka foxzga dfj";fr_

ikBs fo'ks"k.kkfu vofpR; fo'ks";inS% lg ;kstua dfj";fr_
laLÑre~
iq=kks¿ga i`fFkO;k%
fØ;kdykie~ 19-1
fVIi.kh
fp=k 19-1% m|ksxksa rFkk eksVjxkfM;ksa ls fudys /q¡vk ls i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k
fp=ke~ n`"V~ok fuEufyf[krkuka iz'ukuke~ mÙkjkf.k ys[;kfu
(d)
i;kZoj.klEc¼kuka dklkafpr~ frl`.kka izkÑfrd?kVukuka ukekfu fy[;Urke~A
mÙkje~----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k)
izkÑfrdi;kZoj.kiznw"k.kL; fdefi dkj.k};a fy[;rke~A
mÙkje~~----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x)
v=k èofuiznw"k.kL; fde~ midj.ke~ nf'kZre~\
mÙkje~~----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
19-1 bnkuha ewyikBa iBke%
izFke% ,dka'k%
n'kdwilek okih n'kokihleks ßn%A
n'kßnleks iq=k% n'kiq=kleks nzqe%AA1AA
?k`r{khjiznk xkoks ?k`r;ksU;ks ?k`rksn~Hkok%A
?k`ru|ks ?k`rkoÙkkZLrk esa lUrq lnk x`gsAA2AA
laLÑre~
'kCnkFkkZ%
n'kdwi ¾ nl dq,a] lek ¾ cjkcj]
okih ¾ ckoM+h] ßn% ¾ rkykc]
nzqe ¾ o`{k] ?k`r;ksU;% ¾ ?k`r dh
mRifÙkè;l] ?k`ru|% ¾ ?kh dh ufn;k¡]
mRifRr&LFkku] ?k`rks‰ok% ¾ ?kh ls gh
tks mRiUu gqbZ gSa]
?k`rkorkZ% ¾ ?kh dh Hkaojs vkorZ ftlesa
iM+rh gSa ,slh] Eyk;rs ¾ eqj>k tkrs
gSa] Rod~ ¾ Nky] iq.;kiq.;S% ¾ iq.;
rFkk viq.;] ifo=k rFkk vifo=k djus
okys] xU/S/wZiS'p ¾ xU/ vkSj /wi ls]
vjksxk% ¾ uhjksx% iqf"irk% ¾ dqlqfer]
iknik% ¾ o`{k ft?kzfUr ¾ lw¡?krs gSa]
125
iq=kks¿ga i`fFkO;k%
iq.;kiq.;SLrFkk xU/S/wZiS'p fofo/SjfiA
vjksxk% iqf"irk% lfUr rLekfTt?kzfUr iknik%AA3AA
fVIi.kh
Å"er% ¾ xehZ ls] Eyk;rs ¾ eqj>k
tkrs gSa] Rod~ ¾ Nky] 'kh;Zrs ¾ xy
tkrk gS] iqafHk% ¾ euq";ksa ds }kjk]
iknikuka ¾ ikS/ksa ds] ew=ka ¾ is'kkc]
iqjh"ka ¾ ey] vIlq ¾ ty esa] u
le`Rl`tsr~ ¾ u NksM+s] vesè;kfyIra ¾
u [kkus ;ksX; oLrq ls fyIr] yksfgra
¾ [kwu] "Bhoua ¾ Fkwd] fo"kkf.k ¾
fo"k vFkok fo"kfefJr inkFkZ ]
tyk'k;lqfuHkZja ¾ tyk'k; ij vkfJr
(gksrk gS)] laj{;a ¾ lajf{kr djus
;ksX;] o/Zuh;a ¾ c<+kus ;ksX;] jf{kra
¾ lqjf{kr j[kk x;k] j{kfr ¾ j{kk
djrk gS] uH;a ¾ vkdk'kh; Hkkx gS
mQtZLrUo% ¾ iks"kd rRo] /sfg ¾
LFkkfir djks] ioLo ¾ ifo=k djks
mQ"erks Eyk;rs o.kZLRod~ iQya iq"ieso pA
Xyk;rs 'kh;Zrs pkfi Li'kZLrsuk=k fo|rsAA4AA
f¼rh;% ,dka'k%
Hkwfenkusu ;s yksdk xksnkusu p dhfrZrk%A
rs yksdk% izkI;Urs iqafHk% iknikuka izjksg.ksAA5AA
ukIlq ew=ka iqjh"ka ok "Bhoua ok leqRl`tsr~A
ves/~;kfyIreU;}k yksfgra ok fo"kkf.k okAA6AA
thoua loZizkf.kuka tyk'k;lqfuHkZje~A
laj{;a o/Zuh;a u tya j{kfr jf{kre~AA7AA
;Ùks eè;a i`fFkfo ;Pp uH;a
;kLr ÅtZLrUo% lacHkwoq%A
rklq uks /sg~;fHk u% ioLo
ekrk Hkwfe% iq=kks¿ga i`fFkO;k%AA8AA
cks/iz'uk%
1- fjÙkQ LFkkukuka iwfrZ% fo/s;k
(d) n'kdwileks -----------------------------A
([k) n'kiq=kleks -----------------------------A
(x) ?k`r{khjiznk -----------------------------A
(?k) es lUrq lnk -----------------------------A
(Ä) rLekfTt?kzfUr -----------------------------A
(p) Li'kZLrsuk=k -----------------------------A
(N) xksnkusu p -----------------------------A
(t) ekrk Hkwfe% -----------------------------A
2- ewyikBef/ÑR; fuEufyf[krkFkkZuqlkja laLÑr'kCnk% fy[;Urke~
d- ckoM+h]
[k- dqvk¡]
x- o`{k]
?k- ?kh]
p- nw/]
N- ikS/k]
t- xehZ]
>- [kwu
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------126
laLÑre~
iq=kks¿ga i`fFkO;k%
3- dks"Bdkn~ ,deqÙkja fpRok fy[;rke~
(d) d% n'kdwi leks (ßn%@okih) -----------------------------A
([k) xko% fde~ ;PNfUr ({khja@uhja) -----------------------------A
fVIi.kh
(x) vIlq fde~ u leqRl`tsr~ (fo"kkf.k@fufoZ"kkf.k) -----------------------------A
(?k) thoua dq=k lqfuHkZje~ (cys@tys) -----------------------------A
19-2-1 izFke% ,dka'k%
01 'yksdr% ------- 04 i;ZUre~
n'kdwilek okih n'kokihleks ßn%A
n'kßnle% iq=k% n'kiq=kleks nzqe%AA1AA
vUo;%
okih n'kdwile (Hkofr)] ßn% n'kokihle% (Hkofr)] iq=k% n'kßnle% (Hkofr) (p)]
nzqe% n'kiq=kle% (Hkofr)A
O;k[;k% n'k dqvksa ds cjkcj ,d ckoM+h gksrh gS] nl ckofM+;ksa ds cjkcj ,d rkykc]
gksrk gS] nl rkykcksa ds cjkcj ,d iq=k vkSj nl iq=kksa ds cjkcj ,d o`{k gksrk gSA bl
'yksd esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds izfr tkx:drk fn[kkbZ xbZ gSA ;g lwfDr iqjk.kksa esa vkrh
gSA bldk eq[; rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ,d o`{k n'k iq=kksa ds leku egÙoiw.kZ gksrk gSA blfy,
gesa o`{k yxkus pkfg,¡] o`{k ls u dsoy yxkus okys dks vfirq fdlh Hkh ifFkd dks
LoPN gok] Nk;k vkSj iQy feyrs gSaA
HkkokFkZ%
dwikuka [kuua iq.;a dk;ZefLrA okI;k% fuekZ.ka rrks¿fi n'kxqf.kra iQya nnkfrA ,oeso ßn%
n'kokihlea] iq=k n'kßnlea o`{kL; vkjksi.k×p n'kiq=klea iQya nnkfrA
O;kdj.kfcUno%
lekl%
n'kdwilek ¾ n'kfHk% dwiS% lek] r`rh;krRiq#"k] n'kokihle% ¾ n'kfHk% okihfHk% le%
r`rh;krRiq#"klekl%] ^n'kßnle%* ,oa ^n'kiq=kle%* esa Hkh ;gh foxzg ,oa lekl gksaxsA
laLÑre~
127
iq=kks¿ga i`fFkO;k%
lfU/foPNsn
n'kokihleks ân% ¾ n'kokihle% gn%]
fVIi.kh
?k`r{khjiznk xkoks ?k`r;ksU;ks ?k`rksn~Hkok%A
?k`ru|ks ?k`rkoÙkkZLrk es lUrq lnk x`gsAA2AA
vUo;%
xko% ?k`r{khjiznk ?k`r;ksU;% ?k`rksn~Hkok% (lfUr)A rk% ?k`ru|% ?k`rkorkZ% (lfUr)] (,oa
Hkwrk% xko%) lnk ee x`gs lUrqA
O;k[;k% xkS,a nw/ vkSj ?kh iznku djus okyh gSaA os ?k`r dh mRifRr LFkku gSa vkSj ?kh dh
mRifRr esa dkjd gSaA os ?kh dh ufn;k¡ gSa] muesa ?kh dh Hkojsa jgrh gSaA ,slh xkS,a lnk esjs
?kj esa jgsaA i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dh n`f"V ls xk;ksa dk Hkh egÙo laLÑr lkfgR; esa ;=k r=k
feyrk gSA xk,¡ LokLF; dh n`f"V ls Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gSaA budk nqX/] ?k`r rks mi;ksxh gS gh]
ew=k Hkh vkS"k/h; xq.kksa ds dkj.k mi;ksxh cryk;k x;k gSA
HkkokFkZ%μ xko% ?k`ra nqX/a p iznnfrA rklka nqX/a ?k`ra p vk;q%dkjda HkoR;so] rklka
ew=kefi vkS"k/h;S% xq.kS% ;qÙkaQ HkofrA vr ,o Hkkjrh;laLÑrkS xoka iwtk fØ;rsA
O;kdj.kfcUno%
laf/foPNsn%
?k`rksn~Hkok% ¾ ?k`r $ mn~Hkok%
?k`rkorkZLrk% ¾ ?k`r $ vkorkZ% $ rk%
lekl%
?k`r{khjiznk% ¾ ?k`ra{khja p iznnkfr bfr {khjizn$Vki~ ¾ {khjiznk] cgqopus {khjiznk%
(miin lekl)] ?k`r;ksU;% ¾ ?k`rL; ;ksU;%] "k"BhrRiq#"klekl] ?k`rks‰ok% ¾ /`rL;
m‰o% mRifÙk% Hkofr ;kH;% rk% cgqczhfglekl
inifjp;%
xko% ¾ xks 'kCn L=khfy- izFkek foHkfDr cgqopu
es ¾ vLen~ 'kCn "k"Bh ,dopu
x`gs ¾ x`g 'kCn] iqa- ,oa uiqa- (nksuksa esa) lIreh ,dopu
iq.;kiq.;SLrFkk xU/S/wZiS'p fofo/SjfiA
vjksxk% iqf"irk% lfUr rLekfTt?kzfUr iknik%AA3AA
128
laLÑre~
iq=kks¿ga i`fFkO;k%
vUo;%
iq.;kiq.;S% rFkk fofo/S% vfi xU/S/wZiS% (lfgrk%) vjksxk% iqf"irk% iknik% lfUr rLekr~
ft?kzfUr pA
fVIi.kh
O;k[;k% vPNh cqjh xa/ vkSj rjg rjg ds /wiksa ls o`{k uhjksx vkSj iqf"ir gksrs gSa] iQwyrs
gSaA tSls ukSlknj vkSj pwuk lwa?kus ls liZ dk dkVk iq#"k ewPNkZ R;kx lpsr gks tkrk gS oSls
gh xa/ dk izHkko o`{kksa ij Hkh gksrk gSA vr% dguk gksxk fd o`{k lw¡?krs gSa] mUgsa Hkh
izk.ksfUnz; izkIr gSaA
HkkokFkZ% o`{ks"ofi thoua HkofrA rLeknsors'olfUr] ft?kzfUr p fofo/ku~ xU/ku~A rsu
uhjksxk o`{kk% vf/da iqf"irk% iQyoUr'p HkofUrA
O;kdj.kfcUno%
lfU/PNsn%
iq.;kiq.;SLrFkk ¾ iq.; $ viq.;S% $ rFkk
rLekfTt?kzfUr ¾ rLekr~ $ ft?kzfUr
inifjp;%
iqf"irk% ¾ iqf"ir 'kCn izFkek cgqopu
iknik% ¾ ikni 'kCn izFkek cgqopu
mQ"erks Eyk;rs o.kZLRod~ iQya iq"ieso pA
Xyk;rs 'kh;Zrs pkfi Li'kZLrsuk=k fo|rsAA4AA
vUo;%&
iQye~ iq"ie~ ,oe~ p o.kZLRod~ p mQ"er% Eyk;rs 'kh;Zrs] rsu Li'kZ% vfi v=k fo|rsA
O;k[;k%& tSls xehZ ds fnuksa esa xehZ yxus ls gekjk psgjk eqj>k tkrk gS oSls gh o`{kksa
ds o.kZ Ropk] iQy] iq"i Hkh eqj>kdj 'kh.kZ gks tkrs gSa] vr% fl¼ gksrk gS fd gekjh
gh rjg o`{kksa esa Hkh RofxfUnz; gSA
HkkokFkZ%& vf/da m".kRoa o`{kk.kke~ vfi o.k± Roxkfn p efyua djksfrA rsu bna
lqLi"VefLr ;r~ o`{kk.kka Rofp thoua HkofrA
O;kdj.kfcUno%
lfU/PNsn%
o.kZLRod~ ¾ o.kZ% $ Rod~
Li'kZLrsuk=k ¾ Li'kZ% $ rsu $ v=k
laLÑre~
129
iq=kks¿ga i`fFkO;k%
inifjp;%
Eyk;rs ¾ EyS /krq (vkRo) ¾ Eyk] deZokP; vkReusin] yV~ ydkj ,dofVIi.kh
'kh;Zrs ¾ 'k` ?kkrq] deZokP;] yV~ydkj iz- iq- ,doXyk;rs ¾ XyS /krq (vkRo) ¾ Xyk] deZokP;] yV~ydkj] iz-iq- ,dofo|rs ¾ fon /krq vkReusin yV~ ydkj izFke iq#"k ,d opu
ikBxriz'uk% 19-1
1- lR;e~ () vlR;e~ (X) ok fpßsu dks"Bs vÄïua fØ;rke~
(d) n'kdwileks gzn%A
([k) ?k`r;ksU;% ?k`rksn~Hkok% xko%A
(x) iknik% u ft?kzfUrA
(?k) iQya iq"ia p Eyk;rsA
(Ä) iQys iq"is p Li'kZ% fo|rs
2- v/ksfyf[kriz'uku~ laLÑrHkk"k;k mÙkjr
(d) nzqe% dfr iq=kle% vfLr\
([k) ?k`rksn~Hkok% dk% lfUr\
(x) rLekr~ ds ft?kzfUr\
(?k) Li'kZ% dq=k fo|rs\
(M) dk% lUrq lnk es x`gs\
3- mi;qDrinS% fjDrLFkkua iw;Zrke~
(d) n'kßnleks -------------------------A (iq=k%@nqze%)
([k) es lUrq -------------------------x`gsA (lnk@dnk)
(x) vjksxk% -------------------------lfUrA (iqf"irk%@dqfRlrk%)
(?k) Li'kZLrsu-------------------------fo|rsA (v=k@r=k)
130
laLÑre~
iq=kks¿ga i`fFkO;k%
19-2-2 f}rh;% ,dka'k%
05 'yksdr% ------- 08 i;ZUre~
fVIi.kh
Hkwfenkusu ;s yksdk xksnkusu p dhfrZrk%A
rs yksdk% izkI;Urs iqafHk% iknikuka izjksg.ksAA5AA
vUo;%
;s yksdk% Hkwfenkusu xksnkusu p (yksds) dhfrZrk%] iqafHk% rs yksdk% iknikuke~ izjksg.ks vfi
(izkI;Urs)
O;k[;k% yksd vFkok lekt esa dqN yksx Hkwfe nku ls vkSj dqN yksx xks nku ls iz'kalk
izkIr djrs gSaA mlh rjg lekt esa ,sls yksx Hkh gSa tks o`{k yxkdj yksxksa dh iz'kalk dk
ik=k curs gSaA vkt ds ;qx esa Hkh i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds fy, isM+ yxkus ls vPNk dksbZ Hkh
mÙke dk;Z ugha gSA
HkkokFkZ% o`{kk.kke~ vkjksi.ksu iq.;a yHkUrs ekuok% e`R;ks% vuUrja mÙkeku~ yksdku~ p
yHkUrsA xksnkua Hkwfenkua p ;Fkk Js;Ldja rFkSo o`{kkjksi.kefiA
O;kdj.kfcUno%
;s
dhfrZrk%
iqafHk%
izjksg.ks
¾
¾
¾
¾
;r~ loZuke iqfY¡yx] izFkek] cgqodhrZ~ $ ÙkQ izR;;] iqa- izFkek] cgqoiqal~ 'kCn] r`rh;k cgqoiz iwoZd #g~ /krq] Y;qV~] lIreh ,doukIlq ew=ka iqjh"ka ok "Bhoua ok leRl`tsr~A
vesè;kfyIreU;}k yksfgra ok fo"kkf.k okAA6AA
vUo;%
ew=ke~] iqjh"ke~] ok "Bhoue~] yksfgre~] fo"kkf.k] vesè;kfyIre~ vU;r~ ok vIlq u
leqRl`tsr~A
O;k[;k% liQkbZ vFkkZr~ LoPNrk gekjs vius LokLF; ds fy, fdruh vko';d gS ;g
ge lc tkurs gSaA liQkbZ ds fy, ge izfrfnu ljdkjh vkns'k rFkk LokLF; ls lacaf/r
tkudkjh ikrs jgrs gSaA ;gk¡ ij euqLe`fr dk ;g 'yksd gesa crk jgk gS fd eyew=k] Fkwd]
dksbZ xanh oLrq] jDr ([kwwu) vkSj fo"k vFkok fo"kSyh oLrqvksa dks gesa ufn;ksa esa ugha
fxjkuk pkfg, D;ksafd blls ikuh nwf"kr gks tkrk gS ftlls rjg rjg ds jksx iQSy tkrs
gSaA
laLÑre~
131
iq=kks¿ga i`fFkO;k%
HkkokFkZ% Hkkjrh;laLÑrkS unhuka iwtk fØ;rsA rklq vU;s"kqok tyk'k;s"kq eyknhuka fo"kknhuka
p mRlxZ% fuf"kn%
è orZrsA
fVIi.kh
O;kdj.kfcUno%
lfU/foPNsn
ukIlq ¾ u $ vIlq
vesè;kfyIre~ ¾ vesè; $ vkfyIre~
vU;}k ¾ vU;r~ $ ok
leqRl`tsr~ ¾ le~] mr~] l`t~ /krq fof/fyÄ~ izFkeiq#"k ,dopu
lekl
vesè;su vkfyIre~ r`rh;krRiq#"k inifjp; vIl ¾ vi~'kCn L=khfy- lIreh] cgqo"Bhoue~ ¾ "Bho $ Y;qV~ izR;;a (¾ vu) uiqa- f}rh;k] ,dopuA
thoua loZizkf.kuka tyk'k;lqfuHkZje~A
laj{;a o/Zuh;a p tya j{kfr jf{kre~AA7AA
vUo;%
loZizkf.kuke~ thoue~ tyk'k;lqfuHkZje~A (;r%) jf{kre~ tye~ j{kfr (vr%) tye~
(loSZjso) laj{;e~ o?kZuh;e~ pA
O;k[;k% ty i;kZoj.k dk izeq[k vax gSA ty gh leLr izkf.k;ksa ds thou dk vk/kj
gSA leLr izk.kh ufn;ksa] dwiksa] rkykcksa ;k vU; tyk'k;ksa ds tyksa dk fofo/ :iksa esa
mi;ksx djrs gSaA vr% gesa mu tyk'k;ksa ds tyksa dh lnk j{kk djuh pkfg, rFkk mudh
o`f¼ dk iz;kl djuk pkfg, D;ksafd jf{kr ty gh gekjh j{kk djrk gSA vr,o gesa tya
dks dHkh Hkh iznwf"kr ugha djuk pkfg,A ;tqosZn esa dgk x;k gS& ek¿iks vkS"k/hfg±lh%
(;tq- 6-22) vFkkZr~ ty vkSj vkS"kf/;ksa dk fouk'k er djksA
HkkokFkZ% tyL;kHkkos izkf.kuka thoua u';fr vr% LothouL; ijs"kk×p thouL; j{kk;S
loSZ% ,o u dsoya tyL; j{kk dj.kh;k% vfirq rVkxkns% fuekZ.ksu rL; o`f¼jfi dj.kh;kA
O;kdj.kfcUno%
lekl%
tyk'k;% & tykuke~ vk'k;% & "k"Bh rRiq#"k
132
laLÑre~
iq=kks¿ga i`fFkO;k%
lqfuHkZje~&lE;d~ fuHkZje~] deZ/kj;% rRiq#"k
tyk'k;fuHkZje~&tykk'k;s"kq fuHkZje~] lIreh rRiq#"k
fVIi.kh
inifjp;%
laj{;e~ & le~ milxZ] j{k~ /krq] .;r~ izR;;&uiqa- izFkek ,doo/Zuh;e~ & o`/~ /krq] vuh;j~ izR;; uiqa-] izFkek] ,dojf{kre~ & j{k~ /krq] Dr izR;;] uiqa- izFkek ,doizkf.kuke~ & izkf.ku~ 'kCn iqa- "k"Bh cgqo;Rrs eè;a i`fFkfo ;Pp uH;a]
;kLr mQtZLrUo% lacHkwoq%A
rklq uks /sg~;fHk u% ioLo]
ekrk Hkwfe% iq=kks¿ga i`fFkO;k%AA8AA
vUo;%
gs i`fFkfo! rs ;r~ eè;e~ ;r~ p uH;e~ rs ;k% mQtZLrUo% lacHkwoq% rklq u% /sfg] u% vfHk
ioLo] Hkwfe% (ee) ekrk (vfLr) vge~ i`fFkO;k% iq=k% (vfLe)A
O;k[;k% gs i`Foh] tks rqEgkjk eè; Hkkx gS rqEgkjk ukfHk izns'k gS vkSj tks rqeesa iks"kd
rÙo mRiUu gq, gSa] gedks muesa LFkkfir djks vkSj gesa ifo=k djksA gekjh i`Foh /u
/kU; ls ifjiw.kZ gSA blesa iks"kd rÙo Hkjs iM+s gSaA izLrqr ea=k esa ½f"k Lo;a dks muesa
LFkkfir djuk pkgrk gS] og dgrk gS fd Hkwfe esjh ekrk gS vkSj eSa mldk iq=k gw¡A
HkkokFkZ% vfLeu~ eU=ks Hkwfe% ekr`:is.k LrqrkorZrsA o;a losZ rL; iq=kk% Le%A ;fn o;a
i`fFkO;k% j{kka dfj";ke% rfgZ lk loZnk vLeH;a iks"kdkf.k rÙokfu nkL;frA
O;kdj.kfcUno%
laf/PNsn%
;kLrs
¾ ;k% $ rs
ÅtZLrUo% ¾ ÅtZ% $ rUo%
/sg~;fHk
¾ /sfg $ vfHk
iq=kks¿ge~ ¾ iq=k% $ vge~
laLÑre~
133
iq=kks¿ga i`fFkO;k%
in&ifjp;%
lacHkwoq% ¾ le~ iwoZd Hkw /krq fyV~ ydkj izFkeiq#"k cgqopu
fVIi.kh
i`fFkfo
¾ i`fFkoh 'kCn] L=khfy- lEcks/u esa izFkek] ,do-]
ioLo
¾ io~ /krq] yksV~ydkj] vkReus in~ e-iq- ,do-
i`fFkO;k% ¾ i`fFkoh 'kCn "k"Bh ,dopu
u%
¾ vLen~ 'kCn f}rh;k cgqopu
ikBxriz'uk% 19-2
1- dks"Bdkn~ mfpr'kCna x`ghRok fjDrLFkkukfu iw;ZUrke~
(d) rs yksdk% iqafHk% izkI;Urs ----------------------- izjksg.ks (ekndkuka@iknikuka)
([k) u vIlq ----------------------------------- leqRl`tsr~A ("Bhoua@fu"Bhoue~)
(x) thoua ------------------------------------ tyk'k;lqfuHkZje~A ([email protected])
(?k) ekrk Hkwfe% ---------------------------- i`fFkO;k%A (dqiq=kks¿ga@iq=kks¿ga)
2- lR;e~ (
) vlR;e~ (X) ok fpg~u le{ks dks"Bs vÄïua fØ;rke~
(d) Hkwfenkusu xksnkusu p yksdk% dhfrZrk HkofUrA
([k) iknikuka izjksg.ks tuS% ;'k% izkI;rsA
(x) tys yksfgra leqRl`tsr~A
(?k) i`fFkoh vLekda ekrk o;a rL;k% iq=kk%A
(Ä) ekrq% eè;s mQtZLrUo% LFkkfir%A
3- fØ;kinS% fjDrLFkkukfu iw;ZUrke~
134
(d) xksnkusu Hkwfenkusu p tuS% dhfrZ%
--------------------A
([k) vU;r~ p iknikuka izjksg.ks ;'k%
--------------------A
(x) yksfgra] fo"kkf.k] iqjh"ka] ok vIlq u
--------------------A
(?k) jf{kra tya
--------------------A
(Ä) ;kLr mQtZLrUo%
--------------------A
laLÑre~
iq=kks¿ga i`fFkO;k%
4- laf/foPNsn% fØ;rke~
(d) ;Pp
¾ ------------------------A
([k) mQtZLrUo% ¾ ------------------------A
(x) iq=kks¿ga
¾ ------------------------A
(?k) ukIlq
¾ ------------------------A
fVIi.kh
(Ä) leqRl`tsr~ ¾ ------------------------A
fde~ vf/xre~
(d) n'kiq=kleks nzqe%A
([k) ?k`r{khjiznk% xko%A
(x) iknik% vfi ft?kzfUrA
(?k) iknis"kq Li'ksZfUnz;% vfi HkofrA
(Ä) iknikuka izjksg.ksu ;'k% izkI;rsA
(p) tys iqjh"ka "Bhoua ok u leqRl`tsr~A
(N) tya thouefLr] vL; lqj{kk drZO;kA
(t) folxkZr~ ijs Lojs O;Ttus ok vkxrs folXfL; LFkkus ;% fodkj% Hkofr l%
folxZlfU/% mP;rsA
;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
(d) dfo ifjp;
vkius ikB esa i;kZoj.k ls lacaf/r 'yksdksa dk vè;;u fd;k gSA ;s 'yksd vkSj ea=k
eRL; iqjk.k] in~eiqjk.k] egkHkkjr] euqLe`fr rFkk vFkoZosn ls m¼`r gSaA vkius fiNys
ikBksa esa egkHkkjr] euqLe`fr vkSj vFkoZosn ls lacaf/r dqN vU; 'yksd vkSj laokn i<+s
gSaA ;g ikB mu xzaFkksa esa fufgr i;kZoj.k ds izfr ltxrk dk o.kZu djrk gSA osn vikS#"ks;
gSaA Kku&foKku dh lkjh ckrsa gekjs bu xzaFkksa esa Hkjh iM+h gSa ftuds ckjs esa tkudkjh ge
lcdks gksuh pkfg,A fiNys ikBksa esa vkius bu xzaFkksa ds jpf;rkvksa ds ckjs esa i<+k gksxkA
egkHkkjr vkSj iqjk.kksa ds jpf;rk egf"kZ osn O;kl gSa] bl laca/ esa ,d 'yksd Hkh izpfyr
gSA
laLÑre~
135
iq=kks¿ga i`fFkO;k%
^^v"Vkn'kiqjk.ks"kq O;klL; opu};e~A
ijksidkj% iq.;k; ikik; ijihMue~AA**
fVIi.kh
([k) Hkko foLrkj%
(i) 'kdqUryk d.o ½f"k dh iksf"kr iq=kh FkhA og d.o ½f"k ds vkJe esa gh jgrh
FkhA mls o`{kksa] e`xksa vkSj yrkvksa ls cgqr izse FkkA ifrx`g xeu ds le; og o`{kksa
ls fonk ysrh gS rFkk l[kh vkSj cgu ds :i esa yrk dk vkfyÄõu djrh gSA
rkr! yrkHkfxuha ouT;ksRLuka rkonkeU=kf;";s
;g vki vkBosa ikB esa egkdfo dkfynkl ds vfHkKku'kkdqUrye~ ls mn~/`r
fojgdkrja riksoua ikB esa i<+ pqds gSaA
(ii) osnksa esa Hkh dgk x;k gS&
(ou vkSj o`{k) vj.;kuka ir;s ue% (;tq- 16-20)
(taxy ds Lokeh dks ueLdkj)
ek¿iks vkS"k/hfgZalh% (;tq- 6-22)
(ty vkSj vkS"kf/;ksa dk fouk'k er djks)
ueks o`{ksH;% (;tq- 16-17)
(o`{kksa dks ueLdkj gks)
ouLifr ou vkLFkki;èoe~A (½d~ 10-10)
(ou esa ouLifr;ksa dh j{kk djks)
ok;q%& okrks ok okrq Hks"kta] iz .k vk;waf"k rkfj"kr~ (½d~ 10-186)
(LoLFk djus okyh gok,a cgsa vkSj os gekjh vk;q dks c<+k,¡)
vks¿e~ 'ka uks okr% iorke~ (;tq- 36-10)
(gekjs fy, ifo=k vkSj lq[kdkjh ok;q cgs)
tye~ & vks¿e~ 'ka uks nsohjfHk"V; vkiks HkoUrq ihr;s (;tq-)
(ty gekjs fy, dY;k.kdkjh gksa)
ek vi% fgalh% (vFkoZosn)
(ty dks iznwf"kr er djks)
136
laLÑre~
iq=kks¿ga i`fFkO;k%
lw;Z%μ 'ka uLrirq lw;Z% (;tq- 36-10)
(lw;Z gekjs dY;k.k ds fy, ris) vkstksu ijr dh n`f"V ls ;g vf/d
egÙoiw.kZ gSA Hkkjr esa lkSj ÅtkZ i;kZIr ek=kk esa gSA ugha rks dbZ ns'kksa esa rks
lw;Z ds n'kZu gh ugha gksrsA
fVIi.kh
ouLir;% 'kkfUr% (;tq- 36-10)
(x) Hkkf"kd;ksX;rk
cgqozhfg lekl&
ftl leLr in esa lekl esa vk;s gq, nks ;k nks ls vf/d inksa dk vFkZ iz/ku u gks
vfirq fdlh vU; in ds vFkZ dh gh iz/kurk gks mls cgqozhfg lekl dgrs gSaA
(vU;inkFkZiz/kuks cgqozhfg%)
1-
lekukf/dj.k cgqozhfg& nksuksa inksa esa ;fn leku foHkfDr;k¡ gksa rks mUgsa
lekukf/dj.k cgqozhfg dgk tkrk gSA
ihre~ vEcje~ ;L; l% ¾ ihrkEcj%
2-
O;f/dj.k cgqozhfg & ;fn nksuksa in fHkUu&fHkUu foHkfDr;ksa okys gksa rks mUgsa
O;f/dj.k cgqozhfg dgk tkrk gSA
d.Bs dky% ;L; l% ¾ d.Bsdky%A
[kM~x% ik.kkS ;L; l% ¾ [kM~xikf.k%
3-
cgqozhfg lekl cukrs le; L=khfyax fo'ks"k.k dks mlds ckn L=khfyÄõ ds gh 'kCn
ds jgus ij iqfYyax cuk fn;k tkrk gSA
:iorh Hkk;kZ ;L; l% ¾ :ion~Hkk;Z%A
4-
egr~ 'kCn cgqozhfg lekl esa egk cu tkrk gSA
egku~ vkRek ;L; l% ¾ egkRekA egku~ egr~ 'kCn ds izFkek ,d opu dk :i
gSA
5-
lg ds lkFk r`rh;k esa cgqozhfg lekl gksrk gS vkSj lg dks l Hkh gks tkrk gSA
(lgLr`rh;;k)
vuqtsu lg ¾ lkuqt%] lgkuqt%
6-
cgqozhfg lekl dk vafre in ;fn bZdjkUr ;k ½dkjkUr gks rks mlesa leklkUr
^^d** izR;; tksM+k tkrk gSA
laLÑre~
137
iq=kks¿ga i`fFkO;k%
cg~O;% u|% ;=k ¾ cgqunhd%
ew[kZ% Hkzkrk ;L; ¾ ew[kZHkzkr`d%
fVIi.kh
Ñr~ izR;;& /krqvksa ls laKkokph 'kCn cukus ds fy, ftu izR;;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gS mUgsa Ñr~ izR;; dgk tkrk gS vkSj tks 'kCn curs gSa mUgsa ÑnUr dgrs gSaA
vuh;j~& vuh;j~ izR;; tksM+rs le; vkdkjkUr /krqvksa esa ^v* ds lkFk nh?kZ laf/ gksrh
gS] rFkk b] bZ] dks v;~] m] mQ dks vo~] ½] ½` dks vj~ curs gSaA
tSls& nk $ vuh;j~ ¾ nkuh;] 'kh $ vuh;j~ ¾ 'k;uh;] Hkw $ vuh;j~ ¾ Hkouh;
Ñ $ vuh;j~ ¾ dj.kh; vkfnA
ikBkUriz'uk%
1- v/ksfyf[krku~ iz'uku~ mÙkjr
d-
n'kdwilek dk vfLr\
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[k-
n'kßnle% d% vfLr\
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
x-
dhn`';% xko% Hkos;q%\
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
?k-
vLekde~ lekuk% ,o ds ft?kzfUr\
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ä-
fda iknis"kq Li'kZ% fo|rs\
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p-
dhfrZ% dsu izkI;rs\
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
N-
yksfgra "Bhoua ok dq=k u leqRl`tsr~\
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
t-
loZizkf.kuka thoua dq=k lqfuHkZja Hkofr\
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>-
138
o;a dL;k% iq=kk%\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------laLÑre~
iq=kks¿ga i`fFkO;k%
mRrjkf.k
cks/iz'uk%
1-
d- okih] [k- nzqe%] x- xko%] ?k- x`gs] Ä iknik%] p fo|rs] N- dhfrZrk] tiq=kks¿ge~ i`fFkO;k%A
2-
d okih] [k- dwi%] x- o`{k%] ?k- ?k`re~] p- {khje~] N- ikni%] t- mQ"e%] >yksfgre~]
3-
d- okih] [k- {khje~ x- fo"kkf.k] ?k- tys]
fVIi.kh
ikBxriz'uk% 9-1
1-
d- (X), [k- (), x- (X), ?k- (), Ä- ()
2-
d- n'k] [k- xko%] x- iknik% ?k- iQys&iq"is] Ä- xko%A
3-
d- iq=k%] [k- lnk] x- iqf"irk%] ?k- v=kA
ikBxriz'uk% 9-2
1-
d- iknikuka] [k- "Bhoua] x- loZizkf.kuka] ?k- iq=kks¿gaA
2-
d- (), [k- (), x- (X), ?k- (), Ä- (),
3-
d- izkI;rs] [k- izkI;rs] x- leqRl`tsr~] ?k- jf{kr%] Ä- lacHkwoq%A
4-
d- ;r~ $ p] [k- mQtZl~ $ rUo%] x- iq=k% $ vga] ?k- u $ vIlq] Ä le~ $
mRl`tsr~A
ikBkUriz'uk%
1-
d- okih [k- iq=k% x- ?k`r{khjiznk% ?k- iknik% Ä- vke~ p- Hkwfenkusu] xksnkusu]
N- vIlq t- tyk'k;s"kq >- i`fFkO;k%A
laLÑre~
139