dÙkZO;fu"Bk
fVIi.kh
18
dÙkZO;fu"Bk
izLrqr ikB if.Mr vfEcdknÙk O;kl }kjk jfpr izfl¼ ,sfrgkfld miU;kl ^f'kojktfot;%*
ls lÄ~dfyr gSA bl jpuk dks laLÑr&lkfgR; dk izFke ^,sfrgkfld miU;kl* Hkh dgk
tkrk gSA ;g jpuk jk"Vªh; izse dh Hkkoukvksa ls ifjiw.kZ gSA 1857 ds izFke
Lok/hurk&laxzke dh foiQyrk ds ckn turk esa Hk; rFkk vkrad iQSy x;k FkkA bl jpuk
ds ns'kHkfDriw.kZ dFkkud ds ekè;e ls ys[kd us tuekul ds ân; esa mRlkg dh
Hkkoukvksa dk lapkj djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA
yksHk euq"; dks iki ds xrZ esa Mky nsrk gSA lnkpkjh euq"; fdlh Hkh izdkj ds ykyp
esa u iQ¡lrs gq, vius dÙkZO;&ekxZ ls ugha fMxrkA blh Hkko dks izLrqr ikB esa n'kkZ;k
x;k gSA
mís';;kfu
ikBa ifBRok Hkoku~@Hkorh

nkSokfjdL; pfj=k&pf=k.ka dfj";fr_

ikBL; lkjka'ka dFkk:is.k ysf[k";fr_

dÙkZO;fu"Bk;k% egÙoa o.kZf;";fr_

ikBxr?kVukuka Øes.k la;kstua dfj";fr_

lfU/;qDrinkuka lfU/PNsna dfj";fr_

fo'ks";kuqlkja okD;s"kq fo'ks"k.kL; iz;ksxa dfj";fr_
laLÑre~
105
dÙkZO;fu"Bk
fozQ;kdyki% 18-1
fVIi.kh
^d* LrEHks ukekfu lfUr] ^[k* LrEHks rs"kka dk;kZf.k lfUrA rkfu] n`"V~ok LrEHk};ks% mfpr
esyua ÑRok iqu% fy[krA
LrEHk ^d*
LrEHk ^[k*
fp=k 18-1
(i)
jktkjkeeksgujk;%
(d) xf.krL; fo"k;s
(n'keyoi¼rs% vkfo"dkjd%)
fp=k 18-2
(ii)
'kadjkpk;Z%
([k) ouLifr foKkufo"k;s
(ouLifr"kq thoue~ bR;L;
vkfo"dkjd%)
fp=k 18-3
(iii) txnh'kpUnzclq
(x)
v}SrosnkUrfo"k;s
(v}SrerL; izpkjd%)
fp=k 18-4
(iv) vk;ZHkV%
106
(?k) Lok/hurk laxzkes
(ekr`Hkwfej{kd%)
laLÑre~
dÙkZO;fu"Bk
fVIi.kh
fp=k 18-5
(v)
f'kokth egkjkt%
(Ä) lektlq/kjdk;ZØes
(lrhizFkk&mUewyd%)
LrEHk ^d*
ukekfu
LrEHk ^[k*
egÙoiw.kZdk;kZf.k
(i)
____________________
(d) ____________________
(ii)
____________________
([k) ____________________
(iii) ____________________
(x)
(iv) ____________________
(?k) ____________________
(v)
(Ä) ____________________
____________________
____________________
18-1 bnkuha ewyikBa iBke%
izFke% ,dka'k%
(dks¿fi dk"kk;oklk% /`rrqEchik=k% HkLefyIryykV% #nzk{kekyk&Hkwf"kr% HkO;ewfrZ% laU;klh
izfo'kfrA)
laU;klh
dFke~ vLeku~ laU;kfluks¿fi dBksj&Hkk"k.kS% frjLdjksf"k\
nkSokfjd%
Hkxou~! Hkoku~ laU;klh rqjh;kJe&lsoh bfr iz.kE;rs] ijUrq izHkw.kke~ vkKke~
mYyÄ~?; futifjp;e~ vnnnsok;kfr bfr vkØq';rsA
laU;klh
v|kokf/ laU;kflu% czãpkfj.k% u fdefi iz"VO;k%A vkRekue~
vifjpk;;Urks¿fi izos"VO;k%A
nkSokfjd%
laU;kflu~! fojeA u o;a nkSokfjdk% czã.kks¿I;kKka izrh{kkegsA ;ks laU;kfluka
ril'pkUrjk;.kka gUrk] rL;So egkjktf'koohjL; vkKka o;a f'kjlk ogke%A
laLÑre~
'kCnkFkkZ %
dks ¿ fi ¾ dks b Z ] dk"kk;oklk% ¾
xs # vkoL=k/kjh] /` r rq E chik=k% ¾
rqEchik=k/kjh] HkLefyIryykV% ¾ HkLe
(jk[k) ls fyIr yykV okys ]
#nzk{kekykHkwf"kr% ¾ #nzk{k dh ekyk ls
'kksHkk;eku] HkO;ewfrZ% ¾ fnO; Lo:i
okys] dBksjHkk"k.kS% ¾ dBksj opuksa ds
}kjk] frjLdjksf"k ¾ viekfur djrs gks]
Hkoku~ ¾ vki] rqjh;kJelsoh ¾ prqFkZ
vkJe (laU;kl) esa jgus okys] iz.kE;rs
¾ iz.kke fd;k tkrk gS] mYy¿~è; ¾
mYya?ku djds] izHkq% ¾ Lokeh] fut
ifjp;e~ ¾ vius ifjp; dks] vnnr~ ¾
u nsrs gq,] vk;kfr ¾ vkrk gS] vkØq';rs
107
dÙkZO;fu"Bk
laU;klh
fujh{kLo! Roe~ v/quk nkSokfjdks¿fl] izk.kku~ vx.k;u~ thfodka fuoZgfl]
Roa lglza ok¿;qra ok eqnzk jk'khÑrk% dnkfi izkIL;lhfr u dFkefi
lEHkkO;rsA
nkSokfjd%
&
vke~! vxzs dF;rke~A
laU;klh
&
o;a p laU;kfluks ous"kq fxfjdUnjs"kq p fopjke% lo±
jlk;urÙoa fon~e%A
nkSokfjd%
&
L;knsoe~A vxzs] vxzsA
laU;klh
&
rn~ ;fn Roa eka izfo'kUra u izfr#U/s% rn/quSo ifj"Ñra ikjnHkLe
rqH;a n|ke~] ;;k Roa xq×tkek=ks.kkfi }ki×pk'kRla[;kd&rqykifjfera
rkeza lqo.kZe~ fo/krqa 'kDuq;k%A
fVIi.kh
¾ Øks/ fd;k tkrk gS] iz"VO;k% ¾ iwNuk
pkfg,] fdefi ¾ dqN Hkh@dksbZ Hkh]
vifjpk;;Urks¿fi ¾ ifjp; u nsus ij
Hkh] izos"VO;k% ¾ izos'k djus nsuk pkfg,]
foje ¾ #dks] czã.k% ¾ czãk dh]
izrh{kkegs ¾ izrh{kk djrs gSaA ril% ¾
riL;k dsA vUrjk;k.kke~ ¾ fo?uksa ds]
gUrk ¾ nwj djus okys] f'koohjL; ¾
f'kokth egkjkt dh] f'kjlk ¾ f'kj ls
(flj >qdkdj) ogke% ¾ /kj.k djrs
gSAa fujh{kLo ¾ ns[kks! nkSokfjd% ¾ }kjikyA
izk.kku~ izk.kksa dks (^izk.k* 'kCn fuR;
cgqopukUr gSA)] vx.k;u~ ¾ u fxurs
gq,] thfodke~ ¾ thouo`fÙk (ukSdjh)]
fuoZgfl ¾ pykrs gksA lglza ¾ gtkj]
v;qra ¾ nl gtkj] eqnzk ¾ #i;k]
lEHkkO;rs ¾ lEHko gS] ok ¾ ;k] dFkefi
¾ fdlh izdkj ls]
vke~ ¾ gk¡] vxzs&vxzs ¾ vkxs&vkxsA
dF;rke~ ¾ dgsa] ous"kq ¾ taxyksa esa]
fxfjdUnjs"kq ¾ igkM+ksa dh xqiQkvksa esa]
fopjke% ¾ ?kwers gS]a jlk;urÙoa ¾ jlk;u
rÙo dks] fon~e% ¾ tkurs gSa] L;knsoe~ ¾
,slk gks ldrk gS] izfo'kUra ¾ izos'k
djrs gq, dks] u izfr#U/s% ¾ ugha jksdrs
gks] rn/quSo ¾ rks vHkh gh] ifj"Ñre~ ¾
la'kksf/r] ikjnHkLe ¾ ikjs ds HkLe dks]
rqH;a ¾ rqEgsa] n|ke~ ¾ ns nw¡] ;;k ¾
ftlls] xq×tkek=ks.kfi ¾ jÙkhHkj dh ek=kk
ls gh] }ki×pk'kRla[;kd&rqykifjfera ¾
okou rksys ds cjkcj ifjek.k esa vFkkZr~
cgqr cM+h ek=kk esa] rkeze~ ¾ rk¡cs dks]
lqo.k± ¾ lksuk] fo/krqa ¾ cukus es]a 'kDuq;k%
¾ leFkZ gks ldrs gksA
gagks ¾ fuUnklwpd vO;;] diV ¾ Ny]
Lokfeo×pua ¾ Lokeh dks Bxuk] f'k{k;fl
¾ fl[kk jgs gks] dspukU;s ¾ dksbZ nwljs]
;s ¾ tks (cgq-) mRdkspyksHksu ¾ ?kwl ds
yksHk ls] o×pf;Rok ¾ Bxdj] vkRekue~
¾ vius vkidks] vU/refl ¾ ?kksj ujd
esa] ikr;fUr ¾ fxjkrs gSaA f'kox.kk% ¾
f'kokth ds vuqpjx.k] /`Rok ¾ idM+dj]
108
f}rh;% ,dka'k%
nkSokfjd%
&
gagks! diVlaU;kflu~! dFka fo'okl?kkra Lokfeo×pua p f'k{k;flA rs
dspukU;s HkofUr ;s mRdkspyksHksu Lokfeua o×pf;Rok vkRekueU/&
refl ikr;fUrA u o;a f'kox.kkLrkn`'kk%A
(laU;kfluks gLra /`Rok) brLrkor~ lR;a dFk; ¾ dLRoe~\ dqr
vk;kr%\ dsu ok izsf"kr%\
laU;klh
&
(fLeRoso) vFk Roa eka da eU;ls\
nkSokfjd%
&
dL;kI;U;L; ok xw<pja eU;sA rnkns'ka ikyf;";kfe izHkqo;ZL;A vkxPN
nqxkZè;{klehis] l ,okfHkKk; Ro;k lg ;Fkksfpra O;ogfj";frA
laU;klh
&
R;t! ukga iqujk;kL;kfeA n;Lo] n;Lo!
(nkSokfjd% rekÑ"; u;fr)
vFk ;kor~ }kjLFkLrEHkksifjnhiL; v/% lek;kr%] rkor~ laU;kfluksDre~
^^nkSokfjd! vf; Hkks! iwoZefi dnkI;nzk{kh%\** rrks nkSokfjd% iquLra
fujh{kek.k% djxzge~ vigk; uezhHkw;] iz.keu~ mokp&vk%! dFka
Jheku~ xkSjflag% vk;Z%\ {kE;rke~ vuqfprO;ogkj%A
xkSj flag%
&
nkSokfjd! e;k cgq'k% ijhf{kr% vflA ;Fkk;ksX;s ,o ins fu;qDr%A
Rokn`'kk% ,o izHkw.kka iqjLdkjHkktukfu HkofUr] yksd};a p fot;UrsA
laLÑre~
dÙkZO;fu"Bk
fVIi.kh
fp=k 18-6% igpku ds vHkko esa ikjnHkLe fn;s tkus dk yksHk nsus ij Hkh lU;klh
dks egy esa izos'k ls oftZr dj Lokeh ds dÙkZO; ikyu djrs gq, }kjiky
cks/iz'uk%
1-
gLra ¾ gkFk dks] brLrkor ¾ b/j&vkvks]
dFk; ¾ dgks] dLRoe~ ¾ rqe dkSu gks]
vk;kr% ¾ vk, gks] dsu ¾ fdlds }kjk]
izsf"kr% ¾ Hksts x, gks] fLeRoso ¾ dqN
eqLdqjkdj] vFk ¾ blds ckn] eka&eq>dks]
eU;ls ¾ ekurs gks] vU;L; ¾ nwljs dks]
xw<pj ¾ xqIrpj] eU;s ¾ ekurk gw¡]
rnkns'ka ¾ muds vkns'k dks] izHkqo;ZL;
¾ Lokeh dk] vkxPN ¾ vkvks ]
nqxkZè;{klehis ¾ fdys ds vè;{k ds
iklA vfHkKk; ¾ tkudj] igpku dj]
;Fkksfpra ¾ tks mfpr gksxk] O;ogfj";fr
¾ O;ogkj djsaxs] R;t ¾ NksM+ks] iqu% ¾
nqckjk] vk;kL;kfe ¾ vkm¡xk] n;Lo ¾
n;k djks] vkÑ"; ¾ [khapdj u;fr ¾
ys tkrk gS] v/% ¾ uhps] lek;kr% ¾
vk;k] vnzk{kh% ¾ ns[kk] fujh{kek.k% ¾
ns[krk gqvk] djxzge~ ¾ gkFk dh idM+
dks] vigk; ¾ NksM+dj] uezhHkw; ¾ fou;
;qDr gksdj] iz.keu~ ¾ iz.kke djrk gqvk]
mokp ¾ cksyk] vk% ¾ vjs!] {kE;rke~ ¾
{kek djsa] vuqfprO;ogkj% ¾ vuqfpr
O;ogkj ds fy,] cgq'k% ¾ vusd ckj]
ijhf{kr% vfl ¾ ijhf{kr gks pqds gks]
;Fkk;ksX;s ¾ ;Fkksfpr] fu;qDr% ¾ fu;qDr
gks] Rokn`'kk% ¾ rqEgkjs leku] iqjLdkj
Hkktukfu ¾ iqjLdkj ds ik=k] yksd};a ¾
nksuksa yksdksa dks (bgyksd vkSj ijyksd
dks) fot;Urs ¾ thr ldrs gSaA
'kCnkFkZesyue~ dq#rμ
LrEHk ^d*
(i)
ogke%
LrEHk ^[k*
(d) n'klglze~ (nl gtkj)
(ii) v;qre~
([k) f'kokthegksn;L; (f'kokth dh)
(iii) dUnjs"kq
(x) /kj;ke% (/kj.k djrs gSa)
(iv) fon~e%
(?k) xqgklq (xqiQkvksa esa)
(v) f'koohjL;
(Ä) tkuhe% (tkurs gSa)
laLÑre~
109
dÙkZO;fu"Bk
2-
^d* LrEHkL; okD;ka'kku~ ^[k* LrEHkL; okD;ka'kS% lg esy;rμ
LrEHk ^d*
fVIi.kh
(i)
dFkeLeku~ laU;kfluks¿fi
(ii) f'koohjL; vkKka
LrEHk ^[k*
(d) o;a f'kjlk ogke%A
([k) thfodka fuoZgflA
(iii) nkSokfjd! Roe~ izk.kku~ vx.k;u~ (x)
3-
dBksjHkk"k.kS% frjLdjksf"k\
(iv) o;a laU;kflu%
(?k) lo± jlk;urÙoa fonfUrA
(v) laU;kflu%
(Ä) ous"kq fxfjdUnjs"kq p fopjke%A
,dinsu laLÑrHkk"k;k mÙkjrμ
(i)
nkSokfjd% dhn`'kS% opuS% laU;kflue~ frjLdjksfr\
(ii) nkSokfjd% dL; vkKka iky;fr\
(iii) laU;kflu% dq=k fopjfUr\
(iv) d% Øqè;fr\
(v) d% vkReifjp;a u nnkfr\
18-2-1 izFke% ,dka'k%
dks¿fi dk"kk;oklk% ------------------- lqo.k± fo/krqe~ 'kDuq;k%A
O;k[;k
laU;kfluks¿fi dBksjHkk"k.kS% frjLdjksf"kμ^^laU;kfl;ksa dks Hkh dBksj opu ls frjLÑr
dj jgs gks** ;g dFku ;g lwfpr djrk gS fd lekt esa laU;kfl;ksa czãpkfj;ksa] Kkfu;ksa]
fL=k;ksa ,oa ckydksa dks fof'k"V] LFkku izkIr FkkA
rqjh;kJelsohμekuothou czãp;Z] x`gLFk] okuizLFk ,oa rqjh;kJe (laU;klvkJe) esa
foHkDr gSA laU;klh ds izfr nkSokfjd dk dFku gS fd vki thou ds prqFkZ vkJe dks
O;rhr dj jgs gSa] blfy, vkidk lEeku gks jgk gSA
u o;a nkSokfjdk% czã.kks¿I;kKka izrh{kkegsμ ge nkSokfjd lk{kkr~ txfRirk czãk dh
vkKk dh Hkh izrh{kk ugha djrsA gekjs fy, gekjs Lokeh dh vkKk gh loksZifj gSA
izk.kkux.k;u~ thfodka fuoZgflμnkSokfjd vFkkZr~ }kjj{kd vius Lokeh dh j{kk djrs
gq, vius izk.kksa dh Hkh ijokg ugha djrsA ;gh mudk nkSokfjd&/eZ gSA
110
laLÑre~
dÙkZO;fu"Bk
o;a laU;kflu% ous"kq fxfjdUnjs"kq p fopjke% lo± jlk;urÙoa fon~e%μlaU;klh
taxyksa] igkM+ksa dh dUnjkvksa rFkk ns'k&fons'k esa Hkze.k djrs gq, leLr HkkSxksfyd]
lkekftd] HkkSfrd] jklk;fud fØ;kvksa ,oa rÙoksa dks tku ysrs FksA blls mUgsa vusd
flf¼;ksa dh izkfIr gks tkrh FkhA
fVIi.kh
ikjnHkLeμfdaonUrh gS fd ikjnHkLe dks rkEcs esa feykdj dqN jklk;fud fØ;k;sa
djkbZ tk, rks rkEck lksus esa cny tkrk gSA ijUrq orZeku esa bl fØ;kfof/ dk Kku fdlh
dks ugha izkIr gSA
O;kdj.kfcUno%
lfU/foPNsn%
dks¿fi
d% $ vfi
laU;klh
le~ $ U;klh
laU;kfluks¿fi
laU;kflu% $ vfi
futifjp;ennnsok;kfr futifjp;e~ $ vnnr~ $ ,o $ vk;kfr
v|kof/
v| $ vof/
vifjpk;;Urks¿fi
vifjpk;;Ur% $ vfi
czã.kks¿R;kKke~
czã.k% $ vfi $ vkKka
ril'pkUrjk;k.kka
ril% $ p $ vUrjk;k.kka
rL;So
rL; $ ,o
nkSokfjdks¿fl
nkSokfjd% $ vfl
dnkfi
dnk $ vfi
izkIL;lhfr
izkIL;fl $ bfr
L;knsoe~
L;kr~ $ ,oe~
rn/quSo
rr~ $ v/quk $ ,o
xq×tkek=ks.kkfi
xq×tkek=ks.k $ vfi
lekl%
dk"kk;oklk%
dk"kk;a okl% ;L; vlkS (cgqozhfg%)
/`rrqEchik=k%
/`ra rqEchik=ka ;su l% (cgqozhfg%)
laLÑre~
111
dÙkZO;fu"Bk
fVIi.kh
HkLefyIryykV%
HkLeuk fyIra yykVa ;L; vlkS (cgqozhfg%)
#nzk{kekykHkwf"kr%
#nzk{keky;k Hkwf"kr% rRiq#"k
HkO;ewfrZ%
HkO;k ewfrZ% ;L; l% (cgqozhfg%)
rqjh;kJelsoh
rqjh;e~ vkJea lsforqa 'khya ;L; l% (cgqozhfg%)
vifjpk;;Ur%
u ifjpk;;Ur% (u×k~ rRiq#"k%)
vx.k;u~
u x.k;u~ (u×k~ rRiq#"k%)
ikjnHkLe
ikjnL; HkLe bfr ("k"Bh rRiq#"k%)
inifjp;%
112
dBksjHkk"k.kS%
^dBksjHkk"k.k* 'kCn uiqaldfyÄõ] r`rh;k] cgqo-
iz.kE;rs
^iz* $ ue~ $ ;d~] yV~ ydkj (deZokP;) izFke iq#"k ,do-
mYyÄ~?;
^mr~* $ yÄ?k~ $ Y;i~] vO;;
vnnr~
nk /krq] 'kr] izR;;] izFkek] ,do-
vk;kfr
^vk* $ ;k /krq] yV~ ydkj] izFke iq#"k] ,do-
vkØq';rs
^vk* $ Øq'k~ $ ;d~ $ yV~ ydkj] deZokP;] izFke] iq#"k
,do-
iz"VO;k%
izPN~ $ rO;r~] izFkek] cgqo-
vkRekue~
vkReu~ 'kCn] iq-] f}rh;k] ,do-
izos"VO;k%
^iz* $ fo'k~ $ rO;r~] iq-] izFkek] cgqo-
foje
^fo* $ je~ /krq] yksV~ ydkj eè;eiq#"k ,do-
czã.k%
^czãu~* 'kCn] "k"Bh ,do-
izrh{kkegs
izfr $ bZ{k~ $ yV~ ydkj] m- iq-] cgqo-
f'kjlk
f'kjl~ 'kCn] uiqa-] r`rh;k] ,do-
ogke%
oÞ~ /krq yV~ ydkj] mÙkeiq#"k% cgqo-
eU;s
eu~ $ yV~ ydkj] m-iq-] ,do-
ikyf;";kfe
iky~ $ y`V~ ydkj] m-iq- ,do-
vkxPN
vk $ xe~ $ yksV~ ydkj] e-iq-] ,do-
laLÑre~
dÙkZO;fu"Bk
O;ogfj";fr
fo $ vo $ g` $ y`V~ ydkj] iz- iq- ,do-
vk;kL;kfe
vk $ ;k $ y`V~ ydkj m-iq- ,d-
R;t~
^R;t~* $ yksV~ ydkj] e-iq-] ,do-
n;Lo
^n;~* $ yksV~ ydkj] e-iqa- ,do-
vnzk{kh%
^n`'k~* $ yqÄ~ ydkj e-iq- ,do-
mokp
^op~* $ fyV~ ydkj] iz-iq- ,do-
{kE;rke~
{ke~ $ ;d~ (deZokP;)] yksV ydkj] e-iq- ,do-
fot;Urs
fo $ ft $ yV~ ydkj] iz-iq-] cgqo-
fVIi.kh
ikBxriz'uk% 18-1
1-
js[kkfÄïrinkfu vk/`R; iz'ufuekZ.ka dq#rμ
(i)
nkSokfjd% izHkqo;ZL; vkns'ka iky;fr
(ii) nkSokfjd% laU;kflue~ nqxkZè;{klehis usrqe~ bPNfrA
(iii) nkSokfjd% uezhHkw; iz.kefrA
(iv) e;k cgq'k% ijhf{kr% vflA
(v) laU;klh rqjh;kJelsoh vfLrA
2-
laLÑrHkk"k;k mrjr
(i)
d% mRdkspa nkrqe~ bPNfr\
(ii) d% dBksj opuS% frjLdjksfr\
(iii) nkSokfjd% dL; vkKka iky;fr\
(iv) laU;klh nkSokfjdk; fde~ nkrqa dFk;fr\
(v) ikjHkLeu% fda oSf'k"V;e~ vklhr~\
18-2-2 f}rh;%,dka'k%
nkSokfjd%& gagks! diVlaU;kflu~! -------- yksd};a p fot;Urs
laLÑre~
113
dÙkZO;fu"Bk
O;k[;k
fVIi.kh
u o;a f'kox.kkLrkn`'kk% & ge egkjkt f'kokth ds vuqpj gSaA os nwljs gksaxs_ tks ?kwl
ysdj vius gh Lokeh ds lkFk Ny djds Lo;a dks iki ds va/sjs xrZ esa fxjkrs gksaxsA vjs
diVh laU;klh! dÙkZO;fu"B lsod dks ,slh vuqfpr f'k{kk u nksA
dL;kI;U;L; ok xw<pja eU;s & }kjiky ds }kjk idM+s tkus ij laU;klh ds iwNus ij
nkSokfjd (}kjiky) dgrk gS fd eSa rqEgsa fdlh nwljs ns'k dk xqIrpj ekurk gw¡A ;g izlax
bl vksj bafxr djrk gS fd izkphudky esa Hkh xqIrpj foHkkx Fkk tks nwljs ns'kksa esa tkdj
ogk¡ dh O;oLFkk dh tkudkjh izkIrdj vius Lokeh dks voxr djkrk FkkA
}kjLFkLrEHkksifj nhiL; v/% & izLrqr okD;ka'k izkphu dkyhu leqfpr izdk'k&O;oLFkk
dh vksj lwfpr djrk gSA }kj ds ikl fLFkr LraHk ds Åij yxs nhid ds uhpsA
e;k cgq'k% ijhf{kr%μ xkSj flag th us ml }kjiky dh cgqr ckj vusd izdkj ls
ijh{kk yh FkhA vc og izekf.kr ,oa lEekfur jktlsod FkkA mldh fu"Bk lansg ls ijs
FkhA
yksd};a p fot;Urs%μ;gk¡ ^yksd};a* ls vfHkizk; ^HkkSfrd yksd* ,oa ^;'k% yksd*
gSA ftlesa O;fDr l'kjhj Hkh lEeku ikrk gS vkSj e`R;q ds vuUrj Hkh ;'k :ih dk;k esa
vofLFkr jgdj Hkh lEeku izkIr djrk gSA
O;kdj.kfcUno%
lfU/foPNsn%
114
dspukU;s
f'kox.kkLrkn`'kk%
dspu $ vU;s
f'kox.kk% $ rkn`'kk%
brLrkor~
br%
$ rkor~
dLRoe~
d%
$ Roe~
dL;kI;U;L;
dL;
$ vfi $ vU;L;
rnkns'ka
rr~
$ vkns'ka
,okfHkKk;
,o
$ vfHkKk;
;Fkksfpra
;Fkk
$ mfpra
iqujk;kL;kfe
iqu%
$ vk;kL;kfe
LrEHkksifj
LrEHk
$ mifj
laLÑre~
dÙkZO;fu"Bk
laU;kfluksDre~
laU;kfluk $ mDre~
dnkI;nzk{kh%
dnk
$ vfi $ vnzk{kh%
iquLre~
iqu%
$ re~
fVIi.kh
lekl%
diVlaU;kflu~
diV'pklkS laU;klh p rr~ lacq¼kS diVlaU;kflu~
Lokfeo×pue~
Lokfeu% o×pua ("k"BhrRiq#"k%)
mRdkspyksHksu
mRdkspL; yksHksu ("k"BhrRiq#"k%)
fo'okl?kkre~
fo'oklL; ?kkre~ ("k"BhrRiq#"k%)
f'kox.kk%
f'koL; x.kk% ("k"BhrRiq#"k%)
rnkns'ke~
rL; vkns'ke~ ("k"BhrRiq#"k%)
nqxkZè;{klehis
nqxZL; vè;{k% rL; lehis ("k"BhrRiq#"k%)
inifjp;%
o×pf;Rok
o×p~ $ f.kp~ $ DRok
/`Rok
/` $ DRok
vk;kr%
vk $ ;k $ Dr] iqa- izFkek ,do-
izsf"kr%
iz $ b"k~ $ Dr] iqa-] izFkek] ,do-
vfHkKk;
vfHk $ Kk $ Y;i~] vO;;
vkÑ";
vk $ Ñ"k~ $ Y;i~] vO;;
lek;kr%
le~ $ vk $ ;k $ Dr] iqa- izFkek] ,do-
mDre~
op~ $ Dr] uiqa-] izFkek] ,do-
fujh{kek.k%
fuj~ $ bZ{k~ $ 'kkup~] iqa- izFkek] ,do-
uezhHkw;
uez $ fPo $ Hkw $ Y;i~] vO;;
vigk;
vi~ $ gk $ Y;i~] vO;;
iz.keu~
iz $ ue~ $ 'kr` iqa- izFkek] ,do-
Jheku~
Jh $ erqi~] iqa- izFkek ,do-
ijhf{kr%
ifj $ bZ{k~ $ Dr] iqa- izFkek ,do-
laLÑre~
115
dÙkZO;fu"Bk
fVIi.kh
fu;qDr%
fu $ ;qt~ $ Dr] iqa ,do-
f'k{k;fl
^f'k{k~* $ f.kp~] yV~ ydkj] e- iqa- ,do-
HkofUr
^Hkw* $ yV~ ydkj] iz-iq- cgqo-
ikr;fUr
ir~ $ f.kp~ $ yV~ ydkj] iz-iq-cgqo-
dFk;
dFk~ $ yksV~ ydkj] e-iq-],do-
ikBxriz'uk% 18-2
1-
^d* LrEHkL; fo'ks"k.kinS% lg ^[k* LrEHkkr~ mfprfo'ks";inkfu fpRok
esy;rμ
LrEHk ^d*
(i)
2-
LrEHk ^[k*
/`rrqEchik=k%
(d) Hkk"k.kS%
(ii) dÙkZO;fu"B%
([k) laU;klh
(iii) dBksjS%
(x) O;ogkj%
(iv) vuqfpr%
(?k) xkSjflag%
(v) Jheku~
(Ä) nkSokfjd%
v/ksfyf[krs"kq okD;s"kq js[kkfÄïrinkuka Ñrs pRokj% vFkkZ% nÙkk%A lUnHkZxra
'kq¼e~ mÙkja fpuqrμ
(i)
o;a fxfjdUnjs"kq fopjke%A
(d) i;ZVke% ([k) xPNke% (x) vkpjke% (?k) fopkjeXuk% Hkoke%
(ii)
o;a jlk;urÙoa fon~e%A
(d) dk;± dqeZ% ([k) tkuhe% (x) oUnua dqeZ% (?k) ys[kua dqeZ%A
(iii)
nkSokfjd% izk.kku~ vx.k;u~ thfodka fuoZgfrA
(d) fu;kstua djksfr ([k) lU/kj;fr (x) vtZfr (?k) okgua pky;frA
(iv)
rn/quSo ifj"Ñra ikjnHkLe rqH;a n|ke~A
(d) iqjLÑra ([k) ifjHkzferqe~ (x) HkLehÑre~ (?k) lqlkf/re~A
(v)
Roa lglza ok v;qra ok jk'khÑrka eqnzka dnkfi u izkIL;flA
(d) n'klglza ([k) y{ka (x) 'krlglaz (?k) dksfV'k%
116
laLÑre~
dÙkZO;fu"Bk
fdef/xre~\

thous ;% uj% dÙkZO;fu"Bk;k% ikyua djksfr l% lkiQY;a yHkrsA

dÙkZO;fu"Biq#"k% thous lEekua izkIuksfrA

dqfRlrekxsZ.k /uktZue~ u dj.kh;e~A

jk"VªdY;k.kk; jk"VªHkfDr% ijeko';dhA

fo'ks";L; fyÄõfoHkfDropukuqlkja fo'ks"k.kL; :ia HkofrA

cgqozhfglekls vU;inaiz/kua Hkofr] rRiq#"ks mÙkjine~A
fVIi.kh
;ksX;rk foLrkj%
ys[kdifjp;%μ HkkjrHkw"k.k] HkkjrHkkLdj] ?kfVdk'krd] 'krko/ku] /ekZpk;Z] egkegksins'kd]
lqdfo lkfgR;kpk;Z ia- vfEcdknÙk O;kl dk tUe jktLFkku izns'k ds t;iqj ftykUrxZr
^/wyk* uke xk¡o ds fuoklh ia- nqxkZnÙk th ds ?kj esa 1885 bZLoh esa gqvkA budk dk;Z{ks=k
fcgkj izns'k jgk D;ksafd buds ekrk&firk dk'kh esa jgus yxs FksA 11 o"kZ dh voLFkk esa
O;klth dfork djus yxs FksA 11osa o"kZ esa budh ekrkth ,oa 17osa o"kZ esa firkth dk
nsgkUr gks x;k Fkk] fiQj Hkh thou ds lkjs >a>kokrksa dks >syrs gq, bUgksaus 78 xzUFkksa dh
jpuk dhA bUgsa 'krjat] fp=kdkjh] laxhr] fofo/ ok|;U=k&oknu] gkftjtokch] okd~iVqrk
esa egkjr gkfly FkhA os ,d ?kVh vFkkZr~ 24 feuV esa 100 u, 'yksdksa dh jpuk djus
esa leFkZ FksA 100 iz'uksa dk muds Øekuqlkj mÙkj nsus esa Hkh leFkZ Fks] ftlds dkj.k bUgsa
^'krko/ku* dh mikf/ nh x;hA HkkjrsUnq gfj'pUnz us bUgsa lqdfo dh mikf/ nhA iavfEcdknÙk O;kl th us Lo;a izfrdwyrkvksa dks lgk] ijUrq lekt vkSj ns'k dks vius
dk;ks± ls drZO; ikyu ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA os vYik;q esa gh i×pRo dks izkIr gks x;sA
dgrs gSaμ egkiq#"k vYidky ds fy, gh i`Foh ij vorfjr gksrs gSaA
f'kojktfot; ds dkj.k O;kl th dks lokZf/d [;kfr izkIr gqbZA bldh Hkk"kk izokgiw.kZ
,oa Hkkokuqlkfj.kh gSA izLrqr ikB ohj&jl ;qDr gSA ik=kksa dk pfj=k&fp=k.k Hkkokuqdwy ,oa
fo"k;oLrqijd gSA ;g ikB orZeku lkekftd&O;oLFkk ij izgkj djrs gq, lq/kj dh
vis{kk ls pfj=kksRFkku rFkk dÙkZO;cks/ ds fy, fy[kk x;k gSA
Hkk"kkfoLrkj
d- folxZ lfU/%
Loj] O;×tu ds esy ls folxZ (%) esa tks fodkj mRiUu gksrk gS] mls folxZ lfU/ dgrs
gSaA
laLÑre~
117
dÙkZO;fu"Bk
;Fkk & i;% $ /j % ¾ i;ks/j%] izFke% $ vè;k;% ¾ izFkeks¿è;k;%
folxZlfU/
fVIi.kh
mRo
(mRoe~)
i.
#Ro
(#Roe~)
yksi
(yksi%)
lRo
(lRoe~)
mRoe~
folxZ dks ^m* djus dk fu;e
;fn folxZ ls igys ^v* gks vkSj mlds ckn ^v* vFkok fdlh Hkh oxZ dk rhljk
pkSFkk ik¡pok¡ v{kj ;k ;~] j~] y~] o~] g~] gksa rks folxZ dks ^m* gks tkrk gS rFkk izFke
^v* vkSj ^m* feydj vks (xq.k) gks tkrk gSA
v $ % $ v ¾ v $ m $ v] v $ m ¾ vks] vks $ v ¾ vks¿]
;Fkk
izFke % $ vè;k;% ¾ izFkeks¿è;k;%
eu% $ gj %
ii.
¾ euksgj%
#Roe~
folxZ dks ^j~* djus dk fu;e
;fn ^v*] ^vk* ds vfrfjDr fdlh Hkh vU; Loj ds ckn folxZ gks vkSj mlds ckn
dksbZ Loj ;k oxks± dk rhljk] pkSFkk] ik¡pok¡ o.kZ gks ;k ;~] j~] y~] o~] g~ esa ls dksbZ
o.kZ gks rks folxZ dks ^j~* gks tkrk gSA
fu% $ cy % ¾ fucZy%
firq% $ bPNk ¾ firqfjPNk
iii.
yksi%
folxZ ds yksi dk fu;e
(d) folxZ ds igys ^v* gks vkSj mlds ckn ^v* ls fHkUu dksbZ Hkh Loj gks]
([k) ;fn l% vkSj ,"k% ds ckn ^v* dks NksM+dj dksbZ vU; Loj vFkok O;×tu gksA
(x) folxZ ds igys ^vk* gks vkSj mlds ckn dksbZ Hkh Loj gks ;k oxks± dk rhljk]
pkSFkk] ik¡pok¡ v{kj gks ;k ;~] j~] y~] o~] g~ esa ls dksbZ vU; o.kZ gks rks folxZ
dk yksi gks tkrk gSA
l% $ ,fr ¾ l ,fr
nsok% $ t;fUr ¾ nsok t;fUr
,"k% $ ;kfr ¾ ,"k ;kfr
118
laLÑre~
dÙkZO;fu"Bk
iv. lRoe~
folxZ dks 'k~] "k~] l~ djus dk fu;e
;fn folxZ ds ckn ^p~*] ^N]* 'k~ gksa rks folxZ dk ^'k~* ;fn V~] B~] "k~ gksa rks folxZ
dk "k~ vkSj ;fn d~] [k] r~] Fk~ i~ iQ~ l~ gksa rks folxZ dk ^l~* gks tkrk gSA
d% $ pkSj% ¾
fVIi.kh
d'pkSj%
jke% $ BDdqj% ¾ jke"BDdqj%
ue% $ rqE;e~ ¾
ueLrqH;e~
[k- 'kCn :i
laU;kflu~ (laU;klh) iqa,dopu~
f}opu
cgqopu
izFkek
laU;klh
laU;kflukS
laU;kflu%
f}rh;k
laU;kflue~
laU;kflukS
laU;kflu%
r`rh;k
laU;kfluk
laU;kflH;ke~
laU;kflfHk%
prqFkhZ
laU;kflus
laU;kflH;ke~
laU;kflH;%
i×peh
laU;kflu%
laU;kflH;ke~
laU;kflH;%
"k"Bh
laU;kflu%
laU;kfluks%
laU;kfluke~
lIreh
laU;kflfu
laU;kfluks%
laU;kfl"kq
lEcks/u
gs laU;kflu~!
gs laU;kflukS!
gs laU;kflu%!
(xqf.ku~] nf.Mu~] Kkfuu~] rifLou~] es/kfou~] cfyu~] dkfju~] gfLru~] efU=ku~] /fuu~]
lkf{ku~] fo"kf;u~ bR;kfn (bu~ izR;;kUr) laKkinksa ds :i iqafYyÄõ esa ^laU;kflu~* 'kCn ds
leku gksrs gSaA
x- /krq :i
fon~&tkuuk (ijLeSinh)
yV~ ydkj
izFke iq#"k
eè;e iq#"k
laLÑre~
,dopu
osfÙk
osfRl
f}opu
foÙk%
foRFk%
cgqopu
fonfUr
foRFk
119
dÙkZO;fu"Bk
mÙke iq#"k
osn~fe
fon~o%
fon~e%
y`V~ ydkj
fVIi.kh
izFke iq#"k
osfn";fr
osfn";r%
osfn";fUr
eè;e iq#"k
osfn";fl
osfn";Fk%
osfn";Fk
mÙke iq#"k
osfn";kfe
osfn";ko%
osfn";ke%
yÄ~ ydkj
izFke iq#"k
vosr~
vfoÙkke~
vfonq%
eè;e iq#"k
vos%
vfoÙke~
vfoÙk
mÙke iq#"k
vosne~
vfon~o
vfon~e
yksV~ ydkj
izFke iq#"k
fonkÄïjksrq
fonkÄ~dq#rke~
fonkÄ~dqoZUrq
eè;e iq#"k
fonkÄ~dq#
fonkÄ~dq#re~
fonkÄ~dq#r
mÙke iq#"k
fonkÄ~djokf.k
fonkÄ~djoko
fonkÄ~djoke
fof/fyÄ~
izFke iq#"k
fo|kr~
fo|krke~
fo|q%
eè;e iq#"k
fo|k%
fo|kre~
fo|kr
mÙke iq#"k
fo|ke~
fo|ko
fo|ke
ikBkUriz'uk%
1-
iz'ukuke~ mÙkjkf.k ,dinsu ,o laLÑrHkk"k;k fy[kr&
(i)
fxfjdUnjs"kq ous"kq fopjUr% laU;kflu% fde~ tkufUr\
(ii) laU;klh nkSokfjdk; fde~ nkrqe~ bPNfr\
(iii) nkSokfjd% fde~ u Lohdjksfr\
(iv) Lokfeo×pua d% f'k{k;fr\
(v) n;ka d% ;kprs\
120
laLÑre~
dÙkZO;fu"Bk
2-
iw.kZokD;su iz'uku~ mrjrμ
(i)
nkSokfjds.k fdeFkZe~ vkØq';rs\
(ii) laU;klh dhn`'k% vklhr~\
fVIi.kh
(iii) nkSokfjd% dku~ vx.k;u~ thfodka fuoZgfr\
(iv) nkSokfjd% f'kjlk fde~ ogfr\
3-
4-
v/ksfyf[krs"kq okD;s"kq js[kkfÄïrinkuka loZukeinkfu dLeS@dsH;% iz;qDrkfu\
(i)
dFke~ vLeku~ dBksjHkk"k.kS% frjLdjksf"k\
(ii)
o;a czã.kks¿I;kKka u izrh{kkegsA
(iii)
Roe~ v/quk izk.kku~ vx.k;u~ thfodka fuoZgflA
(iv)
v/quSo ifj"Ñra ikjnHkLe rqH;a n|ke~A
(v)
Ro;k lg ;Fkksfpra O;ogfj";fr nqxkZè;{k%A
v/ksfyf[krs"kq fHkUua ina fpuqrμ
(i)
vO;;kfu
(d) gagks ([k) cgq'k% (x) /`Rok (?k) eU;s
(ii)
fØ;kinkfu
(d) nzk{kh% ([k) R;t (x) mokp (?k) o×pf;Rok
(iii)
loZukeinkfu
(d) rs ([k) ;s (x) re~ (?k) lg
(iv)
^Y;i~* izR;;;qDrinkfu
(d) vkÑ"; ([k) vU;L; (x) vfHkKk; (?k) mYyÄ~?;
5-
?kVukØekuqlkjs.k okD;kfu iqu% fy[kr
(i)
laU;klh nkSokfjdk; mRdkspa nkrqa dFk;afrA
(ii)
nkSokfjd% mRdkspa u LohdjksfrA
(iii)
,dnk ,d% laU;klh f'koohjL; ik'osZ xUrqe~ bPNfrA
laLÑre~
121
dÙkZO;fu"Bk
fVIi.kh
(iv)
xkSjflag% nkSokfjde~ cgq'k% ijh{; rLeS iqjLdkje~ nkrqe~ bPNfrA
(v)
oLrqr% laU;kflos"ks Jheku~ xkSjflag% vklhr~A
(vi)
nkSokfjd% laU;kflue~ nqxkZè;{kL; lehis usrqe~ bPNfrA
(vii) nkSokfjd% re~ dBksjHkk"k.kS% frjLdjksfrA
(viii) laU;klh nkSokfjda dOFk;fr& ;r~ vofgr% l% ra i';rq bfrA
mÙkjkf.k
cks/iz'uk%
1- 'kCnkFkZesyua dq#r&
(i)
ogke%
(x) /kj;ke%
(ii) v;qre~
(d) n'klglze~
(iii) dUnjs"kq
(?k) xqgklq
(iv) fon~e%
(Ä) tkuhe%
(v) f'koohjL;
([k) f'kokthegksn;L;
2- (i) x] (ii) d] (iii) [k] (iv) Ä] (v) ?kA
3- (i) dBksjopuS% (ii) f'koohjL; (iii) ous"kq fxfjdUnjs"kq (iv) nkSokfjd%
(v) laU;klh
ikBxriz'uk% 18-1
1- (i) dL; (ii) de~ (iii) d% (iv) dsu (v) d%
2- (i) laU;klh mRdkspa nkrqe~ bPNfrA
(ii) nkSokfjd%
(iii) f'koohjL;
(iv) ikjneL;
(v) xqvkek=ks.k M' rqyk;fjfera rkeqe~ lqoos±.k fo/krqa 'kDuksfrA
122
laLÑre~
dÙkZO;fu"Bk
ikBxriz'uk% 18-2
1- (i) [k] (ii) Ä] (iii) d]
(iv) x] (v) ?kA
2- (i) d] (ii) [k] (iii) x]
(iv) ?k] (v) dA
fVIi.kh
ikBkUriz'uk%
1- (i) jlk;urÙoa] (ii) mRdksp:is.k ikjnHkLe] (iii) mRdkspa]
(iv) laU;klh] (v) laU;klh
2- (i) nkSokfjdsu vuqefra fouk nqxZizos'kdkj.kkr~ laU;klh vkØq';rsA
(ii) laU;klh dk"kk;okl% /`rrqEchik=k% HkLefyIryykV% :nzk{kkekyk&Hkwf"kr% HkO;ewfrZ%
vklhr~A
(iii) nkSokfjd% Loizk.kku~ vx.k;u~ thfodka fuoZgfrA
(iv) nkSokfjd% f'kjlk f'koohjL; vkKka ogfrA
3- (i) laU;kflH;%] (ii) nkSokfjdsH;%] (iii) nkSokfjdk;]
(iv) nkSokfjdk;] (v) laU;kflusA
4- (i) ?k] eU;s] (ii) ?k- o×pf;Rok] (iii) ?k] lg (iv) [k] vU;L;A
5- (iii), (vii), (i), (ii), (vi), (viii), (v), (iv)A
laLÑre~
123