LofLr iUFkkeuqpjse
fVIi.kh
17
LofLr iUFkkeuqpjse
euq";
,d lkekftd izk.kh gS lekt dks lqfLFkj ,oa lEiq"V cukus ds fy, ;g
vko';d gS fd lHkh O;fDr ijLij izse Hkko ls jgsa] lHkh feytqydj jgsaA dksbZ fdlh
ls }s"k u djsA dksbZ fdlh ds /u dk gj.k u djsA izR;sd O;fDr nwljs yksxksa dks vius
tSlk ekus rFkk vius dks nwljksa tSlkA
lekt ds lnL;ksa esa ijLij izseHkko rFkk fgrHkkouk ls fo'ocU/qRo esa o`f¼ gks ldrh
gSA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds vk/kjHkwr laLÑr ds xazFkksa esa bl izdkj ds mins'k fn, x, gSa
fd euq"; dks fe=krk dh Hkkouk c<+kus ds fy, ijLij fdl izdkj dk O;ogkj djuk
pkfg,A izLrqr ikB esa ge blh izdkj ds ea=kksa dh tkudkjh izkIr djsaxs ftuesa
fo'odY;k.k dh Hkkouk,¡ iznf'kZr dh xbZ gSaA
mn~ns';kfu
bea ikBa ifBRok Hkoku~@Hkorh
88

lektL; lEiq"V~;S fØ;ek.kkfu dk;kZf.k ysf[k";fr_

ikBs m¼`rkuka eU=kk.kke~ vUo;a dfj";fr_

fo'ocU/qrk;k% o`¼~;S ikBxrku~ funsZ'kku~ Lo'kCnS% ysf[k";fr_

lekukFkZdlwfDrfHk% lg eU=kk.kka esyua dfj";frA
laLÑr
LofLr iUFkkeuqpjse
fØ;kdyki% 17-1
fVIi.kh
fp=k 17-1% fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks osnksa ds ea=kksa dk mPpkj.k rFkk vè;;u djkrs gq, f'k{kd
1-
ikBkjEHks o;e~ beka izkFkZuka ifBrqa@xkrqa 'kDuqe%&
lg ukoorq] lg ukS HkquDrq] lg oh;± djokogSA
rstfLo uko/hreLrq ek fof}"kkogSA
2-
fuEufyf[krokD;ka'kku~ esy;r&
(i) lg ukS
d- djokogS
(ii) lg oh;±
[k- fof}"kkogS
(iii) rstfLo ukS
x- vorq
(iv) ek
?k- v/hre~ vLrq
17-1 bnkuha ewyikBa iBke%
izFke% ,dka'k%
laxPNèoa laonèoa la oks eukafl tkurke~A
nsok Hkkxa ;Fkk iwoZs latkukuk miklrsAA1AA
laLÑr
'kCnkFkkZ%
laxPNèoe~ ¾ rqe lc lkFk lkFk pyksA
laonèoe~ ¾ rqe lc lkFk cksyks] o% ¾
rqEgkjs] eukafl ¾ eu] latkurke~ ¾ Kku
izkIr djsa] latkukuk ¾ Kku izkIr djrs
89
LofLr iUFkkeuqpjse
lekuh o vkdwfr% lekuk ân;kfu o%A
lekueLrq oks euks% ;Fkk o% lqlgklfrAA2AA
fVIi.kh
gq,] miklrs ¾ mikluk djrs gSa] vkdwfr%
¾ fpUru] ladYi] lqlgklfr ¾ lqlg $
vklfr ¾ vPNh rjg jgrk gS] LofLr ¾
dY;k.k] iUFkke~ ¾ ekxZ dks] nnrk ¾
nku nsrs gq, ds lkFk v?urk ¾ fgalk u
djrs gq, ds lkFk] tkurk ¾ Kku izkIr
djrs gq, ds lkFk] laxesefg ¾ ge
bdV~Bs gks] laxfBr gksa] bZ'kkokL;e~ ¾
bZ'oj }kjk vko`Ùk <dk gqvk] ek ¾ er]
x`/% ¾ ykyp djks] dL;fLon~ ¾ fdlh
ds Hkh] p{kq"kk ¾ p{kq ls] vk¡[k ls]
leh{kUrke~ ¾ ns[ksa] leh{ks ¾ eSa ns[krk
gw¡] leh{kkegs ¾ ge lc ns[krs gSa] f}{kr~
¾ }s"k djs] lE;×p% ¾ ,der okys]
lozrk ¾ leku ladYi okys] onr ¾ rqe
lc yksx cksysa] Hknz;k ¾ dY;k.k e;h]
okpe~ ¾ ok.kh dks
LofLr iUFkkeuqpjse lw;kZpUnzelkfooA
iqunZnrk¿?urk tkurk laxesefgAA3AA
f}rh;% ,dka'k%
bZ'kkokL;fena loZa ;fRd×p txR;ka txr~A
rsu R;Drsu Hkq×thFkk ek x`/% dL;fLon~ /ue~AA4AA
fe=kL; ek p{kq"kk lokZf.k Hkwrkfu leh{kUrke~A
fe=kL;kga p{kq"kk lokZf.k Hkwrkfu leh{ksA
fe=kL; p{kq"kk leh{kkegs AA5AA
ek Hkzkrk Hkzkrja f}{ku~ ek Lolkjeqr LolkA
lE;×p% lozrk HkwRok okpa onr Hknz;kAA6AA
cks/iz'uk%
1-
2-
v/ksfyf[krk% iaDrh% esy;r
LrEHk% ^d*
d- LofLriUFkke~ vuqpjse
[k- rsu R;Drsu Hkq×thFkk%
x- ek Hkzkrk Hkzkrja f}{ku~
?k- laxPNèoa] laonèoe~
Ä- fe=kL;kga p{kq"kk
12345-
LrEHk% ^[k*
ek Lolkje~ mr LolkA
la oks eukafl tkurke~
lokZf.k Hkwrkfu leh{ksA
lw;kZpUnzelkfoo
ek x`/% dL;fLon~/ue~A
fuEufyf[krinkuka fgUnhHkk"kk;ke~ vFkkZu~ fy[kr
(d) leh{ks ([k) o% (x) v?urk (?k) ek f}{kr~] (Ä) Lolk
17-2 v/quk ikBe~ voxPNke%
17-2-1 izFke% ,dka'k%
01 'yksdr% ------- 03 i;ZUre~
laxPNèoa laonèoa la oks eukafl tkurke~A
nsok Hkkxa ;Fkk iwoZs latkukuk miklrsAA1AA
90
laLÑr
LofLr iUFkkeuqpjse
vUo;%
laxPNèoe~A laonèoe~A o% eukafl latkurke~A ;Fkk iwoZs nsok latkukuk% Hkkxe~ miklrsAA1AA
(½Xosn 10-191-2)
fVIi.kh
O;k[;k
laxPNèoe~ ¾ le~ $ xPNèoe~A rqe lc vPNh rjg feydj pyksA lE;d~ xPNèoe~&
Bhd izdkj ls pyksA
laonèoe~ ¾ le~ $ onèoe~A rqe lc vPNh rjg fey dj cksyksA ,d tSlh ckr djksA
vyx&vyx fookn er djksA lE;d~ onèoe~ ¾ Bhd izdkj ls cksyksA lksp le> dj
cksyksA ,slk er ckyks ftlls rqEgsa viuh ckr cnyuh iM+sA
oks eukafl latkurke~ ¾ rqe lc ds eu leku gks dj Kku izkIr djsaA vFkkZr~ rqEgkjs eu
,d leku vkxs c<+s] ,d lkFk Kku izkIr djsaA
iwosZ nsok%¾ igys gq, nsork] igys ds yksxA ;gka nsork dk vFkZ gS nsorkvkas tSls ln~xq.kksa
okys fo}ku yksxA
latkukuk Hkkxe~ miklrs¾ Kku izkIr djds viuk dk;Z laiUu djrs gSaA vFkkZr~ tSls igys
ds yksx Kku izkIr dj viuk dk;Z iwjk djrs Fks oSls gh vki Hkh Kku izkIr dj viuk
dk;Z laiUu djsaA
HkkokFkZ%
oSfnd % ½f"k% izkFkZ;rs ;r~ losZ ekuok% lgSo xeua dqoZUrq] ijLija fojks/a R;ÙkQok
,dfo/e~ ,o okD;a czqoUrq] losZ"kka eukafl vfi ,dhHkoUrq losZ ,dfo/e~ ,o ykHka
izkIuqoUrqA
O;kdj.kfcUno%
laxPNèoe~ ¾ le~ milxZ] xe~ /krq] yksV~ ydkj] vkReusin] eq-iq- cgqo- (Lora=k :i
ls xe~ /krq dk ijLeSin esa ^xPNfr* vkfn :i pyrk gS fdUrq le~ milxZ ds dkj.k
vkReus in esa ^laxPNrs* vkfn :i gksrs gSaA
laonèoe~ ¾ le~ milxZ] on~ /krq] yksV~ ydkj] vkReus in] e-iq- cgqo- (on~ /krq Hkh
ijLeSinh esa gksrh gS fdUrq ;gk¡ ij O;ÙkQok.kh esa mPpkj.k ds dkj.k vkReusin gks x;k
gS)
eukafl ¾ eul~ 'kCn uiqa- izFkek] cgqo-
laLÑr
91
LofLr iUFkkeuqpjse
le~
¾ oSfnd Hkk"kk esa milxks± dk LoraU=k iz;ksx Hkh gksrk gSA ;gk¡ le~ dk
LorU=k iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA vUo; dk vFkZ djrs le; ^le~* tkurke~
ds lkFk tqM+ tkrk gSA
tkurke~
¾ Kk¾tk] /krq yksV~ ydkj e-iq-] cgqo- esa rke~ izR;;] vkReus in
iwosZ
¾ iwoZ'kCn] loZuke] iqa-_ izFkek] cgqo-
fVIi.kh
latkukuk% ¾ le~ $ Kk ¾ tk $ 'kkup~ ¾ (vku)] iqa- izFkek] cgqo- (vkReusin]
miklrs mi&milxZ vkl~ /krq] vkReus inh] yV~ydkj] iz-iq- cgqolekuh o vkdwfr% lekuk ân;kfu o%A
lekueLrq oks euks% ;Fkk o% lqlgklfrAA2AA
vUo;%
o% vkdwfr% lekuh (vLrq)] o% ân;kfu lekuk (lUrq) o% eu% lekue~ vLrq] ;Fkk o%
lqlgklfrA (½x~- 10-191-4)
O;k[;k
vkdwfr% ¾ ladYi] vkdyu] n`f"VA ;gka ;g lans'k fn;k x;k gS fd rqe lc dk ,d
tSlk ladYi gks] ,d tSlk fu'p; gksA
lekuk ân;kfu¾ o% ân;kfu lekukfu L;q%A rqe lc ds ân; ,d tSls gksaA ^lekuk*&dk
;g iz;ksx oSfnd laLÑr dk gS] ykSfdd laLÑr esa lekukfu gksxkA ;g ân;kfu dk
fo'ks"k.k gS vr% bldk iz;ksx vius fo'ks"; ân;kfu ds leku gh gksxkA
lekueLrq--------------- lqlgklfr¾ rqe lc dk eu ,d tSlk gks ftlls rqe vklkuh ls
laxfBr gks ldksA eS=kh Hkko rHkh c<+ ldrk gS tc lc dk eu ,d tSlk gksA ,d nwljs
ds lq[k nq[k dk vuqHko dj ldsaA rHkh ge vkil esa cU/qHkko dks c<+k ldrs gSaA
HkkokFkZ%
oSfnd% ½f"k% izkFkZ;rs ;r~ losZ"kka ladYi% vè;olk;'p ,dfo/% ,o Hkorq] losZ"kka
ân;kfu ,dfo/kfu HkoUrq] vfi p losZ"kka eu% vUr%dj.ke~ ,dfo/a lekua HkorqA ,oa
losZ ,o lekuHkkou;k lqlgHkkou;k lq[ka izkIuqoUrqA
O;kdj.kfcUno%
inifjp;%
lekuh
92
¾ leku $ Ähi~] L=khfy-] izFkek ,do-]
laLÑr
LofLr iUFkkeuqpjse
vkdwfr%
¾ vkÄ~ ¾ vk milxZ] dw /krq] fÙkQu~ izR;s;] L=khfy-] izFkek] ,do-
lekuk
¾ leku 'kCn uiqa- f}rh;k] cgqc- (oSfnd laLÑr esa foHkfÙkQ dk yksi gksus
ls lekuk gqvk gSA ykSfdd laLÑr esa lekukfu gksxk)
fVIi.kh
lqlgklfr ¾ lqlg $ vlfr] lqlg&'kksHkur;k lgfLFkfr% ;Fkk L;kr~ rFkk lqlg]
vO;;] vlfr ¾ vl~ /krq] yV~ ydkj] iz- iq- ,do (ykSfdd laLÑr esa
'ki~ ¾ v dk yksi gks tkus ls vfLr :i gksrk gS fdUrq oSfnd laLÑr esa
'ki~ ¾ v dk yksi ugha gqvk gS vl~ $ v $ fr ¾ vlfr] iBfr bR;kfn
dh rjg)
LofLr iUFkkeuqpjse lw;kZpUnzelkfooA
iqunZnrk¿?urk tkurk laxesefgAA3AA
vUo;%
lw;kZpUnzelkS bo LofLr iUFkke~ vuqpjse nnrk] v?urk] tkurk iqu% laxesefgA
(½Xosn] 5-51-15)
O;k[;k
lw;kZpUnzelkfoo¾ tSls lw;Z vkSj pUnzek fo'o esa lc dk Hkyk djrs gSa] ge Hkh oSls gh
cusaA ge Hkh fo'o esa lHkh dk fgr djsa vkSj bl ds fy, LofLr vFkkZr~ dY;k.k ds ekxZ
ij pysaA
LofLr¾ lq$vfLrA tks vPNk gS og LofLr gksrk gSA blfy, dY;k.k dks LofLr dgrs
gSA Hkorq ro LofLr ¾ rqEgkjk dY;k.k gksA
nnrk¾ nku nsrs gq, ds lkFk
v?urk ¾ fgalk u djrs gq, ds lkFk
tkurk ¾ Kku laiknu djrs gq, ds lkFkA vFkkZr~ ge yksx ;s lc dk;Z djrs gq, bdV~Bs
gksdj jgsa] bdV~Bs gks dj pysaA vyx&vyx u gksa ftlls fo'o dk dY;k.k gks vkSj
fo'ocU/qrk dk izlkj gksA
bl izdkj bl izFke ,dka'k ds rhuks eU=kksa esa euq";ksa dks ;g lans'k fn;k x;k gS fd lekt
esa lnk feydj jgks] Kku iwoZd dk;Z djksA blls lekt lqn`<+ gksxk vkSj fe=k Hkko esa
o`f¼ gksxhA
HkkokFkZ%
;Fkk lw;Z % pUnzek'p vgfuZ'ka LoekxsZ Hkze.ka dqoZr% ,oeso o;a iUFkkua {kses.k vuqpjseA
rFkk p nkua dqoZrk] vfgalrk cqè;ekusu p cU/quk laxesefgA
laLÑr
93
LofLr iUFkkeuqpjse
O;kdj.kfcUno%
inifjp;%
fVIi.kh
LofLr
¾ lq $ vfLr] fØ;k:i vO;; in gSA
iUFkke~
¾ iUFkk 'kCn] f}rh;k] ,do-
vuqpjse
¾ vuq $ pj~ /krq] fof/fyÄõ] m-iq- cgqo- (ijLeSin)
lw;kZpUnzelkfoo ¾ lw;Z'p pUnzek'p] lw;kZpUnzelkS $ bo }U}lekl] (nks nsorkvksa dk
}U} lekl gksus ls iwoZin lw;Z ds v dks nh?kZ gks tkrk gSA lw;kZpUnzelkS
bo esa Hkh lekl gS] fdUrq dgha ij Hkh blds lkFk lekl gksus ij iwoZin
dh foHkfÙkQ dk yksi ugha gksrkA vkS dks vko~ lfU/ gks tkrh gS)
dqoZrk
¾ Ñ $ 'kr` ¾ dqoZr~] iqa-] r`rh;k] ,do-
vèurk
¾ u×k~ $ gu~ $ 'kr~ ¾ v?ur~] iqa- r`rh;k ,do-
nnrk
¾ nk $ 'kr` ¾ nnr~] r`rh;k] ,do-
tkurk
¾ Kk (tk) $ 'kr` ¾ tkur~] r`rh;k] ,do-
laxesefg ¾ le~ milxZ $ xe~ /krq] fof/fyÄ~ m-iq- cgqo-] le~ milxZ ds dkj.k xe~
/krq dk vkReus in esa iz;ksxA
ikBxriz'uk% 17-1
1-
v/ksfyf[krku~ iz'uku~ mÙkjr
(d) o;e~ dhn`'ka ekxZe~ vuqpjse\
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------([k) ^^;q"ekde~** bR;FksZ fda ine~ v=k iz;qDre~\
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(x) ^^eu%** bfr inL; izFkek&cgqopus :ia fy[krA
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(?k) vuqpjse bfr inL; vfLeUuso ydkjs iq#"ks p ,dopus :ia fy[krA
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(Ä) r`rh;s eU=ks =khf.k vO;;inkfu lfUr] rkfu fy[krA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
94
laLÑr
LofLr iUFkkeuqpjse
2-
v/ksfufnZ"Vkuka iz'ukuka mÙkja fy[krμ
(d) izFkeeU=ks osnL; izFke- misn'k% d% vfLr\
fVIi.kh
([k) ujk.kka fda fda lekua L;kr~\
(x) dsu lg o;a xPNse\
(?k) lw;Z% dhn`'ka ekxZe~ vuqpjfr\
17-2-2 f}rh; ,dka'k%
04 'yksdr% ------- 06 i;ZUre~
bZ'kkokL;fena loZa ;fRd×p txR;ka txr~A
rsu R;Drsu Hkq×thFkk ek x`/% dL;fLon~ /ue~AA4AA
vUo;%
txR;ka ;r~ fd×p txr~ bna loZe~ bZ'kkokL;e~A rsu R;Drsu Hkq×thFkk% dL;fLon~ /ua ek
x`/%A ;tq% (40-1)
O;k[;k
rsu--- μ Hkq×thFkk% D;ksafd lalkj esa tks dqN gS og bZ'oj dk gS] gekjk ugha gS blfy,
R;kxiwoZd mldk mi;ksx djuk pkfg, vFkkZr~ gesa ftruk pkfg, mruk gh ysa mlls
vf/d u ysaA viuh vko';drk ds vuqlkj gh oLrqvksa dk iz;ksx djsa mudk vius ikl
laxzg u djsaA
ek x`/% /ue~----------bldh O;k[;k nks izdkj ls dh tk ldrh gS& (1) dL;fLon~
/ua ek x`/% fdlh ds /u dk ykyp er djksA vFkkZr~ fdlh ds Hkh /u dks yypkbZ
n`f"V ls er ns[kks] mls viuk cukus dk iz;kl er djksA nwljh O;k[;k gS& ek x`/% vFkkZr~
ykyp er djks] ftruk rqEgkjs ikl gS mlh ls larq"V jgksA (2) dL;fLon~ /ue~& ;g
/u fdl dk gqvk gS\ vFkkZr~ ;g /u fdlh ds ikl ugha jgrk] vkrk gS vkSj pyk tkrk
gS fdlh ds ikl ugha fVdrkA blfy, mldk ykyp ugha djuk pkfg,A
HkkokFkZ%
vfLeu~ lalkjs ;fRdf×pr~ fo|rs r=k loZ=k bZ'ojL; fuokl% vfLrA ,rr~ eRok R;kxcq¼~;oS
ekuo% oLrwuke~ mi;ksxa dq;kZr~A
O;kdj.kfcUno%
inifjp;%
laLÑr
95
LofLr iUFkkeuqpjse
bZ'kkokL;e~ ¾ bZ'ksu vkokL;e~] r`rh;k rRiq#"k]
fVIi.kh
txR;ke~
¾ txrh] L=khfy- lIreh ,do-
R;ÙksQu
¾ R;t~ $ oÙkQ ¾ R;ÙkQ] r`rh;k] ,do-
Hkq×thFkk%
¾ Hkqt~ /krq] fof/fyÄõ e-iq-
ek x`/%
¾ ,dopu] vkReusin ek vO;;in] fu"ks/kFkZd
x`/~ /krq] yÄ~ ydkj] e-iq- ,do- ek in ds dkj.k vV~ v dk fu"ks/A
fe=kL; ek p{kq"kk lokZf.k Hkwrkfu leh{kUrke~A
fe=kL;kga p{kq"kk lokZf.k Hkwrkfu leh{ksA
fe=kL; p{kq"kk leh{kkegs AA5AA
vUo;%&
lokZf.k Hkwrkfu ek (eke~) fe=kL; p{kq"kk leh{kUrke~] vga lokZf.k Hkwrkfu fe=kL; p{kq"kk
leh{ksA fe=kL; p{kq"kk leh{kkegsA (;tq- 36-10-18)
O;k[;k
fe=kL;------------------------leh{kUrke~ & lkjs yksx eq>s viuk fe=k ekusaA bl lalkj ds lkjs
izk.kh&(euq"; vkSj i'kq) eq>s fe=k dh n`f"V ls ns[ksaA
fe=kL;kga-----------leh{ks& eSa lHkh izkf.k;ksa dks fe=k dh n`f"V ls ns[kw¡A fe=krk ,d&i{kh;
ugha gksrh] ;g mHk;&i{kh; gksrh gSA osn esa ;g izkFkZuk dh xbZ gS fd lkjs izk.kh eq>s fe=k
dh n`f"V ls ns[ksa vkSj eSa Hkh ;g dgrk gw¡ fd eSa Lo;a Hkh lHkh izkf.k;ksa dks fe=k dh n`f"V
ls ns[krk gw¡A
fe=kL;----------------leh{kkegs& bl eU=kka'k esa ;g ckr Li"V gks tkrh gS fd u dsoy
lalkj ds leLr izk.kh eq>s fe=k dh n`f"V ls ns[ksa vkSj u dsoy eSa gh fo'o ds izkf.k;ksa
dks fe=k dh n`f"V ls ns[krk gw¡ vfirq ge lc lalkj ds izk.kh ,d nwljs dks fe=k Hkko
ls ns[ksaA ge yksx lHkh dks fe=k dh n`f"V ls ns[ksaA
HkkokFkZ%
u dsoya ekuok% vfirq lalkjL; losZ izkf.ku% lokZu~ fe=ka eRok O;ogjUrqA vgefi lokZu~
izkf.ku% fe=kL; p{kq"kk i';kfe@,oa loZ% lokZu~ izfr fe=kor~ O;ogjsr~A
O;kdj.kfcUno%
inifjp;%
p{kq"kk
96
¾ p{kq"k~] gyUr uiaqldfyax 'kCn] r`rh;k] ,dopu
laLÑr
LofLr iUFkkeuqpjse
leh{kUrke~
¾ le~ (milxZ) $ bZ{k~ (/krq%) $ yksV~] izFke iq- cgqopu
leh{ks
¾ le~ $ bZ{k~ $ yV~] mÙke iq- ,dopu
leh{kkegs
¾ le~$bZ{k~$yV~] mÙke iq- cgqopu
fVIi.kh
ek Hkzkrk Hkzkrja f}{ku~ ek Lolkjeqr LolkA
lE;×p% lozrk HkwRok okpa onr Hknz;kAA6AA
vUo;%
Hkzkrk Hkzkrja ek f}{kr~A mr~ Lolk Lolkja (ek f}{kr~)A lE;×p% lozrk% HkwRok Hknz;k okpk
onrA (vFkoZ- 3-30-3)
O;k[;k
ek Hkzkrk----f}{kr~& eS=kh Hkko igys ifjokj esa gksuk pkfg,A ifjokj ds yksx ijLij izse
ls jgsa] cM+s NksVksa ij Lusg j[ksa vkSj NksVs cM+ksa dk vknj djsaA HkkbZ&HkkbZ ijLij izse ls
jgsaA ,d HkkbZ nwljs HkkbZ ls }s"k u djsA ek Lolkjeqr Lolk&cgusa Hkh ijLij izse ls jgsa
os Hkh ijLij }s"k u djsaA cgusa fookg ds i'pkr~ vyx ifjokjksa esa vyx&vyx LFkkuksa
ij pyh tkrh gSaA mudh ikfjokfjd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fLFkfr vyx&vyx vPNh]
lkekU; ;k nqcZy gks tkrh gSA cguksa dks ,d nwljs ls }s"k u dj ijLij izse j[kuk pkfg,
vkSj vko';drk ds vuqlkj ,d nwljs dh lgk;rk djuh pkfg,A
lE;×p& lHkh dk er ,d leku gksA ifjokj esa lHkh dk er lnk ,d leku ugha gksrkA
lc dks viuk er izdV djus dk vf/dkj gS ijarq vUr esa tks er Bhd gks og lHkh
dks ekuuk pkfg,A vc dkSu lk er Bhd gS bldk fu.kZ; ifjokj ds eqf[k;k ;k cM+s
yksxksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ifjokj ds vU; yksxksa dk ;g dÙkZO; gks tkrk gS fd ml
er dks Lohdkj dj mldk ikyu djsaA ifjokj esa ^^,d us dgh nwljs us ekuh** dh
Hkkouk ls dk;Z djus ij ikfjokfjd lkSeuL; rFkk eS=kh Hkko cuk jgrk gS vkSj ifjokj
esa lq[k le`f¼ dh c<+ksrjh gksrh gSA
lozrk& ifjokj ds lHkh yksx tc ,d er okys gks tk,axs rks os lkjs leku ladYi okys
gksdj ,d tSlk gh dk;Z djsaxsA lHkh leku dk;Z djsaxs vFkkZr~ ifjokj dk dksbZ Hkh lnL;
,slk dksbZ Hkh dk;Z u djs tks nwljs ds dk;Z ds foijhr gks ;k ifjokj ds nwljs lnL;ksa
dks gkfu igqapkus okyk gksA
okpk-----------Hknz;k& ifjokj esa ,d nwljs dks vPNh yxus okyh ckrsa cksyuk cgqr
fgrdkjh gksrk gSA blfy, osn dk vkns'k gS fd ifjokj ds lkjs lnL;&HkkbZ cgu
dY;k.kdkjh&fgrdkjh vkSj vPNh yxus okyh ok.kh cksysaA oLrqr% lalkj ds lHkh yksx
rks HkkbZ cgu gh gSa lcds lkFk gh mÙke vkSj fgrdkjh ok.kh gh cksyuh pkfg,A
laLÑr
97
LofLr iUFkkeuqpjse
HkkokFkZ%
fVIi.kh
oSfnd% ½f"k% izkFkZ;rs ;r~ df'pr~ df×pr~ izfr dnkfi }s"ka u dq;kZr~A Hkzkrk Hkzkrja Lolk
Lolkja izfr }s"ka u dq;kZr~A losZ mÙkea dk;± dqoZUrq% dY;k.kha Hknzke~ ,o ok.kha onUrqA
O;kdj.kfcUno%
inifjp;%
ek
¾ fu"ks/kFkZd vO;;
Hkzkrk
¾ Hkzkr` 'kCn] iqa- izFkek] ,do-
Lolk
¾ Lol` 'kCn] L=khfy- izFkek] ,dop-
f}{kr~
¾ f}"k~ /krq yÄ~ydkj] iz-iq- ,do- yÄ~] yqÄ~ ,oa y`Ä~ydkjksa esa /krq ds
igys vV~ ¾ v tqM+ tkrk gS tSls yÄ~&viBr~] fdUrq ek 'kCna ds ;ksx
esa vV~ ugha tqM+rkA
Hknz;k
¾ Hknzk] L=kh] r`rh;k ,do-
onr
¾ on /krq yksV~ydkj] e-iq- cgqo-
ikBxriz'uk% 17-2
1-
fjDrLFkkuiwfr± dq#rA
(d) bna lo± ------------- bZ'kkokL;e~A
([k) ek x`/% ------------- /ue~A
(x) lokZf.k Hkwrkfu ek -------------p{kq"kk leh{kUrke~A
(?k) ------------- Lolkja izfr }s"ka ek dq;kZr~A
(Ä) ;w;a losZ ------------- okpk onrA
2-
laLÑrs mÙkjkf.k fy[krA
(d) txr~ dsu O;kIre~ vfLr
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------([k) euq";s.k dFka HkksDrO;e~\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
98
laLÑr
LofLr iUFkkeuqpjse
(x) losZ vU;ku~ dsu Hkkosu i';Urq\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(?k) Hkzkrk da izfr }s"ka u dq;kZr~\
fVIi.kh
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(Ä) ifjokjs tuk% dhn`'kha ok.kha onUrq\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fdef/xre~\

loSZ% lg fefyRok pfyrO;e~ ijLija eS=khHkkosu p ofrZrO;e~A

lekts lejlrk;k% o`¼~;S lgefr% lekueuLdRoa p /kj.kh;e~A

dY;k.ke;% fgrdj% p ekxZ% vuqlrZO;%A

dL;fpnfi /ua izfr yksHk% u drZO;%A

R;kxHkkosu oLrwuke~ miHkksx% drZO;%A

losZ"kq izkf.k"kq eS=khHkko% /kjf;rO;%A

ifjokjs losZ lnL;k% izseHkkosu orZUrke~A

oSfndeU=ks"kq loZekuodY;k.kHkkouk fo|rsA
;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
(d) Ñfrifjp;%
Hkkjrh; fpUru dk xzUFk :i lcls igys osnksa esa feyrk gSA ½Xosn fo'o dk lcls
igyk xzaFk gSA bl ikB esa osnksa ls ladfyr eU=k j[ks x, gSaA osn] czkã.k xzaFk] vkj.;d
vkSj mifu"kn~μ ;g oSfnd lkfgR; gSaA osn pkj gSa ½Xosn] ;tqosZn] lkeosn vkSj
vFkoZosnA ½Xosn esa bUnz] vfXu] fo".kq] fe=k vkSj o#.k tSls nsorkvksa dh Lrqfr;k¡ gSa] vkSj
dbZ nk'kZfud rFkk lkekftd fpUru gSaA ;tqosZn esa ;K djus rFkk vU; ;K laca/h fo"k;ksa
ij fopkj gSA lkeosn xk;u fo|k dk vk/kj gSA ½Xosn dh ½pkvksa dks lke ds :i
esa lkeosn esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA vFkoZosn esa lkekftd] jktuSfrd] jksxfuokjd vkfn
fofo/ eU=k gSaA osn yxHkx bZlkiwoZ 5000 o"kZ igys jps x,A czkã.kxzaFkksa eas ;K
laLÑr
99
LofLr iUFkkeuqpjse
fVIi.kh
laca/h izfØ;kvksa rFkk muls lacaf/r vU; fo"k;ksa ij foLrkj ls fy[kk x;k gSA izR;sd osn
dk viuk vyx czkã.k xzaFk gSA 'kriFk czkã.k] xksiFk czkã.k ,oa "kMfoa'kczkã.k vkfn
dqN izfl¼ czkã.k xzaFkksa ds uke mYys[kuh; gSaA ;Kksa ds vfrfjDr vkRek] ijekRek rFkk
czã vkfn fo"k;ksa ij ppkZ vkj.;d xzaFkksa esa gSA ;s xzaFk vj.;ksa&ouksa esa fy[ks x,A ½f"k
yksx xkaoksa rFkk uxjksa ls nwj jgdj bu fo"k;ksa ij ppkZ djrs Fks vr% bu xzaFkksa dk uke
gh vkj.;d gks x;kA vkj.;dksa dk fo"k; gh O;ofLFkr rFkk foLr`r :i ls mifu"knksa
esa gSA mifu"knksa dh la[;k cgqr vf/d gS ijUrq bZ'k dsu] dB] iz'u] eq.Md] ek.MwD;]
rSfÙkjh;] ,srjs;] NkUnksX;] c`gnkj.;d ,oa 'osrk'orj uke ds X;kjg mifu"knksa dk fo'ks"k
egÙo gSA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dks xaHkhjrk ls le>us ds fy, oSfnd lkfgR; dk vè;;u
egÙoiw.kZ gSA
([k) HkkofoLrkj%
v/ksfyf[kr lekukFkZd lwfDr;ksa dks if<+;s&
(1)
lekuh izik% lg oks¿UuHkkxk% (vFkoZ- 3-30-6)
rqEgkjs ty ihus vkSj Hkkstu djus ds LFkku leku gksaA
(2)
lekus ;ksD=ks lg oks ;qufTeA (vFkoZ- 3-30-6)
eSa rqEgsa leku Lusg&ik'k esa ck¡/rk gw¡A
(3)
lekuks eU=k% lfefr% lekuh (½Xosn 10-191-3)
rqEgkjs fopkj vkSj lHkk;sa leku gksaA
(4)
vuqozr% firq% iq=kks (vFkoZ- 3-30-2)
iq=k firk ds leku ladYi okyk gksA
(5)
vXus@u; lqiFkk jk;sA (;tq- 5-36)
gs vfXu gesa /ulEifr ds fy, lqekxZ ls ys pyksA
(6)
lokZ vk'kk ee fe=ka HkoUrqA (vFkoZ- 19-1-6)
lkjh fn'kk,as esjh fe=k gksosaA
(7)
ekrk Hkwfe% iq=kks¿ga i`fFkO;k%A (vFkoZ 12-1-12)
Hkwfe esjh ekrk gS vkSj eSa i`fFkoh dk iq=k gw¡A
(8)
u l l[kk ;ks u nnkfr l[;sA (½- 10-117-4)
og fe=k ugha tks fe=k dh lgk;rk ugha djrkA
100
laLÑr
LofLr iUFkkeuqpjse
(9)
e/qerha okpe~ ons;e~A (vFkoZ- 16-2-2)
eSa ehBh ok.kh cksywaA
(10) vkdwfr% lR;k eulks es vLrqA (vFkoZ 5-3-4)
fVIi.kh
esjs eu dk ladYi lR; gksA
fe=k& laLÑr Hkk"kk esa fe=k 'kCn ds nks vFkZ gS& lw;Z vkSj lqân~ (nksLr)A tc fe=k 'kCn
dk vFkZ lw;Z gksrk gS rks ;g iq¡fYyx esa iz;ksx&gksrk gS fe=k% mnsfr** lw;Z mn; gksrk gS**
fe=k% vLra xPNfr** lw;Z vLr gks jgk gSA lqân~ ds vFkZ esa fe=k 'kCn fuR; uiqaldfyax
gksrk gS tSls eksgupUnz% ee fe=ke~ vfLr**& eksgupUnz esjk nksLr gSA v;a tu% ee
fe=ke~A v;a] vkSj tu% Øe'k% lkoZukfed fo'ks"k.k vkSj fo'ks"k.k gksus ij Hkh fo'ks"; ds
vuqlkj uiqaldfyax ugha gksaxsA
;fYyxa ;n~opua ;k p foHkfDr% fo'ks";s L;kr~A
rfYyaxa rn~opua lk foHkfDr% fo'ks"k.ks L;kr~AA
vFkkZr~ tks fyÄõ] opu] ,oa foHkfÙkQ fo'ks"; ds gksrs gSa ogh fyÄõ] opu ,oa foHkfÙkQ
fo'ks"k.k ds Hkh gksrs gSaA
;g fu;e ;gka ugha yxsxkA
le~ $ bZ{k~ ¾ leh{k~ vkReusinh
iq#"k%
,dopue~
izFke%
leh{krs
eè;e%
leh{kls
mÙke%
leh{ks
izFke iqeè;e iqmÙke iq-
yksV~
,dopue~
leh{krke~
leh{kLo
leh{kS
/krq% yV~ ydkj%
f}opue~
leh{ksrs
leh{ksFks
leh{kkogs
f}opue~
leh{ksrke~
leh{ksFkke~
leh{kkogS
cgqopue~
leh{kUrs
leh{kèos
leh{kkegs
cgqopue~
leh{kUrke~
leh{kèoe~
leh{kkegS
loZe~ ¾ lc] lEiw.kZ (uiqaldfyÄõ)
foHkfDr
,dopu
f}opu
cgqopue~
izFkek
loZe~
losZ
lokZf.k
f}rh;k
loZe~
losZ
lokZf.k
laLÑr
101
LofLr iUFkkeuqpjse
'ks"k foHkfDr;ksa ds :i iqafYyÄõ dh rjg gksaxsA
lokZ ¾ lEiw.kZ (L=khfyÄõ)
fVIi.kh
foHkfDr%
,dopue~
f}opue~
cgqopue~
izFkek
lokZ
losZ
lokZ%
f}rh;k
lokZe~
losZ
lokZ%
r`rh;k
loZ;k
lokZH;ke~
lokZfHk%
prqFkhZ
loZL;S
lokZH;ke~
lokZH;%
i×peh
loZL;k%
lokZH;ke~
lokZH;%
"k"Bh
loZL;k%
loZ;ks%
lokZlke~
lRieh
loZL;ke~
loZ;ks%
lokZlq
lEcks/u
gs losZ
gs losZ
gs lokZ%
ikBkUriz'uk%
1-
2-
) bfr fpÉa fy[krA
'kq¼a v'kq¼a ok dFkua fpRok rRle{ka (
) @(
(i)
o;a fefyRok pyseA
( )
(ii)
vLekda eukafl fHkUukfu L;q%A
( )
(iii) oLrwuke~ miHkksx% ;FksPNa dj.kh;%A
( )
(iv) lw;Zor~ o;e~ losZ"kka dY;k.ka dq;kZeA
( )
(v)
( )
o;e~ loZnk dY;k.ke;ha ok.kha onseA
(vi) Hkzkrk Hkzkrja izfr }s"ka ek djksrqA
( )
(vii) Hkfxuh Hkfxuha izfr }s"ka djksrqA
( )
(viii) o;a 'k=kqHkkosu defi u i';seA
( )
laLÑrsu mÙkjkf.k fy[krA
(d) vLekda eukafl dhn`'kkfu L;q%\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------([k) tukuke~ vkdwfr% dhn`'kh Hkosr~\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
102
laLÑr
LofLr iUFkkeuqpjse
(x) o;a dhn`'kS% lg laxesefg\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(?k) vLekfHk% oLrwuke~ miHkksx% dFka dRkZO;%\
fVIi.kh
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(Ä) o;a ifjokjs dFka dk;Za dq;kZe\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3-
'kCnkuke~ vFkSZ% lg esyua dq;kZr~_
'kCnk%
vFkkZ%
(i)
vkdwfr%
(d) yksHka ek dq#
(ii)
x`/%
([k) i';Urq
(iii) txr~
(x) dY;k.k;qDr;k
(iv) leh{kUrke~
(?k) fpUrue~
(v)
(Ä) ;q"ekde~
Lolk
(vi) Hknz;k
(p) vfgaldsu lg
(vii) o%
(N) Hkfxuh
(viii) v?urk
(t) pSrU;;qDre~
(ix) Hkq×thFkk%
(>) onr
(x)
(×k) Hkksxa dq#
laonèoe~
mÙkjkf.k
cks/iz'uk%
1-
(i) d $ 4] (ii) [k $ 5] (iii) x $1] (iv) ?k $ 2] (v) Ä $ 3
2-
(d) eSa ns[krk@ns[krh gw¡ ([k) rqEgkjk@rqEgkjh (x) fgalk u djus okys ds lkFk
(?k) }s"k u djsa (Ä) cgu
laLÑr
103
LofLr iUFkkeuqpjse
ikBxriz'uk% 17-1
fVIi.kh
1-
(d) LofLr] ([k) o%] (x) eukafl] (?k) vuqpjs;e~ (Ä) bo] LofLr] iqu%
2-
(d) losZ fefyRok pyUrq@laxPNèoe~A
([k) vkdwfr%] ân;kfu] eukaflA
(x) nnrk@v?urk@tkurkA
(?k) dY;k.ke;a@LofLrA
ikBxriz'uk% 17-2
1-
(d) txr~] ([k) dL;fLon~] (x) fe=kL;] (?k) Lolk] (Ä) Hknz;k
2-
(d) txr~ bZ'kk O;kIre~ vfLrA
([k) euq";su R;kxsu@R;kxiwoZda HkksDrO;e~A
(x) losZ fe=kHkkosu i';UrqA
(?k) Hkzkrk Hkzkrja izfr }s"ka u dq;kZr~A
(Ä) ifjokjs tuk% Hknzka ok.kha onUrqA
ikBkUriz'uk%
1-
(i)  (ii)  (iii)  (iv)  (v)  (vi)  (vii)  (viii) 
2-
(d) vLekda eukafl ijLija izsee;kfu L;q%A
([k) tukuke~ vkdwfr% lekuh L;kr~A
(x) o;a nnrk] v?urk] tkurk laxPNsefgA
(?k) vLekfHk% oLrwuke~ miHkksx% R;kxsu drZO;%A
(Ä) o;a ifjokjs lEeuLdk% HkwRok dk;Za dq;kZeA
3-
104
(i) $ ?k] (ii) $ d] (iii) $ t] (iv) $ [k] (v) $ N] (vi) $ x] (vii) $ Ä] (viii)
$ p] (ix) $ ×k] (x) $ >
laLÑr