d#.kkijk fg lk/o%
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13
d#.kkijk fg lk/o%
cPpks! vkius Hkxoku cq¼ dk uke lquk gh gksxkA ^tkrdekyk* esa bUgha Hkxoku cq¼ ds
iwoZtUeksa ds vk[;ku lax`ghr gSa ftuesa mudk uke loZ=k ^cksf/lÙo* izfl¼ gSA izLrqr
ikB esa crk;k x;k gS fd egkRek yksxksa dk ,s'o;Z o vf/dkj lEiUurk rFkk foiUurk
esa Hkh mudh thoksa ds izfr vuqdEik dks f'kfFky ugha djrsA ,d ckj cksf/lÙo la;e]
d#.kk] ijksidkjkfn xq.kksa ls lEiUu nsorkvksa ds jktk bUnz gq,A mUgksaus foifÙk esa Hkh vius
Lo;a ds thou dh j{kk dh vis{kk ^x#M+* i{kh ds cPpksa dh j{kk dks vf/d egÙo
fn;kA egkiq#"kksa dk ân; d#.kk ls ifjiw.kZ gksrk gSA vr% gesa Hkh lHkh thoksa ij d#.kk
djuh pkfg;sA
mn~ns';kfu
bea ikBa ifBRok Hkoku~@Hkorh
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ikBL; dFkk;k% lkja ysf[krqa leFkZ% Hkfo";fr_
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dFkkokD;kfu ?kVukØes.k iquO;ZoLFkkif;";fr_
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'kØL; pfj=kfp=k.ka dfj";fr_

thous d#.kk&la;e&ijksidkjkfn&Hkkokuka egÙoa ysf[k";fr_
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rRiq#"kleklL; inkuka foxzga drqZa 'k{;fr_

;kor~&rkor~ vO;;&;qXeL; okD;s iz;ksxa dfj";fr_

miinfoHkDrhuka iz;ksxa dfj";frA
laLÑr
21
d#.kkijk fg lk/o%
fØ;kdyki% 13-1
fVIi.kh
fp=k 13-1
fp=k 13-2
fp=ka n`"V~ok v/% iznÙk'kCnkuka lgk;r;k dFkkiwfrZ% drZO;kA
(1) ,dnk jktdqekj% fl¼kFkZ% [kxkuka -------------i';u~-------------vklhr~A
(2) rnSo ck.ksu ------------- ,d% gal% virr~A
(3) jktdqekj% gale~ mRFkkI; ------------- fu"dkflroku~A
(4) rL; Hkzkrk nsonÙk% vkxR; jktdqekje~ vonr~ Hkks ee Hk{;a gala -------------A
(5) j{kd% Hk{kdkr~ Js;ku~ bfr mDRok jktdqekj% rLeS gala u -------------A
fo¼%] v;PNr~] uhMkfu] nsfg] 'kje~] mifo"V%
,oeso l% fl¼kFkZ% vU;fLeu~ tUefu vfi da da ijksidkja djksfr bfr iBke%A
13-1 bnkuha ewyikBa iBke%
'kCnkFkZ
vf/i% ¾ Lokeh] izklkns ¾ egy esa]
vjktr ¾ lq'kksfHkr gqbZ] lefUork ¾
;qDr] niZefyua ¾ ?keaM ds eSy ls ;qDr]
22
izFke% ,dka'k%
,dnk cksf/lÙo% Loiq.;izHkkokr~ nkula;ed#.kkfnfHk% xq.kSjyÄ~Ñr% nsokukef/i% 'kØ%
vHkor~A rL; izklkns jkty{eh% 'kf'ku% izHkso vf/de~ vjktrA ukuklq[kHkksxlefUork¿fi
lk y{eh% rL; ân;a niZefyua ukdjksr~A
laLÑr
d#.kkijk fg lk/o%
rL; 'kØL; loZyksds"kq O;kIrka dhfrZe~ vR;n~Hkqrka y{eha p vlgekuk% nSR;x.kk%
bZ";kZyo% tkrk%A rs f}jn&jFk&rqjx&inkfr;qDrsu egrk lSU;cysu ,ue~ vkØkUroUr%A rnk
'kkfUrfiz;ks¿fi l 'kØ% iztkj{k.kk; ;qn~/k; rRijks¿Hkor~A]
fVIi.kh
vFk l egklÙo% fofo/k;q/%S lqlfTtr% lèota gSejFke~ vfHk#á egrk gLR;'o&jFk&inkfr
cysu ifjo`r% vlqjlSU;e~ vH;xPNr~A r=k p leqnzrhjkUrs ,o j.k% izkjC/%A izo`Ùks j.ks
iVgkuka HkVkuka p izfrèofurS% 'kCnS% uHkLrya LiqQfVrfeo tkre~A
f}rh;% ,dka'k%
,oa fg ijLija ;qè;ekus"kq lRlq vlqjk.kka fo"knX/sE;% 'kL=ksH;% Hkhrk lqjsUnzokfguh iyk;ue~
vdjksr~A ,dy% cksf/lÙokRed% lqjsUnz% ,o jFksu vlqjk.kka cye~ vo#è; lejs¿fr"Br~
rr% lkjfFk% ekrfy% ^vilj.ke~ ,o br% mfpre~* bfr eRok nsosUnzL; L;Unua U;orZ;r~A
vFk ;kor~ 'kØ% vxzs ljfr rkor~ l leqRirr% jFkL; vxzs vkxrkfu 'kkYeyho`{ks
x#MuhMkfu i';frA n`"V~oSo l d#.kkij% ekrfye~ mokp ^vtkri{k&if{k'kkodS% ;qDrk%
,rs [kxky;k% jFkosxsu rs ;Fkk v/% u irs;q%* rFkk es jFka okg;A ekrfy#okp&lk/ks!
nSR;k% lefHk;kfUrA 'kØ% mokp&rr% fde~\ ^^ifjj{k lE;x~ x#MuhMkfu** bfrA ekrfy%
iqu#okp& gs Lokfeu~! vL; jFkL; fuorZukr~ dsoya if{k.kka f'koa Hkosr~A jk{klokfguh rq
vLeku~ izfr vfHk/koR;soA vr% bnkuha rq if{kj{k.kkis{k;k vkRej{k.ke~ ,o Js;Ldje~A
r`rh;% ,dka'k%
vFk nsosUnz% 'kØ% d#.kke~ vkiUu% lu~ mokp&nSR;jktsu lg e`R;qjso oja ija Hk;nhueq[kkfu
,rkfu lÙokfu jFkosxsu lapw.;Z efyu;'kl% es thfora f/d~! rnk ekrfy% rFkk] bR;qDRok
rqjxlgÏ;qDra jFka fuofrZroku~A
f}jn ¾ gkFkh] rqjx% ¾ ?kksM+k] inkfr%
¾ iSny] vH;xPNr~ ¾ lkeus vk x;k]
lèota ¾ èot ls ;qDr] gSee~ ¾ lksus
ls cus gq,] vfHk#g~; ¾ p<+dj] cysu
¾ lsuk ls] ifjo`r% ¾ f?kjs gq,] j.k% ¾
;q¼] izkjC/% ¾ izkjEHk gqvk] iVgkuka ¾
uxkM+ksa ds] HkVkuka ¾ ;ks¼kvksa ds]
LiqQfVrfeo ¾ iQV lk x;k] lÙokfu
¾ tho] iz.kfra xrk% ¾ vkRe leiZ.k
dj fn;k] ohr?k`.k% ¾ funZ;h] t?kU;%
¾ uhp] l?k`.k% ¾ n;kyq] izk.kkR;;s¿fi
¾ izk.k pys tkus ij Hkh] osyka ¾ rV]
d#.kkij% ¾ n;kyq] 'kØ% ¾ bUnz
vo#è; ¾ jksddj] lejs ¾ ;q¼ esa]
vilj.ke~ ¾ Hkkxuk] L;Unua ¾ jFk
dks] U;orZ;r~ ¾ ykSVk fn;k] ;kor~ ¾
T;ksagh] ljfr ¾ tkrk gS] rkor~ ¾
R;ksagh] leqRirr% ¾ mM+rs gq,] uhMkfu
¾ ?kksalys] ekrfy% ¾ bUnz dk lkjfFk]
'kkodS% ¾ cPpksa ls] okg; ¾ pykvks]
lefHk;kfUr ¾ lkeus vk jgs gSa] f'koa
¾ dY;k.k] vkiUu% ¾ izkIr] lRlq ¾
gksus ij] fo"knX/sE;% ¾ fo"k esa cq>s
gq,] lqjsUnzokfguh ¾ nsolsuk] iyk;ue~
¾ Hkkxuk] ,dy ¾ vdsys
rrks¿lqjk% iqjk;kUra rL; nsosUnzL; jFka foyksD; rRijkØeL; vfr'k;laHkkou;k Hk;kdqyk%
iz.kfra xrk%A vuUrja lg"kZyTtS% nsoS% lfRØ;ek.k% t;fJ;k vyÄ~Ñr% 'kØ% Loiqje~
vxPNr~A rLeknqP;rs&
ikia lekpjfr ohr?k`.kks t?kU;%
izkI;kina l?k`.k ,o rq eè;cqf¼%
izk.kkR;;s¿fi rq u lk/qtu% Loo`fÙka
osyka leqnz bo yÄ~?kf;raq leFkZ%AA
laLÑr
23
d#.kkijk fg lk/o%
cks/iz'uk%
fVIi.kh
1-
ewyikBa ifBRok fjDrLFkkuiwfr± dq#rA
(d) rL; izklkns jkty{eh% ------------- vf/de~ vjktrA
([k) rnk 'kkfUrfiz;ks¿fi l 'kØ% ------------- ;q¼k; rRijks¿Hkor~A
(x) vr% bnkuha rq if{kj{k.kkis{k;k ------------- ,o Js;Ldje~A
(?k) ikia lekpjfr ------------- t?kU;%
2-
^v* LrEHkL; okD;ka'kS% lg ^c* LrEHkL; okD;ka'kkuka esyua dq#rA
^v*
^c*
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vlgekuk%
(i)
if{k.kka f'koa Hkosr~A
([k) vL; jFkL; fuorZukr~ dsoya
(ii)
'kØ% Loiqje~ vxPNr~A
(x) lg"kZyTtS% nsoS% lfRØ;ek.k%
(iii) nSR;x.kk% bZ";kZyo% tkrk%A
(?k) ;kor~ 'kØ% vxsz ljfr
(iv) es thoua f/d~A
(Ä) efyu;'kl%
(v)
rkor~ 'kkYeyho`{ks x#MuhMkfu
i';frA
13-2 v/quk ikBe~ voxPNke%
13-2-1 izFke% ,dka'k%
,dnk cksf/lÙo% ------- LiqQfVrfeo tkre~A
O;k[;k
(1) cksf/lÙo%
^cksf/* dk vFkZ gS& Kku izkfIr dh lk/uk esa izo`ÙkA ^lÙo* dk vFkZ gS ^tho* vFkkZr~
cq¼Ro (Kku) dh izkfIr ls iwoZ tho tc Kkulk/uk esa layXu jgrk gS rc mls cksf/
lÙo dgk tkrk gSA ;g 'kCn fo'ks"k :i ls egkRek cq¼ ds fy, iz;qDr gksrk gSA
24
laLÑr
d#.kkijk fg lk/o%
(2) niZefyue~&
^niZ* dk vFkZ gS ^?ke.M*A lÙkk vf/dkj vkSj /u vkfn dh miyfC/ ds dkj.k Lo;a
dks nwljs euq";ksa ls Js"B ekuuk ;g cgqr cM+k nks"k gSA 'kØ ds egy esa lHkh izdkj ds
lq[k lk/u okyh jkty{eh fojkteku Fkh fiQj Hkh bl ,s'o;Z ls 'kØ dk ân; dHkh Hkh
?ke.M ls efyu ugha gqvkA
fVIi.kh
(3) 'kkfUrfiz;ks¿fi
nsosUnz lÙkk lEiUu ,oa ohj gksus ij Hkh 'kkfUrfiz; FksA vFkkZr~ 'kkfUriwoZd jkT; dk
lapkyu djrs FksA fdUrq tc nSR;x.kksa us muds jkT; ij vkØe.k dj fn;k rks mUgksaus Hkh
iztktuksa dh j{kk gsrq ,d cgqr cM+h lsuk ds lkFk nSR;kas ls ;q¼ djus ds fy, izLFkku
fd;kA bl izdkj mUgksaus vius bl O;ogkj ls fl¼ fd;k fd iztktuksa dh j{kk ds fy,
;q¼ djuk jktk dk izFke dÙkZO; gSA
O;kdj.kfcUno%
lfU/foPNsn%&
vR;n~Hkqrke~
vH;xPNr~
xq.kSjyÄ~Ñr%
'kkfUrfiz;ks¿fi
izHkso
ukdjksr~
leLrinkuka foxzg%
jkty{eh%
niZefyue~
'kkfUrfiz;%
iztkj{k.kk;
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¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
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¾
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vfr $ vn~Hkqrke~
vfHk $ vxPNr~
xq.kS% $ vyÄ~Ñr%
'kkfUrfiz;% $ vfi
izHkk $ bo
u $ vdjksr~
jkK% y{eh%
nikZr~ efyue~
'kkfUr% fiz;k ;L; l%
iztkuka j{k.kk;
egku~ pklkS lÙo%
leqnzrhjL; vUrs
(;.k~)
(;.k~)
(#Ro)
(mRo] xq.k iwoZ:i)
(xq.k)
(nh?kZ)
"k"BhrRiq#"k%
i×pehrRiq#"k%
cgqozhfg%
"k"BhrRiq#"k%
deZ/kj;%
"k"BhrRiq#"k%
ikBxriz'uk% 13-1
1-
v/ksfyf[krkuka iz'ukuke~ mÙkjkf.k laLÑrHkk"kk;ka fy[krA
(d) cksf/lÙo% dhn`'kS% xq.kS% foHkwf"kr% 'kØ% vHkor~\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
laLÑr
25
d#.kkijk fg lk/o%
([k) 'kØL; dhfrZ% dq=k O;kIrk vHkor~\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------fVIi.kh
(x) 'kkfUrfiz;% 'kØ% fdeFkZa ;q¼k; rRij% vHkor~\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------(?k) nsoklqj;ks% eè;s dq=k ;q¼e~ vHkor~\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------2-
3-
) bfr
v/ksfyf[krdFkus"kq 'kq¼a dFkua (
) bfr fpg~usu v'kq¼a p (
fpg~usu vÄ~fdra dq#rA
(d) ,dnk cksf/lÙo% nsokukef/i% 'kØ% vHkor~A
-------------
([k) 'kØL; jkty{eh% rL; ân;a niZefyue~ vdjksr~A
-------------
(x) ifjj{k lE;x~ x#MuhMkfu bfr 'kØ% dFk;frA
-------------
(?k) izk.kkuka ladVs rq lk/qtu% Loo`fÙka R;tfrA
-------------
mfprinsu okD;iwfrZa dq#r&
f/d~] vyÄ~Ñr%] izkjC/%] vo#è;
(1) iqjk nku&n;k&lR;kfnxq.kS% ------------- ;qf/f"Bj% ujifr% vHkor~A
(2) ,dnk dq#{ks=ks dkSjo&ik.Mo;ks% eè;s egku~ j.k% -------------A
(3) ,dy% vfHkeU;q% dkSjocye~ ------------- lejs vfr"Br~A
(4) -------------dkSjoku~] ;r~ losZ fefyRok vfHkeU;qe~ izkgju~A
13-2-2 f}rh; ,dka'k%
,oa fg ijLija ------- ,o Js;Ldje~A
O;k[;k
vilj.ke~ ,o br% mfpre~μ
;gk¡ ls nwj pyk tkuk gh mfpr gSA leqnz rV ij tc 'kØ vkSj nSR;ksa dh lsuk ijLij
;q¼ dj jgs Fks rHkh vlqjksa us fo"k ls cq>s 'kL=kksa ls nsolsuk ij Hk;adj izgkj fd;kA bu
fo"kSys 'kL=kksa ds Hk; ls nsolsuk Hkkx [kM+h gqbZA ;q¼LFky ij dsoy 'kØ gh MVs gq, FksA
26
laLÑr
d#.kkijk fg lk/o%
rc lkjfFk ekrfy us lkspk fd bl fo"ke ifjfLFkfr esa ;gk¡ ls Hkkxuk gh loZFkk mfpr
gS vFkkZr~ egkjkt dh izk.kj{kk vR;ko';d gSA
fVIi.kh
x#MuhMkfu
ekrfy lkjfFk ;q¼LFky ls tc jFk dks okil ysdj pyk rc 'kØ dks mM+rs gq, jFk ds
ekxZ esa lsey ds isM+ ij yVdrs gq, x#M+ i{kh ds ?kksalys fn[kkbZ fn;s tks jFk ds osx
ls fxjdj u"V gks ldrs FksA x#M+ dks if{k;ksa dk jktk dgk x;k gSA bldk flj] ia[k]
iats rFkk pksap xh/ ds leku gksrs gSaA bldk eq[k 'osr] ia[k yky rFkk 'kjhj dh dkfUr
Lo.kZleku gksrh gSA x#M+ dks fo".kq dk okgu Hkh dgk x;k gSA
dsoya if{k.kka f'koa Hkosr~
;q¼ ds eSnku ls okil tkrs gq, tc jFkekxZ esa vk;s x#M+ i{kh ds ?kksalyksa dks ns[kk rks
n;ko'k 'kØ us lkjfFk ekrfy ls bUgsa cpkus ds fy, dgkA lkjfFk us dgk] gs Lokeh!
nSR; gekjk ihNk djrs gq, vk jgs gSa ,oa ;fn jFk okil ykSVkrs gSa rks blls dsoy if{k;ksa
dh gh j{kk gksxh fdUrq ge nSR;ksa ds geys dk f'kdkj gks tk,axs vFkkZr vki jktk gSa vkSj
bl le; if{k;kas dh j{kk dh vis{kk vkidh j{kk djuk vR;Ur vko';d gSA**
O;kdj.kfcUno%
(d)
([k)
(x)
laLÑr
lfU/foPNsn%
lqjsUnz%
n`"V~oSo
[kxky;k%
ekrfy#okp
vfHk/koR;so
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
lqj $ bUnz%
n`"V~ok $ ,o
[kx $ vky;k%
ekrfy% $ mokp
vfHk $ /kofr $ ,o
leLrinkuka foxzg% lekluke p
lqjsUnzokfguh
¾ lqjsUnzL; okfguh
x#MuhMkfu
¾ x#ML; uhMkfu
[kxky;k%
¾ [kxkuke~ vky;k%
vkRej{k.ke~
¾ vkReu% j{k.ke~
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¾
("k-rRiq#"k%)
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vo $ #/~ $ Y;i~
n`'k~ $ DRok
eu~ $ DRok
;qt~ $ Dr $ iqa- izFkek cgqopue~
27
d#.kkijk fg lk/o%
ikBxriz'uk% 13-2
fVIi.kh
1-
iz'ukuke~ mÙkjkf.k laLÑrHkk"kk;ka fy[krA
(d) fo"knX/sH;% 'kL=ksH;% Hkhrk dL; lsuk iykf;rk\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------([k) ^vilj.ke~ ,o br% mfpre~ bfr d% vdFk;r~\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------(x) [kxky;k% dhn`'kS% if{k'kkodS% ;qDrk%\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------(?k) ifjj{k lE;d~ x#MuhMkfu bfr d% de~ izfr dFk;fr\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2-
mnkgj.ke~ vuql`R; mfpr&vO;;insu fjDrLFkkuiwfr± dq#rA
;kor~] rFkk] br%] r=k] rnk
mnkgj.ke~
;kor~ es?k% xtZfr rkor~ e;wj% u`R;frA
(d) -------------ijh{kk Hkofr rkor~ vUr% dks¿fi u izfo'kfrA
([k) ;Fkk ns'k% -------------os"k%A
(x) ------------- izHkk xfe";fr rr% m"kk vkxfe";frA
(?k) ;nk nSR;lsuk vkØkE;fr ------------- 'kØ% vfi ;ks¼qe~ m|r% HkofrA
3-
dks"Bdkn~ fpRok mfprinsu fjDrLFkkuiwfr± dq#rA
(d) ------------- Hkhrk nsolsuk iykf;rkA (nSR;S%@nSR;sH;%)
([k) -------------vxzs ekxsZ [kxky;k% vklu~ (jFkkr~@jFkL;)
(x) ------------- uhMkfu u irs;q% (o`{kL;@o`{kkr~)
(?k) nSR;lsuk -------------izfr /kofrA (nsolsuke~@nsolsukuke~)
28
laLÑr
d#.kkijk fg lk/o%
13-2-3 r`rh;% ,dka'k%
vFk nsosUnz ------- rLeknqP;rs ------- ikia ------- leFkZ%A
fVIi.kh
1- efyu;'kl% es thfora f/d~!
bldk vFkZ gS ^;'k efyu gks tkus ij esjs thou dks f/Ddkj gSA* n;kyq 'kØ vius
lkjfFk ekrfy ls dgrk gS fd ;fn Hk; vkSj nhurk ls ;qDr ;s cspkjs x#M+ ds cPps
jFkosx ls ekjs tkrs gSa rks eq> nsosUnz dk ;'k efyu gks tk;sxk vkSj efyu ;'k okys thou
dks f/Ddkj gSA vr% eq>s bl le; viuh j{kk dh vis{kk ?kksalyksa esa fLFkr vtkria[k
okys x#M+ ds cPpksa dh j{kk vf/d fiz; gSA
2- rRijkØeL; vfr'k;laHkkou;k Hk;kdqyk% iz.kfra xrk%
tc 'kØ dk jFk x#M+ ds cPpksa dks cpkus dh n`f"V ls iqu% okil eqM+k rks 'kØ dk
ihNk djrs gq, nSR;ksa us lkspk fd ^vo'; gh 'kØ fo'ks"k 'kfDr lEiUu gksdj gels
yM+us ds fy, okil vk jgk gS*A mUgksaus Hk;Hkhr gks vius vki 'kØ ds le{k
vkReleiZ.k dj fn;kA bl izdkj n;kHkkoo'k x#M+ ds cPpksa dh j{kk ds dkj.k ftl
vkRecy ds lkFk 'kØ okil ykSVs rks og lSU;ny ds fcuk Hkh nSR;ksa ds }kjk euksoSKkfud
izHkko ds dkj.k egku~ ijkØeh ekus x,A
3- lg"kZyTtS% nsoS% lfRØ;ek.k%
g"kZ ds lkFk vkSj yTtk Hkko ls ;qDr nsorkvksa ds }kjk lRdkj fd;s tkrs gq, 'kØ nSR;ksa
ds leiZ.k ds i'pkr~ fot;Jh ds lkFk tc okil vk;s rks nsorkvksa us g"kZ ,oa yTtk
ls ;qDr gksdj 'kØ dk lEeku fd;kA bldk Hkko gS fd tgk¡ ,d vksj nSR;ksa ij fot;
dh izlUurk Fkh ogha mUgsa yTtk bl ckr dh Fkh fd os ;q¼ esa 'kØ dks vdsyk NksM+dj
vlqjksa ds 'kL=kksa ls Hk;Hkhr gks Hkkx vk;s Fks fiQj Hkh nsosUnz vdsys gh vlqjksa dks thrdj
vk,A
4- ikia lekpjfr -------------yÄ~?kf;rqa leFkZ%
vUo;%
ohr?k`.k% t?kU;% ikie~ lekpjfr l?k`.k% eè;cqf¼% rq vkine~ izkI; ,o l?k`.k%
(Hkofr)] lk/qtu% rq leqnz% osyke~ bo izk.kkR;;s vfi Loo`fÙka yÄ~?kf;rqa u leFkZ%
(Hkofr)A
HkkokFkZ% uhp O;fDr funZ; gksdj lnk iki deZ djrk gS] n;kyq eè;cqf¼ okyk rks
vkifÙk esa iM+dj iki djrk gS fdUrq lTtu yksx rks izk.kksa dk ladV gksus ij Hkh vius
n;kyq LoHkko dks ugha NksM+rs ftl izdkj leqnz vius rV dk mYya?ku dHkh ugha djrkA
è;ku nsa ;gk¡ ^?k`.kk* 'kCn dk vFkZ gS n;k] ohr?k`.k% dk vFkZ gS n;k ls jfgrA
laLÑr
29
d#.kkijk fg lk/o%
O;kdj.kfcUno%
fVIi.kh
lfU/foPNsn%
e`R;qjso
¾ e`R;q%
$ ,o
bR;qDRok
¾ bfr
$ mDRok
iqujk;kUre~
¾ iqu%
$ vk;kUre~
rLeknqP;rs
¾ rLekr~
$ mP;rs
izkI;kine~
¾ izkI;
$ vkine~
izk.kkR;;s¿fi ¾ izk.kkR;;s $ vfi
leLrinkuka foxzg%
nSR;jktsu
¾ nSR;kuka jktk nSR;jkt%
("k"BhrRiq#"k%)
Hk;nhueq[kkfu
¾ Hk;kr~ nhukfu eq[kkfu ;s"kka rkfu
(cgqozhfg%)
efyu;'kl%
¾ efyua ;'k% ;L; rL;
(cgqozhfg%)
ohr?k`.k%
¾ ohrk ?k`.kk ;L; l%
(cgqozhfg%)
l?k`.k%
¾ ?k`.k;k lg fo|eku%
(cgqozhfg%)
in&ifjp;%
lapw.;Z
¾ le~ $ pw.kZ $ Y;i~
mDRok
¾
foyksD;
¾ fo $ yksd~ $ Y;i~
op~ $ DRok
ikBxriz'uk% 13-3
1-
vuUrja lg"kZyTtS% nsoS% lfRØ;ek.k% t;fJ;k vyÄ~Ñr% 'kØ% Loiqje~
vxPNr~A
(d) nsoS% lfRØ;ek.k% d% Loiqje~ vxPNr~\
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
30
laLÑr
d#.kkijk fg lk/o%
([k) v=k ^nsoS%* inL; fda fo'ks"k.kine~ iz;qDre~\
----------------------------------------------------------------------fVIi.kh
(x) ^t;fJ;k vyÄ~Ñr%* bfr dL; fo'ks"k.ke~\
----------------------------------------------------------------------2-
^Hk;nhueq[kkfu vewfu lÙokfu jFkosxsu lapw.;Z efyu;'kl% es thfora
f/d~!
(d) Hk;nhueq[kkfu dkfu vklu~\
-------------------------------------------------
([k) v=k ^es* ina dLeS iz;qDre~\
-------------------------------------------------
(x) ^f/d~* ;ksxs v=k dk foHkfDr% iz;qDrk\ -------------------------------------------------
fdef/xre~
1-
cksf/lÙo% ,dfLeu~ tUefu nku&n;k la;e'khy% 'kØ% vHkor~A
2-
'kØ% ,s'o;ZlEiUu%] egkohj% niZjfgr% d#.kkij% loZlÙokuqdEih p vklhr~A
3-
d#.kk&la;e&ijksidkjkfnHkkoS% foHkwf"kr% uj% thous ;'k% ekua p HktrsA
4-
lk/o% izk.kladVs¿fi LokHkkfodha n;kyqrka ijksidkfjrka p u R;tfUrA
5-
rRiq#"kleklL; foxzgs mÙkjina iz/kua HkofrA
6-
;kor~&rkor~ ;Fkk&rFkk br%&rr% vO;;;qXekuka iz;ksx% ,dfLeu~ ,o okD;s HkofrA
7-
^DRok* iwoZdkfydfØ;klwpd% Ñr~ izR;;% HkofrA
8-
;fn /krks% iwoZe~ milxZ% Hkosr~ rnk DRok LFkkus Y;i~ HkofrA
9-
izfr] f/d~ lg] Hk;kFkZd;ksxs f}rh;k] r`rh;k i×peh p iz;qT;rsA
;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
lUnHkZxzUFk&ys[kdifjp;%
izLrqr ikB dk vk/kj ^tkrdekyk* dh ,d dFkk ^'kØtkrde~* gSA ^tkrdekyk* ds
ys[kd vk;Z'kwj gSaA budk jpukdky 400 bZ- gSA
laLÑr
31
d#.kkijk fg lk/o%
HkkofoLrkj%
fVIi.kh
egkRek cq¼ ds iwoZtUeksa dh dgkfu;k¡ ikfyHkk"kk esa 500 ls vf/d tkrdksa esa lax`ghr
gSaA vk;Z'kwj us dqN egÙoiw.kZ tkrdksa dks laLÑr Hkk"kk esa tkrdekyk esa lax`ghr fd;k
gSA fofHkUu tUeksa esa cq¼ us fdl izdkj thoksa ij n;k dh bldk fooj.k buesa izLrqr
fd;k x;k gSA mu tUeksa esa os cksf/lÙo ds uke ls izfl¼ gq,A bu dFkkvksa dk mís';
ekuo esa thouewY;ksa dh LFkkiuk djuk gSA buesa lR;] n;k] nku] ne] ijksidkj] mnkjrk]
lerk vkfn xq.kksa ds }kjk ekuo thou dh mi;ksfxrk fl¼ dh xbZ gSA egkRek cq¼ vius
vusd tUeksa esa cksf/lÙo nsojkt bUnz] jktk] O;kikjh] lsB] ukfod] gkFkh] 'k'kd] e`x]
i{kh vkfn cus fdUrq mudh izo`fÙk ijksidkj esa jghA mUgksaus izR;sd tUe esa lR;] R;kx]
ne dk vkn'kZ izLrqr fd;k gSA
Hkk"kkfoLrkj%
(d) miin&foHkDr;%
foHkfDr nks izdkj dh gksrh gS 1- dkjd foHkfDr 2- miin foHkfDrA dkjd dks lwfpr
djus okyh foHkfDr dks dkjd foHkfDr dgrs gSa rFkk tks in fo'ks"k vFkkZr~ izfr] fouk]
lg] ue% vkfn inksa ds ;ksx ls tks foHkfDr gksrh gS mls miin foHkfDr dgrs gSaA tSls&
jke% dyesu fy[kfr (jke dye ls fy[krk gS esa ^dyesu* esa dj.k dkjd ds vFkZ esa
r`rh;k foHkfDr gSA vr% ;g dkjd foHkfÙkQ gSA tc fd ^jke% iq=ks.k lg xPNfr* (jke
iq=k ds lkFk tkrk gS) okD; esa ^iq=ks.k* esa r`rh;k ^lg* in ds ;ksx ds dkj.k gS vr%
;g miin foHkfÙkQ gSA
inkfu
(d) (inksa ds ;ksx esa)
f}rh;kfoHkfDr%
mnkgj.kkfu
mHk;r% (nksuksa vksj)
jktekxZe~ mHk;r% o`{kk% lfUrA
ifjr% (pkjksa vksj)
xzkea ifjr% {ks=kkf.k lfUrA
f/d~ (f/Ddkj)
vf'kf{kre~ f/d~A
izfr (vksj)
ekrk iq=ka izfr onfrA
([k) /krqvksa ds ;ksx esa
32
;kp~ (ek¡xuk)
fu/Zu% /fude~ /ua ;kprsA
izPN~ (iwNuk)
Nk=k% xq#a iz'ua i`PNfrA
laLÑr
d#.kkijk fg lk/o%
vf/ $ 'kh
vf/'ksrs (lksrk gS)
vf/ $ LFkk
vf/fr"Bfr (cSBrk gS) jfo% i;ZÄ~de~ vf/'ksrs (jfo iyax
ij lksrk gS)
vf/ $ vkl~
fVIi.kh
vè;kLrs] u`i% flagklue~ vf/fr"Bfr@vè;kLrsA (jktk flagklu
ij cSBrk gS)
r`rh;k foHkfDr%
inkfu
mnkgj.kkfu
(1) lk/Ze~@lkde~@lg (lkFk)
Roe~ fe=ks.k lk/Ze~@lkde~@lg ØhMflA
(2) vye~ (cl)
vye~ Jes.kA
(3) rqY;%@ln`'k%
nkusu rqY;%@ln`'k% fuf/% ukfLrA
(4) vÄx~fodkjkFkZdin;ksxs
iknsu [k×t%A us=kkH;ke~ vU/%A us=ks.k dk.k%
([k×t%] vU/%] dk.k%)
prqFkhZfoHkfDr%
(1) ue% (ueLdkj)
xqjos ue%A ekr`HkwE;S ue%A
(2) LofLr (dY;k.k)
u`ik; LofLrA
/krq;ksxs
(1) #p~ (vPNk yxuk)
fnus'kk; jksprs iQykgkj%A
(2) Øq/~ (xqLlk djuk)
Roe~ nq"Vk; Øqè;flA
i×peh foHkfDr%
(1) cfg% (ckgj)
xzkekr~ cfg% m|kue~ vfLrA
(2) vuUrje~ (ckn)
m|kukr~ vuUrja ikB'kkyk vfLrA
(3) ^rqyuk* vFksZ
v'kksd% ';kekr~ iVqrj%A
(4) ^Hk;* vFksZ
cky% flagkr~ fcHksfrA
"k"Bh% foHkfDr%@lIrehfoHkfDr%
(1) fu/kZj.k&vFksZ (vusd eas ls ,d dk fu'p; djuk)
laLÑr
33
d#.kkijk fg lk/o%
(2) ;qf/f"Bj% [email protected]"kq T;s"B% vklhr~A
(3) unhuke~@unh"kq ok xaxk Js"BkA
fVIi.kh
lIreh foHkfDr%
(1) ^fLug~* /krq;ksxs (I;kj djuk)
(2) ^fo'ol~* /krq;ksxs
(fo'okl djuk)
ekrk iq=ks fLug~;frA
vge~ Rof; fo'oflfeA
([k) rRiq#"klekl%
nks ;k nks ls vf/d inksa dk rRiq#"k lekl gksrk gSA lekl ds iwoZ in esa izFkek f}rh;k]
r`rh;k] prqFkhZ] i×peh] "k"Bh o lIreh foHkfDr;k¡ jgrh gSa rFkk mÙkj in esa dksbZ Hkh
foHkfÙkQ jg ldrh gSA lekl djus ij nksuksa foHkfÙkQ;ksa dk yksi gks tkrk gSA bl lekl
esa mÙkj in ds vFkZ dh iz/kurk gksrh gSA tSls jkK% iq=k% jktiq=k%A blesa ^iq=k* vFkZ
iz/ku gSA vU; mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSa& f}rh;k&jkee~ vkfJr% ¾ jkekfJr%]A 'kj.ke~
vkiUu% ¾ 'kj.kkiUu%A r`rh;k& lq[ksu ;qDr% ¾ lq[k;qDr%] fo|;k ghu%¾fo|kghu%] Kkusu
'kwU;%¾Kku'kwU;%A prqFkhZ&ikBk; 'kkyk¾ikB'kkyk] /uk; yksHk%¾/uyksHk%A i×peh&pkSjkr~
Hk;e~¾pkSjHk;e~] o`{kkr~ ifrr%¾o`{kifrr%] ikikr~ eqDr%¾ikieqDr%A "k"Bh&jkK% iq#"k%
jktiq#"k% lq[kL; Hkksx%¾ lq[kHkksx%] lIreh&;q¼s fuiq.k%¾;q¼fuiq.k%] tys eXu%¾tyeXu%]
dk;sZ n{k%¾ dk;Zn{k%A
(x) /krq:ikf.k
^Ñ* (djuk)
yV~ ydkj% (orZekudky%) ^ijLeSine~*
,dopue~
f}opue~
cgqopue~
izFke% iq#"k%
djksfr
dq#r%
dqoZfUr
eè;e% iq#"k%
djksf"k
dq#Fk%
dq#Fk
mÙke% iq#"k%
djksfe
dqoZ%
dqeZ%
yÄ~ ydkj% (Hkwrdky%)
34
izFke% iq#"k%
vdjksr~
vdq#rke~
vdqoZu~
eè;e% iq#"k%
vdjks%
vdq#re~
vdq#r
laLÑr
d#.kkijk fg lk/o%
mÙke% iq#"k%
vdjoe~
vdqoZ
vdqeZ
izFke% iq#"k%
djksrq
dq#rke~
dqoZUrq
eè;e% iq#"k%
dq#
dq#re~
dq#r
mÙke% iq#"k%
djokf.k
djoko
djoke
yksV~ ydkj% (vkKkFksZ)
fVIi.kh
y`V~ ydkj% (Hkfo";Rdky%)
izFke% iq#"k%
dfj";fr
dfj";r%
dfj";fUr
eè;e% iq#"k%
dfj";fl
dfj";Fk%
dfj";Fk
mÙke% iq#"k%
dfj";kfe
dfj";ko%
dfj";ke%
fof/fyÄ~ (bPNk] fuea=k.k] vuqjks/)
izFke% iq#"k%
dq;kZr~
dq;kZrke~
dq;qZ%
eè;e% iq#"k%
dq;kZ%
dq;kZre~
dq;kZr
mÙke% iq#"k%
dq;kZe~
dq;kZo
dq;kZe
ikBkUriz'uk%
1-
v/ksfyf[kriz'ukuke~ mÙkjkf.k laLÑrHkk"kk;ka fy[krA
(d) d% nsokukef/i% 'kØ% vHkor~\
------------------------------------------------([k) nSR;kuka dhn`'ka lSU;cye~ vklhr~\
------------------------------------------------(x) 'kØ% dhn`'ka jFke~ vfHk#á ;ks¼qa xroku~\
------------------------------------------------(?k) [kxky;k% dS% ;qDrk% vklu~\
-------------------------------------------------
laLÑr
35
d#.kkijk fg lk/o%
(Ä) lk/qtu% izk.kkR;;s¿fi dka u R;tfr\
------------------------------------------------fVIi.kh
2-
,rkfu okD;kfu ?kVukØes.k iqu% fy[kr
(d) rL; y{eha n`"V~ok nSR;x.kk% bZ";kZyo% tkrk%A
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------([k) ,dnk cksf/lÙo% nsokukef/i% 'kØ% vHkor~A
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(x) ijLija ;q¼s tkrs 'kØ% ,o fot;h vHkor~A
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(?k) leqnzrhjkUrs nsoklqj;ks% eè;s j.k% izkjC/%A
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3-
'kØL; pfj=ka i×pokD;s"kq laLÑrHkk"kk;ka fy[krA
1- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4-
36
(d) foxzg&inS% leLrinkfu jp;r
1- jkK% y{eh%
-------------
2- x#Mkuka uhMkfu
-------------
3- d#.kke~ vkiUu%
-------------
4- vkReu% j{k.ke~
-------------
5- if{k.kka j{k.ke~
-------------
laLÑr
d#.kkijk fg lk/o%
([k) fufnZ"V/krq&izR;;&;ksxsu okD;iwfr± dq#rA
(1) v'kksd% izkr% (Hkze~ $ DRok)
------------- iBfrA
(2) yrk lekpkja (Jq $ DRok)
------------- [kknfrA
(3) foHkk xq#e~ (iz $ ue~ $ Y;i~)
------------- fr"BfrA
fVIi.kh
(4) Roe~ ee lehis (mi $ fo'k~ $ Y;i~) ------------- iBA
5-
mfpr'kCn:iL; iz;ksxa dq#rA
;Fkk&f'k{kd% (Nk=k) Nk=ke~ izfr onfrA
(d) Roe~ (vLen~) ------------- izfr fda onfl\
([k) (Ñi.k) ------------- f/d~! ;% u nnkfr u HkqÄ~DrsA
(x) lSfud% (lSfud)-------------lg xPNfrA
(?k) (nq"V) ------------- Hkhr% lTtu% x`ga R;tfrA
mÙkjkf.k
cks/iz'uk%
1-
(d) 'kf'ku% izHkso ([k) iztkj{k.kk; (x) vkRej{k.ke~ (?k) ohr?k`.k%
2-
(d) $ (iii)] ([k) $ (i)] (x) $ (ii)] (?k) $ (v)] (Ä) $ (iv)
ikBxriz'uk% 13-1
1-
(d) nkula;ed#.kkfnfHk% ([k) loZyksds"kq (x) iztkj{k.kk; (?k) leqnzrhjkUrs
2-
d- [k- X x- ?k- X
3-
(i) vyÄ~Ñr%] (ii) izkjC/%] (iii) vo#è;] (iv) f/d~
ikBxriz'uk% 13-2
1-
d- 'kØL;] [k- ekrfy%] x- vtkri{kS%] ?k- 'kØ% ekrfye~ izfr]
2-
d- ;kor~] [k- rFkk] x- br%] ?k- rnk]
3-
d- nSR;sH;%] [k- jFkL;] x- o`{kkr~] ?k- nsolsuke~
laLÑr
37
d#.kkijk fg lk/o%
ikBxriz'uk% 13-3
fVIi.kh
1-
d- 'kØ%] [k- lg"kZyTtS%] x- 'kØL;
2-
d- lÙokfu] (x#ML; 'kkodk%)] [k- 'kØk;] x- f}rh;k
ikBkUriz'uk%
1-
d- cksf/lÙo%] [k- f}jn&jFk&rqjx&inkfr;qDre~ x- gSee~ ?k- vtkri{k&if{k'kkodS%
Ä- Loo`fÙke~
2-
[k]d]?k]x
3-
(i) 'kØ% nsokuke~ vf/i% vklhr~A
(ii) l ,s'o;ZlEiUu% vklhr~A
(iii) l% nku'khy% la;eh p vklhr~A
(iv) l% egkohj% vklhr~A
(v) rL; ân;a d#.kke;e~ vklhr~A ,oeso dkfu vfi i×p okD;kfuA
4-
d&(1) jkty{eh%] (2) x#MuhMkfu] (3) d#.kkiUu%] (4) vkRej{k.ke~] (5)
if{kj{k.ke~]
[k& (i) HkzfeRok] (ii)JqRok] (iii) iz.kE;] (iv) mifo';]
5-
38
d- vLeku~]
[k- d`i.ka]
x- lSfudS%]
?k- nq"VsH;%
laLÑr