;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr
6
fVIi.kh
;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr
izLrqr
ikB fo".kq'kekZ }kjk jfpr ^i×prU=ke~* uked izfl¼ dFkkxzUFk ls ladfyr gSA
blesa ladV osQ le; vukxrfo/krk] izR;qRiUuefr rFkk ;n~Hkfo"; uked (,d tyk'k;
esa jgus okyh) rhu eNfy;ksa osQ ijLij okrkZyki dk vR;Ur jkspd ,oa yksdksi;ksxh
o.kZu gSA bls i<+us osQ ckn fo|kFkhZ Lo;eso fu'p; dj losaQxs fd flj ij vkbZ foifÙk
ls vkRej{kk dk mik; fdl izdkj djuk pkfg,A osQoy HkkX; osQ Hkjksls ij cSBs jgus
okyk euq"; u"V gks tkrk gSA blfy;s loZnk nwjn`f"V ls dk;Z djuk pkfg,A
mn~ns';kfu
beka dFkka ifBRok Hkoku~@Hkorh

iznÙkkfu okD;kfu iqu% dFkkØes.k ysf[k";fr_

iznRrdFkuek/`R; iz'ufuekZ.ka dfj";fr_

;Fkkle;a ÑrL; fu.kZ;L; egÙoa ysf[k";fr_


DRok&Y;i~ izR;;kUrkuka inkuka p;ua dfj";fr_
leLrinkuka foxzga dfj";fr_

O;×tulfU/;qDrkuka inkuka lfU/PNsna dfj";fr_

la[;kinkuka :ikf.k ysf[k";frA
fØ;kdyki% 6-1
v/ksnRrfp=k};e~ vk/`R; okD;kfu fyf[krkfuA rkfu fp=kkuqlkja i`Fkd~ ÑRok fy[krAA
laLÑre~
89
;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr
fVIi.kh
fp=k 6-1% vkx yxus ij dq¡, ls ikuh ys tkdj vkx cq>krs gq,
fp=k 6-2% vkx yxus ij dq¡vk [kksnrs gq,
(i)
tuk% tyk; owQia [kufUrA
(ii) tuk% tysu vfXua 'ke;fUrA
(iii)
x`ga Toyfr] tuk% p i';fUrA
(iv) tuk% owQikr~ tya fu"dkl;fUrA
(v) x`ge~ vfXuuk iw.kZr;k u';frA
(vi) tysu ofÉ% 'kkE;fr x`ga p lqjf{kra fr"BfrAewyikB%
90
laLÑre~
;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr
6-1 bnkuha ewyikBa iBke%
fVIi.kh
izFke% ,dka'k%
dfLeaf'pr~ tyk'k;s vukxrfo/krk] izR;qRiUuefr% ;n~Hkfo";'psfr
=k;ks eRL;k% izfrolfUr LeA vFk dnkfpr~ tyk'k;a n`"V~ok xPNn~fHk%
eRL;thfofHk% mDra ;n~ vgks cgqeRL;ks¿;a ßn% dnkfpnfi u
vLekfHk%vUosf"kr%A rn| rkonkgkjo`fÙk% l×tkrk lUè;kle;% pkfi
lao`Ùk%A vr% 'o% izHkkrs v=kkxR; eRL;la{k;a dfj";ke bfrA
rs"kka rr~ oqQfy'kikrksiea op% JqRok vukxrfo/krk lokZu~ eRL;ku~
vkgw;sne~ mokp] ^vgks] Jqra Hkof•;ZUeRL;thfofHk% vfHkfgre~A rn~
jk=kkS ,o xE;rka fdf×pfUudVa lj%A mDr×p&
v'kDrScZfyu% 'k=kks% dÙkZO;a iziyk;ue~A
Jf;rO;ks¿Fkok nqxksZ ukU;k rs"kka xfrHkZosr~AA1AA
rUuwua izHkkrle;s eRL;thfouks¿=k lekxR; eRL;la{k;a dfj";fUr] ,rUee
eufl orZrsA rUu ;qDra lkEizre~ {k.keI;=k voLFkkrqe~A rnkd.;Z
izR;qRiUuefr% izkg] ^^vgks lR;efHkfgra HkorkA eekI;Hkh"Vesrr~A rnU;=k
xE;rke~ bfrA
f}rh;% ,dka'k%
rPNªqRok mPpS% fogL; ;n~Hkfo";% izksokp& ^vgks] u Hkon~H;ka efU=kra
lE;o~Q ,rfnfrA ;r% fda okÄ~ek=ks.kSo rs"kka fir`iSrkefgde~ ,rr~ lj%
R;Drqa ;qT;rs\ ;fn vk;q%{k;ks¿fLr rnU;=k xrkukefi e`R;q% Hkfo";R;soA
mDr×p&
vjf{kra fr"Bfr nSojf{kra lqjf{kra nSogra fou';frA
thoR;ukFkks¿fi ous folftZr% Ñriz;Ruks¿fi x`gs fou';frAA2AA
rnga u ;kL;kfeA Hkon~H;ka p ;RizfrHkkfr rRdrZO;e~A* rL; ra fu'p;a
KkRok vukxrfo/krk izR;qRiUuefr'p ifjokjtusu lg fu"ØkUrkSA
vFk izHkkrs eRL;thfofHktkZysu rTtyk'k;e~ vkyksM~; ;n~Hkfo";s.k lg
rRljks fueZRL;rka uhre~A vrks¿ga czohfe&
vukxrfo/krk p izR;qRiUuefrLrFkk
}kosrkS lq[kes/srs ;n~Hkfo";ks fou';frA bfrAA3AA
laLÑre~
izFke% ,dka'k%
'kCnkFkkZ%
dfLeaf'pr~ tyk'k;s ¾ fdlh ljksoj esa]
eRL;k% ¾ ePN
izfrolfUr Le ¾ jgrs FksA
dnkfpr~ ¾ fdlh le;]
xPNn~fHk% ¾ tkrs gq, (ds }kjk)]
eRL;thfofHk% ¾ eNqvkjksa osQ }kjk]
ßn% ¾ rkykc]
vUosf"kr% ¾ [kkstk x;k]
vkgkjo`fRr% ¾ Hkkstu dk O;kikj]
l×tkrk] ¾ gks x;k gS]
eRL;la{k;e~ ¾ ePNksa dk uk'k]
oqQfy'kikrksiee~ ¾ otzikr osQ leku]
vkgw; ¾ cqykdj] mokp ¾ cksyk
vfHkfgre~ ¾ dgk x;k gS]
lj% ¾ ljksoj dks]
v'kDrS% ¾ lkeF;Zghu yksxksa }kjk]
cfyu% ¾ 'kfDr'kkyh ('k=kq ls)]
Jf;rO;% ¾ vkJ; ysuk pkfg,]
lekxR; ¾ vkdj] eufl ¾ eu esa]
u ;qDre~ ¾ mfpr ugha gS]
lkEizre~ ¾ vc]
voLFkkrqe~ ¾ #duk@jguk]
izR;qRiUuefr% ¾ mfpr le; ij ftls Bhd
ckr lw> tk,]
vHkh"Ve~ ¾ bPNk]
izksPpS% ¾ tksj ls] fogL; ¾ g¡ldj]
efU=kre~ ¾ fopkj fd;k x;k]
lE;o~Q ¾ mfpr] Bhd ls]
okÄ~ek=ks.kSo ¾ dgus ek=k ls gh]
rs"kka ¾ muosQ] fir`iSrkefgde~ ¾ iwoZtksa osQ
(firk&nknk osQ)]
R;Drqe~ ¾ NksM+uk] R;kx djuk]
vk;q%& {k;% ¾ vk;q dk uk'k]
vU;=k ¾ nwljh txg]
xrkukefi ¾ x;s gq, yksxksa dk Hkh]
vjf{kre~ ¾ fcuk j{kk osQ]
nSojf{kre~ ¾ HkkX; ls jf{kr]
nSogre~ ¾ HkkX; dk ekjk gqvk]
fou';fr ¾ u"V gks tkrk gS]
folftZr% ¾ NksM+k gqvk]
Ñriz;Ruks¿fi ¾ iz;Ru fd;s tkus ij Hkh]
;kL;kfe ¾ tkÅ¡xk]
;RizfrHkkfr ¾ tks izrhr gksrk gS]
KkRok ¾ tkudj]
fu"ØkUrkS ¾ nksuksa fudy x;s]
vkyksM~; ¾ eFkdj]
fueZRL;rke~ ¾ eNfy;ksa ls jfgr]
uhr% ¾ dj fn;k x;k]
czohfe ¾ dgrk gw¡]
lq[ke~ ¾ lq[kiwoZd]
,/srs ¾ c<+rs gSa] (nks)
91
;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr
cks/iz'uk%
fVIi.kh
1- laLÑrHkk"k;k mRrja fy[krA
(d) eRL;thfouka op% dhn`'ke~ vklhr~\
([k) =k;k.kka eRL;kuka ukekfu fy[krA
(x) v'kDrS% cfyu% 'k=kks% le{ke~ fda drZO;e~\
(?k) dkS eRL;kS lq[ke~ ,/srs\
(Ä) d% eRL;% fou';fr\
2- dks"Bdkr~ 'kq¼e~ ina fofpR; fjDrLFkkuiwfrZa oqQ#rA
(d) vr% ------------------- izHkkrs v=k vkxR; eRL;la{k;a dfj";ke%A (v|@'o%@á%)
([k) u ;qDre~ ------------------- {k.ke~ vfi v=k voLFkkrqe~A (jk=kkS@fnus@lkEizre~A)
(x) vgks u Hkon~H;ka ------------------- lE;o~Q ,rfnfr (efU=kre~@voxre~@ifBre~)
(?k) vjf{kra fr"Bfr -------------------A (nSogre~@nSojf{kre~@nSookf×Nre~)
6-2 v/quk ikBe~ voxPNke%
6-2-1 izFke% ,dka'k%
dfLeaf'pr~ ------- xE;rke~ bfrA
cgqeRL;ks¿;a ßn%
eNqvkjs lksprs gSa fd ;g rkykc rks cgqr lh eNfy;ksa ls Hkjk iM+k gSA gesa vkt rd
bldk irk gh ugha pykA eNqvkjksa dh vkthfodk dk lk/u rks eNfy;k¡ gSa blfy,
ftruh vf/d eNfy;ksa okyk ljksoj mUgsa feysxk] mudks mruh gh vf/d izlUurk
gksxhA blh dkj.k os ml ljksoj dks vusd izdkj dh eNfy;ksa ls Hkjk ns[k cgqr izlUu
gq,A
v| vkgkjo`fRr% l×tkrk
tc eNqvkjs ml rkykc dks eNfy;k¡ idM+us osQ fy, mfpr le>rs gSa rks os vxys fnu
izkr% ogk¡ vkus dk fu.kZ; djrs gSa D;ksafd ml fnu osQ Hkkstu osQ fy, os vusd eNfy;k¡
dgha vkSj ls idM+ dj yk, FksA os Fkd Hkh x, FksA vr% os eNyh idM+us dk dke
ml fnu LFkfxr djrs gSaA
v'kDrScZfyu% 'k=kks% dÙkZO;a iziyk;ue~A
Jf;rO;ks¿Fkok nqxksZ ukU;k rs"kka xfrHkZosr~AA1AA
92
laLÑre~
;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr
vUo;%
v'kDrS% cfyu% 'k=kks% iziyk;ue~ dÙkZO;e~ vFkok nqxZ% Jf;rO;%A rs"kke~ vU;k xfr% u
Hkosr~A
fVIi.kh
HkkokFkZ%& nqcZyS% tuS% cy'kkfyu% 'k=kks% le{ka iyk;ue~ ,o drZO;e~ vFkok nqxZL;
vkJ;% xzghrO;%A rs"kka Ñrs vU;% mik;% ukfLrA
v'kDrS% cfyu% 'k=kks% iziyk;ua drZO;e~
;fn 'k=kq cyoku~ gks rks detksj O;fDr dk Hkyk blh esa gS fd og ogk¡ ls Hkkx tk,A
fdlh vkSj lqjf{kr LFkku dk vkJ; ys ysA vukxrfo/krk rFkk izR;qRiUu uked eRL;
bl rF; ls ifjfpr FksA os tkurs Fks fd ^eNqvkjs 'kfDr'kkyh gSa vkSj ge det+ksj gSaA
vxj ge ;gk¡ ls ugha Hkkxsaxs rks cpus dk dksbZ vkSj mik; ugha gSA ;s 'kfDr'kkyh
eRL;thoh izkr% gksrs gh gesa idM+dj ekj nsaxsA* ;gh lkspdj os nksuksa lifjokj jkrksa&jkr
ogk¡ ls Hkkxdj fdlh nwljs ljksoj esa pys tkrs gSa vkSj lqjf{kr gks tkrs gSaA
O;kdj.kfcUno%
lfU/foPNsn%
cgqeRL;ks¿;e~
¾ cgqeRL;% $ v;e~
vLekfHkjUosf"kr%
¾ vLekfHk% $ vUosf"kr%
pkfi
¾ p $ vfi
v=kkxR;
¾ v=k $ vkxR;
vkgw;sne~
mDr×p
¾ vkgw; $ bne~
¾ mDre~ $ p
v'kDrScZfyu%
¾ v'kDrS% $ cfyu%
{k.keI;=k
¾ {k.ke~ $ vfi $ v=k
rnkd.;Z
¾ rr~ $ vkd.;Z
eekI;Hkh"Vesrr~
¾ ee $ vfi $ vHkh"Ve~ $ ,rr~
lekl%
izHkkrle;s
¾ izHkkrL; le;s ("k"BhrRiq#"k%)
eRL;la{k;e~
¾ eRL;kuka la{k;e~ ("k"BhrRiq#"k%)
izR;qRiUuefr%
¾ izR;qR;izUuk efr% ;L; l% (cgqozhfg%)
cgqeRL;%
¾ cgo% eRL;k% ;fLeu~ l% (ßn%) (cgqozhfg%)
laLÑre~
93
;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr
inifjp;%
fVIi.kh
xPNn~fHk%
¾
xe~ $ 'kr`] r`rh;k cgqopu (iqa-)
vUosf"kr%
¾
vuq $ b"k~ $ f.kp~ $ Dr iz- ,dopu (iqa-)A
l×tkrk
¾
le~ $ tu~ $ Dr iz- ,dopuA (L=kh-)
vkxR;
¾
vk $ xe~ ¾ Y;i~] vO;;
vkgw;
¾
vk $ às $ Y;i~] vO;;
vfHkfgre~
¾
vfHk $ /k $ Dr iz- ,dopu (uiqa-)
voLFkkrqe~
¾
vo $ LFkk $ rqequ~] vO;;A
vkd.;Z
¾
vk $ d.kZ~ $ Y;i~] vO;;A
lekxR;
¾
le~ $ vk $ xe~ $ Y;i~] vO;;A
drZO;e~
¾
Ñ $ rO;r~ deZokP; iz- ,dopu (uiqa-)
Jf;rO;%
¾
fJ $ rO;r~ deZokP; iz- ,dopu (iqa-)
ikBxriz'uk% 6-1
1- js[kkfÄïrinkfu vk/`R; iz'ufuekZ.ka oqQ#rA
(d) cgqeRL;% v;a Én%A
([k) rs 'o% izHkkrs eRL;la{k;a dfj";fUrA
(x) eRL;thfofHk% mDra loSZ% Jqre~A
(?k) ,rr~ ee eufl orZrsA
(Ä) Hkork lR;e~ vfHkfgre~A
) bfr fpÉsu vfÄïra oqQ#rA
2- 'kq¼a dFkua (
) bfr fpÉsu v'kq¼a p (
(i)
tyk'k;s vukxrfo/krk] izR;qRiUuefr% ;n~Hkfo";% p fuolfUr LeA
(ii)
'o% lk;e~ v=kkxR; eRL;la{k;a dfj";ke%A
(iii) v'kDrS% cfyu% 'k=kks% iziyk;ua u drZO;e~A
(iv) rUu ;qDra lkEizra {k.ke~ vfi v=k voLFkkrqe~A
(v)
94
izHkkrs ,o xE;rka fdf×pr~ fudVa lj%A
laLÑre~
;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr
3- (i) v=k lIreh foHkfDr% ukfLr
(d) eufl
([k) tyk'k;s
(x) orZrs
(?k) jk=kkS
fVIi.kh
(ii) v=k Y;i~ izR;;% ukfLr
(d) vkd.;Z
([k) lekxR;
(x) vkgw;
(?k) ikB;
(x) orZrs
(?k) izfrolfUr
(x) uwue~
(?k) vr%
(iii) v=k yV~ydkj% ukfLr
(d) ;qT;rs
([k) dfj";ke%
(iv) bna vO;;ina ukfLr
(d) lkEizre~
([k) xE;rke~
6-2-2 f}rh;% ,dka'k%
rPNzqRok mPpS% fogL; -------------------- ;n~Hkfo";ks fou';frA
O;k[;k
okÄ~ek=ks.kSo fir`iSrkefgoaQ lj% u R;Drqa 'kD;rsA
;n~Hkfo";%& tSlk fd blosQ uke ls gh izrhr gksrk gS fd ^tks gksxk lks ns[kk tk,xkA*
og eRL; izR;qRiUuefr rFkk vukxrfo/krk dh Hkk¡fr cgqr nwj dh ckr ugha lksprkA tc
mlosQ nksuksa fe=kksa us og ljksoj NksM+ dgha vkSj tkus dks dgk rks mldk mRrj Fkk fd
^^eNqvkjksa osQ dgus ek=k ls fd dy ge bl rkykc dk vkyksMu djsaxs] D;k ge nknk
ijnknk ls pyh vk jgh iSr`d lEifRr :i bl rkykc dks NksM+ nsaxs\ rqe nksuksa tkvks]
eSa rks bl rkykc esa gh jgw¡xkA*
vk;q%{k;ks¿fLr rnk e`R;q% Hkfo";R;soA
;n~Hkfo"; dk fopkj ml rkykc dks NksM+ vU;=k tkus dk ugha gSA mldk dguk gS fd
gksuh osQ }kj vR;Ur izcy gksrs gSaA ;fn HkkX; esa vk;q dk u"V gksuk gh fy[kk gS rks dksbZ
cpk ugha ldrkA dgha Hkh pys tk,¡] e`R;q vo'; gh vkdj idM+ ysxhA e`R;q osQ
fodjky i×tksa ls dksbZ ugha cp ldrkA
vjf{kra fr"Bfr nSojf{kra lqjf{kra nSogra fou';frA
thoR;ukFkks¿fi ous folftZr% Ñriz;Ruks¿fi x`gs fou';frAA2AA
laLÑre~
95
;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr
vUo;%
fVIi.kh
(2) vjf{kre~ nSojf{kre~ fr"Bfr] lqjf{kre~ nSogre~ fou';fr] ous folftZr% vukFk%
vfi thofr] x`gs Ñriz;Ru% vfi fou';frA
HkkokFkZ%
ous dsukfi vjf{krks¿fi tu% nsoS% jf{krRokTthofr fdUrq ;% x`gs lqjf{krks Hkofr lks¿fi
nSogr% u';fr rL; j{kk dsukfi drq± u 'kD;rsA
vjf{kra fr"Bfr nSojf{kre~
ftldh j{kk djus okyk dksbZ ugha gksrk] Hkxoku~ mldh j{kk vo'; djrs gSaA ;fn HkkX;
esa fouk'k fy[kk gS rks fdruh Hkh lqj{kk osQ izca/ fd;s tk,¡] og cp ugha ldrkA jktk
ijhf{kr dks can yksgs osQ lanwd esa Hkh lk¡i us Ml fy;k FkkA blh izdkj ;fn fdlh vukFk
dks taxy esa NksM+ fn;k tk, rks og Hkh thfor jg tkrk gS tcfd ;fn HkkX; foijhr
gks rks ?kj esa vusd izdkj osQ lqj{kk osQ mik; djus ij Hkh mldk fouk'k gks tkrk gSA
vr% HkkX; esa fy[kh js[kkvksa dks dksbZ ugha cny ldrkA ,slk ;n~Hkfo"; dk fopkj gSA
;n~Hkfo";s.k lg fueZRL;rka uhre~
;n~Hkfo"; HkkX;oknh Fkk vr% og ljksoj NksM+ dgha ugha x;kA ifj.kker% vxys fnu
izkr% gh eNqvkjs vk,] ml rkykc esa tky Mkyk vkSj ;n~Hkfo"; lesr leLr eNfy;ksa
dks idM+dj ys x,A muosQ ,slk djus ls og ljksoj fcYoqQy eNfy;ksa ls jfgr gks x;kA
vukxrfo/krk p izR;qRiUuefrLrFkk
}kosrkS lq[kes/srs ;n~Hkfo";ks fou';frA bfrAA
vUo;%
(2) vukxrfo/krk rFkk izR;qRiUuefr% p] }kS ,rkS lq[ke~ ,/srs] (ija) ;n~Hkfo";%
fou';frA
HkkokFkZ%& ^vukxrfo/krk* ^izR;qRiUuefr%* p lq[ksu o/sZrs] fdUrq ^;n~Hkfo";%* bfr
uked% eRL;% e`R;qa izkIuksfrA
O;k[;k& vukxrfo/krk vkSj izR;qRiUuefr nksuksa lq[k vkSj o`f¼ dks izkIr djrs gSa D;ksafd
os nksuksa le; jgrs rkykc cny ysrs gSa] fdUrq ;n~Hkfo"; u"V gks tkrk gS D;ksafd og
HkkX; ds lgkjs ogha iM+k jg tkrk gSA HkkX;okn dks blh fy, vPNk ugha ekuk x;k gSA
le; jgrs mfpr deZ u djus okys dh ;gh xfr gksrh gSA
96
laLÑre~
;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr
O;kdj.kfcUno%
lfU/foPNsn%
fVIi.kh
rPNªqRok
¾ rr~
$ JqRok
Hkfo";R;so
¾ Hkfo";fr
$ ,o
thoR;ukFkks¿fi
¾ thofr
$ vukFk% $ vfi
eRL;thfofHktkZysu ¾ eRL;thfofHk% $ tkysu
vrks¿ge~
¾ vr%
$ vge~
}kosrkS
¾ }kS
$ ,rkS
leklk%
vk;q%{k;%
¾
vk;q"k% {k;%
("k"BhrRiq#"k%)
vjf{kre~
¾
u jf{kre~
(u×k~rRiq#"k%)
nSojf{kre~
¾
nSosu jf{kre~
(r`rh;krRiq#"k%)
vukFk%
¾
u vfLr ukFk% ;L; l%
(cgqozhfg%)
Ñriz;Ru%
¾
Ñr% iz;Ru% ;su l%
(cgqozhfg%)
nSogre~
¾
nSosu gre~
(r`rh;krRiq#"k%)
inifjp;%
JqRok
¾
Jq
fogL;
¾
R;Drqe~
¾
R;t~ $ rqequ~
jf{kre~
¾
j{k~
$ Dr
gre~
¾
gu~
$ Dr
KkRok
¾
Kk
$ DRok
vkyksM~;
¾
fo $ gl~
$ DRok
$ Y;i~
vk $ yksM~ $ Y;i~
ikBxriz'uk% 6-2
1- iz'ukuke~ mRrjkf.k ,dinsu ,o laLÑrHkk"k;k fy[krA
laLÑre~
97
;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr
(d) oSQ% lj% fueZRL;rka uhre~\
([k) ous folftZr% vfi d% thofr\
fVIi.kh
(x) dL; uk'k% Hkofr\
(?k) eRL;kS fda R;DRok vU;=k fu"ØkUrkS\
(Ä) d% eRL;thfouka okÄ~ek=ks.kSo lj% R;Drqa u bPNfr\
2- funsZ'kkuqlkja fHkUuizÑfroaQ ina fpuqrA
(d) fogL;] rL;] vkyksM~;] vkgw; (izR;;kuqlkje~)
([k) mPpS%] ;fn] lg] }kS (vO;;inkuqlkje~)
(x) ;kL;kfe] fou';fr] ,/srs] czohfe (ydkjkuqlkje~)
(?k) lj%] ;n~Hkfo";%] vukxrfo/krk] vukFk% (fyaxkuqlkje~)
(Ä) ;n~Hkfo";s.k] eRL;thfofHk%] Hkon~H;ke~] xrkuke~A (foHkfDr&vuqlkje~)
3- v/ksfyf[kr;qXes"kq fo'ks"k.kina fo'ks";ina p i`Fko~Q ÑRok fy[krA
fo'ks"k.ke~
fo'ks";e~
(d) fir`iSrkefgde~ lj%
---------------------------
---------------------------
([k) ra fu'p;e~
---------------------------
---------------------------
(x) vukFk% oufolftZr%
---------------------------
---------------------------
(?k) vkxrS% eRL;thfofHk%
---------------------------
---------------------------
4- vFkkZu~ esy;rA
98
(d) ljksoja
(1) JqRok
([k) bekS
(2) yHksrs
(x) vkd.;Z
(3) lj%
(?k) ej.ke~
(4) mDre~
(Ä) izkr%dkys
(5) ,rkS
laLÑre~
;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr
(p) fopkfjre~
(6) e`R;q%
(N) dfFkre~
(7) efU=kre~
(t) izkIuqr%
(8) izHkkrs
fVIi.kh
fdef/xre~\

vLekfHk% foiÙks% iwoZeso rfUuokj.kk; mik;k% fpUruh;k%A

;n~Hkfo";or~ thoua u ;kif;rO;e~A

rRiq#"klekls mÙkjina iz/kua HkofrA

DRok&rqequ~&izR;;kUrkuka iz;ksxS% fufeZrkfu inkfu vO;;kfu HkofUrA

fo'ks"k.ks fo'ks";kuqlkja foHkfDrfyÄõopuiz;ksx% HkofrA
;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
(d) xzUFkifjp;%
i×prUÂ osQ ys[kd ia- fo".kq'kekZ gSaA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd nf{k.k Hkkjr osQ (fdlh
jkT; esa) efgykjksI; uked uxj osQ jktk osQ ew[kZ iq=kksa dks f'kf{kr djus osQ fy,
fo".kq'kekZ us uhfrxr mins'kksa dks lax`ghr djosQ ika¡p Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k ftuosQ uke
gSa& fe=kHksn%] fe=klaizkfIr%] dkdksywdh;e~] yC/iz.kk'k%] vijhf{krdkjde~A ;g vR;Ur
mi;ksxh xzaFk gSA fo'o dh yxHkx leLr Hkk"kkvksa esa bldk vuqokn gks pqdk gSA blesa
i'kq&if{k;ksa dh dFkkvksa osQ ekè;e ls xw<+ uhfr;ksa rFkk O;ogkjksa dh f'k{kk nh x;h gSA
bl dFkkxzUFk esa vusd ,slh dgkfu;k¡ gSa tks O;fDr dks nwjn'khZ cuus dh izsj.kk nsrh gSaA
laLÑr osQ dFkklkfgR; osQ varxZr i×prU=k osQ vfrfjDr xq.kk<~; dk c`gRdFkklfjr~lkxj]
cYykylsujfpr HkkstizcUèk%] osrkyiapfoa'kfr%] flagklu}kf=ka'kr~iqÙkfydk rFkk fgrksins'k
vkfn izUFk izeq[k gSaA
([k) Hkkf"kdi{k%
I. i;kZ;okfpinkfu
ßn%
laLÑre~
¾ ljksoj%] lj%] tyk'k;%
99
;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr
JqRok
¾ Jo.ka ÑRok] fu'kE;] vkd.;ZA
efU=kre~ ¾ fopkfjre~] fpfUrre~] dfFkre~A
fVIi.kh
;kL;kfe ¾ xfe";kfe] ,";kfe] pfy";kfeA
cfyu% ¾ cy'kkfyu%] 'kfDr'kkfyu%] lkeF;ZoUr%A
lkEizre~ ¾ v/quk] bnkuhe~] vfLeu~ dkysA
op%
¾ opua] dFkua] okrkZe~A
II. ÑnUrizR;;k%
rqequ~ & bl izR;; dk iz;ksx /krq osQ lkFk ^osQ fy,* vFkZ esa gksrk gS rFkk rqe~ 'ks"k jg
tkrk gSA
;Fkk iB~ $ rqequ~ ¾ ifBrqe~ ¾ i<+us osQ fy,
xe~ $ rqequ~ ¾ xUrqe~ ¾ tkus osQ fy,
vo $ LFkk $ rqequ~ ¾ voLFkkrqe~ ¾ Bgjus osQ fy,
ewy/krq $ izR;;
iB~ $ rqequ~
¾ ifBrqe~ (i<+us ds fy,)
(mnkgj.k μ l% ifBrqa xPNfrA og i<+us ds fy, tkrk gSA)
'kqp~ $ rqequ~
¾ 'kksfprqe~
R;t~ $ rqequ~
¾ R;Drqe~
[kkn~ $ rqequ~
¾ [kkfnrqe~
Hkw $ rqequ~
¾ Hkforqe~
gu~ $ rqequ~
¾ gUrqe~
ik $ rqequ~
¾ ikrqe~
op~ $ rqequ~
¾ oDrqe~
xe~ $ rqequ~
¾ xUrqe~
Jq $ rqequ~
¾ Jksrqe~
Kk $ rqequ~
¾ Kkrqe~
nk $ rqequ~
¾ nkrqe~
rqequ~ izR;;kUr 'kCn vO;; gks tkrs gSa ftudk :i ifjofrZr ugha gksrkA
100
laLÑre~
;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr
III. O;kdj.kfcUno%
O;×tu&lfU/μ Loj ;k O;×tu o.kks± ds dkj.k O;×tu o.kZ esa tks ifjorZu gksrk gS mls
O;×tu&lfU/ dgrs gSaA blds izeq[k fu;e fuEufyf[kr gSa%&
fVIi.kh
(d) eks¿uqLokj%μ ^e~* dk vuqLokj (&)μ
;fn 'kCn ds vUr esa ^e~* gks vkSj mlds ckn dksbZ Hkh O;×tu vk, rks ^e~* dk
vuqLokj gks tkrk gSA ;Fkk&
xzkee~ $ ;kfr ¾ xzkea ;kfr]
i=ke~ $ fy[k ¾ i=ka fy[k
gfje~ $ oUns ¾ gfja oUns
le~ $ o`Ùk% ¾ lao`Ùk%
([k) t'Ro (t'k~) lfU/ & oxhZ; izFke o.kks± dks r`rh; o.kZ & ;fn izFke in ds
vUr esa oxks± ds izFke o.kZ gks vkSj mlds ckn dksbZ Hkh Loj gksa ;k fdlh Hkh oxZ
dk r`rh;] prqFkZ ;k i×pe o.kZ gksa ;k ^;~*] ^j~*] ^y~*] ^o~* g esa ls dksbZ o.kZ
gks rks oxZ ds izFke o.kZ dks mlh oxZ dk r`rh; o.kZ gks tk,xkA ;Fkkμ
d~ dk x~ μ i`Fkd~ $ mP;rs ¾ i`FkxqP;rs_ okd~ $ bZ'k% ¾ okxh'k% lE;d~ $
,rr~$bfr ¾ lE;xsrfnfr
p~ dk t~ & vp~ $ vUr% ¾ vtUr%] vp~$vkfn ¾ vtkfn
r~ dk n & dnkfpr~ $ vfi ¾ dnkfpnfi] rr~ $ v| ¾ rn|
izFke oxZ dk i×pe o.kZ esa ifjorZu μ ;fn oxZ ds izFke o.kZ ds ckn oxZ dk
i×pe o.kZ gks rks izFke o.kZ dks mlh oxZ dk i×pe o.kZ gks tkrk gSA ;Fkkμ
"kV~ $ uofr% ¾ "k..kofr%]
"kV~ $ uke~
lr~ $ uke
lr~ $ ukfldk ¾ lUukfldk
¾ lUuke]
,rr~ $ ee ¾ ,rUee]
rr~ $ uwue~
¾ "k..kke~
¾ rUuwue~
(x) NRo lfU/% ('k'Nks¿fV)
rdkj dks pdkj rFkk 'k~ dks fodYi ls N~μ
fdlh Hkh oxZ ds izFke] f}rh;] r`rh;] prqFkZ o.kZ ds] 'kCn ds vUr esa gksus ij
vkSj mlds ckn 'k~ gksus ij rFkk mlds ckn esa ;fn dksbZ Loj ;k g~] ;~] o~] j~
esa ls dksbZ o.kZ gks rks 'k~ dks fodYi ls N~ gks tkrk gS vkSj ('pqRo lfU/) ds
fu;ekuqlkj rdkj dk pdkj gks tkrk gSA ;Fkkμ
,rr~ $ ÜkzqRok ¾ ,rPNªRok
rr~ $ f'ko% ¾ rfPNo%
rr~ $ Ük`.kksfr ¾ rPN`.kksfr
rr~ $ Ükh% ¾ rPNªh%
laLÑre~
101
;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr
IV.
folxZ lfU/%μ
mRoe~μ
fVIi.kh
folxZ dks ^m* djus dk fu;eμ
;fn folxZ ls iwoZ ^v* gks vkSj mlds ckn ^v* ;k fdlh Hkh oxZ dk r`rh;] prqFkZ]
i×pe o.kZ ;k ^;~*] ^j~*] ^y~* ^o~* rFkk g o.kZ gksa rks folxZ dk ^m* gks tkrk gS ,oa
^v* vkSj ^m* feydj ^vks* gks tkrk gSA ;Fkkμ
v $ % $ v ¾ v $ m $ v ¾ vks $ v ¾ vks¿
izFke% $ vè;k;% ¾ izFkeks¿è;k;_ l% $ vfi ¾ lks¿fi
eu% $ gj% ¾ euksgj%
d% $ vonr~ ¾ dks¿onr~
d% $ vfi ¾ dks¿fi
Ükzf;rO;% $ vFkok ¾ Ükzf;rO;ks¿Fkok
eRL;thfou% $ v=k ¾ eRL;thfouks¿=k]
Ñriz;Ru% $ vfi ¾ Ñriz;Ruks¿fi
cgqeRL;% $ v;a ¾ cgqeRL;ks¿;a]
{k;% $ vfLr ¾ {k;ks¿fLr
thoR;ukFk% $ vfi ¾ thoR;ukFkks¿fi]
vr% $ vge~ ¾ vrks¿ge~
/eZ% $ j{kfr ¾ /eksZ j{kfr
IV. la[;kokpd 'kCnksa ds :i
1-
2-
102
,d% ¾ ,d (,dopu)
foHkfDr
,dopu (iqa-)
L=kh-
uiqa-
izFkek
,d%
,dk
,de~
f}rh;k
,de~
,dke~
,de~
r`rh;k
,dsu
,d;k
,dsu
prqFkhZ
,dLeS
,dL;S
,dLeS
i×peh
,dLekr~
,dL;k%
,dLekr~
"k"Bh
,dL;
,dL;k%
,dL;
lIreh
,dfLeu~
,dL;ke~
,dfLeu~
f} ¾ nks (f} 'kCn lHkh fyaxksa esa fuR; f}opukUr gksrk gS)
fofHkfDr
iqafYyax
L=khfyÄõ
uiqaldfyÄõ
izFkek
}kS
}s
}s
laLÑre~
;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr
3-
4-
f}rh;k
}kS
}s
}s
r`rh;k
}kH;ke~
'ks"k iqafYy} dh rjg
prqFkhZ
}kH;ke~
i×peh
}kH;ke~
"k"Bh
};ks%
lIreh
};ks%
fVIi.kh
f=k ¾ rhu (cgqopu)
foHkfDr
iqafYyax
L=khfyÄõ
uiqaldfyÄõ
izFkek
=k;%
frlz%
=khf.k
f}rh;k
=khu~
frlz%
=khf.k
r`rh;k
f=kfHk%
frl`fHk%
'ks"k iq¡fYyÄõ dh rjg
prqFkhZ
f=kH;%
frl`H;%
i×peh
f=kH;%
frl`H;%
"k"Bh
=k;k.kke~
frl`.kke~
lIreh
f=k"kq
frl`"kq
lEcks/u
gs =k;%
gs frlz%
prqj~ ¾ pkj (cgqopu)
foHkfDr
iq¡fYyÄõ
L=khfyÄõ
uiqaldfyÄõ
izFkek
pRokj%
prlz%
pRokfj
f}rh;k
prqj%
prlz%
pRokfj
'ks"k :i iqfYyÄõ ds leku
q
r`rh;k
prqfHkZ%
prl`fHk%
prqFkhZ
prqH;Z%
prl`H;%
i×peh
prqH;Z%
prl`H;%
"k"Bh
prq.kkZe~
prl`.kke~
lIreh
prq"kqZ
prl`"kq
lacks/u
gs pRokj%
gs prlz%
gksxa s
laLÑre~
gs pRokfj
103
;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr
5fVIi.kh
i×pu~ ¾ ik¡p (cgqopu)
foHkfDr
iq¡fYyÄõ
izFkek
i×p
f}rh;k
i×p
r`rh;k
i×pfHk%
prqFkhZ
i×pH;%
i×peh
i×pH;%
"k"Bh
i×pkuke~
lIreh
i×plq
lacks/u
gs i×p
L=khfyÄõ
uiqaldfyÄõ
;gh :i L=khfyÄõ o uiqaldfyÄõ esa gksrk gSA
ikBkUriz'uk%
1-
v/ksfyf[krkfu dFkukfu d% oaQ izfr dFk;fr
(d) vgks cgqeRL;ks¿;a Én% dnkfpnfi
u vLekfHkjUosf"kr%A
([k) vgks] Jqra Hkon~fHk% ;r~ eRL;thfofHk%
vfHkfgre~A
(x) lR;efHkfgra HkorkA
rnU;=k xE;rke~A
(?k) u Hkon~H;ka efU=kra lE;o~Q ,rr~A
2-
lfU/;qDrins"kq@lfU/PNsns"kq fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r
(d) vLekfHk% $ ----------------- ¾ vLekfHkjUosf"kr%
([k) ----------------- $ ----------------- ¾ vkgw;sne~
104
laLÑre~
;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr
(x) v'kDrS% $ cfyu% ¾ ----------------(?k) rr~ $ uwue~ ¾ ----------------(Ä) ----------------- $ v=k ¾ eRL;thfouks¿=k
3-
fVIi.kh
ikBkr~ vO;;inkfu fofpR; fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r
(d) jk=kkS ----------------- xE;rke~A
([k) ----------------- dnkfpr~ eRL;thfofHk% l% tyk'k;% n`"V%A
(x) ;n~Hkfo";% ----------------- fogL; izksokpA
(?k) vukxrfo/krk izR;qRiUuefr% ----------------- lq[ke~ ,/srsA
(Ä) ----------- vk;q{k;ks¿fLr ---------- vU;=k xrkuke~ vfi e`R;q% Hkfo";fr ,oA
(p) ----------------- lR;efHkfgra HkorkA
p] vgks] mPpS%] ,o] vFk] rnk] ;fn
4- foykseinkfu dks"Bdkr~ fpRok fy[kr
(d) 'o%
(v|@ á%)
([k) lukFk%
(vukFk%@foukFk%@xrukFk%)
(x) nq%[ke~
(lq[ke~@vkuUn%@g"kZ%)
(?k) leFkSZ%
(vuU;S%@vuFkSZ%@v'kDrS%)
(Ä) vuHkh"Ve~
(dFkue~@vHkh"Ve~@fiz;e~)
5- ?kVukØekuqlkja dFkka iqu% fy[kr]
(d) ,dnk eRL;thfofHk% r=kkxR; fpfUrre~] ^^'o% eRL;la{k;a dfj";ke%A**
([k) izR;qRiUuefr% vukxrfo/krk p lq[ke~ ,/srs LeA
(x) ,dfLeu~ tyk'k;s vukxrfo/krk] izR;qRiUuefr% ;n~Hkfo";% p olfUr LeA
(?k) bRFka ;n~Hkfo";% fouk'ke~ vkIuksr~A
(Ä) rs"kka opuS% Hk;HkhrkS izR;qRiUuefr% vukxrfo/krk p jk=kkS ,o lifjokje~
vU;=k ljksoja xroUrkSA
laLÑre~
105
;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr
(p) ;n~Hkfo";% rr% u vxPNr~A
(N) izkr% eRL;thfofHk% rRlj% ;n~Hkfo";s.k lg fueZRL;rka uhre~AA
fVIi.kh
(t) l% vfpUr;r~] ^^;fn vk;q% {k;% vfLr vU;=k xrkukefi rq e`R;q%
vkxfe";fr ,oA**
mRrjrkfydk
cks/iz'uk%
1- (d) oqQfy'kikrksiee~] ([k) vukxrfo/krk] izR;qRiUuefr%] ;n~Hkfo";% p]
(x) iziyk;ue~] (?k) vukxrfo/krk] izR;qRiUuefr% p] (Ä) ;n~Hkfo";%A
2- (d) 'o%] ([k) lkEizre~] (x) efU=kre~] (?k) nSojf{kre~A
ikBxriz'uk% 6-1
1- (d) dhn`'k%] ([k) fda] (x) oSQ%] (?k) dL;] (Ä) osQuA
2- (i)  (ii)  (iii)  (iv)  (v) A
3- (i) x (ii) ?k (iii) [k (iv) [kA
ikBxriz'uk% 6-2
1- (d) eRL;thfofHk% ([k) vukFk% (x) ;n~Hkfo";L; (?k) ljksoje~
(Ä) ;n~Hkfo";%A
2- (d) rL; ([k) }kS (x) ;kL;kfe (?k) lj% (Ä) xrkuke~A
fo'ks"k.kkfu
fo'ks";kf.k
fir`iSrkefgde~
lj%
([k)
ra
fu'p;e~
(x)
oufolftZr%
vukFk%
(?k)
vkxrS%
eRL;thfofHk%
3- (d)
4- (d) d $ 3] [k $ 5] x $ 1] ?k $ 6] Ä $ 8] p $ 7] N $ 4] t $ 2
106
laLÑre~
;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr
ikBkUriz'uk%
1- d%&oaQ izfr
(d) eRL;thfou%&ijLije~
([k) vukxrfo/krk&eRL;ku~
fVIi.kh
(x) izR;qRiUuefr%&vukxrfo/krkje~
(?k) ;n~Hkfo";%&vukxrfo/krkje~] izR;qRiUuefra p
2- (d) vUosf"kr% ([k) vkgw; $ bne~ (x) v'kDrScZfyu% (?k) rUuwue~
(Ä) eRL;thfou%
3-
(d) ,o ([k) vFk (x) mPpS% (?k) p (Ä) ;fn] rnk (p) vgks!
4-
(d) 'o% & v|] ([k) lukFk% & vukFk%] (x) nq%[ke~ & lq[ke~
(?k) leFkSZ% & v'kDrS%]
5-
(Ä) vuHkh"Ve~ & vHkh"Ve~
(i)
,dfLeu~ tyk'k;s vukxrfo/krk] izR;qRiUuefr%] ;n~Hkfo";% p olfUr LeA
(ii)
,dnk eRL;thfofHk% r=kkxR; fpfUrre~] 'o% eRL;la{k;a dfj";ke%A
(iii) rs"kka opuS% Hk;HkhrkS vukxrfo/krk izR;qRiUuefr% p jk=kkS ,o lifjokje~
vU;=k ljksoja xroUrkSA
(iv) ;n~Hkfo";% rr% ukxPNr~A
(v)
l% vfpUr;r~] ;fn vk;q% {k;% vfLr rfgZ vU;=k xrkukefi e`R;q% vkxfe";fr
,oA
(vi) izkr% eRL;thfofHk% rr~ lj% ;n~Hkfo";s.k lg fueZRL;rka uhre~A
(vii) bRFka ;n~Hkfo";% fouk'ke~ vkIuksr~A
(viii) vukxrfo/krk izR;qRiUuefr% p lq[ke~ ,/srs LeA
laLÑre~
107