lqHkkf"krkfu
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fVIi.kh
lqHkkf"krkfu
^lqHkkf"kr* 'kCn dk vFkZ gS ^lqUnj opu*A Js"B jpukdkjksa ds }kjk dgs x;s ;s lqUnj
opu lekt ds fy, dY;k.kdkjh gksrs gSaA izLrqr ikB esa egkHkkjr] euqLe`fr tSls xzUFkksa
ls ,sls gh lqHkkf"kr jRuksa dk lÄïyu fd;k x;k gSA bu i|ksa esa fo'ks"k :i ls vius ls
cM+ksa ds izfr lEeku dh Hkkouk] xq# ds izfr Ükz¼kHkko] pfj=k dh j{kk] /eZ ds y{k.k]
'kqfprk o lR; ds egÙo dk fun'kZu djk;k x;k gSA oLrqr% ;s lqHkkf"kr i| ekuoh;
thou ewY;ksa dh vfHko`f¼ ds fy, izsj.kk&lzksr gSaA ge lHkh bu i|ksa esa of.kZr uSfrd
xq.kksa dks thou esa /kj.k dj vf/d O;ogkj dq'ky o pfj=koku~ cu ldrs gSa ,oa vius
orZeku thou dks lkFkZd cuk ldrs gSaA
mn~ns';kfu
bea ikBa ifBRok Hkoku~@Hkorh
•
'yksdku~ lLoja ifB";fr_
•
/eZL; y{k.ka KkRok ysf[k";fr_
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lqHkkf"krkfu foKk; Lefj";fr_
•
lfU/;qÙkQinkuka lfU/PNsna dfj";fr_
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gyUriq¡fYyÄõinkuka okD;s iz;ksxa dfj";fr_
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rRiq#"k}U}lekl;ks% iz;ksxa dfj";frA
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laLÑre~
1
lqHkkf"krkfu
fØ;kdyki% 1-1
fVIi.kh
cM+ksa dk vknj djsaA
fucZy dh lgk;rk djsaA
va/fo'okl esa ugha cfYd oSKkfud
lksp esa fo'okl j[ksa
fp=k 1-1% d{kk esa Nk=kksa dks lnkpkj dk ikB i<+krs gq, f'kf{kdk
mifjnÙks fp=ks ,dk ikB'kkyk n`';rs
ikB'kkyk esa gesa lnkpkj ds fdu fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk pkfg, blls lEcfU/r uhps
dqN okD; fn;s x;s gSaA dqN O;ogkj okD; ,sls Hkh gSa tks ugha djus pkfg,A djus ;ksX;
O;ogkj&okD;ksa dks pqudj uhps fn;s x;s LFkku ij fyf[k,μ
ikyuh;kfu
(d) fo|ky;% le;su xUrO;%A
(i)
----------------------------------------------------------
([k) ikB% è;kusu iBuh;%A
(ii)
----------------------------------------------------------
(x) dksykgy% dj.kh;%A
(iii) ----------------------------------------------------------
(?k) lnkpkjL; ikyua drZO;e~A
(iv) ----------------------------------------------------------
(Ä) xq#tu&fuUnk dj.kh;kA
(v)
----------------------------------------------------------
(p) fucZyNk=kk.kka lgk;rk dj.kh;kA
(N) o`{kk% u jksi.kh;k%A
(t) iq"ikf.k u =kksVuh;kfuA
2
laLÑre~
lqHkkf"krkfu
1-1 bnkuha ewyikBa iBke%
fVIi.kh
izFke% ,dka'k%
vfHkoknu'khyL; fuR;a o`¼ksilsfou%a
pRokfj rL; o/ZUrs vk;qfoZ|k;'kkscye~AA1AA
;Fkk [kuu~ [kfu=ks.k ujks ok;Zf/xPNfrA
rFkk xq#xrka fo|ka 'kqJw"kqjf/xPNfrAA2AA
lR;su j{;rs /eksZ fo|k ;ksxsu j{;rsA
e`t;k j{;rs :ia dqya o`Ùksu j{;rsAA3AA
o`Ùka ;Rusu laj{ksn~ foÙkesfr p ;kfr pA
v{kh.kks foÙkr% {kh.kks o`ÙkrLrq grks gr%AA4AA
f}rh;% ,dka'k%
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vU;nh;s r`.ks jRus dk×pus ekSfÙkQds¿fi pA
eulkfofuo`fÙk;kZ rnLrs;a fonqcqZ/k%AA6AA
eu%'kkSpa deZ'kkSpa dqy'kkSpa p HkkjrA
'kjhj'kkSpa okd~NkSpa 'kkSpa i×pfo/a Le`re~AA7AA
lR;esos'ojks yksds lR;s /eZ% lnkfJr%A
lR;ewykfu lokZf.k lR;kUukfLr ija ine~AA8AA
laLÑre~
'kCnkFkkZ%
izFkeka'k%
vfHkoknu'khyL; ¾ vfHkoknu djus
okys dh] fuR;a ¾ lnk] o`¼ksilsfou% ¾
o`¼ksa dh lsok djus okys dh] pRokfj
¾ pkj]
o/ZUrs ¾ c<+rh gSa] [kuu~ ¾ [kurs gq,]
[kfu=ks.k ¾ dqnky ls] okfj ¾ ikuh dks]
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'kqJw"kq% ¾ lsok djus dh bPNk okyk]
j{;rs ¾ lqjf{kr gksrk gS] e`t;k ¾
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laj{ksr~ ¾ j{kk djsa] foÙke~ ¾ /u]
,fr ¾ vkrk gS] ;kfr ¾ tkrk gS]
foÙkr%{kh.k% ¾ /u ls foghu]
v{kh.k% ¾ ftldk dqN u"V ugha gqvk]
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gr% ¾ uk'k dks izkIr gksrk gS]
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n'kda ¾ nl] eu%'kkSpe~ ¾ eu dh
ifo=krk] deZ'kkSpe~ ¾ deZ dh ifo=krk]
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lnkf Ükzr% ¾ lnk fVdk gqvk gS]
lR; ij vk/kfjr gS]
lR;kr~ ¾ lR; ls] ija ¾ Js"B]
ine~ ¾ LFkku] ukfLr ¾ ugha gS]
3
lqHkkf"krkfu
cks/iz'uk%
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d-
v{kh.kks foÙkr% {kh.kks ----------------------------------
grks gr%A
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pRokfj rL; o/ZUrs vk;qfoZ|k ----------------------- cye~A
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lR;su j{;rs /eZ%] fo|k ------------------------------ j{;rsA
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vf/xPNfrA
Ä
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fonqcqZ/k%
1-2 v/quk ikBe~ voxPNke%
1-2-1 izFke% ,dka'k%
01 'yksdr% ------- 04 i;ZUre~
vfHkoknu'khyL; fuR;a o`¼ksilsfou%A
pRokfj rL; o/ZUrs vk;qfoZ|k ;'kkscye~AA1AA
4
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lqHkkf"krkfu
vUo;%
fuR;e~ vfHkoknu'khyL; (fuR;e~) o`¼ksilsfou% rL; pRokfj o/ZUrsA
vk;q%] fo|k] ;'k%] cye~A
O;k[;k
o`¼ksa dh ges'kk lsok rFkk vknj lEeku djus okyksa dh vk;q] fo|k] ;'k
vkSj cy bu pkjksa dh o`f¼ gksrh gSA vius ls cM+ksa dh lsok djus ls gesa
cM+ksa dk vk'khokZn feyrk gS ftlls gekjh mUufr gksrh gSA o`¼ 'kCn dk
rkRi;Z vuqHkoh yksxksa ls gSA o`¼ nks rjg ds gksrs gSaμ o;kso`¼ vkSj Kkuo`¼A
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djksfr rL; vk;q%] fo|k] ;'k% cyfefr ,rs pRokj% o/ZUrsA
fVIi.kh
O;kdj.kfcUno%
vfHkoknu'khyL; ¾ vfHkoknu'khy 'kCn] "k"Bh ,dopue~A
o`¼ksilsfou% ¾ o`¼ $ milsfou%] o`¼ksilsfou~] "k"Bh ,dopue~A
o/ZUrs ¾ o`/~ /krq] vkReusin] izFkeiq#"k%] cgqopue~A
vk;qfoZ|k ¾ vk;q% $ fo|k
;Fkk [kuu~ [kfu=ks.k ujks ok;Zf/xPNfrA
rFkk xq#xrka fo|ka 'kqJw"kqjf/xPNfrAA2AA
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ftl izdkj dqnky ls [kuu dk;Z djrk gqvk euq"; t+ehu ds vanj ls ty
dks izkIr dj ysrk gS mlh izdkj xq# ds vf/dkf/d lehi jgus ,oa xq# dh
lsok djus ls fo|k dh izkfIr Hkh gks tkrh gSA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa xq# dh
lsok vkSj mudh vkKk dk ikyu fo|k izkfIr ds mik; crk, x, gSaA
mifu"knksa dh dFkk,¡ bldh izek.k gSaA
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;% Nk=k% xqjks% 'kq Ükzw"kka djksfr l% xq#xrka lok± fo|ke~ vf/xPNfrA
O;kdj.kfcUno%
[kuu~ ¾ [ku~ /krq] 'kr` izR;;%] iq¡fYyÄõ] izFkek&,dopue~
ok;Zf/xPNfr ¾ okfj $ vf/xPNfr
laLÑre~
5
lqHkkf"krkfu
'kqJw"kqjf/xPNfr ¾ 'kqJw"kq% $ vf/xPNfr
[kfu=ks.k ¾ [kfu=k 'kCn] uiqaldfyÄõ r`rh;k ,dopue~
fVIi.kh
lR;su j{;rs /eksZ fo|k ;ksxsu j{;rsA
e`t;k j{;rs :ia dqya o`Ùksu j{;rsAA3AA
vUo;%
/eZ% lR;su j{;rs] fo|k ;ksxsu j{;rs] :ie~ e`t;k j{;rs] dqye~ o`Ùksu
j{;rsAA
O;k[;k
lR; ls /eZ dh j{kk gksrh gS] vH;kl ls fo|k dh j{kk gksrh gS] ekfy'k&mcVu
ls] LoPNrk ls :i dh j{kk gksrh gS vkSj vkpj.k ,oa pfj=k ls dqy dh j{kk
gksrh gSA ;fn ge lp cksysaxs rks oLrqr% /eZ dh j{kk dj ldsaxsA blh izdkj
fujUrj vH;kl ls fo|k izkIr gksrh gSA ;fn oa'k ds lHkh lnL; pfj=koku~
gksa rks ml oa'k dk uke mTToy gksrk gS tSls j?kqdqyA
HkkokFkZ
lR;L; vkpj.ksu /eZL; j{kk Hkofr] vH;klsu fo|k;k% j{kk Hkofr]
ektZuks}rZuLukukfnfHk% LoPNr;k :iL; j{kk Hkofr rFkk p vkpj.ksu pfj=ks.k
p dqyL; j{kk HkofrA
O;kdj.kfcUno%
lR;su ¾ lR; 'kCn r`rh;k ,dopue~
j{;rs ¾ j{k~ /krq] vkReusin] deZokP;] ;d~ izR;;] yV~ ydkj%] izFkeiq#"k%] ,dopue~
e`t;k ¾ e`tk 'kCn] L=khfyÄõ] r`rh;k ,dopue~
o`Ùksu ¾ o`Ùk 'kCn r`rh;k ,dopue~
o`Ùka ;Rusu laj{ksn~ foRresfr p ;kfr pA
v{kh.kks foÙkr% {kh.kks o`RrrLrq grks gr%A4AA
6
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o`Ùke~ ;Rusu laj{ksr~ foRre~ ,fr p ;kfr p] foRrr% {kh.k% v{kh.k%] o`Rrr%
rq gr% gr% (,oa Hkofr) AA
O;k[;k
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tks /u ls rks lEiUu gSa vkSj vkpkj ls Hkz"V gSa] os ejs gq, ls Hkh cnrj
gSaA
HkkOkkFkZ%
loksZ¿fi euq";% Lodh;L; pfj=kL; j{kka iz;Rusu dq;kZr~] /ua rq dnkfpr~
vkxPNfr dnkfpPp vixPNfrA /usu lEiUu% vfi ;% vkpkjkr~ Hkz"V%
laLÑre~
lqHkkf"krkfu
vfLr l rq u"V% ,okfLrA
O;kdj.kfcUno%
fVIi.kh
o`Rra
¾ o`Rr 'kCn f}rh;k ,dopue~
laj{ksr~
¾ le~ $ j{k~ /krq ijLeSin] fof/fyÄ~ izFkeiq#"k% ,dopue~
foRresfr ¾ foRre~ $ ,fr
foRrr% ¾ foRr 'kCn] i×peh ds vFkZ esa rfly~ izR;; o`RrrLrq ¾ o`Rrr% $ rq
ikBxriz'uk% 1-1
1-
iz'ukuka laLÑrsu mÙkjkf.k fy[krA
(d) vfHkoknu'khyL; dkfu pRokfj o/ZUrs\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------([k) uj% dFka ok;Zf/xPNfr\
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(x) xq#xrka fo|ka d% vf/xPNfr\
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(?k) dLekr~ {kh.k% v{kh.k% Hkofr\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(Ä) fo|k dsu j{;rs\
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2-
mi;qDrS% dks"BxrinS% fjDrLFkkua iwj;rAA
(d) pRokfj -------------------
o/ZUrsA
([k) xq#xrka ------------------- 'kqJw"kqjf/xPNfrA
laLÑre~
(dL;@rL;)
(fo|ka@vfo|ka)
7
lqHkkf"krkfu
(x) [kfu=ks.k [kuu~ ------------------- vf/xPNfrA
(okfj@vfXue~)
(?k) o`Ùka------------------- laj{ksr~A
(foÙksu@;Rusu)
fVIi.kh
3-
mi;qDre~ mÙkja (
) fpÉsu vÄïuh;e~aAA
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
4-
xq#xrka fo|ka d% vf/xPNfr\
(d) czãpkjh
([k) ifjJeh
(x) 'kqJw"kq%
(?k) es/koh
dqya dsu j{;rs\
(d) lR;su
([k) ;ksxsu
(x) e`t;k
(?k) o`Ùksu
o`Ùkr% gr% dhn`'k% Hkofr\
(d) ve`r%
([k) {kh.k%
(x) gr%
(?k) v{kh.k%
v/ksfyf[krs"kq lfU/PNsn% lfU/% ok dj.kh;%AA
(i)
ok;Zf/xPNfr bR;L; lfU/PNsn% dj.kh;%A
--------------------------------------------------------
(ii)
lnkfJr% bR;L; lfU/PNsn% dj.kh;%A
--------------------------------------------------------
(iii)
eulk $ vfi bR;=k lfU/% dj.kh;%A
--------------------------------------------------------
(iv)
fo|k$vky;% bR;=k lfU/% dj.kh;%A
--------------------------------------------------------
8
laLÑre~
lqHkkf"krkfu
1-2-2 f}rh;% ,dka'k%
05 'yksdr% ------- 08 i;ZUre~
fVIi.kh
/`fr% {kek neks¿Lrs;a 'kkSpfefUnz;fuxzg%A
/hfoZ|k lR;eØks/ks n'kda /eZy{k.ke~AA5AA
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O;k[;k
/eZ ds nl y{k.k gSaA ;s nl y{k.k gSaμ /S;Z] {kek djuk vFkkZr~ {kek'khyrk
dh Hkkouk j[kuk] eu dks o'k esa djuk] pksjh u djuk] ifo=krk] bfUnz;ksa dks
o'k esa j[kuk] cqf¼] fo|k] lR; dk ikyu djuk vkSj Øks/ u djukA bu
lHkh xq.kksa ls ;qDr O;fDr gh /eZ'khy dgykrk gSA ftlesa /eZ ds ;s nlksa
y{k.k miyC/ gksa rks og egku~ /ekZRek gS rFkk loZFkk iz'kaluh; gS] og
izkr% Lej.kh; gS rFkk ,sls O;fDr ds izfr lHkh ureLrd jgrs gSaA ;s nl
xq.k gh /eZ dh igpku gSaA
HkkokFkZ
/S;Ze~] {kek'khyrk] ne%A pkS;Zo`Ùks% vHkko%] 'kqf¼%] bfUnz;t;%] cqf¼%]
Kkue~] lR;e~] Øks/L; vHkko% p ,rs n'k xq.kk% ,o /eZL; y{k.kkfu lfUrA
Hkwrys ,rS% n'kxq.kS% ;qDr% egkiq#"k% /ekZRek dF;rsA
O;kdj.k&fcUno%
(i) /hfoZ/k
¾ /h% $ fo|k
(ii) neks¿Lrs;e~ ¾ ne% $ vLrs;e~
(iii) /eZy{k.ke~ ¾ /eZL; y{k.ke~] "k"Bh rRiq#"klekl%
vU;nh;s r`.ks jRus dk×pus ekSfDrds¿fi pA
eulk fofuo`fÙk;kZ rnLrs;a fonqcqZ/k%AA6AA
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cq/k% rr~ vLrs;e~ fonq%A
O;k[;k
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cM+s jRu] eksrh] ghjs tokgjkr ds :i esa] mls ysus ds fy, eu ls Hkh u lkspuk] vLrs;
vFkkZr~ pksjh u djuk dgykrk gSA blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd /u] oL=kkfn dh pksjh
laLÑre~
9
lqHkkf"krkfu
djuk gh dsoy pksjh ugha gSA eu esa mls ysus dh bPNk ek=k djuk Hkh pksjh dgykrh
gS] ,sls Hkko ls nwj jguk gh vLrs; dgykrk gSA
fVIi.kh
HkkokFkZ%
dL;fpnfi ujL; r`.ka] dk×pua ekSfDrda ok vkHkw"k.ka yksHko'kkr~ gr±q eulk
fpUrue~ vfi pkS;± egkikia p dF;rs vr% ijs"kka /uknhuke~ vigj.kkr~
eul% fpUrue~ vfi u Hkosr~ bfr vLrs;e~ mÙkQe~A
O;kdj.kfcUno%
(i)
ekSfDrds¿fi & ekSfDrds $ vfi (iwoZ:ilaf/%)
(ii)
eulkfi
& eulk $ vfi (nh?kZlaf/%)
(iii) eulk
& eul~ gyUr uiqaldfyax 'kCn] r`rh; fo- ,dopue~
(iv) fofuo`fÙk;kZ
& fofuo`fÙk% $ ;k
(v)
& fo'ks"ks.k fuo`fÙk% bfrA
fofuo`fÙk%
(vi) fuo`fÙk%
& fu milxZ] o`r~ /krq] fDru~ izR;;
(vii) rnLrs;e~
& rr~ $ vLrs;e~ (O;atu laf/] t'Roa ¾ izFkeL; ^r* o.kZL;
LFkkus r`rh;%o.kZ% n~)
(viii) fonqcqZ/k%
& fonq% $ cq/k%
eu%'kkSpa deZ'kkSpa dqy'kkSpa p HkkjrA
'kjhj'kkSpa] okDNkSpa 'kkSpa i×pfo/a Le`re~AA7AA
10
vUo;%
Hkkjr! eu%'kkSpe~] deZ'kkSpe~] dqy'kkSpe~] 'kjhj'kkSpe~] okDNkSpe~ p (bfr)
i×pfo/e~ 'kkSpe~ Le`re~A
O;k[;k
/eZ ds nl y{k.kksa esa ls ik¡pok¡ y{k.k 'kkSp ('kqfp) vFkkZr~ ifo=krk gS blh
ifo=krk ds ik¡p izdkjksa dh ppkZ bl 'yksd esa djrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd
ifo=krk ds ik¡p izdkj gSaμ 1- eu dh ifo=krk] 2- dk;Z esa ifo=krk] 3dqy dh ifo=krk] 4- 'kjhj dh ifo=krk] 5- ok.kh dh ifo=krk] vFkkZr~ tks
bu ik¡pksa n`f"V;ksa ls ifo=k gks mlh dks okLrfod :i ls ifo=k ekuk tk
ldrk gSA dsoy fdlh ,d dh ifo=krk i;kZIr ugha gksrhA ,slk ugha fd
ge ok.kh rks ifo=k cksysa ij eu ifo=k u gksA eulk] oplk] deZ.kk gj
n`f"V ls ifo=k gksuk vfuok;Z gSA ,slk ugha fd cksysa dqN vkSj] lkspsa dqN
vkSj rFkk djsa dqN vkSjA
laLÑre~
lqHkkf"krkfu
HkkokFkZ
ifo=krk;k% i×pizdkjk% lfUr& eul% ifo=krk] deZ.k% ifo=krk] dqyL;
ifo=krk] 'kjhjL; ifo=krk] opl% ifo=krk] pA ,rS% i×pfHk% izdkjS% ifo=k%
,o euq";% ifo=k% dF;rsA
fVIi.kh
O;kdj.kfcUno%
(i)
okDNkSpe~&
okd~ $ 'kkSpe~ (O;×tulaf/%)
(ii)
Le`re~ &
Le` $ Dr izR;;%
(iii) eu%'kkSpe~&
eul% 'kkSpe~ ("k"BhrRiq#"klekl%)
lR;esos'ojks yksds lR;s /eZ% lnkfJr%A
lR;ewykfu lokZf.k lR;kUukfLr ija ine~AA8AA
vUo;%
yksds lR;eso bZ'oj%] /eZ% lnk lR;s vkfJr%] lokZf.k lR;ewykfu] lR;kr~
ije~ ine~ ukfLrA
O;k[;k
lR; ls feyus okyk iq.; egknku vkSj egkri ds iq.; ls Hkh egku~ iq.;
ekuk x;k gSA vr% thou esa lR; dks viukuk gh Js;Ldj gSA blhfy,
lR; ls ije in vU; fdlh dks ugha ekuk x;k gSA lR; esa gh bZ'oj dk
okl gS] /eZ Hkh lnSo lR; ij gh vkfJr gS] lc dqN lR; ds gh ewy
esa gS vr% lR; ls ij in vFkkZr~ Js"BLFkku dqN Hkh ugha gSA
HkkokFkZ
lalkjs lR;L; ,o lokZf/da egÙoe~ orZrsA bZ'oj%] /eZ%] loZO;ogkj% p
lnk lR;kfJrk% ,o HkofUrA ,oa fo'os¿fLeu~ lR;kr~ ija fdefi ukfLrA
O;kdj.kfcUno%
(i)
(ii)
lR;esos'oj% & lR;e~ $ ,o $ bZ'oj%
lnkfJr% &
lnk $ vkfJr% (nh?kZlaf/%)
(iii)
lR;kUukfLr &
lR;kr~ $ u $ vfLr
ikBxriz'uk% 1-2
1-
^d* LrEHkL; inkuka* ^[k* LrEHkL; inS% lg mfpra esyua dq#rμ
d
[k
(i) eulk fofuo`fÙk%
(v) /eZy{k.ke~
laLÑre~
11
lqHkkf"krkfu
(ii)
'kkSpe~
(vk) cq/k% rnLrs;a fonq%
(iii) n'kda
(b)
i×pfo/a Le`re~
(iv) lR;s
(bZ)
ija ine~
(v) lR;kUukfLr
(m)
/eZ% lnkfJr%
fVIi.kh
2-
v/ksfyf[krinkuka foijhrkFkZdinkfu fy[krμ
(i)
vØks/%
------------------------------------------
(ii)
vLrs;e~
------------------------------------------
(iii) 'kkSpe~
------------------------------------------
(iv) fo|k
------------------------------------------
(v) lR;e~
------------------------------------------
fdef/xre~
12

o`¼k% fuR;e~ vfHkoknuh;k%A

/ua rq vk;kfr ;kfr pA

pfj=kr% {kh.k% rq gr% ,o HkofrA

'kqJw"kq% xq#xrka fo|ke~ vf/xPNfrA

[kfu=ks.k [kuu~ uj% okfj vf/xPNfrA

dqya o`Ùksu j{;rsA

/eZ% losZ"kka xq.kkuke~ vk/kj% vfLrA

/eZL; izFkea y{k.ka /S;Ze~ vfLrA

eulkfi dL;fpr~ oLrqgj.ka u fpUruh;e~A

;% Øks/a o'khdjksfr l ,o mÙke% uj% vfLrAA
laLÑre~
lqHkkf"krkfu
;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
d-
fVIi.kh
xzaFkifjp;%
bl ikB ds 'yksd ^euqLe`fr* o ^egkHkkjr* ls fy, x;s gSaA
(i)
euqLe`fr%μ blds jpf;rk euq gSaA blesa jktk ds yksddY;k.kdkjh dÙkZO;ksa rFkk
rRdkyhu lkekftd fu;eksa dh Li"V O;k[;k dh xbZ gSA euqLe`fr esa dqy ckjg
vè;k; gSa vkSj 2685 'yksd gSaA izLrqr ikB esa dqN 'yksd euqLe`fr ls fy;s x;s
gSaA
(ii)
egkHkkjr%μ egkHkkjr egf"kZ Ñ".k}Sik;u O;kl dh jpuk gSA vuq"Vqi~ Nan esa
fy[ks x, ,d yk[k 'yksdksa dk ;g egkdkO; gSA ;g ,d fo'kky fo'odks"k gS]
ftlesa izkphu Hkkjr ds ,sfrgkfld] /kfeZd] uSfrd vkSj nk'kZfud vkn'kks± dh
vewY; fuf/ lafpr gSA blds 18 ioZ (Hkkx) gSa] ftuesa mins'k dh n`f"V ls
ouioZ] 'kkfUrioZ vkSj vuq'kklu ioZ izeq[k gSaA egkHkkjr dsoy dkSjoksa vkSj
ik.Moksa ds thou vkSj ;q¼ dh dgkuh ek=k ugha gSaA bldh ewydFkk ds pkjksa vksj
vusd vk[;kuksa dk laxzg gSA LoxkZjksg.k ioZ esa egf"kZ O;kl dh ;g mfÙkQ gS fd
/eZ] vFkZ] dke vkSj eks{k ds fo"k; esa tks dqN egkHkkjr esa dgk x;k gS] og
vU;=k Hkh gS] ij tks blesa ugha gS] og dgha Hkh ugha gSA
/esZ pkFkssZ p dkes p eks{ks p Hkjr"kZHkA
;fngkfLr rnU;=k ;UusgkfLr u rr~ Dofpr~AA
[k-
HkkofoLrkj%
v/ksfyf[krku~ 'yksdku~ lwDrh% p ifBRok Kkuo/Zua fØ;rke~μ
1-
laHkkstua ladFkua laiz'uks¿Fk lekxe%A
,rkfu Kkfrdk;kZf.k u fojks/% dnkpuAA
2-
fons'ks"kq /ua fo|k O;lus"kq /ua efr%A
ijyksds /ua /eZ% 'khya loZ=k oS /ue~AA
laLÑre~
13
lqHkkf"krkfu
3-
o`Ùk'kkSpa eu%'kkSpa rhFkZ'kkSper% ije~A
KkuksRiUua p ;PNkSpa rPNkSpa ijea Le`re~AA
fVIi.kh
4-
lR;a czw;kr~] fiz;a czw;kr~] u czw;kr~ lR;efiz;e~A
fiz;a p uku`ra czw;kr~] ,"k /eZ% lukru%AA
5-
{kek rstfLouka rst%] {kek czÞe rifLouke~A
{kek lR;a lR;orka] {kek nkua {kek ;'k%AA
6-
;Lrq Øks/a leqRiUua izK;k izfrck/rsA
rstfLoua ra fo}kala eU;Urs rÙonf'kZu%AA
7-
fdekReuk ;ks u ftrsfUnz;ks Hkosr~AA
8-
euL;sda opL;sda deZ.;sda egkReuke~A
lR;iwrka ons}kpa] eu%iwra lekpjsr~AA
9-
fo|kfoghu% i'kq%A
10- /esZ.k gU;rs 'k=kq%] /esZ.k gU;rs xzg%A
/esZ.k gU;rs O;kf/%] ;rks /eZLrrks t;%AA (egk-)
11- /kj.kkn~ /eZfeR;kgq/ZeksZ /kj;rs iztk%A (egk-)
12- ufg /ekZfHkjDrkuka yksds fd×pu nqyZHkefLrA (jkek-)
13- uklkS /eksZ ;=k u lR;efLr (fdjkr-)
14- ukfLr lR;kr~ ija nkua ukfLr lR;kRija ri%A (egk-)
15- lR;kUu izefnrO;e~ (rSfr- mi-)
16- vyadkjks fg ukjh.kka {kek rq iq#"kL; ok (jkek-)
(x) Hkk"kkfoLrkj%
(i) laLÑro.kZekyk
laLÑr Hkk"kk dh o.kZekyk esa nks izdkj osQ o.kZ gSa& Loj vkSj O;×tu
Lojo.kkZ%
ßLoLoj ¾ v b m ½ y` ¾ 5
nh?kZLoj ¾ vk bZ Å ½` , ,s vks vkS ¾ 8] ;ksx ¾ 13
14
laLÑre~
lqHkkf"krkfu
O;×tuo.kkZ%
doxZ
o~Q [k~ x~ ?k~ Ä~ ¾ 5
poxZ
p~ N~ t~ >~ ×k~ ¾ 5
VoxZ
V~ B~ M~ <~ .k~ ¾ 5
roxZ
r~ Fk~ n~ /~ u~ ¾ 5
ioxZ
i~ i~Q c~ Hk~ e~ ¾ 5
vUr%LFk
;~ j~ y~ o~ ¾ 4
Å"e
'k~ "k~ l~ g~ ¾ 4
fVIi.kh
;ksx ¾ 25
;ksx ¾ 8
o.kks± dk oqQy ;ksx ¾ 13 $ 25 $ 8 ¾ 46
ijLij O;×tu la;ksx ds dqN mnkgj.k
r~ $ r ¾ Ùk
nÙke~
r~ $ j ¾ =k
=k;e~
e~ $ u ¾ Eu
iz|qEu%
d~ $ "k ¾ {k
u{k=ke~
/~ $ ;k ¾ è;k
è;kue~
t~ $ j ¾ tz
otze~
o~ $ j ¾ oz
ozre~
"k~ $ V ¾ "V
/`"Vrk
'k~ $ o ¾ 'o
v'o%
.k~ $ o ¾ .o
d.o%
n~ $ j ¾ nz
nzks.k%
o~Q $ o ¾ Do
iDoe~
n~ $ / ¾ ¼
m¼r%
o~Q $ j ¾ Ø
ifjØek
laLÑre~
15
lqHkkf"krkfu
O;×tu rFkk Loj ;ksx osQ oqQN mnkgj.k
fVIi.kh
o~Q $ ½ ¾ Ñ
Ñik
n~ $ ½ ¾ n`
n`f"V%
'k~ $ ½ ¾
Ük`
Ük`Äõkj
u~ $ ½ ¾ u`
u`R;
j~ $ m ¾ #
#X.k%
j~ $ Å ¾ :
:ie~
r~ $ ½ ¾ rè
la'ys"k.k
nkr.kke~
è
Loj rFkk O;atu o.kks± dks feykdj 'kCn cukuk la'ys"k.k dgykrk gSA tSls
t~ $ ×k~ $ vk r~ $ v ¾ Kkr
KkrO;
laLÑr o.kZekyk esa 13 Loj rFkk 33 O;atu gSaA budh oqQy la[;k 46 gSA
lHkh O;atu o.kks± osQ uhps gy~ (~) fpg~u gksrk gS ,slk gy~ (O;×tu) ftlds vUr esa
gksrk gS mls gyUr 'kCn dgrs gSaA
bUgha Lojksa vkSj O;atuksa dks tksM+us ls 'kCn curs gSa tSls jke_ deyk_ uxje~] vkfnA
osQoy Lojksa ls gh 'kCn ugha curs vkSj osQoy O;atuksa ls gh 'kCnksa dh jpuk ugha gksrhA
nksuksa osQ ;ksx ls gh 'kCnksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
ftl O;atu o.kZ osQ uhps gy~ dk fpg~u u gks] ml O;atu esa dksbZ u dksbZ Loj feyk
gqvk gS&,slk le>uk pkfg,] tSls ^ckyd* 'kCn osQ ck y d & rhuksa O;atuksa esa gy~
osQ fpg~u ugha gSa] D;ksafd buesa Loj feys gq, gSa] tSls&
c~ $ vk ¾ ck
y~ $ v ¾ y
o~Q $ v ¾ d
16
laLÑre~
lqHkkf"krkfu
blosQ vfrfjDr laLÑr esa oqQN vU; fpg~uksa dk Hkh iz;ksx gksrk gSA ;s bl izdkj gSa&
1-
folxZ ¾ % ¾ ckyd%A folxZ dk mPpkj.k vk/s g~ o.kZ tSlk fd;k tkrk gSA
2-
vuqLokj& jkeaA ;g vuqLokj ^e~* ds LFkku ij vkrk gS] tc vkxs O;×tu o.kZ
gksA tSls ckyd% iQya [kknfr esa ^iQye~* ds e~ dks [k ds ijs jgrs vuqLokj gks
x;k gSA
fVIi.kh
blh izdkj
3-
xzkee~ ;kfr
¾
xzkea ;kfr
iqLrde~ fy[kfr
`
iq"ie~ ft?kzfr
¾
iqLroaQ fy[kfr
¾
iq"ia ft?kzfr
ekyke~ /kj;fr
¾
ekyka /kj;fr
dfoe~ oUns
¾
dfoa oUns
gy~
'kCn:iksa rFkk /krq :iksa esa gy~ dk iz;ksx tgk¡ tgk¡ gqvk gS] ml ij è;ku nsuk pkfg,A
vU;Fkk og 'kCn v'kq¼ ekuk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k nsf[k,&
1- rLekr~ uxjkr~
2- ;fLeu~ dfLeu~ fo"k;s
3- cky% viBr~] ckykS viBrke~] ckyk% viBu~A ;w;e~ viBrA vge~ viBe~A
la;qDrO;×tu
tc nks vFkok rhu O;×tuksa osQ eè; esa dksbZ Loj ugha gksrk] rc mu O;atuksa dks feyk
fn;k tkrk gSA bu feys gq, O;atuksa dks la;qDr dgrs gSaA tSls ^èofu* & 'kCn esa /~ $
o~ osQ eè; esa dksbZ Loj ugha gS vr% ^èo~* la;qDr O;×tu gSA oqQN mnkgj.k nsf[k,&
o.kZ ;ksx
mnkgj.k
t~ $ ×kk ¾ Kk
Kkue~
n~ $ ;k ¾ |k
fo|k
j~ $ e ¾ eZ
/eZ%
"k~ $ .k ¾ ".k
Ñ".k%
l~ $ r ¾ Lr
vLr%
laLÑre~
17
lqHkkf"krkfu
fVIi.kh
r~ $ l~ $ u ¾ RLu
ÑRLue~
'k~ $ jk ¾ Jk
foJke%
l~ $ r~ $ m $ r~ $ b ¾
Lrqfr
'k~ $ j~ $ v $ o~ $ v $ .k~ $ v ¾ Jo.k
u~ $ v $ o~Q $ "k~ $ v $ r~ $ j~ $ v ¾ u{k=k
(ii)
vO;;e~
ln`'ka f=k"kq fyaxs"kq lokZlq p foHkfDr"kqA
opus"kq p losZ"kq] ;Uu O;;sfr rnO;;e~AA
tks rhuksa fyaxksa] lHkh foHkfDr;ksa vkSj lHkh opuksa esa ,d:i jgrk gS] og vO;;
dgykrk gS] tSlsμ ok] dqr%] lg] p vkfnA vO;;inksa dk dksbZ :i ugha pyrk
fdUrq vO;;inksa ds vFkZ lHkh foHkfÙkQ;ksa esa fd;s tk ldrs gSaA oLrqr% vO;;
gksus ds dkj.k foHkfÙkQ;ksa dk yksi gks tkrk gSA
(iii)
iq#"k%
vkb;s vc ge laLÑr esa fØ;k ds ^iq#"k* ds fo"k; esa le>saA laLÑr esa iq#"k rhu gksrs
gSaA
1- izFke@vU; iq#"k]
2- eè;eiq#"k vkSj
3- mÙke iq#"kA
tc nks O;fDr ijLij ckr djrs gSa rks ckr djus okyk mÙke iq#"k dgykrk gS] ckr lquus
okyk eè;eiq#"k rFkk ftl ds fo"k; esa ckr dgh tkrh gS] mls izFke ;k vU; iq#"k
dgrs gSaA ;gka è;ku nsuk pkfg, fd mÙke iq#"k vius dks ^eSa* dgrk gS] mlds fy,
^vLen~* loZuke dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
eè;e iq#"k lquus okyk gksrk gS] mls rw@rqe* dgk tkrk gS] mlds fy, ;q"en~ loZuke
dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ftlds fo"k; esa laLÑr esa ckr dh tkrh gS] og izFke@vU; iq#"k laKk
;k loZuke gks ldrk gSA
mnkgj.k&
mÙkeiq#"k% vge~ (eSa) vkoke~ (ge nks) o;e~ (ge lc)
eè;eiq#"k% Roe~ (rw) ;qoke~ (rqe nks) ;w;e~ (rqe lc)
izFkeiq#"k% ckyd% (,d ckyd)] ckydkS (nks ckyd)] ckydk% (nks ls vf/d
ckyd)
18
laLÑre~
lqHkkf"krkfu
l% (og)] rkS (os nks)] rsμ(os lc)
bl izdkj izFke iq#"k esa lHkh laKk 'kCn rFkk (vLen~ ;q"en~ dks NksM+dj) lHkh loZuke
'kCnksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] tc fd mÙke iq#"k esa dsoy ^vLen~* loZuke rFkk eè;e iq#"k
eas dsoy ^;q"en~* loZuke gh iz;qDr gksrk gSA
fVIi.kh
(iv) ydkj%
fdlh fØ;k ds gksus ;k djus ds dky (le;) vFkok n'kk dks izdV djus ds fy,
laLÑr esa fofHkUu ydkjksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tks fØ;k orZeku dky esa gksrh gS] mls
izdV djus ds fy, laLÑr esa ^yV~* ydkj dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ;gka xe~ (xPN~) /krq
ds yV~ ydkj ds rhuksa iq#"kksa vkSj rhuksa opuksa esa vFkZ lfgr :i fn;s tk jgs gSaμ
xe~&xPN~¾tkuk] vf/$xe~ (xPN~) le>uk
yV~ ydkj (orZeku dky)
iq#"k%
,dopue~
f}opue~
cgqopue~
izFkeiq#"k%
(l%) xPNfr
(rkS) xPNr%
(rs) xPNfUr
(og) tkrk gS
(os nks) tkrs gSa
(os lc) tkrs gSaA
(Roe~) xPNfl
(;qoke~) xPNFk%
(;w;e~) xPNFk
(rw) tkrk gS
(rqe nks) tkrs gks
(rqe lc) tkrs gks
(vge~) xPNkfe
(vkoke~) xPNko%
(o;e~) xPNke%
(eSa) tkrk gw¡
(ge nks) tkrs gSa
(ge lc) tkrs gSaA
eè;eiq#"k%
mÙkeiq#"k%
(v) opue~
(iv) laLÑr esa rhu opu gksrs gSa&
(1) ,dopue~ ¾ ,d oLrq ;k O;fDr ds fy,] tSls ckyd% ¾ ,d ckyd
(2) f}opue~ ¾ nks oLrqvksa ;k nks O;fDr;ksa ds fy,] tSls ¾ Nk=kkS ¾ nks fo|kFkhZ
(3) cgqopue~ ¾ nks ls vf/d la[;kokyh oLrqvksa ;k O;fDr;ksa ds fy,]
tSlsμ xzUFkk% ¾ vusd xzUFk
bl izdkj lHkh laKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.kksa rFkk fØ;k:iksa ds rhu&rhu opu gksrs gSaA
laLÑre~
19
lqHkkf"krkfu
mnkgj.k
d-
'kCn
,dopue~
f}opue~
cgqopue~
jke
jke%
jkekS
jkek%
deyk
deyk
deys
deyk%
dfo
dfo%
doh
do;%
Hkkuq
Hkkuq%
Hkkuw
Hkkuo%
iQy
iQye~
iQys
iQykfu
rr~ (iqa-)
l%
rkS
rs
vLen~
vge~
vkoke~
o;e~
;q"en~
Roe~
;qoke~
;w;e~
iB~
iBfr
iBr%
iBfUr
fy[k~
fy[kfr
fy[kr%
fy[kfUr
/ko~
/kofr
/kor%
/kofUr
cq/~
cks/fr
cks/r%
cks/fUr
Le`
Lejfr
Lejr%
LejfUr
fVIi.kh
[k-
/krq
(vi) fyaxe~
laLÑr esa 'kCnksa ds rhu fyax gksrs gSa (1) iqfYyÄõe~ (2) L=khfyaxe~ (3) uiqaldfyaxe~A
bu rhuksa fyÄõksa ds 'kCnksa dh ,d y?kq rkfydk bl izdkj gS&
20
iqfYyÄõe~
L=khfyaxe~
uiq¡ldfyaxe~
gLr%
ckfydk
eq[ke~
pj.k%
yrk
'kjhje~
d.kZ%
jF;k
us=ke~
dj%
okfVdk
mnje~
laLÑre~
lqHkkf"krkfu
nsg%
fu'kk
iq"ie~
n.M%
'kkfVdk
deye~
O;k/%
Jh%
/ue~
flag%
y{eh%
i=ke~
o`{k%
Hkwfe%
fp=ke~
v'o%
i`fFkoh
fe=ke~
dqDdqj%
unh
x`ge~
niZ.k%
flagh
m|kue~
R;kx%
e`xh
mioue~
O;k;ke%
vtk
e/q
?kV%
v'ok
T;ksfr%
tyf/%
e;wjh
ri%
fuf/%
ok;lh
;'k%
fVIi.kh
ikBkUriz'uk%
1-
laLÑrsu mÙkjrAA
(i)
:ia dFka j{;rs\
-----------------------------------------------------
(ii) lR;s lnk d% vkfJr% Hkofr\
----------------------------------------------------(iii) 'kkSpa dfrfo/a Le`re~\
----------------------------------------------------(iv) dLekr~ ija ina fdefi ukfLr\
-----------------------------------------------------
laLÑre~
21
lqHkkf"krkfu
2-
fo'ks";inS% lg mfprfo'ks"k.kinkfu la;kst;rA
fo'ks"k.kkfu
fo'ks";kf.k
fVIi.kh
(i)
-----------------------------------------------------/eZy{k.ke~
(ii)
-----------------------------------------------------'kkSpe~
(iii) -----------------------------------------------------rL;
(iv) -----------------------------------------------------fo|ke~
3-
^d* LrEHkL; /eZy{k.kkfu ^[k* LrEHks nÙkS% vFkSZ% esy;rμ
^d*
^[k*
(i)
/h%
(d) pkS;ZL; vHkko%
(ii)
vLrs;e~
([k) eul% o'khdj.ke~
(iii) vØks/%
(x) lfg".kqrk
(iv) ne%
(?k) cqf¼%
(v) {kek
(Ä) Øks/L; vHkko%
mÙkjrkfydk
cks/iz'uk%
1-
d$5] [k$8] x$7] ?k$1] Ä$6] p$2] N$3] t$4
2-
/`fr%] {kek] ne%] vLrs;e~] 'kkSpe~] bfUnz;fuxzg%] /h%] fo|k] lR;e~] vØks/% p
bfr n'kda /eZy{k.ke~AA
3-
d- o`ÙkrLrq] [k- ;'kks] x- ;ksxsu ?k- 'kqJw"kq% Ä- vLrs;e~
ikBxriz'uk% 1-1
1-
d- vk;q%] fo|k] ;'k%] cya p
[k- [kfu=ks.k [kuu~
x-
?k-
'kqJw"kq%
foÙkr%]
Ä- ;ksxsu
22
laLÑre~
lqHkkf"krkfu
2-
d- rL;]
[k- fo|ka]
x-
okfj]
?k-
(i)
x
(ii) ?k
;Rusu
fVIi.kh
3-
(iii) x
4-
(i)
okfj $ vf/xPNfr]
(iii) eulkfi
(ii) lnk $ vkfJr%
(iv) fo|ky;%
ikBxriz'uk% 1-2
1-
(i)
$ vk
(ii) $ b
(iii) $ v
(iv) $ m
(v) $ bZ
2-
(i)
Øks/%
(iii) v'kkSpe~
(ii) Lrs;a@pkS;Ze~
(iv) vfo|k@vKkue~
(v) vlR;e~
ikBkUriz'uk%
1-
2-
3-
(i)
:ia e`t;k j{;rsA
(ii) lR;s lnk /eZ% vkfJr% HkofrA
(iii) 'kkSp i×pfo/a Le`re~
(iv) lR;kr~ ija ina fdefi ukfLrA
(i)
(ii)
n'kda]
i×pfo/e~
(iii) vfHkoknu'khyL;@o`¼ksilsfou%
(iv) xq#xrka
(i)
(ii)
$ ?k]
(iii) $ Ä
(v)
laLÑre~
$ d
(iv) $ [k]
$ x
23