Matakuliah : G0332/English Phonology
Tahun
: 2007
Intonation 2
Pertemuan 11
Internal Open Juncture
• Internal open juncture is found between words and
between parts of the words.
• It is usually found in minimal pair such as :
keep sticking and keeps ticking
• It is indicated by a plus sign /+/ and sometimes called a
plus juncture.
• It is used to make distinction between pairs such as : an
itch – a niche, its praise – it sprays , I scream – ice
cream.
3
Bina Nusantara
Principles of junctures
1. If two vowels in successive syllables carry primary or
secondary stresses, there will be a /+/ somewhere
between them
Likes + meat
blue + dress
But if two such vowels carry primary and third stresses,
there may or may not be a /+/ between them
boathouse
boot + black
4
Bina Nusantara
Principles of junctures
2. Two adjoining vowels are usually separated by a /+/
an + opera + of
the + idea + amuses
3. A vowel with weak stress followed by a consonant is
often in close transition with the consonant, and there is
no /+/
above
a bag
the best
Bina Nusantara
Principles of junctures
4. A consonant followed by a vowel with weak stress is in
close transition, with no intervening /+/
most of
found in
5. Between successive syllables with weak stress there is
no /+/
of the water
Bina Nusantara
Special juncture
• Linking r or intrusive r are special cases of juncture
that can occur in the following:
here ‘hiə’ but here are ‘hiər ə’
four fɔ: but four eggs fɔ:r egz
• In the word my turn ‘mai tɜ:n’, the relationship between
m and ai and the relationship between t and ɜ: or
between ɜ: and n is called close juncture.
• The sound m and n are preceded and followed by
silence, so it is called external open juncture.
Bina Nusantara
Assimilation
• The sound belonging to one word can cause changes in
sounds belonging to neighboring words.
• Assimilation varies according to speaking rate and style.
• It is likely to be found in rapid, casual speech and less
likely in slow, careful speech.
• Assimilation often affect consonant. If the first consonant
is affected by the second consonant it is called
regressive. If the second consonant is affected by the
first consonant it is called progressive
Bina Nusantara
Assimilation
• Example 1 : that person ‘ðæp pɜ:sn’ : in casual speech, t
become p before a bilabial consonant. (This is
regressive assimilation)
• Try also for light blue, meat pie, get those, bright color,
get those, that case.
• Example 2 : in the : inðə  innə ( This is progressive
assimilation)
• Try also : get them, read these.
Bina Nusantara
Elision
• Under certain circumstances, sounds disappear
• There are several possibilities for elision:
1. Loss of weak vowel after p,t,k.
in words like potato, tomato, canary, perhaps, today, the
vowel in the first syllable may disappear.
2. Weak vowel | n,l,r become syllabic consonant, for
example : tonight, police, correct.
3. Avoidance of complex consonant clusters, for example:
acts (t disappear) , looked back, scripts
4. Loss of final v in ‘of’ before consonants, for example: lots
of them , waste of money.
Bina Nusantara