3/2/2016
• Introduction
• What is a Pesticide?
• Effects of Pesticides on
Human & Environmental
Health
• Environmental Fate of
Pesticides
• Toxicity and Risks of
Pesticides
• Reading a Label
• Safe Use, Storage and
Disposal of Pesticides
• Types of Pesticides
Photo courtesy of Gathering Together Farm
1
3/2/2016
Photo courtesy of Sherry Sheng
Farms
Larger Size
Less Diversity
Economic
Thresholds
Photo courtesy of Kris LaMar
Gardens
Smaller Size
More Diversity
Don’t Rely on
Garden for
Income
• USA:
74-90% of households utilize
pesticides on an annual basis (Whitmore et al.
1994; Landrigran et al. 1999, Fishel 2007)
• Oregon: 46% of households used
pesticides in 2007
(PURS 2008)
• Portland Metro: 29% of households used
lawn and garden pesticides and 17% used
indoor pesticides (Peters et al. 2007)
3/2/2016
Do We Really Use Fewer
Pesticides?
• PURS (Oregon’s Pesticide Use Reporting System)
• Survey “participants were unable to determine what
products were pesticides”
• “continued concerns about the ability of pesticide
users to read the label and correctly identify
information”
• “Moss control products accounted for 47% of the
pounds of active ingredient, but only 2% of the reports
identified moss control as the purpose”
3/2/2016
• Negative effects of pesticides are amplified
when pesticides are:
• Misused
• Overused
• Used at an inappropriate time
• Incorrectly stored
• Incorrectly disposed
3/2/2016
2
3/2/2016
• Introduction
• What is a Pesticide?
• Effects of Pesticides on
Human & Environmental
Health
• Environmental Fate of
Pesticides
• Toxicity and Risks of
Pesticides
• Reading a Label
• Safe Use, Storage and
• Is an EPA registration number on the
container?
• If so, it is a pesticide.
Disposal of Pesticides
• Types of Pesticides
EPA Reg. No. 3120-280
Identifies
manufacturer
Identifies
product
3/2/2016
• Do not have an EPA Registration Number
• Are deemed ‘demonstrably safe’
•
A complete list of Minimum Risk Pesticides can be viewed at:
http://www.epa.gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/regtools/25b_list.htm
Citronella
White pepper
Castor oil
Egg whites and egg solids
Cinnamon oil
Citric acid
Clove oil
Rosemary oil
Dried Blood
Thyme oil
Mint oil
Corn gluten meal
3/2/2016
• Insecticides
• Acaricides/Miticides
• Bactericides
• Fungicides
• Herbicides
• Larvicides
• Molluscicides
• Nematicides
• Rodenticides
• Scalecides
3/2/2016
List of EPA Registered Disinfectants: http://www.epa.gov/oppad001/chemregindex.htm
3/2/2016
3/2/2016
3
3/2/2016
Insecticides that are Larvicides
3/2/2016
Metaldehyde toxicity in pets:
• dog deaths not uncommon
• EPA required stronger label in
2006
http://oregonstate.edu/ua/ncs/archives/201
3/may/despite-reduced-dog-poisoningsslug-baits-researchers-are-warning-newhazard
Iron phosphate toxicity in pets:
• no deaths reported
• lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea
Iron phosphate products
Metaldehyde products
• Toothpaste, mouthwash (regulated by FDA
and not EPA)
• Fertilizers (except for weed and feed
products)
• Compost tea
• Beneficial insects that eat insect pests
• Ladybugs, Lacewings, Preying Mantis, etc.
• Parasitoid wasps
• Nematodes
• [Bt and spinosad are microrganisms that ARE
• Introduction
• What is a Pesticide?
• Effects of Pesticides on
Human & Environmental
Health
• Environmental Fate of
Pesticides
Metaldehyde
products
3/2/2016
• Toxicity and Risks of
Pesticides
• Reading a Label
• Safe Use, Storage and
Disposal of Pesticides
• Types of Pesticides
pesticides]
3/2/2016
4
3/2/2016
1. Persistence in the soil
2. Risk of groundwater contamination
3. Risk to aquatic organisms
4. Acute risk to birds
5. Acute risk to earthworms
6. Risk to beneficial arthropods
Incidents involving clopyralid in potting soil:
http://extension.oregonstate.edu/polk/sites/default/files/documents/2014_may_newsletter.pdf
3/2/2016
3/2/2016
3/2/2016
2008 USGS report
• 63 pesticides detected
• Ag herbicides most common
• Lawn & garden herbicides (2-4D
and glyphosphate) also common
Mass Bee Kills in Oregon
June, 2013 Portland street trees
June, 2013 Wilsonville Target
June, 2014 Eugene apt complex
ALL were the result of pesticide
applications on linden, in bloom
•Press release (03/18/2008) may be viewed at: http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=1895
3/2/2016
•Full report : http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5027/
(refer to ODA handout)
5
3/2/2016
Sucrose
Mannose
3/2/2016
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GllFg4F4Ruo
3/2/2016
3/2/2016
• Cholinesterase is present in many
3/2/2016
• Organophosphates
organisms, including all
mammals (like humans!)
• Irreversibly inhibits cholinesterase that is
present in the human body
• Cholinesterase must be replaced, by the body,
after exposure to an organophosphate pesticide
• Cholinesterase is an enzyme that
is ubiquitous in the human body
• Carbamates
• Temporarily inhibits cholinesterase that is
• Cholinesterase is critical for many
present in the body
nervous system functions
• Effects can be rapidly reversed (time required
depends on level of exposure)
3/2/2016
3/2/2016
6
3/2/2016
• Nausea, vomiting, muscle tremors,
cramps, weakness, shortness of
breath, slowed heart rate, headache,
abdominal pain, diarrhea
• Introduction
• Toxicity and Risks of
Pesticides
• What is a Pesticide?
• Effects of Pesticides on
Human & Environmental
Health
• headaches, nausea, dizziness,
vomiting if exposed to vapors
• hemolytic anemia if exposure high
• if ingested ~ lethargy, vomiting,
• Environmental Fate of
Pesticides
• Reading a Label
• Safe Use, Storage and
Disposal of Pesticides
• Types of Pesticides
diarrhea, lack of appetite, tremors
Pesticide Drift
Environmental Fate of Pesticides
Adsorbed to plant
surfaces, or taken
up by plants
Adsorbed to
soil particles
or organic
matter
Degraded by
sunlight
Degraded by
soil organisms
Hydrolyzed by
water
Copyright 2006, Oregon State University, all rights reserved.
Copyright 2006, Oregon State University, all rights reserved.
Vapor Drift
Vapor Drift of Herbicides –
Non-Target Effects
Photo Credit: Joey Williamson
Clemson University
2,4-D damage to green ash.
Photo credit: Beth Jarvis
Copyright 2006, Oregon State University, all rights reserved.
7
3/2/2016
Pesticide Leaching through Soil
Pesticide Run-Off over Soil
Pesticide
residue on
soil surface
Pesticide
adsorbed to soil
particles or soil
organic matter
When irrigation or rainfall exceed the infiltration rate,
runoff occurs.
Pesticides dissolved in the water or adsorbed to
transported soil particles (soil erosion) move
offsite and may have unintended consequences.
Leached to
groundwater
table
Copyright 2006, Oregon State University, all rights reserved.
Copyright 2006, Oregon State University, all rights reserved.
Check the one that is most likely to result in the pesticide
moving from the site of application.
Windy
Rainy
Hot
Dry
Irrigation On
Close to Target
Calm
No Rain
Cool
Humid
Irrigation Off
Far from Target
• Introduction
• What is a Pesticide?
• Effects of Pesticides on
Human & Environmental
Health
• Environmental Fate of
Pesticides
• Toxicity and Risks of
Pesticides
• Reading a Label
• Safe Use, Storage and
Disposal of Pesticides
• Types of Pesticides
3/2/2016
•
Indicate a pesticide’s potential to harm or poison
Mild or early symptoms:
Danger
Toxicity class I
Warning
Highly Toxic (I)
Moderately Toxic (II)
Toxicity class II
Caution
Toxicity class III and IV
Slightly Toxic (III)
Fatigue
Headache
Dizziness
Blurred vision
Excessive sweating
Excessive salivation
Nausea and vomiting
Stomach cramps
Diarrhea
Tingling or numbness
Moderate symptoms:
Inability to walk
Weakness
Chest discomfort
Muscle twitches
Pupil constriction
Severe symptoms:
Renal Failure
Unconsciousness
Convulsions
Difficulty breathing
Death
Relatively Non-Toxic (IV)
3/2/2016
8
3/2/2016
• Beware of ANY unusual symptoms!
Risk = toxicity * exposure
• Carefully read labels prior to use
•
Know what to expect and how symptoms may be treated
Low toxicity * poor management = High risk
• Pesticide Emergencies
• Poison Control Center: 1-800-222-1222
•
High toxicity * good management = Low risk
Zero exposure = zero risk
Keep label accessible: EPA registration number
• 911
•
Keep label accessible: EPA registration number
3/2/2016
• Introduction
• What is a Pesticide?
• Effects of Pesticides on
Human & Environmental
Health
• Environmental Fate of
Pesticides
• Toxicity and Risks of
Pesticides
• Reading a Label
• Safe Use, Storage and
Disposal of Pesticides
• Types of Pesticides
3/2/2016
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Brand name
Product/Trade name
Chemical name
Ingredient statement
Type of formulation
Net contents
Name and address of manufacturer
Registration number
Establishment number
Precautionary statements
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Environmental hazards
Physical & chemical
hazards
Signal words and symbols
Statement of practical
treatment
Directions for use
Preharvest interval
Restricted entry interval
Storage & disposal
directions
Misuse statement
The format of pesticide labels is not standard!
3/2/2016
• Put in picture of two different products with
same ai
• And put in pics with same looking product
but two different ai’s
3/2/2016
3/2/2016
9
3/2/2016
3/2/2016
3/2/2016
http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/label/
One of three danger words:
(1) Caution
(2) Warning
(3) Danger
These words represent the
product’s potential hazards to
humans.
EPA Registration Number
3/2/2016
Caution is least hazardous.
Danger is the most hazardous.
3/2/2016
•Manufacturer Name
•Trade or Brand Name
Name, address and sometimes
phone number of the
manufacturer or distributor.
3/2/2016
3/2/2016
10
3/2/2016
Gives the % of other/inert ingredients
These ingredients do not control
the pest, but serves another purpose.
This purpose may be to dissolve
the active ingredient(s) or to
affect how the product works.
Identifies the ‘active ingredient(s)’,
which is/are the ingredient(s)
that control the pest.
3/2/2016
•What the product controls
•Where, when and how to use
•Booklet or toll free number may be given for consumers use and information
3/2/2016
•Potential hazards to people
and pets
•Environmental hazards
•Physical or chemical hazards
3/2/2016
3/2/2016
• What label violations have you seen, or can
you imagine?
• Think about violations in the home and
garden, but also in the workplace.
•How best to store the product
•What to do with unused product
•What to do with the empty container
3/2/2016
3/2/2016
11
3/2/2016
True
False
The signal words ‘DANGER’, ‘CAUTION’ and
‘WARNING’ refer to a pesticide’s potential
hazards to human health
True
False
The signal words ‘DANGER’, ‘CAUTION’ and
‘WARNING’ refer to a pesticide’s potential
hazards to environmental health
• Introduction
• Toxicity and Risks of
Pesticides
• What is a Pesticide?
• Reading a Label
• Effects of Pesticides on
Human & Environmental
Health
• Environmental Fate of
Pesticides
• Safe Use, Storage and
Disposal of Pesticides
• Types of Pesticides
3/2/2016
• Skin
• Breathing through nose or mouth
• Eyes
• Swallowing
• PROTECT YOURSELF!
• Eliminate or Reduce Exposure.
• If exposed, contact the Poison
Control Center at
1-800-222-1222
**Label will commonly require “longsleeved shirt and long pants” (not
defined as PPE).**
3/2/2016
3/2/2016
Butyl
Butyl
• Remember ~ gloves can
• NO cloth gloves or cloth•
lined gloves
Latex are often
inadequate
Neoprene
Chem-Resistant
Nitrile
Neoprene
Chem-Resistant
Nitrile
serve as a SOURCE of
pesticides
• Before taking off gloves,
wash them with soap and
water
• Check gloves for leaks,
before use!
• Unlined, nitrile, butyl,
neoprene gloves are the best
3/2/2016
3/2/2016
12
3/2/2016
Cornell Study, 2007
• 17 pesticides found in 41 homes
• Highest pesticide levels associated
with:
• Homes of farm workers
• Folks who live near farms
(rural or urban!)
• Summertime
• Carpeted homes
• Consider having one outfit you use
when applying pesticides.
• Launder these clothes separate
from other clothes
• Launder asap
• Pockets turned inside out
• The shoes you apply pesticides
with ~ do not wear shoes in house!
http://envirocancer.cornell.edu/newsletter/articles/v12measure.cfm
3/2/2016
• Unless hands are over head, Sleeves should be outside of
gloves, rubber band cuff
• Latex gloves not preferred
• Rubber boots preferred
3/2/2016
3/2/2016
Hose End and
Compression Sprayers
3/2/2016
3/2/2016
Copyright 2006, Oregon State University, all rights reserved.
13
3/2/2016
• Hose-end sprayers are proportioners that mix a
concentrated pesticide with water and emit a
spray of diluted pesticide.
• Place anti-siphon device between sprayer and
water source to prevent back siphoning of
pesticides into your water system.
Lid
Container
Anti-backflow
device
(Siphon Tube
Inside Container)
3/2/2016
• Must mix concentrated
3/2/2016
•
Keep pesticides to a minimum, to reduce storage
needs.
•
Follow label instructions.
pesticides in tank.
• Requires extra
precautions due to:
• Breezes
• Splashing
• Requires calibration
BEFORE mixing, to help
ensure you don’t mix
too much product.
3/2/2016
Hand-held
Compression Sprayer
3/2/2016
•
Keep pesticides in original containers!
•
Store out of reach of children and pets.
•
Store in leak-proof containers.
•
Never store near food, feed or medicines.
•
Avoid temperature extremes and moisture.
3/2/2016
3/2/2016
14
3/2/2016
• Household hazardous waste disposal
• Introduction
• Services, by county:
• What is a Pesticide?
http://www.deq.state.or.us/lq/sw/hhw/hhwfa
cilitymap.htm
• Effects of Pesticides on
Human & Environmental
Health
• Environmental Fate of
Pesticides
• Toxicity and Risks of
Pesticides
• Reading a Label
• Safe Use, Storage and
Disposal of Pesticides
• Types of Pesticides
3/2/2016
• Broad Spectrum / Non-Selective pesticides
• Commercial / Home use
control a wide range of pest organisms
• Organic / Synthetic
• Broad Spectrum / Narrow spectrum
• Organophosphates (e.g. malathion)
• Carbamates (e.g. carbaryl)
• Pyrethroids (e.g. Tetramethrin and Permethrin)
• Neonicotinoids (a.i. imidacloprid)
• Contact / Systemic
3/2/2016
3/2/2016
3/2/2016
3/2/2016
15
3/2/2016
EPA Bee Advisory Box on Pesticide Labels
3/2/2016
3/2/2016
Organic Pesticides
• Organic:
Derived from
an organic source
• Botanicals (pyrethrum
NeemTM)
• Biologicals (Bt, SpinosadTM)
• Synthetic:
pesticides
3/2/2016
Manufactured
Synthetic
Pyrethroid
Organic
Pyrethrin
3/2/2016
16
3/2/2016
Organic Pesticides:
Soaps and Oils
Organic Pesticides - Bt
•K
strain kills caterpillars: Dipel dust
• I strain kills flies:
• Insecticidal Soaps: for small, soft-bodied insects
• Horticultural Oils: smother eggs and small, soft-
Mosquito Dunks
bodied insects
3/2/2016
3/2/2016
How Insecticides Work
17
3/2/2016
What is a neonicotinoid?
Mode of Action: works on CNS
• Class of insecticides ~ developed in the late
• Neonicotinoids
1980s
• New mode of action
bind to a
receptor that is
unique to insects
• Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
• Mode of action similar to nicotine
• First new class of insecticide with systemic
activity in plants, for 30+ years
• Low toxicity to vertebrates accelerated
registration as “reduced risk” products
Benefits of Neonicotinoid Insecticides
• Highly specific to insects (Imidacloprid)
• less likely to have negative effects on humans and
other mammals, compared to other pesticides such as the organophosphates or carbamates
• Only a PEST of the plant will get a dose of the
insecticide.
• Sitting on the plant is not enough to get a dose.
** Found on retail shelves in 2013 Metro Survey of store shelves in the PDX region
Homeowner Formulations
Homeowner Formulations
Bayer AdvancedTM Products. AI = Imidacloprid
Other AI = Imidacloprid Products
Product Name
Application
Method
Advertised
Longevity
Product Name
• Bayer Advanced™ Fruit, Citrus & Vegetable**
LC Soil
Drench
Season Long
• Fertilome Tree & Shrub Systemic
• Bayer Advanced™ Tree & Shrub Protect &
Feed**
LC Soil
Drench
GC Soil
Drench
12 month
• Hi-Yield Systemic Insect Spray
• Bayer Advanced™ Tree & Shrub Insect
Control**
LC Soil
Drench
12 month
• Bayer Advanced™ Tree & Shrub Plant Starter
RTU Pouch
3 months
• Bayer Advanced™ Insect Control Plus
Fertilizer
Plant Spikes
8 Weeks
• Bayer Advanced™ Insect, Disease and Mite
Control**
RTU Hose
RTU Spray
LC Spray
30 days
• Ortho Bug-B-Gone Rose & Flower Insect Control Plus Miracle
Grow**
• Bonide Systemic Houseplant Insect Control**
** Found on retail shelves in 2013 Metro Survey of store shelves in the PDX region
18
3/2/2016
Homeowner Formulations
For Use On / For Use Against
Green Light ®. AI = Dinotefuran
Product Name
Product
For Use On
Outdoor trees and
shrubs, including listed
fruit trees (apple, pear
and others)
Roses, flowers, bedding
plants, shrubs,
groundcovers, woody
ornamentals
Application
Method
Advertised
Longevity
• Green Light Tree & Shrub Insect Control with
Safari
GC
Season Long
Bayer Advanced 12Month Tree and Shrub
Insect Control
• Green Light 5-5-5 Tree & Shrub with Safari
Insect Control & Fertilizer Concentrate
GC
Season Long
Gordon’s Tree and Shrub
Insect Killer
** Found on retail shelves in 2013 Metro Survey of store shelves in the PDX region
Green Light Tree and
Shrub Systemic Insect
Killer
For Use Against
adelgids, aphids, scales,
boring beetles,
mealybugs, leafminers,
leafhoppers, Japanese
Ornamental plants, trees, beetle, lacebugs
shrubs, conifers,
evergreens, flowering
plants, non-bearing fruit
trees, nut trees and vines
Generally not effective against
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mites
(Armored Scales)
Gypsy Moth
Fall Armyworm
Tent Caterpillars
Caterpillars, in general
Imidacloprid
Mites fed on leaves
treated with imidacloprid
Mites painted with
imidacloprid
Szczepaniec et al. (2011). PLoS One 6(5): 10.1371/journal.pone.0020018.
19
3/2/2016
Imidacloprid
Imidacloprid
Soil and Trunk Injections for Licensed
Applicators, Only
Applying as a Soil Drench
Another Advantage of Systemics ~
Ease of Application ~ Soil Drench
Concerns Regarding Imidacloprid in
Home Gardens and Urban Landscapes
• Persistence and Concentration in Ornamental
Plants
• How long is active ingredient ‘active’ in plant
tissues?
• Does active ingredient persist in fallen leaves?
• What is the concentration in nursery plants, or in
home garden plants?
Highest Concentration
of Roots in the middle
• Non-target impacts on beneficial insects
20
3/2/2016
Neonicotinoids are PERSISTANT!
Neonicotinoids are PERSISTANT!
• Toxicity persisted and pests were absent up
• Rhododendrons treated at label rates had 19
to 3 years following application of
imidacloprid to potted coteneaster
• Szepaniec and Raupp (2007)
ppb of imidacloprid in blossoms 3-6 years
after application
• Bayer Crop Science Ag Report # G201806
Neonicotinoids are PERSISTANT!
Neonicotinoids are PERSISTANT!
• Cornus mas had 1038-2816 ppb of
• Toxicity of imidacloprid persists for months
imidacloprid in blossoms, 505 days after
application
• Bayer Crop Science Ag Report # G201801
to years after application
• Often ~ last date of noted persistence = end
of experiment
• Pesticide directions suggests annual
applications. This is likely overkill.
Imidacloprid in Home Gardens/Landscapes
• Allowable rates in greenhouse/nursery are
much higher than for field crops
• 100X-1000X higher
• Soil drench of results in 10X – 40X higher
concentration of imidacloprid in nectar,
compared to treated seed
21
3/2/2016
Imidacloprid in Home Gardens / Landscapes
• Imidacloprid half life in soil is 40 days to 997
days
• National Pesticide Information Center (2010) Fact
Sheet
• On golf courses, imidacloprid applied to
linden trees is taken up
• 100 ppb in tree leaves
• 12,865 ppb remains in soil and can be taken up by
other plants
• Krischik, unpublished data ~ news interviews
Imidacloprid in Home Gardens / Landscapes
New York Times, March 29, 2012
• Imidacloprid applied to roses is active for up
to 3 years after application
• Concentrations of 812 ppb in roses
• Vera Krischik ~ unpublished data, news
interviews
Fig. 1 Mean observed colony weight for control (short-dash line), low (solid line), and high (longdash line) treatments at weekly intervals.
P R Whitehorn et al. Science 2012;336:351-352
Fig. 2 The number of new queens produced by the control colonies was greater than the
number produced in both low- and high-treatment colonies.
P R Whitehorn et al. Science 2012;336:351-352
22
3/2/2016
Fig. 1 Honey bee RFID monitoring equipment.
Fig. 3 Cumulative homing probability of foragers released 1 km away from the hive.
French Study on Bumble Bees
Familiar with Site
Unfamiliar with Site
M Henry et al. Science 2012;336:348-350
M Henry et al. Science 2012;336:348-350
Published by AAAS
Published by AAAS
Home Depot Labeling all Plants Treated with
Neonicotinoids
• Choose narrow over broad spectrum
insecticides.
• Spot treat, rather than broadcast a
pesticide.
• Always read the label, follow directions and
do not apply more than is recommended.
• Choose ready-to-use, rather than
concentrates ~ especially if you’re not
willing to do the math!
• Don’t buy more than you need ~ creates
storage issues.
• Wear protective clothing and eyewear.
• Dispose of unwanted pesticides and empty
containers properly.
• Do not spray plants in bloom.
23