2/23/2016
Grow PDX radio show
Integrated pest management
By Weston Miller,
OSU Extension Service
Master Gardener 2016
Preview of Presentation
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IPM Process
Case studies
Preventing pest problems
Attracting beneficials
Least-toxic pest control products
• Wednesdays, 1:30pm–2:00pm
• Grow PDX is a show focusing on
horticulture, community food
systems and agriculture.
• This call-in show is hosted by
Weston Miller, OSU Community
and Urban Horticulturist.
Listen in to get the real dirt!
IPM defined
“Integrated Pest Management, or IPM, is a
scientific approach to pest management that
integrates biological, cultural, mechanical and
chemical options to control pest problems.
The goals of IPM are to reduce risks to people
and the environment by using pest biology,
environmental information and all available
technology to reduce pest damage to
acceptable levels by the most economical
means.”
http://westernipm.org/index.cfm/about-the-center/publications/specialreports/adoption-and-impact-of-ipm-in-western-agriculture/
Integrated Pest Management
• A strategy to prevent and suppress
pests with minimum impact on human
health, the environment and non-target
organisms.
• Decision-making process that uses
regular monitoring to decide if and
when treatments are needed to control
a pest, then uses a variety of tactics to
keep pest numbers low.
Master Gardener IPM goals:
• Answer the public’s questions about
gardening and household pests
• Encourage sustainable practices
through education and outreach.
• Use the “teachable moment” to help
clients make informed decisions
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Some considerations to
help client understand options
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Cost/benefit of no action
Time constraints
Cost of treatment
Value of plant ($ and personal)
Hazards of available controls
Personal gardening philosophy
As Master Gardeners, we…
Provide research-based information
to help clients make informed
management decisions.
Goal- minimize impact on human
health and environment
• Management priorities
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Cultural
Physical
Biological
Chemical (least toxic)
Some IPM messaging
Pesticides should ONLY be used when
needed, when risks to non-target
organisms and habitats have been
carefully considered, and when
diligent attention will be given to
following all label directions and
other applicable laws.
Steps of IPM
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2.
3.
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4.
5.
is worth a pound of cure
(Benjamin Franklin, 1706-1790)
Learn the life cycle
Set management goals
Manage the situation
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6.
An ounce of prevention…
Prevention
Monitor the plants for sings and symptoms
Identify the pest organism
Cultural
Physical
Biological
Chemical (organic and synthesized)
Evaluation
Audience Question
• What can you do to prevent pest
problems from developing in gardens
and landscapes?
Healthy landscapes prevent pest outbreaks
Healthy plants resist pest damage
• Particularly important for organic
methods.
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Prevention
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Prevention
Manage expectations
Take care of soil
Drainage
Right plant, right place, right care
Choose adapted varieties
Choose resistant varieties
Use sanitation technique
• Avoid over watering or under watering.
–Plan a watering schedule
–Irrigate in the morning
–Irrigate soil, not plants
• Provide air flow.
Sanitation
Rake and destroy
– Hot compost, yard waste, bury, burn, trash
– Apple/pear for codling moth/apple maggot
– Rose for black spot etc.
– Other diseased material
Surface
Tilling
Garden
symphylan
Mulching
A fresh layer in spring can help prevent
spread of spores (fungal diseases) from
splashing rain
Tilling
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Weeds can harbor pests
Prevent plant problems
Maintain/improve soil quality:
–Improve soil with organic matter
–Don’t over cultivate
–Don’t cultivate when it’s wet.
Slugs, snails, cutworm, earwigs, fleas
beetles, lygus bugs, aphids, leafhoppers
Prevention plant problems
• Provide food, shelter and habitat for
beneficial organisms:
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Hedgerows,
“Beetle banks”,
Insectary plants
Year-round flowers
Monitor plants
• Look for damage
on a regular basis
– Different times of
the day
– Tools: hand lens,
traps, beat sheets
– Collect samples of
damage
• Keep a records of
your observations
Identify the problem
Uniform
=> Nonliving
• Is the problem
caused by:
– Non-living factor?
– Living organism
• If living, is pest an
insect, disease,
weed, etc.?
Patterns of damage
help to determine
living or non-living
cause
Non-uniform
=> Living
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Diagnosing Plant Problems
Symptom
Change in the plant, ie. yellowing, holes in
leaves, wilting, dead tissue, etc.
Sign
The organism that’s causing the damage,
ie. insect, mold, frass, etc.
Non-living (Abiotic) plant problems
• Poor growing conditions
• Weather: heat, cold,
wind, water
• Mechanical damage
• Nutrient deficiencies or
toxicities
• Toxins: pesticides, soil
or air pollutants
Living (Biotic) Causes
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Most Plant Problems
• Caused by non-living factors
Vertebrate pests
Insects & mites
Nematodes
Fungi
Bacteria
Viruses
– Poor growing conditions
– Temperature extremes
– Poor water management
– Soil compaction
– Mechanical injury
Aphids 
User error!
Things People Do
(TPD)
• Abiotic factors also make plants
susceptible to pests / diseases.
Key for management:
Tools of the trade
1.
Understand life-cycle of pest/disease
2.
Use strategies to break life-cycle
3.
Employ multiple strategies
4.
Be realistic about “control”
5.
Think long-term; few quick fixes
Courtesy of Lindsey DuToit
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IPM Resources
• PNW Insect Management Handbook
• PNW Disease Management Handbook
If There is a Problem
More IPM Resources
Washington State University
University of California
Slugs ‘n snails
Compare to healthy plant of same type
– Uniform damage- Non-living (Abiotic)
– Non-uniform damage- Living (Biotic)
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6.
Understand problem
Tentative diagnosis
Identify management options
Determine action threshold
Implement management practices
Monitor effects
Gray field slug
Spotted garden slug
Reticulated Slug
Brown Garden Snail
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Slugs n’ Snails
Vertebrates
• What do they need to live?
• Encourage predators
– Birds, snakes,
– ground beetles
• Eliminate habitat
• Beer and board traps
• Chemical (baits)
Song Birds
Violet-green
swallow
Attracting Reptiles & Amphibians
Common Garter Snake
• Benefits
– Help control garden pests
• Garter snakes on slugs
• Habitat needs
Toad
© David Rosen
Pacific Chorus
Frog © David Rosen
– Water source in sun & shade
– Logs or rocks for shelter
– Rocks for basking
Good disguise
Domestic Ducks
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Trapping slugs and snails
Slugs- chemical control
• (O) Iron phosphate (slower acting)
• Metaldehyde (danger)
– Toxic to pets
Copper Strips
Diatomaceous Earth
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Rose Black Spot
For Slugs ‘n snails
Repeat applications
Effective?
Not in rainy PNW
Black Spot
• Conditions that favor black spot
– Presence of infected plant material
– Presence of susceptible tissue
– Splashing by rain or watering
– Leaves wet 24 hours
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Black Spot Disease Cycle
Cultural Controls for Black Spot
Plant resistant cultivars
Avoid dense plantings and shaded areas
Avoid overhead watering
Prune canes back to two buds if canes are
severely infected
‘Carefree Spirit’- AARS award
winning rose w/o fungicides
Sanitation
Rake and destroy
Hot compost, yard waste, bury, burn, trash
Mulching
A fresh layer in spring can help prevent
spread of spores (fungal diseases) from
splashing rain
Other Controls for Black Spot
• No biological control methods
• Chemical control
– Many choices for home gardener
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Conservation Biological Control
Attracting beneficial insects
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Reduce disturbance
Provide shelter and water
Nectar and pollen for insects
Tolerate parasitized insect hosts
Spiders
Parasitized Cabbage Moth Larvae
Spiders are
generalist
predators!
Leave some pests
to feed the
natural enemies
Conservation biological control
• Increases the abundance of natural enemies where the habitat has been
manipulated
– (Langellotto and Denno 2004)
• Spatial scale of conservation biological control area influences success
Conservation biological control
Few studies have been conducted in garden systems
Exception: Shrewsbury and Raupp (2006). Do top-down or bottom
up forces determine Stephanities pyriodes in urban landscapes?
– (Langellotto and Rosenheim in prep)
Hedgerow
Two Dimensional System
Beetle Banks
Field Margin
Two Dimensional System
Three Dimensional System
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Azalea lace bug situation:
emerging pest in Oregon
Farmscaping for beneficials
Photos: Robin Rosetta, OSU Extension
Great resources
from Xerxes
Society
Pocket Guide to Natural Enemies
Lady beetles
Larvae and adults eat
aphids, mealy bugs,
mites and insect eggs.
http://pnwpest.org/potato/
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Lacewings
• Larvae eat
aphids, thrips and
mealy bugs
• Adults eat pollen
and nectar
• Eggs on stalks
http://pnwpest.org/potato/
Lady beetle larva
http://pnwpest.org/potato/
Lacewings
Green lacewing eggs
Praying
mantis
Green lacewing
larva dining on a
caterpillar
Purchasing and releasing
beneficial insects
Hover flies (Syrphid)
• Larvae eat aphids and thrips
• Adults eat pollen and nectar
• Mimic wasp appearance, but
they hover in flight
• Eggs are laid in aphid colonies,
larvae feed on aphids.
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Assassin bug
Parasitoids
Parasitic wasp laying eggs in aphid
Aphid
mummies
Parasitoid wasp video:
Body invaders
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4 steps to success for attracting
pollinators and natural enemies
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2.
3.
4.
Ground bee nests: do not disturb
Recognize existing habitat
Protect and enhance that habitat
Provide new habitat
Manage land to minimize disturbance
Strategies to attract pollinators
and natural enemies:
Start with soil
• Start with soil!
• Plant a diversity of plants with overlapping
bloom time
• Provide nesting and egg laying sites
• Provide sheltered, undisturbed places
• Minimize use of chemicals
– Consider strategic use of herbicides
Add compost to soil
2-3 parts soil:1 part amendment

rototilling

digging
Courtesy Linda McMahan
Plant diverse plant species
with diverse architecture
• Provide for insect needs:
• Flowers
• Nectar for energy
• Pollen for nutrients
• Water bath
• Refuges for egg laying
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Annual vegetable plant
flowering sequence
Planting strategies from NRCS
Plants for Pollinators in Oregon
• 8 or more species grouped at site
• Increase abundance and diversity:
• Early spring flowering
– Mustards (arugula), fava beans, calendula
• Spring flowering
– 3 plants during each blooming period
(early spring, spring, summer)
– 1 native bunch grass
– Basil, coriander, squash
• Summer flowering
– dill, parsley, sunflower
NRCS- Plants for Pollinators
Perennial plant flowering sequence
Attracting Beneficials
(Table 3 pg. 448, 450)
• Early spring flowering
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– Seaside daisy, allium, sedum, lupine,
strawberries
• Spring flowering
– Agastache, lavender, rosemary, rue,
alyssum, oregano, yarrow
• Summer flowering
– Statice, parsley, yarrow, feverfew
NRCS- Plants for Pollinators
More thoughts on
attracting beneficials
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Favor native plants
Use plants with a variety of floral colors
Use plants with a variety of floral shapes
Plant in clumps (interconnected patches)
Try to ensure that some plants are in
bloom throughout the season
Apiaceae- parsley
Asteraceae- calendula
Brassicaceae- arugula
Dispacaceae- Teasel, blue buttons
Fabaceae- fava bean, clovers
Hydrophyllaceae- phacalia
Polygonaceae- buckwheat
Native plants
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4 x more likely to attract native bees than
non-natives
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Native plant species attract 3x as many
species of moths and butterflies
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Beetle Bank
• Native bunch grasses provide refuge for
ground roving beetles
• Put 1’ above existing grade
• Carabid beetle 
• Rove beetle 
Beetle banks in farm setting
Farmscaping for Beneficials Project
Sunflower, buckwheat and wild
Cruciferae insectary plantings
Ground beetles
• Adults are dark or
metallic
• Larvae are grub-like
with large
mouthparts.
• Feed on soil
organisms.
• Active at night.
Scaphinotus marginatus
larvae and adult (Ken Gray
image collection)
Beetle bank grass species
• Creeping wild rye (Elymus sp.)
• Idaho fescue (Festuca sp.)
• Other ornamental grasses
Some favorite non-natives
Insectary strips, among
vegetable crop rows
Beetle bank
Cardoon (Left) and Rugosa rose (Right)
Photos from IPPC Farmscaping for Beneficials Project
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Companions
Marigold and basil
Phacelia
Intercropping with insectary plants
Cilantro/coriander
Lettuce
Buckwheat
Summer Cover Crops:
Daikon, Buckwheat
Phacelia
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Attracting butterflies to your garden
• Great pollinators
• Food source
– Larva (leaves)
– Adult (nectar)
Attracting butterflies to your garden
Host plants
• Native plants
– More recognizable
• Plant characteristics:
– Fragrant
– Shape
– Size
– cluster flowers
• Puddling on soil
– Providing
nutrients & water
Butterflies can be specific about which
species of plant they lay their eggs
Milk weed- Asclepias sp.
Attracting hummingbirds to your yard
• Benefits
Fender’s blue and kincaid lupine
– Pollinators
– Feed on garden pests
• Identifying
hummingbirds
Rufous
Hummingbird
– Rufous (look for orange)
– Anna’s (look for pink)
Anna’s
Hummingbird
Attracting hummingbirds to your yard
• Habitat
– Water for bathing
– Branches for nesting
Steps of IPM
1.
2.
3.
• Food source
– Insects
– Nectar (plants)
Prevention
Monitor the plants for sings and symptoms
Identify the pest organism
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• Native plants
• Colorful (red, yellow)
– Nectar (artificial feeder)
6.
Learn the life cycle
Set management goals
Manage the situation
Cultural
Physical
Biological
Chemical (organic and synthesized)
Evaluation
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Lace bug: 0.13” adults
Case study:
Azalea lace bug
Azalea lace bug
Robin Rosetta, Department of Horticulture
Oregon State University, NWREC
Azalea lace bug, Stephanitis pyrioides, was
confirmed in 2008 in the state of Washington
and has been confirmed this summer of 2009 in
Oregon (although damage was first reported in
2008). Damage from this new introduction was
noticed first on evergreen azalea plants in landscapes which turn nearly white from
feeding damage.
This lace bug is also causing damage on rhododendrons, the damage appears to be more
severe than damage reported from rhododendron lace bug which has been in the PNW for
some time and is reported to have only one generation per year compared
to multiple
Lace bug
IPM
generations reported for azalea lacebug. Mountain laurel
is reported as an alternate host
• Cultural
– Don’t plant or remove very damaged plants
for azalea lace bug (Smith-Fiola).
– Resistant varieties- ‘Encore’
Cultural:
shade,
water,
Pest description and crop damage: Overwinters in egg–stage.
Eggs
are laid
in nutrition
the midrib
• PhysicalExtension, azalea lace bug
on the underside of leaves. According to Rutger Cooperative
– Remove leaves with eggs
eggs first hatch in mid-May in New Jersey, with later –generations
in June, July, and
Hand removal/hosing of adults and nymphs
August.
• Biological
– Habitat for beneficials
Nymphs, the young immature lace bugs, are nearly translucent
– release and
lace light
wingsyellowish-green
larvae
when small. As they age, they darken, particularly on the abdomen, and become spiny.
Lace bug IPM
Chemical:
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Threats to Pollinators: Systemic Pesticides
Systemic Insecticides:
• Increasingly used on
crops, ornamental
plants, and lawns
Acephate –organophospate, broad sprectrum
• Systemic mode of action
Azadirachtin (neem) organic, broad spectrum
• Residues in pollen and
Cyfluthrin- pyrethroid, broad spectrum
nectar
adult
nymphs
are around ¼” long, with wings• Can
thatbeare
slightly
Horticultural The
oil- some
organic,
smothers
persistent
over colored with white
time in plants and soil
imidacloprid –neonicotinoid,
systemic,
spectrum
and black patterns
in broad
a window
pane effect and quite
sculptured. The head capsule is
Insecticidal soaporganic,
dries cuticle
round
and swollen-looking
from the side.
Spinosad (O)- organic, broad spectrum
Photo: Mace Vaughan
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Principles of IPM
• Prevention
• Monitor the plants
• Identify the pest organism
Organics defined
– learn life cycle
• Establish an acceptable injury level
• Manage the situation
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Cultural
Physical
Biological
Chemical (organic and synthesized)
• Evaluation
Organic movement
↑ Interest in
Organic Gardening
Connected to environmental movement
– Rachel Carson “Silent Spring”
• 5% of America’s 90 million households use
exclusively organic management
• An additional 31% are hybrid gardeners
• Trend expected to double in coming years
National Gardening Association. (2005). Environmental Lawn and Garden Survey.
South Burlington: National Gardening Association. Retrieved May 12, 2008 at
http://www.gardenresearch.com/index.php?q=show&id=2896.
Organic Industry
Trickle-down effect from organic foods
industry to gardening
Organic does not mean…
Pesticide free or chemical free
…generally means products are derived
from “natural” sources
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Confusion!!!
Organic agriculture practices are
generally more “sustainable,” but not
always the case where letter of law
followed but missing the true purpose
of the law
The Word Organic
in Context: Biological
Organic matterResidue from plant and animals as part of
compost, manure, cover crops, mulch, and
fertilizers made of natural materials
The word Organic in
context: chemcial
• Organic chemistry- contains carbon
The Word Organic
in Context: Legal
• Organic agriculture
and foods
• National Organic
Program (NOP)
• Defined by United
States Department of
Agriculture (USDA)
Organic Agriculture
is Federally Defined
USDA National Organic Standards Board 1995:
Agricultural practices that:
• Mimic natural ecosystems
• Maintain/replenish soil fertility
“Organic agriculture is an ecological
production management system
that promotes and enhances
biodiversity, biological cycles and
soil biological activity. It is based
on minimal use of off-farm inputs
and on management practices that
restore, maintain and enhance
ecological harmony.”
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Practically speaking, organic
standards require minimum…
• No use of most synthetic chemical
pesticides and fertilizers
• Use “natural” products (with some
exceptions; ex. = remay):
Organic Food Labeling
• Grown and handled according to standards
• Minimally processed
• Maintain the integrity of the food
– No artificial preservatives
– No irradiation
– No GMO
– Derived from mineral, plant, animal
Oregon Tilth
Services include:
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Certification
Education
Research
Resources
Organic Garden Products
• USDA National List of Allowed and
Prohibited Substances
• Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI)
• Washington State Department of
Agriculture (WSDA)
What’s a gardener to do?
• No certification required
• If you want to meet NOP standards:
Decisions, Decisions, Decisions
• Soil fertility
• Weed management
• Pest management
• Disease management
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With All Products
• Label is the law
• Identify plant and pest and confirm on label
for allowed uses of product
• Read and follow the directions!
• Wear proper eye protection, mask, clothing,
gloves, etc.
Organic Herbicides
Please do not recommend
homemade solutions as MGs!
Flame-weeder
• Acetic acid (vinegar-based)
• Clove/citric acid based
• Herbicidal Soap
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Contact
Non-selective
Do not translocate
OK for annuals
Perennials- hmmm
Organic Pesticides
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Azadirachtin- Neem
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)- biological
Beauveria bassiana- biological
Horticultural oils
Insecticidal soap
Iron phosphate- slugs
Kaolin clay
Lime Sulfur
Pyrethrins (high hazard for bees!)
Spinosad
Sulfur
Biological Products
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Beneficial microorganisms
Bacillus thuringiensis or Bt
B.t. kurstaki and
caterpillars
B.t. israelensis
and mosquitos
B.t. israelensis and fungus gnats
Dunk
B.t. san diego and
Spinosad
elm leaf beetle
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Beauvaria bassiana
Organic Chemical Methods:
Botanical Insecticides
• Derived from botanical sources
• Biodegrade rapidly
• Widely varying levels of toxicity
Botanical insecticide: Neem
Pyrethrins
• Organic
• Derived from
chrysanthemum flower
• Contact insecticide
• Broad spectrum
• BEWARE- extremely toxic to
bees too
• From seeds of the neem tree
• Broad spectrum against many pests
• Must be ingested to be toxic; also used
as horticulture oil to smother
• Low mammalian toxicity
• May require repeat applications
Horticultural Oil
Insecticidal Soap
• Contact insecticide smothers and
desiccates insect
• Use against soft-bodied insects like
aphids, thrips, whitefly, and mites
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Requires excellent coverage, repeat
applications
• Biodegrades rapidly
• Effective only until it dries
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Derived from petroleum, vegetable or fish oil
Smothers insects and mites
Works best on soft-bodied insects
Low mammalian toxicity
Avoid hottest part of day
Avoid drought-stressed plants
Use commercial products rather than
homemade
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Sulfur
• Use dust mask with
dust product
• Broad spectrum
miticide and fungicide
• Low mammalian
toxicity
• Do not use within two
weeks of an oil spray
• Some plants sensitive
to sulfur
Propagation Sterilization
• 10% Bleach solution
• Isopropyl alcohol
• H 2O 2
Organic Fungicides
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Horticultural oils like neem
Copper-based
Sulfur
Lime sulfur (cuation: caustic)
Serenade (Bacillus subtilus)
Potassium bicarbonate
This is a peach tree
grafted with two curl
resistant cultivars. Cultivar
'Q 1-8' on the left and the
cultivar 'Mary Jane' (with
lots of curl) on the right.
Some IPM messaging
Pesticides should ONLY be used when
needed, when risks to non-target
organisms and habitats have been
carefully considered, and when
diligent attention will be given to
following all label directions and
other applicable laws.
Review of Presentation
•
•
•
•
•
IPM Process
Case studies
Preventing pest problems
Attracting beneficials
Least-toxic pest control products
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