: ١٩ ﻧﺰﺍﺭ ﳏﻤﻮﺩ ﻗﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ : ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﳘﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻓﻌﻪ [] (١) ﻓﺎﳊﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻴﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ ﻭﻛﺮﺍﻫﺔ ﺗﺄﺧﲑﻩ ﺇﺧﺮﺍﺟﻬﺎ،ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ:ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺇﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭ:ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ – – – :ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺂﺕ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﺯﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﻋﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻌﺎﻡ ﲝﻮﻻﻥ ﺍﳊﻮﻝ:ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﳊﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺮﻱ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ:ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ :ﺎ ﺫﻫﺒﻮﺍ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺪﻟﻮﺍ ﻟِﻤ:ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻜﻴﺔ – ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ( ﻭﻗﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﺯﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻭﻉ )ﻛﺎﻟﻘﻤﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑ( ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ )ﻛﺎﻟﺘﻤﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺐ:ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﳊﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﺯﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺣﺼﺎﺩﻫﺎ:ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺻﻼﺣﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻷﻛﻞ ﻭﳓﻮﻩ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﺯﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﻭ:ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﺯﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻈﲑﺓ، ﻭﻗﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﺯﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻭﻉ ﻫﻮ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺘﻬﺎ:ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ :(ﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﹶﻄﹾﻔِﻬﺎﺔﹸ ﺣِﻔﹾ ِﻈﻬ)ﺃﻣﻜِﻨ –– – – ﺣﲔ ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﺯﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺯ:ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳊﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﰐ ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻩ :ﲤﻬﻴﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺎﺏ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﰐ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﻋﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻌﺎﻡ:ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ – ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ – – ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺎﺏ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﻮﻝ:ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺎﺏ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﻝ ﻭ:ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺎﺏ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﳊﻮﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻭﻟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺋﻪ:ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳊﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﰐ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ:ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ –ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﰐ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﲤﻬﻴﺪ ﻭﻻ ﻣﻦ ﳕﺎﺋﻪ، ﻻ ﺯﻛﺎﺓ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﺎﻝٍ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ:ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ – ﻻ ﺯﻛﺎﺓ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ:(ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ )ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﳕﺎﺋﻪ،ﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﻳﺰﻛﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺎﺏ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﳕﺎﺀ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ:(ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ )ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ – ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﻝ ﰲ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻤﺔ:ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ:(ﺎ )ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔﺛﺎﻧﻴ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﰐ ﺃﻭ، ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﺼﺎﻧﻪ، ﺃﻭ ﻫﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺎﺏ، ﺃﻭ ﺭﺩﺗﻪ، ﻳﻨﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳊﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﰐ ﲟﻮﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ:ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﻟﻪ ﺑﻐﲑ ﺟﻨﺴﻪ ﻣﻮﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻮﻝ-١ – : ﰲ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺩﺓ-٢ – – ﻫﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺎﺏ ﰲ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻮﻝ-٣ ﻧﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺎﺏ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻮﻝ-٤ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺎﺏ ﺑﻐﲑﻩ ﰲ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻮﻝ-٥ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺎﺏ ﺑﻐﲑ ﺟﻨﺴﻪ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﲎ:ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺎﺏ ﲜﻨﺴﻪ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ:ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺫﻫﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻨﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻﻳﻨﻘﻄﻊ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﻝ:ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺫﻫﺐ ﺍﳊﻨﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﻘﻄﻊ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﻝ:ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺎﺏ ﲜﻨﺴﻪ ﻣﻌﲎ:ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻴﺖ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻛﺎﺓ :ﲤﻬﻴﺪ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ:ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ – ﺟﻮﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ:ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﺻﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻭﺣﺮﻣﺔ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ:ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ – – – :ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺂﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺎﺋﺒﻪ ﰲ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ-١ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻨﻔﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻴﲔ-٢ ﻟﻮ ﺧﺎﻟﻒ ﻓﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﺗﻔﺮﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﻞ ﳚﺰﺋﻪ ﺩﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﺃﻡ ﻻ؟-٣ ﺍﻹﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﰲ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ:ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻹﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﰲ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ:ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ( ﻛﻢ٨٩ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ ﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺮ )ﻭﻫﻲ-٤ ﺟﻮﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ ﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺮ:ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ : ﻣﻨﻊ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ ﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺮ:ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺧﺎﲤﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﻷﺛﲑ ﺍﳉﺰﺭﻱ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻜﻲ ،ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺎﻝ ،ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﺰﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﱯ ،ﺍﺑﻦ ﺣﻨﺒﻞ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺭﺷﺪ ،ﺍﺑﻦ ﻋﺎﺑﺪﻳﻦ ،ﺍﺑﻦ ﻗﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺳﻲ ،ﺍﺑﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻱ ،ﺃﺻﺒﺤﻲ ،ﻮﰐ ،ﺑﻴﻬﻘﻲ ،ﲤﺮﺗﺎﺷﻲ ﺎﻧﻮﻱ ،ﺣﺼﻜﻔﻲ ﺧﺮﺷﻲ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﻗﻄﲏ ﺩﺭﺩﻳﺮ ﺩﺳﻮﻗﻲ ،ﺫﻫﱯ ،ﺭﺍﻓﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺰﻭﻳﲏ ،ﺭﻣﻠﻲ ،ﺯﺣﻴﻠﻲ ،ﺯﺭﻗﺎﱐ ،ﺯﻳﻠﻌﻲ ،ﺯﻳﻠﻌﻲ ،ﺳﺠﺴﺘﺎﱐ ،ﺳﻨﺪﻱ ،ﺷﺎﻓﻌﻲ ،ﺷﺒﲑ ،ﺷﺮﺑﻴﲏ ،ﺷﲑﺍﺯﻱ ﺻﻨﻌﺎﱐ ،ﻃﱪﺍﱐ ﻃﺤﻄﺎﻭﻱ ،ﻋﺴﻘﻼﱐ ،ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﺁﺑﺎﺩﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﰲ ،ﻗﺮﺿﺎﻭﻱ ﻗﺰﻭﻳﲏ ،ﻛﺎﺳﺎﱐ ،ﻣﻘﺪﺳﻲ ،ﻣﻼﺧﺴﺮﻭ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻴﺔ ،ﻧﻮﻭﻱ ،ﻧﻮﻭﻱ ،ﻧﻴﺴﺎﺑﻮﺭﻱ ﻧﻴﺴﺎﺑﻮﺭﻱ ،ﻫﻴﺘﻤﻲ The Rules Concerning the Time and Place of Paying Zakat NAZAR AL-S HEIKH Al-Tamauz Al-Namozajeeia School Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates ABSTRACT. This study is an attempt to emphasize the importance of sticking to the rules of zakat concerning the time and place of paying, collecting and distributing zakat funds. The paper discusses this issue by referring to the texts of the Qur’an the Sunnah and the views of fiqh scholars and shows the wisdom behind following such rules, as the challenging greatness of the zakat system in Shariah does not limit itself to just determining the rates of zakat but other aspects as well such as the times of paying zakat.
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