**IMPEDIMENTS AND TECHNIQUES OF EXPENDING
ENTREPRENEURSHIP OF TECHNICAL-PROFFESSIONAL
EDUCATED PERSONS FROM SEARCH POINT OF VIEW
Salemi- Mohammad
Dezful Islamic Azad university.
Abstract
This study intends to survey the obstacles to and the ways to improve
entrepreneurship for the graduates of the technical schools. For this purpose, a
questionnaire containing 50 items was constructed that were subsequently given to
493 subjects ( including 363 entrepreneur technical school graduates, 110 managers of
technical schools, and 20 experts among the authorities). These subjects were selected
from 29 educational areas through clustered and class sampling. The significance of
the questionnaire was proved to be 0.82 and 0.76 respectively through cronbach, and
spearman Brown correlation coeficience. After the gathering, and analysis of the data
the following conclusions were drawn:
1. There are statistically significant differences between the viewpoints of the abovementions three groups of subjects concerning the cultural, economic and
managerial obstacles facing entrepreneurship.
2. The emphasis and the agreement of the authorities and the managers are
significantly more correlative than that of the graduate entrepreneurs concerning
both the three obstacles to entrepreneurship and the intra-organizational and interorganizational solutions to entrepreneurship.
3. There is a statistically significant difference between the three groups of subjects
concerning the practical inter-organizational and intra-organizational ways of
improving the entrepreneurship activities.
Introduction
Due to the current trends in the majority of countries, entrepreneurship
developmental policies have grown around the world. Different countries have come
to an end to find a solution in order to achieve their goals to work out the economical
and social problems by developing entrepreneurship culture, taking care of the
entrepreneurs, teaching them the necessities, and doing research in this field.
Statement of the aim
One of the basic parameters of growth in every society is human resources who are
working in industry, agriculture, and general services. Iran's government states that
employment is its great and urgent concern in his plans; because the available data,
rate of employment and unemployment in some provinces is not satisfactorily.
(Management and planning organization of Iran, 2004)
Considering the subject of the present study, if we look at the problem from the
Technique and Vocational and Science and work graduates' points of view; these
groups of youth form the great extent of the unemployed who are looking for a related
job to their major after their graduation from high schools or universities. Therefore it
is expected that these graduates of these centers being employed in a major related job
and have a proper efficiency in their field.
But unfortunately a considerable percentage of them are job seekers and unemployed
after graduation and passing military service (for boys). Shariat Zadeh (2003) has
shown in a study that only 6.5% of the agriculture graduates of the study group are
employed and 57% of them are unemployed after military service. Also Shabanlou(
2002) in research done in west Azerbayjan province in Iran has shown that
employment rate of Technique and Vocational and Science and work graduates' years
after their graduation is 16.96%, and the rate of unemployment is 50%.
In another study conducted by Navidi and Barzegar (2003) they have shown that from
among 382 graduate students of electronic and computer majors, 24% were
employed, 40% were unemployed, 28% were studying post graduate majors and 8%
were passing military services. Consequently, the results indicated that studying in
this field could not increase job-offering chances for these aforesaid groups.
The results of the last study which has been conducted in Khozestan, Iran (Salemi,
2005) indicated that from among 372 graduate subjects of study of Technique and
Vocational and Science and Work majors, 24% were employed and 39% were
unemployed. Equally, the role of entrepreneurs in the growth and intensification of
industry and economy has been considered crucial. Considering the economical and
industrial development problems and challenges especially rate of unemployment, it
becomes compulsory that countries try to increase to give grounding in this concept in
a nationwide range.
Experiments in employment and job-offering situations indicates the fact that crisis of
unemployment can not be overcome by governmental protection and investment
alone, but only if we consider infrastructures and a state a new definition of work,
employment and through changing job-seeking and job-hunting to job-creation and its
propagation by different ways we can expect great transitions in the area of
employment.
Therefore, in accordance with the aforementioned concepts and necessities, this study
aims at distinguishing problems and practical ways of developing entrepreneurship
activities by comparing and analyzing different points of views of various groups of
the study.
Research questions:
1.
Does the rate of agreement of all the participants about the problems of
entrepreneurship differ?
2.
Does the rate of agreement of three groups of graduates, managements, and
authorities on the economical problems differ?
3.
problems differ? Does the rate of agreement of three groups of graduates,
managements, and authorities on the cultural
4.
Does the rate of agreement of three groups of graduates, managements, and
authorities on the management or political problems differ?
5.
Is there any relationship between rate of agreement and emphasis of the study
groups and ways of growth and development of entrepreneurship?
6.
7.
Is there any relationship between rate of agreement and emphasis of the study
groups and internal ways in organizations of growth and development of
entrepreneurship?
Is there any relationship between rate of agreement and emphasis of the study
groups and external ways in organizations of growth and development of
entrepreneurship?
Subjects:
Regarding goals of the present study and undistinguished subjects, three groups were
identified by exploratory survey. First group consists of 374 of graduate boys and
girls students in the major of Technique and Vocational and Science and Work that
are running a business as a founder or entrepreneur in one of Iran's provinces urban
areas. Second group includes 110 managers and the third group consists of 16
authorities who are working in governmental and private sections of Technique and
Vocational and Science and Work in the province of the study.
Instruments:
Considering the study the appropriate instrument is questionnaire. The questionnaire
consists of 50 close-ended questions and one open ended question which are designed
by the researcher. First section includes personal characteristics of participants; two
questions. Second section includes questions about the graduates' content of education
on the time of education; 5 questions. Third section is about the problems of
entrepreneurship for all the participants; 4 questions. Fourth section contains 29
questions for all the participants about the practical ways of entrepreneurship
improving. And at last there is one open-ended question in order to record the
participants' probable pints of view.
In questionnaire construction and narrative survey of it, first a preliminary
questionnaire was conducted among 50 participants of the study group then the
written deficiencies and number of questions was revised. Moreover, ideas of
professionals in research in education had been applied for more certainty.
In addition, internal consistency of the questionnaire was validated by corn Bach's
Alpha and the reliability of the questionnaire was validated by Spearman's rank order
correlation, the former's index is 0.82 and the later index is .0.76 which both indicate
high validity of the instrument.
Methodology:
Concerning the goals and the research questions, the present study is a survey. Since
the data is collected from a number of factors in a limited amount of time,
characteristics of the participants are not considered personal but as a source of data.
Consequently, abstract data would be obtained and the preset study would be a crosssectional study.
Data analysis:
In this study the researcher used descriptive statistics because of the survey and
sectional nature of the study. In other words in this study the acquired data is
summarized and organized by some of the descriptive statistics factors, such as
absolute distribution, distribution percentage, and cumulative distribution.
Survey of the research questions :
1-
Does the rate of agreement of all the participants about the problems of
entrepreneurship differ?
In order to answer and examine this question the distribution percentage of rate of
agreement among all the participants must be compared. The results are display in the
following chart. In the second stage chi-square is used in order to compare the
distribution of the results are displayed in the following chart .
Chart 1: Comparative answers of all the partici pants to the problems of improving
enterprenearship
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
‫ ا‬
‫ا‬
‫ ا‬
Table 1 :Comparative table of the problems of entrepreneur development in the
answers of all participants
Dependent
responses
frequency
variables
problems of
Partly
١٠٢E
entrepreneurship agreed
agreed
١٩B٩
Quit
٣٩E٢
agreed
In the first level p <0/001 is meaning ful
Frequency
percent
١E/٧B
X2
DF
٣١٣٧/٨٩
٢
Crisis value
٢٨/٣٩
LB/٨E
As it is obrious in chat 1 and table 1 the difference between the agreement or the
optinions of the participants alpha is meaning ful at the level of 0/001 . in feat number
of participants who are agree with the problems of entrepreneurship is relatively and
meaning ful more than the others and thera results can be made prevalent to similar
situations .
2-
Does the rate of agreement of three groups of graduates, managements, and
authorities on the economical problems differ?
In order to answer this question chi-squre is used to obserse the distribution of the
agreement of three study group in relation to rate of agreement with economical
problems the results are displayed in the following table .
١٣/٨٢
Table 2 : Comparative table of the economical problems Of entrepreneuship in the
answers of all three groups
Dependent
frequncy of groups Frequency
X2 DF Crisis
variables
percent
value
graduates Partly
٢٩0
30/0١
agreed
agreed
3٧٣
٢0/٠0
Problems
of
Quit
١٠30
9٧/0٣
economical
agreed
entrepreneurship managements Partly
9٣
٩/0٣
١0/٩١
3 ١٣/٢٨
agreed
agreed
١0٢
٢٩/39
Quit
٣٣9
0٠/٩٠
agreed
authorities Partly
٩
١١/٢9
agreed
agreed
١٩
٢٣/٧9
Quit
9٢
09
agreed
Alph is meaningful at the level of %1
As it is displayed in the given data alphta is meaning ful at the laval of %1 in relation
to the rate of agreement or opinions of the three groups of study . in fact in all the
three study groups those who distinguishes economical problems highly effective in
entrepreneurship are meaning fully more than other groups .
3-
problems differ? Does the rate of agreement of three groups of graduates,
managements, and authorities on the cultural
In order to answer this question chi-squre is used to obserse the distribution of the
agreement of three study group in relation to rate of agreement with economical
problems the results are displayed in the following table .
Table 3 : Comparative table of the cultural problems Of entrepreneuship in the
answers of all three groups
Dependent
Frequency
frequncy of groups
X2 D Crisis
variables
percent
value
F
graduates Partly
١٩٣
١٧/٧٢
agreed
agreed ٣٣9
٣٠/٧0
Quit 90١
9١/9١
Problemsof
agreed
cultural
managements Partly
3٢
١١/0٩
entrepreneurshi
١٠/9١ 3
٩/3٩
agreed
p
agreed ١٢٩
٣9/٩٣
Quit ١٨٨
9٢/٣0
agreed
authorities Partly
0
١٢/9
agreed
agreed
١٢
٢9
Quit
٣٠
0٢/9
agreed
Alph is meaning ful at the level of 0/05
As it is displayd in the given data alphta is meaning ful at the laval of %5in relation
to the rate of agreement or opinions of the three groups of study . in fact in all the
three study groups those who distinguishes cultural problems highly effective in
entrepreneurship are meaning fully more than other groups .
4-
Does the rate of agreement of three groups of graduates, managements, and
authorities on the management or political problems differ?
In order to answer this question chi-squre is used to obserse the distribution of the
agreement of three study group in relation to rate of agreement with political
problems the results are displayed in the following table .
Table 4 : Comparative table of the political problems Of entrepreneuship in the
answers of all three groups
Dependent
variables
frequncy of groups
Frequency
percent
١B/L٧
X2 DF Crisis
value
graduates Partly
٣B١
agreed
agreed
B١٧
٢٨/٣٣
Quit ١٢٠٠
LL/٠٩
Problemsof
agreed
managment managements Partly
L٠
٧/L٧
٣E/٣٨
E ١٨/EB
entrepreneurship
agreed
agreed
١٩٣
٢٩/٢E
Quit
E١٧
B٣/١٨
agreed
authorities Partly
١E
١E/L٨
agreed
agreed
٢٩
٣٠/٢٠
Quit
L٣
LL/٢٠
agreed
Alph is meaning ful at the level of %1
As it is displayd in the given data alphta is meaning ful at the laval of %1in relation
to the rate of agreement or opinions of the three groups of study . in fact in all the
three study groups those who distinguishes political problems highly effective in
entrepreneurship are meaning fully more than other groups .
5-
Is there any relationship between rate of agreement and emphasis of the study
groups and ways of growth and development of entrepreneurship?
In order to answer this question the scores of agreed groups must compared . the
results are displayed in chart 6 . it’s obriouse that rst both groups to large extent are
agreed on the proposed way of improving entreprenearship of gradutes and second
group of authores and aducational cultural and economical manager in comparison to
the graduates emphasized more on the way of improving entreprenarship .
In the next stage a t.test is used in order to compare the means of agreement sceres on
the ways of improving entrepreneurship in the graduate and authorities and managers
. the results are displaed in the following table .
Chart 2 : Comparative answers of both two group of graduates and authorities and
managers to the ways of improving enterprenearship
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
graduates
authorities and
managers
partly
agreed
agreed
quite
agreed
Table 5 : Comparative table of the agree main with ways Of improving of
entrepreneuship in two group of graduates and authorities and managers
Dependent
T
DF
variables
G
f
X
ways Of
Managements
١٢B
١B/L٢
١٠/BE
LB
improving
and
authorities
p
٠/٠٠٠L
graduates
٣B٣
١E/٣E
As it is mentioned in the there is a meaning ful difference at the alph 0/0005 between
group of graduates and group of managers about the way of improving enter
preneurship . in fact to to answer this question it must be stated that agreement of
group of managers with the ptactical ways of improving entre preneurship is relatively
more than graduates because the mean of managers (x=16.52) os more than mean of
graduates (x=14034) . and these results can be made prevalent to other groups and
persons .
6-
Is there any relationship between rate of agreement and emphasis of the study
groups and internal ways in organizations of growth and development of
entrepreneurship?
To answer this question chart 3 can inferred . in this chart it is mentioned that 68% of
the managers and authorities emphasized that internal ways in organizations must be
used in order to develop .
Develop entrepreneuship which is more than graduates (57%) so as to get meaning
fullness of the results a t-test was used the result are dispalayed in the following table
.
Chart 3 : Comparative answers of both two group of graduates and authorities and
managers to internal ways in organizations of improving enterprenearship
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
graduates
authorities
andmanagers
partly
agreed
Dependent
variables
ways Of
improving
agreed
quit agreed
Table 6 : Comparing mean of agreement between graduates and managers and
authorities about the interal ways of improving antre preneurship .
T
DF
p
G
f
X
Managements
١٢B
١B/٠٩
E/٩١
٢٠
٠/٠٠٠L
and
authorities
graduates
٣B٣
١E/٠٨
As it is meationed in the table there is a meaning ful difference between gradutes and
authorities and mangers about the ways of internal improvement of entrepre neurship
at the level of alph 0/0005 to answer to this question it can be sail that rate agreement
and opinious of authorities and managers about the praetical ways of improving entre
preneurship ismore than graduates . because the mean of authorities and manager
group (x=16.09)is more than graduates and these results can be made prevalent to
other people .
7-
Is there any relationship between rate of agreement and emphasis of the study
groups and external ways in organizations of growth and development of
entrepreneurship?
To answer this question chart 4 can inferred . in this chart it is mentioned that 72% of
the managers and authorities emphasized that external ways in organizations must be
used in order to develop .
Develop entrepreneuship which is more than graduates (62%) so as to get meaning
fullness of the results a t-test was used the result are dispalayed in the following table
.
Chart 3 : Comparative answers of both two group of graduates and authorities and
managers to external ways in organizations of improving enterprenearship
80
70
60
graduates
50
40
authorities and
managers
30
20
10
0
partly
agreed
agreed
quit
agreed
Table 7 : Comparing mean of agreement between graduates and managers and
authorities about the external ways of improving antre preneurship .
T
DF
p
G
f
X
ways Of
Managements
١٢B
١B/٩B
٢٩/٧٣
٣E
٠/٠٠٠L
improving
and
authorities
graduates
٣B٣
١E/B١
As it is meationed in the table there is a meaning ful difference between gradutes and
authorities and mangers about the ways of internal improvement of external neurship
at the level of alph 0/0005 to answer to this question it can be sail that rate agreement
and opinious of authorities and managers about the praetical ways of improving entre
preneurship ismore than graduates . because the mean of authorities and manager
group (x=16.96)is more than graduates and these results can be made prevalent to
other people .
Conclusion:
The main point of the present study is considering the problems of improving
entrepreneurship, and also ways of developing and wide spreading it among technical
major graduates from the mangers and authorities and graduate students point of
view. Comparing the given data in charts and tables it can be decaled that:
A.
Graduate students are not satisfied with the conditions of educations in
relation to entrepreneurship during educational years in a way that they evaluate the
acquired skills, schedules, contents and methods of education in relation to basic
concepts of entrepreneurship as average.
B.
Acquired results show that in relation to the problems of entrepreneurship
stated by three study groups more than half of them (57%) maintain that following
problems are crucial to consider:
•
Lack of continuous protection of entrepreneurs
•
Inadequate basic and needed skills in order to start a job
•
Low amount of investment in order to start a job
•
Lack of appropriate protective rules for entrepreneurs
•
Unorganized executive systems in order to protect entrepreneurs.
•
Being difficult the stages of getting a license of a working place.
All the acquired data is meaningful statistically in a way that all three study groups
emphasize on the problems of improving entrepreneurship meaningfully; although
mangers and authorities emphasize them more than others.
While surveying the problems, the researcher organized the problems in three groups:
economical, cultural, and management or political. It has been stated that there is a
meaningful difference between the ideas of three study groups in relation to the
problems of developing entrepreneurship. It means that all three groups stated that
three groups of problems are effective. Among study groups, authorities declared that
economical and cultural problems are more serious and managers stated that
management or political problems are more serious than others.
C.
results of the study about different ways of developing entrepreneurship of
graduates considering the internal facilities of the ministry of education indicated that
there is a meaningful difference between two groups of graduates and managers or
politics in a way that managers and authorities emphasize the following ways:
praising the excellent entrepreneurs, scientific tours to small workplaces and servicing
jobs, identifying talented trainees in order to improve entrepreneur activities,
intensifying relationship between small and big work places and educational institutes
and protect adjacent industrial schools to factories, doing experimental projects in
business places and intensifying internal activities in organizations.
In addition, in relation to external policies which are out of Technique and Vocational
system, entrepreneurship activities can be intensified inside the ministry of education
and inside the society or province by some ways that are listed below:
Founding an organizer center in the province in order to intensify entrepreneur
activities as an institute that brings up plans and activities (NGOs and tours), cultural
activities and increasing a sense of entrepreneurship among people by teaching,
improving legal atmosphere for the sake of new entrepreneur activities and founding a
data bank of various businesses online.
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