‫ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﻣﻲ ‪17‬ﻭ‪ 18‬ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻞ ‪2006‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻔﻪ‬
‫ﺃ‪.‬ﺩ‪.‬ﺻﺎﱀ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻓﻼﺣﻲ‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻟﻴﻠﻰ ﺷﻴﺨﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺝ ﳋﻀﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺗﻨﺔ‬
‫‪Abstract:‬‬
‫‪This paper is an attempt to show how is the registration of intellectual property important in‬‬
‫‪improving and sustaining the small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) competitiveness. It enables‬‬
‫‪SME to conquer its competitors and provides a source to finance research and development, it‬‬
‫‪improves its negotiation power in licensing contracts and related issues, it also prepares it to become a‬‬
‫‪big enterprise and increases its assets.‬‬
‫‪In fact, when its intellectual property is registerd, the SME faces several difficulties mainly the‬‬
‫‪search in intellectual property data bases, the lawsuit costs and the filing fees. These costs will,‬‬
‫‪certainly, hinder the SME to keep its competitive advantage and may affect its research and‬‬
‫‪development activities.‬‬
‫‪These ideas indicate the difficulties facing SME. Henceforth, this paper will focus upon the‬‬
‫‪solutions allowing SME to benefit from registration and reduce its costs at the same time.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺫﻱ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﻮﻕ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﱂ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻧﺸﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﻏﻔﺎﻝ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺗﺴﻌﲔ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻭﺗﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺳﺒﻌﲔ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﻗﺪﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﺣﺎﻃﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﳘﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﻋﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺳﻬﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻌﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺟﲏ ﲦﺎﺭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﳍﺎ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﻮﻳﻘﻬﺎ ﻟﺼﺎﳊﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺃﻗﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﻮﺗﲔ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﻋﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﲔ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺗﺸﺘﻜﻲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﻜﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﻛﻠﺔ ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻃﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻭﻳﺆﺧﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﶈﻘﻘﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺳﻠﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻝ ﺍﻵﰐ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﺒﻠﻮﻍ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻭﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻔﻪ؟‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻝ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﳌﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻛﺎﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻟﻠﱪﺍﺀﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﲟﻮﺍﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﻴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﳏﺎﻭﺭ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻱﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﰎ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺮﻕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻓﻘﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻫﺘﻢ ﺑﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺑﺎﳋﺎﲤﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻳﻀﺮﺏ ﲜﺬﻭﺭﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﺩ ﻟﻴﻄﺮﺡ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﺣﺘﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﰲ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﻼﻣﺢ ﻫﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ ﺍﻷﻗﻮﻳﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﺲ ﺑﺄﳘﻴﺔ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ؛‬‫ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺘﻬﺎ؛‬‫‪806‬‬
‫ﺍﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﳐﱪ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﴰﺎﻝ ﺍﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﺴﻴﺒﺔ ﺑﻦ ﺑﻮﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻠﻒ‪-‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﻣﻲ ‪17‬ﻭ‪ 18‬ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻞ ‪2006‬‬
‫ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﱪﺯ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ؛‬‫ ﻟﻔﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ؛‬‫ ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﲡﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .I‬ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺮﺩ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﺤﻮﺫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺼﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﻐﺎﻝ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺮﻕ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ .‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ )‪:(Intellectual Property‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ "ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ" ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺈﺑﺪﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻛﺎﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﻭﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‪ 1.‬ﻭﺗﻀﻴﻒ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﳎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﻭﻋﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
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‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻌﻘﺎﺭ)ﺩﻭﺍﺀ( ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ )‪:(Intellectual Property Rights‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻛﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺪﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ‬
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‫ﻟﱪﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻤﻞ ﳏﻤﻲ ﲝﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺣﺪﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺒﻮ )‪ 4(WIPO‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎ‪ ،‬ﻏﲑ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ‪ :‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻖ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ ﻭﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺑﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ )‪ :(Patent‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ "ﺣﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺌﺜﺎﺭﻱ ﳝﻨﺢ ﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﺘ‪‬ﺞ ﺃﻭ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺇﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﺣﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺀﺓ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﳌﺎﻟﻜﻬﺎ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﺪﺓ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ‪ 20‬ﺳﻨﺔ"‪ 5.‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺣﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﻊ ﳏﻠﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ )ﺍﺳﺘﲑﺍﺩﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮﺍ( ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻏﺮﺽ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ‪ 6.‬ﻭﲟﺠﺮﺩ ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﻘﻂ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﺜﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﻭﻳﺼﺒﺢ‬
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‫ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻪ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ )‪ :(Trademark‬ﻫﻲ "ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﳑﻴﺰﺓ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺷﺨﺼﺎ ﳏﺪﺩﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻳﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﻣﺪﺓ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲡﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺑﻼ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ "‪ 8‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺭﺳﻮﻡ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ 9.‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﲰﺎ ﺑﻞ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺮﻓﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﺩﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻜﻼ ﺃﻭ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ‪ 10‬ﺃﻭ ﻟﻮﻧﺎ ﳑﻴﺰﺍ ﺃﻭ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺭﲰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻣﺰﺍ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻣﺰﺍ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺣﱴ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﳑﻴﺰﺓ‪ 11،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ )‪ :(Industrial Model or Design‬ﻭﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ "ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﺧﺮﰲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺪﻭﻳﺎ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﳌﺪﺓ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ‪ 15‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ"‪ 12.‬ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺼﺎﻣﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﲡﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ‬
‫ﳎﺎﻝ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﺪﻭﻳﺔ ﻛﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳌﱰﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻣﻴﻢ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ‪ 13،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺁﺧﺮ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺘﻪ ﺃﻭ ﲡﺴﻴﺪﻩ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺃﻭ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﳝﻴﺰﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ )‪ :(Geographical Indicator‬ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻻﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﻭﻫﻮ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ "ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻭﳍﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺃﻭ ﲰﻌﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﲟﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺸﺌﻬﺎ‪ 14".‬ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﳑﻴﺰﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﳌﻨﺎﺥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﺪﻝ‬
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‫ﺍﻻﺳﻢ "‪ "Toscane‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺎﺥ ﺫﻭ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ )ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ( ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ )‪ :(Topography of Integrated Circuits‬ﳛﻈﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻖ ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺩﻭﱄ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺹ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ )‪ 16(IPIC‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﰎ ﺗﺒﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ .1989‬ﻭﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻖ ﻳ‪‬ﺴﻤﺢ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻼﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺩﺭﺟﺖ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬
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‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ )‪ :(Trade Secrets‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ "ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﳏﻤﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬
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‫ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﳍﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺳﺮﻳﺘﻬﺎ‪".‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﲢﺖ ﺍﺳﻢ "ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ"‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺃﺳﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻄﻤﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺪﱃ ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ‬
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‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺸﻐﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺎ ﰒ ﳛﺼﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺍﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﳐﱪ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﴰﺎﻝ ﺍﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﺴﻴﺒﺔ ﺑﻦ ﺑﻮﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻠﻒ‪-‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﻣﻲ ‪17‬ﻭ‪ 18‬ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻞ ‪2006‬‬
‫‪ .7‬ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ )‪ :(Traditional Knowledge and Folklore‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻃﻮﺍﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﺫ ﱂ ﻳﻠﺘﻔﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻬﺘﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻻ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ 20.‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ‬
‫"ﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ"‪ 21.‬ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﰒ‬
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‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺍﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻛﺎﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻐﺎﺯ؛‬‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻷﻏﺎﱐ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺰﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ؛‬‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﺴﺪﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺮﻗﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺩﺍﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺮﺟﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﰎ ﲡﺴﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻢ؛‬‫ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﱯ ﻛﺎﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺤﻮﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺍﱐ ﺍﻟﻔﺨﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻔﺴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻴﺪﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﰊ ﻭﺍﻷﺯﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﺪﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .8‬ﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ ﻭﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭﺓ )‪ :(Copyrights & Related Rights‬ﻳﻌﺪ ﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻻ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﻳﺼﻒ "ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺪﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﳍﻢ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ )ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﻮﺏ(‪ 23".‬ﻭﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻖ ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ﳘﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﲏ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﻲﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ ﳝﺲ ﲰﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﻉ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻪ ﺃﻭ ﲢﺮﻳﻒ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﲨﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺫﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻼﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﲏ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ 24.‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﺘﻤﻨﺢ ﻟﻔﻨﺎﱐ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﻣﻨﺘﺠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺫﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ‬
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‫ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺛﲑ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ ﲤﻨﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻟﻔﲔ ﻓﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺳﺎﳘﺖ ﰲ ﺇﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻔﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﱴ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﶈﻤﻴﺔ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﻖ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺺ ﻭﺍﳌﻄﺎﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺩﻯ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺰﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻲ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ‬
‫‬‫ﻛﺎﳌﺴﺮﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﳌﺆﺩﺍﺓ ﲝﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺟﺴﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺑﺮﺍ؛‬
‫ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﺚ ﺍﻹﺫﺍﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﱐ ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺠﻼ؛‬
‫‬‫ﺣﻖ ﻧﺴﺦ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺴﺦ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻏﺎﱐ‬
‫‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﺎ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺎ )ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ(؛‬
‫ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﰐ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﻣﻮﻓﻮﻥ ‪ Gramophone‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﻧﻮﻏﺮﺍﻑ ‪ Phonograph‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻵﱄ‬
‫‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻨﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺃﻗﺮﺍﺹ ﻣﻀﻐﻮﻃﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺷﺮﻃﺔ؛‬
‫ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﲨﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱ؛‬
‫‬‫ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﲎ ﲝﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺆﺩﻳﻦ ﻭﻣﻨﺘﺠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻼﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺄﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺘﻠﻘﲔ‪.‬‬
‫‬‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﺄﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﲡﺴﺪ ﺟﻬﺪﺍ‬
‫ﺫﻫﻨﻴﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻼ ﻟﻺﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺭﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺋﺪ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﺬﻟﺖ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻓﺸﻴﺌﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .II‬ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻻ ﳝﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﱂ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍ ﺑﻞ ﺃﻣﺮﺍ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺎ‪ .‬ﻷﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻛﻬﺎ ﳌﺎ ﳚﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻮﻻﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﲑ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﻘﻲ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺼﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﻋﲔ ﻭﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﺍ ﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺆﻛﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﰲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﳍﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺓ ﻓﻌﻼ ﺃﻭ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﳕﻄﻴﺔ‪ 27.‬ﻭﻟﺘﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﰲ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻻ ﺑﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﻻ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﲤﻮﻳﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺟﺪ ﺻﻌﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﶈﺪﻭﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮﻕ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻷﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﰲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﺴﺮﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺻﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻧﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﻧﻜﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻧﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻭﺍﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻮﺍﺟﺰ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍِﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﺒﺪﻋﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻠﺤﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬
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‫ﺍﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﳐﱪ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﴰﺎﻝ ﺍﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﺴﻴﺒﺔ ﺑﻦ ﺑﻮﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻠﻒ‪-‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﻣﻲ ‪17‬ﻭ‪ 18‬ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻞ ‪2006‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺑﺪﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﳏﻠﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺿﺮﻭﺭ ﺣﺘﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﲔ ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺢ ﺣﻖ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺌﺜﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﻴﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﲑﺍﺩ ﻣﻨﺘﻮﺝ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﳏﻤﻲ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺇﺫﻥ ﻣﺴﺒﻖ ﻣﻨﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﳝﻨﻊ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﳊﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻤﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻣﻨﺘﻮﺝ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻭﻣﺘﻘﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﺑﺄﲦﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ‪‬ﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻭﻇﻬﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ ﺟﺪﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﻨﺘﻮﺟﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﺎ ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺠﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺮﺍﻩ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎ ﻓﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻮﺝ ﺃﻥ ﳛﻮﺯ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺿﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻭﻳﺸﺒﻊ ﺣﺎﺟﺎﺗﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺎ‪‬ﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺃﻗﻞ ﺳﻌﺮﺍ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﳏﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﻮﺝ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﱴ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻏﲑ ﳏﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﻠﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻹﺭﺗﻘﺎﺀ ﲟﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺗﻪ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻴﻊ ﺃﻛﱪ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﳑﻜﻨﺔ ﻭﰲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻭﺟﻴﺰﺓ ﻭﺑﺄﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻠﺪ ﳌﺼﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﺠﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱰﻭﻝ ﲟﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﲟﻨﺘﻮﺝ ﻣﺴﺠﻞ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﲔ ﺍﻹﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻩ ﻷﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺳﻴﻜﻠﻔﻬﻢ ﻋﺎﺟﻼ ﺃﻡ ﺁﺟﻼ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣ‪‬ﲏ ‪‬ﺎ ﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻙ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﻮﻥ ﻗﺪﺭ‪‬ﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻠﺐ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻜﻤﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻄﺮ‪‬ﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻣﺘﻼﻛﻬﻢ ﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ‪ 28،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﳍﻢ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻛﺒﺢ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ )ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ (...‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﳊﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﲔ ﺍﻷﻭﻓﻴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﻻ ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻮﺝ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻀﻔﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻮﺝ ﲤﻴﺰﺍ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﺒﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻮﺝ ﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ‪ 29.‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﻮﺝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﺴﺐ ﺛﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻭﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻃﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺑﻘﺎﺋﻪ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻭﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﲤﻮﻳﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﻠﺪﺓ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﺳﻢ ﻣﻌﱪ ﻭﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺟﺬﺍﺏ ﻭﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﺴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺭﺳﻢ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻮﺝ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻓﺘﺘﻮﻃﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺗﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻭﳛﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺼﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻮﺳﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ‪ ،‬ﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎﺏ ﻣﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﲔ‬
‫ﺟﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ %5‬ﺇﱃ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ‪ %85‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﰲ ﻓﺮﻉ ﻷﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﻭ‪ %50‬ﰲ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‬
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‫ﺗﺄﻣﲔ ﻭ‪ %30‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﳏﻄﺎﺕ ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﲤﻨﺤﻪ ﳍﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻴﺤﻪ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﺗﺪﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺓ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﳍﺎ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺃﻣﺮﺍ ﺻﻌﺒﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻌﺐ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﺬﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻱ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﰲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻏﺒﲔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﺪﺛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺗﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺒﻮﺀ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﺪﺛﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺍﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰎ ﺍﻧﻔﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﳍﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻮﺝ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻭﺗﻔﻮﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻟﻮ‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭ ﻳﺴﲑ ﳑﺎ ﺃﻧﻔﻘﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻼﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻮﺝ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﺒﻜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺜﺒﻂ ﻋﺰﳝﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺣﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﲢﺮﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺗﺸﺠﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺑﺪﺍﻉ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲤﻜﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺘﺎﻉ ﲟﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻮﺝ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﲢﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻭﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺘﻬﺎ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﺑﺪﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
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‫ﺍﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﳐﱪ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﴰﺎﻝ ﺍﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﺴﻴﺒﺔ ﺑﻦ ﺑﻮﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻠﻒ‪-‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﻣﻲ ‪17‬ﻭ‪ 18‬ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻞ ‪2006‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﱪﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻟﺮﺩﻉ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺃﻱ ﺟﻬﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻏﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻮﺝ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﺔ‪ 31.‬ﻭﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﲤﻨﻊ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺟﻬﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﻣﻠﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺼﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻃﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ )ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ( ﳑﺎ ﳝﻨﺤﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻮﺝ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺘﻮﺝ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ‪ HJC‬ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺧﻮﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﻴﻊ ‪ %95‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﺣﺼﻮﳍﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 42‬ﺑﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻛﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ‪ %10‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﻴﻌﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻹﳚﺎﺩ‬
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‫ﺗﺼﺎﻣﻴﻢ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻮﺫﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﺠﺰ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻋﻦ ﲡﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺠﻠﻪ ﻛﱪﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﰒ ﺗﺒﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺀﺓ ﺫﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﲟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺑﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ ﺍﳌﻬﺘﻤﺔ ﺑﻪ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
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‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻝ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﻛﻤﺔ ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﰲ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺃﺣﻼﻑ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﳉﻮﺀ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺃﺣﻼﻑ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﺪﺭ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﺒﻮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ‪‬ﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻞ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﺗﻌﻤﺪ ﰲ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﲢﺎﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺗﻀﺎﻫﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺟﺤﻤﺎ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻃﺎﳌﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺻﺎﱀ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻒ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﲢﻤﻞ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺮﻳﻚ ﻗﻮﻱ ﻳﺰﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻻ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻳﻚ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﻳﻨﻘﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻄﺮﺡ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﲢﺎﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﲢﺪﻳﺎ ﺻﻌﺒﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻟﻌﺮﻭﺽ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﲢﺎﻟﻒ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻌﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻑ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻮﺍﺫ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1982‬ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ‪ %62‬ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 2000‬ﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﺪﻯ ‪ %30‬ﺗﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻟﻸﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪ 34.‬ﻭﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﺘﻤﺔ ﲟﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻗﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﻬﻢ ﻭﺳﻨﺪﺍﺕ ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﲢﺮﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻮﻳﻊ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ ﺃﺻﻮﳍﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ 35.‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺠﻞ ﺍﺑﺪﺍﻋﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﺗﻴﺤﺖ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ‬
‫ﻹﺛﺮﺍﺀ ﺣﻘﻴﺒﺔ ﺃﺻﻮﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﻟﻺﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﱪﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻠﻪ ﱂ ﻳﺴﺠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺖ ﻣﺪﺓ ﲪﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺧﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺀﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻠﻔﺎﺀ ﳏﺘﻤﻠﲔ ﳝﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ‬
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‫ﺧﻄﻄﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺻﻐﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻻ ﳝﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻠﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻭﻛﻼﺀ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺢ ﺗﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‪ 37،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﻧﺔ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺑﻨﻘﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﳏﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﱴ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﲡﱪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺭﻗﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﺳﻠﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺗﺮﺧﺺ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﺀﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺇﲰﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺼﺎﻣﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﳜﻮﻝ ﳍﺎ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺍﻫﺎ ﻛﻔﻴﻠﺔ ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﲰﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﲜﻼﺀ ﰲ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻳﻦ ﺗﺘﻜﺮﺭ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻠﺠﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﻄﺪﻡ ﲝﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻘﻬﺎ ﳌﻨﺘﻮﺟﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﱪﺍﺀ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﻦ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻻ ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﳏﺘﻮﺍﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺍﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﳐﱪ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﴰﺎﻝ ﺍﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﺴﻴﺒﺔ ﺑﻦ ﺑﻮﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻠﻒ‪-‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﻣﻲ ‪17‬ﻭ‪ 18‬ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻞ ‪2006‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻀﻄﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﺮﺧﺺ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻟﻸﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺘﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺻﻮﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺪﻋﻮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﳜﺪﻡ ﻣﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻗﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺿﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺻﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﺮﺧﺺ ﻟﻸﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﺻﻮﻻ‬
‫ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰎ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻋﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ‪ 2003‬ﺑﲔ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‪Cambridge Antibody Technology, Micromet AG and Enzon :‬‬
‫‪ Pharmecetical‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺘﲔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻳﲔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﺎ ﰎ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ‬
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‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﲝﺎﺙ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻼﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﺑﻔﻀﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﳏﺘﻮﺍﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﳝﻜﻦ ﳍﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﺷﺮﻭﻃﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻋﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻥ ﲡﻌﻠﻪ ﺣﻠﻴﻔﺎ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺎ ﳍﺎ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳ‪‬ﻜﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻳﻔﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ ﺑﻞ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺣﻘﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺳﻼﺡ ﻟﻠﻬﺠﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺭﻉ ﻟﻠﺪﻓﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﺬﺏ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻣﺘﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻐﺮ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻃﻠﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺩﻋﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻗﻲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﻴﺔ‪ 40،‬ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺇﻋﺠﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﻛﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﻮﺝ ﻣﺎ ﻟﺼﺎﳊﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
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‫ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻃﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺪﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﻇﻔﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺢ ﺗﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺀﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﲤﺘﺪ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﻠﻘﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺇﺗﺎﻭﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻦ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‪ 42.‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺣﻘﻘﺖ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ‪ IBM‬ﻋﺎﺋﺪﺍﺕ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 1.7‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 2000‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﺀﺍ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ‪ Texas Instruments‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺣﻘﻘﺖ ‪ 500‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ 10‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1990‬ﺇﱃ ‪ 110‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 43.2000‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﻌﺪ ‪ TRAX‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺻﻤﻤﻪ ‪ Rodney Kinsman‬ﻭﺳﻮﻗﺘﻪ ‪ OMK Design Ltd‬ﲢﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻌﺪ ﻣﻌﺪ ﺧﺼﻴﺼﺎ ﳋﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻚ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻘﻌﺪ ﺫﻱ ﲰﻌﺔ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﺍﳉﺬﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻳﺢ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺛﺒﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﰲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺘﲔ ﻣﻄﺎﺭﺍ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻠﻪ ﻛﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻴﻠﻮﻛﺲ ﻭﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺼﻠﺖ ‪ OMK Design Ltd‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﺜﺎﺭﻱ‬
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‫ﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻘﻪ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﻣﻨﺢ ﺗﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻌﻪ ﺗﺪﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻣﻌﺘﱪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺸﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺘﺮﺧﻴﺺ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﲑ‪ 45.‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺃﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ‪ Pricewaterhouse Coopers‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ‬
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‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺍﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺎ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ‪ 100‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪.1999‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺼﺔ ﺗﻮﻳﻮﺗﺎ ﺃﺑﻠﻎ ﺗﻌﺒﲑﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﻹﻣﺘﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻟﱪﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺿﻴﺔ ﰒ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﻌﺪ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ‪ Sakichi Toyota‬ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1896‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻋﻪ ﻵﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﻃﺮﺍﺯ ‪ G‬ﺍﻵﱄ ﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ‪ ،TOYOTA‬ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻪ ﺍﺑﻨﻪ‬
‫‪ Küchiro Toyota‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻲ ﻣﻊ ‪ Platt Brothers & Co‬ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﻨﺢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺍﳊﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﺜﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺴﻮﻳﻘﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪ 25‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻠﻪ ﺗﻮﻳﻮﺗﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺷﺮﻛﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺣﻘﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰲ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮﻭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﻛﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻮﻛﺔ‬
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‫ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﺘﺢ ﺁﻓﺎﻕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﻗﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺼﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻠﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻞ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﲑ‬
‫ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺃﻭﱃ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺇﻳﺪﺍﻉ ﻃﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺎ ﻭﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻣﻨﺘﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬
‫ﳑﺎ ﻳﻔﺘﺢ ﳍﺎ ﺁﻓﺎﻗﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﲔ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻭﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﲟﻘﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻥ ﲤﺎﺭﺱ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﺗﺪﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﰲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ ﻛﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ 49.‬ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫"ﻫﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻮﺗﺮ" ‪ Harry Potter‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺃﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﳌﺆﻟﻔﻬﺎ ‪ .J.K. Rowling‬ﻓﻔﻲ‬
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‫ﺍﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﳐﱪ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﴰﺎﻝ ﺍﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﺴﻴﺒﺔ ﺑﻦ ﺑﻮﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻠﻒ‪-‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﻣﻲ ‪17‬ﻭ‪ 18‬ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻞ ‪2006‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ‪ Warner Brothers‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻭﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ "‪ "Harry Potter à L’Ecole Des Sorciers‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ‪ 93.5‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﰒ ﻋﻤﺪﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺢ ﺗﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ‪ Hasbro‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ Mattel‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺣﺼﻠﺖ ‪ Electronics Arts‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺃﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﻫﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻮﺗﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﻮﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻭﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﻛﻮﻛﺎﻛﻮﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻯ‪ 50.‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺍﺗﺴﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺑﻐﺰﻭﻫﺎ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻴﺖ ﻋﺎﳌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﳒﺎﺣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﲰﻌﺔ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻃﻤﻮﺣﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻘﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺼﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﱂ ﺗﻮﺟ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺤﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺿﻌﺔ ﺗﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﻣ‪‬ﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﻭﻣﺪﺭﻭﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺼﺔ ﺗﻮﻳﻮﺗﺎ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ‪ NANDO’S‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﺗﻐﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻀﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﺟﺎﺝ ﰲ ﺟﻮﻫﺎﻧﺴﱪﻍ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎ ﺻﻐﲑﺍ ﻟﺸﺨﺼﲔ)‪ Fernando Duarte‬ﻭ‪ (Robert Brozin‬ﻟﺘﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻋﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺗﻀﻢ ﻣﺎﺋﱵ ﳏﻞ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ ﻭﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ 51.‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺼﺔ‬
‫‪ Biobràs‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﳐﱪﺍ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺿﻌﺎ ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ‪ Minas Gerais‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺨﱪ ﺇﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﺑﺘﺮﺧﻴﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‪ NEWENGLAND‬ﻟﻸﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﲟﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻛﻮﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺷﺮﻛﺔ ‪Eli Lilly‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﰲ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺳﺖ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﺬ ‪ 1977‬ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ‪ Biobràs‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﻮﻟﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻊ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﻮﻟﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﺄﺷﻮﺏ‬
‫)‪ (Recombiné‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺖ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ ﻭﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬
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‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫـ‪ .‬ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺣﻘﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﻬﻢ ﻭﺳﻨﺪﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﳏﻔﻈﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﻼ ﻳﻀﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﺎﻥ ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺗﻔﻮﻕ ﺛﻠﺚ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ‬
‫ﰲ ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ %35‬ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺘﻬﻞ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 53.1992‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻔﻈﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪ NESTLE‬ﻣﻦ ‪ 6340‬ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﳏﻤﻴﺔ ﺑـ ‪ 103000‬ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪ 9018‬ﺑﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ‬
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‫ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ‪ 6127‬ﺑﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺗﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ‪ %40‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﰲ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻃﻼﻗﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ 55.‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﻐﻠﺔ‬
‫ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻛﺪﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺑﺄﻥ ‪ %67‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﻣﺪﺓ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪115‬‬
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‫ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﻊ ﺃﺻﻮﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺪﻝ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺼﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺠﺰﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﲡﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻃﺎﳌﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﺗﺸﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪ 57‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺮﺧﺺ ﳍﻢ ﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺸﺘﺖ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻭﻳﻀﻴﻊ ﻭﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﺒﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻫﻲ ﰲ ﻏﲎ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﺒﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ ﺍﳌﻬﺘﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺩﻓﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﳑﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻐﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﻹﺗﺎﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﻭﻳﺮﳛﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺀ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻁ ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﳜﻔﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻭﳚﻨﺐ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺗﻘﺎﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺻﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻭﻛﻞ ﺗﺒﻌﺎﺗﻪ )ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺩﻡ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ( ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻸﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﰲ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻷﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻭﻭﻗﺘﺎ ﺃﻗﻞ ﳑﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺒﻪ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﰒ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﲟﻮﺟﺒﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻲ ﲜﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻮﺝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ‪ Coca-cola‬ﺃﻭ ‪ ، IBM‬ﻣﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 50‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ 58.‬ﻭﺗﺸﲑ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 2003‬ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ Coca-cola‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﺇﱃ ‪ 70.45‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪ Microsoft‬ﺑـ ‪ 65.17‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭﺍ ﰒ ‪ IBM‬ﺑـ ‪ 51.71‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪70‬‬
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‫ﺇﱃ ‪ %99‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺍﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﳐﱪ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﴰﺎﻝ ﺍﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﺴﻴﺒﺔ ﺑﻦ ﺑﻮﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻠﻒ‪-‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﻣﻲ ‪17‬ﻭ‪ 18‬ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻞ ‪2006‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺇﺫ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲡﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺑﻼ‬
‫‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻄﻴﻞ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻣﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﲪﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﶈﻤﻲ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﰲ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ‪ ،The Income Approach‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ‪ ،Market Approach‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ‪Cost‬‬
‫‪ ،Approach‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ‪ ،Amount of Income‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﻣﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ‪ ،Duration of Income‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﳐﺎﻃﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ‪ .Risk of Income‬ﻭﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻼﺀﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ‪ 61.‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺩﻭﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺐ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻌﻦ ﰲ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﺿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﺣﻲ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺼﺐ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ ﰲ ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺗﺼﺒﻮ ﺇﱃ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺩﻋﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﻦ ﻓﻌﻼ ﻭﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﲔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .III‬ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻟﻺﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﳝﺮ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﳏﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻌﻼ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺀ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﻃﻠﺐ ﻟﺪﻯ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﺎﺭﺗﻪ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺑﺪﺍﻋﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﺨﻠﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﱵ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺍﻟﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﰲ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﳒﺎﺯﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﲢﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻋﻦ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﳑﺘﻠﻜﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺒﻄﻲﺀ ﰲ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻛﻌﺪﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﳘﻴﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
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‫ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﻃﻲﺀ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﻜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻸ ﻗﺴﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﰒ ﺗﻘﺪﳝﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺭﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ)‪ 64(filing fees‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻼﻣﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﻭﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﲪﺎﻳﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﻭ ﳎﺴﻤﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ )‪ .(Registration Fees‬ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺇﻳﺪﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺩﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﺍﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺭﺳﻮﻡ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﰲ ﺩﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻹﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ‪ 350‬ﺃﻭﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻎ ﺇﱃ ‪ 1925‬ﺃﻭﺭﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﳕﺎﺫﺝ‪ 65.‬ﻭﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺭﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻳﺪﺍﻉ ﻃﻠﺐ‬
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‫ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻓﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ‪ £200‬ﺗﻀﻢ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺪ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﻃﺄﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﻓﻊ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻠﺐ‪ 67.‬ﻭﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺧﱪﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻄﻠﺐ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺧﺒﲑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻸ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻭﺗﻮﻛﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻴﺜﻴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ 68.‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﻊ ﰲ ﺣﺴﺒﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﳋﺒﲑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻞ‬
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‫ﳛﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﳋﺒﲑ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻄﻠﺐ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﻖ ﳌﺼﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﲡﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ )‪ (Renewal Fees‬ﲟﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﲬﺲ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺠﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﰲ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﲡﺪ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻣﻀﻄﺮﺓ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻠﻪ ﰲ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ‪ 70.‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﻣﻨﺘﻮﺝ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﲢﺼﻞ ﲟﻮﺟﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻠﺔ ﻛﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻞ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﳑﻴﺰﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻭﺗﺴﺠﻴﻠﻪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻛﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﺳﺮﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﲢﺪﺙ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺎ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﺎ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺃ ﰲ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻔﲏ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﻖ "‪ ."Prior Art Search‬ﻭﻣﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺢ ﰲ‬
‫‪ 40‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﰲ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﻳﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻛﺎ‪‬ﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻃﺮﻭﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﺪ ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻬﺎ ﲡﺪ ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﻣﺸﺎ‪‬ﺔ ﳌﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪ 71.‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻐﲏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺭﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻹﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺴﺠﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻳﻀﻴﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻭﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﲡﻨﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺭﻳﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻔﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻼ‪ £99.99 ،‬ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ 72.‬ﺃﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻓﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺗﻄﻠﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻒ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻻ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﲪﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎ ﺑﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﺮﻏﺐ ﰲ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻬﺎ‬
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‫ﺍﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﳐﱪ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﴰﺎﻝ ﺍﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﺴﻴﺒﺔ ﺑﻦ ﺑﻮﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻠﻒ‪-‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﻣﻲ ‪17‬ﻭ‪ 18‬ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻞ ‪2006‬‬
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‫ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ 73.‬ﻭﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﺎﺩﻑ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﺒﺎﺀ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺑﺈﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺧﺒﲑ ﻳﻀﻄﻠﻊ ﲟﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎ‪ 75‬ﻭﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﱴ‬
‫ﰎ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻋﺒﺎﺀ ﺇﺟﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻷﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻙ ﻗﺪ ﳛﺪﺙ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻠﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻙ ﳚﺮ ﻭﺭﺍﺀﻩ ﻣﺼﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﺑﺎﻹﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﲞﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﳏﺎﻡ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺩﻋﻮﻯ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯﻳﻦ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ‪ 76.‬ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﻴﻨﺔ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﺎ ﺻﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻃﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻙ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﳊﻖ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﳌﻨﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﲑﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ‬
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‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺭﺳﻮﻡ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻨﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﲟﻴﺰﺓ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺴﺠﻴﻠﻪ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻭﺗﺮﻏﺐ ﰲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺳﺘﺔ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﲟﺠﺮﺩ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻬﻠﺔ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﲟﻘﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻠﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎ‪ 78.‬ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ‬
‫ﻳﻀﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺻﻌﺐ ﻓﺈﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﲣﺎﻃﺮ ﻭﺗﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﺑﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﳏﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻭﺟﻴﺰﺓ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻮﺟﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻧﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻻ ﺗﻌﲏ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺪﻓﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﻌﻼ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲣﺴﺮﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻄﺮﺡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﰒ ﲡﺪ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻣﻀﻄﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻘﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﺪﻋﻮﻯ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﲤﻠﻚ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺔ ﳏﺘﻮﺍﺓ‬
‫ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ 79‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻛﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺘﲔ ﺗﺘﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﲤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻣﺎ ﺻﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺃﻻ ﺗﻐﻔﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﳌﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﻷﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺳﻴﺤﺮﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻟﻠﱪﺍﺀﺍﺕ‪ 80‬ﺃﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ %25‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﲪﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻘﻂ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬
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‫ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻵﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺩﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﻳﻀﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺧﻴﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻛﻼﳘﺎ ﺻﻌﺐ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺠﻞ ﻭﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﺇﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﲡﻨﺐ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺻﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﲣﺴﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺻﺮﻓﺘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﺎﳊﻜﻤﺔ ﰲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﺭﻙ ﻣﺎ ﳚﺮﻱ ﺣﻮﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻮﻻﺕ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻭﺃﻥ ﲣﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻭﲢﺎﻭﻝ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﻴﻠﺔ ﺑﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻔﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲝﺚ ﻭﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﲔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﲡﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﳉﺎﻫﺰﺓ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺀﺍﺕ ‪ (PCT) Patent Cooperation Treaty‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺨﻴﺾ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﱪﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺑﺈﻳﺪﺍﻉ ﻃﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﲢﺼﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﲟﻮﺟﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﱪﺍﺀ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ‬
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‫ﻭﲬﺴﺔ ﻭﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‪ 82.‬ﻭﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﱄ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ :2‬ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺩﻋﺔ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺀﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪Source : Kamil Idris, La Propriété Intellectuelle Moteur de la Croissance Economique, résumé, Publications‬‬
‫‪de l’Organisation Mondiale de la Propriété Intellectuelle, Publication‬‬
‫‪N° 888.1(F) (Genève: OMPI, Juin 2003), P.6.‬‬
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‫ﺍﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﳐﱪ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﴰﺎﻝ ﺍﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﺴﻴﺒﺔ ﺑﻦ ﺑﻮﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻠﻒ‪-‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﻣﻲ ‪17‬ﻭ‪ 18‬ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻞ ‪2006‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺣﺪﺛﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﰲ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 120‬ﺃﻟﻔﺎ ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫‪ 2002‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪ EnviroScrub Technologies Corporation‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ PCT‬ﺃﳝﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻹﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﲟﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﻮﻳﻘﻬﺎ ﰲ‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﲡﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺒﻌﲔ‬
‫ﺑﻠﺪﺍ ﺑﻄﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺑﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺒﻮ‪ 85.‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺩﻭﻝ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
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‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﺭﺏ ‪ 14‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ‪ 4700‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﺍ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎﻹﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺪﺭﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﳕﻮﺍ ﲟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﳑﻴﺰﺓ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﻣﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺪﻓﻊ ‪ %10‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ 65‬ﻓﺮﻧﻜﺎ ﺳﻮﻳﺴﺮﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ ﻭ‪ 90‬ﻓﺮﻧﻜﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻧﺔ‪ 87.‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺒﻮ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﱐ ﰲ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﻝ ‪ OECD‬ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻟﻠﱪﺍﺀﺍﺕ‪ 88.‬ﻭﻳﺒﻘﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺎﲤﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﰲ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺑﺪﺍﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﳛﻤﻲ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺓ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻭﻓﺘﺢ ﺁﻓﺎﻕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﻗﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺼﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺃﺻﻮﳍﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﲔ ﻭﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺪﺭ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺗﺼﻄﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺜﺒﻂ ﻋﺰﳝﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻗﺒﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺣﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻓﺸﻴﺌﺎ ﻟﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺒﺬﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﰲ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻮﻳﺒﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺈﻥ ﳒﺎﺡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﺎﺗﻒ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﺲ ﺑﺄﳘﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ؛‬‫ ﺿﺮﻭﻭﺓ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ‬‫ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ؛‬
‫ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ‬‫ﻭﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﺒﺐ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ؛‬
‫ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﺠﺪﺍﺕ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﻭﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﲔ؛‬‫ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﳊﻘﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺧﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ‪.‬‬‫ﺍﳍﻮﺍﻣﺶ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪. Qu’est-ce Que La Propriété Intellectuelle?, Publications de l’Organisation Mondiale de la Propriété‬‬
‫‪Intellectuelle, Publication N° 450 (F) (Genève:OMPI), p.2.‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪. Charles W.L. Hill, International Business Competing in The Global Marketplace‬‬
‫‪(Chicago: Irwin, 1997), 2nd Ed., P.41.‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪. OMPI, Publication N° 450 (F), Op.Cit., P.3.‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪. World Intellectual Property Organization.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ)ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺒﻮ(‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﻮﻳﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪.488(A‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﺭﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﺃﺱ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﻧﺴﺮ‪" ،Robert S. Tancer -‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺛﻨﺪﺭﺑﲑﺩ ‪ Thunderbird‬ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ‪ ،‬ﲢﺮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﻱ‪ .‬ﻏﺮﻭﺱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺐ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﳛﲕ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﰊ )ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻴﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،(2001 ،‬ﺹ‪.405.‬؛ ‪Hill, Op.Cit., P.41.‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫‪. OMPI, Publication N°450 (F), Op.Cit., P.5.‬‬
‫‪ .8‬ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺒﻮ‪ ،‬ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ ،488(A‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪.‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫‪. OMPI, Publication N°450 (F), Op.Cit., P.9.‬‬
‫‪ .10‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ )ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﺪ‪ ،(2003 ،‬ﺹ‪.86.‬‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫‪. OMPI, Publication N°450 (F), Op.Cit., P.9.‬‬
‫‪815‬‬
‫ﺍﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﳐﱪ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﴰﺎﻝ ﺍﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﺴﻴﺒﺔ ﺑﻦ ﺑﻮﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻠﻒ‪-‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‬
2006 ‫ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻞ‬18‫ﻭ‬17 ‫ ﻳﻮﻣﻲ‬.‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
:‫ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‬
.‫ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬،488(A) ‫ ﺭﻗﻢ‬،‫ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺒﻮ‬.12
. OMPI, Publication N°450 (F), Op.Cit., P.12.
13
.‫ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬،488(A) ‫ ﺭﻗﻢ‬،‫ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺒﻮ‬.14
15
. OMPI, Publication N°450 (F), Op.Cit., P.15.
. Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits.
16
.396.‫ ﺹ‬،‫ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬،‫ ﺗﺎﻧﺴﺮ‬.17
.‫ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬،488(A) ‫ ﺭﻗﻢ‬،‫ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺒﻮ‬.18
.416.‫ ﺹ‬،‫ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬،‫ ﺗﺎﻧﺴﺮ‬.19
‫ ﺇﱃ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ‬15.4 ‫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺷﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬1967 ‫ﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻨﺬ‬ ‫ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺖ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺑﲑﻥ‬.20
:‫ ﺃﻧﻈﺮ‬.‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﳎﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ‬
La Propriété Intellectuelle et Les Expressions Culturelles Traditionnelles ou Expressions du
Folklore, Publications de l’Organisation Mondiale de la Propriété Intellectuelle, Publication N° 913 (F)
(Genève: OMPI), P.3.
،(‫ﻥ‬.‫ﺱ‬.‫ ﺩ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺒﻮ‬:‫ )ﺟﻨﻴﻒ‬881.1(A) ‫ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﺭﻗﻢ‬،‫ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‬،‫ ﻣﻠﺨﺺ‬،‫ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬،‫ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺩﺭﻳﺲ‬.21
.27.‫ﺹ‬
22
. OMPI, Publication N°913 (F), Op.Cit., p.6.
.‫ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬،488(A) ‫ ﺭﻗﻢ‬،‫ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺒﻮ‬.23
.1.‫ ﺹ‬،(‫ﻥ‬.‫ﺱ‬.‫ ﺩ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺒﻮ‬:‫ )ﺟﻨﻴﻒ‬L450CM/A ‫ ﻣﻄﻮﻳﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ‬،‫ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‬،‫ﺎﻭﺭﺓ‬‫ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ ﻭﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍ‬.24
.‫ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬،488(A) ‫ ﺭﻗﻢ‬،‫ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺒﻮ‬.25
.85.‫ ﺹ‬،‫ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬،‫؛ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ‬.6 -5.‫ﺹ‬.‫ ﺹ‬،‫ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬،L450CM/A ‫ ﺭﻗﻢ‬،‫ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺒﻮ‬.26
.‫ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﻱ‬،‫ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ‬Thunderbird ‫ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺛﻨﺪﺭﺑﲑﺩ‬،"‫ "ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﰲ‬،Alin I. Murray -‫ ﺁﻻﻥ ﻣﻮﺭﺍﻱ‬.27
.118.‫ ﺹ‬،(2001 ،‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻴﻜﺎﻥ‬:‫ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺐ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﳛﲕ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﰊ )ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ‬،‫ﻏﺮﻭﺱ‬
28
. Investing The Future an Introduction to The Patents for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises,
Publications of The World Intellectual Property Organization , Publication N° 917(E) (Geneva: WIPO),
p.39.
.4.‫ ﺹ‬،900(A) ‫ ﻣﻄﻮﻳﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ‬،(‫ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ)ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺒﻮ‬،‫ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬.29
.18.‫ ﺹ‬،‫ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬،‫ ﺍﺩﺭﻳﺲ‬.30
.‫ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬،488(A) ‫ ﺭﻗﻢ‬،‫ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺒﻮ‬.31
32
. OMPI, Publication N°917 (E), Op.Cit., p.3.
.10.‫ ﺹ‬،‫ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬،‫ ﺍﺩﺭﻳﺲ‬.33
.6.‫ ﺹ‬،‫ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬.34
.8.‫ ﺹ‬،‫ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬.35
36
. OMPI, Publication N°917 (E), Op.Cit., p.16.
‫ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻰ‬،"‫ "ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﺻﺎﱀ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻓﻼﺣﻲ؛ ﻟﻴﻠﻰ ﺷﻴﺨﺔ‬:‫ ﻟﻠﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺃﻧﻈﺮ‬.37
‫ ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ‬13‫ ﻭ‬12 ،‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺧﻴﻀﺮ‬:‫ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‬،‫ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ )ﺑﺴﻜﺮﺓ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬
212-209.‫ﺹ‬.‫ ﺹ‬،‫ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬،(2005
38
. "Lancement d’un Nouveau Produit : Evaluation de Votre Liberté D’agir", Revue de l’OMPI (Genève :
OMPI, Septembre- Octobre 2005), p.14.
39
. Ibid.
40
. Les Services d’Information en Matière de Brevets de l’OMPI Pour Les Pays en Développement,
Publications de l’Organisation Mondiale de la Propriété Intellectuelle, Publication N° 493 (F)
(Genève:OMPI), P.8.
41
. Ibid., p.p.15-16.
42
. Looking Good an Introduction to Industrial Designs for Small and Medium- Sized Enterprises,
Publications of The World Intellectual Property Organization , Publication N°498(E) (Geneva: WIPO), 2nd
Ed., p.16.
43
. Kamil Idris, La Propriété Intellectuelle Moteur de la Croissance Economique, résumé, Publications de
l’Organisation Mondiale de la Propriété Intellectuelle, Publication N° 888.1 (F) (Genève:OMPI, Juin 2003),
P.15.
44
. Ibid., p.14.
.15.‫ ﺹ‬،‫ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬،‫ ﺍﺩﺭﻳﺲ‬.45
46
. Idris, Op.Cit., P.7.
.9.‫ ﺹ‬،‫ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬،‫ ﺍﺩﺭﻳﺲ‬.47
48
. Esteban Burrone; Guriqbal Singh Jaiya, "Intellectual Property (IP) Rights and Innovation in Small and
Medium-Sized Enterprises", P.6. and p.10. ,
www.madrid.org/madridIRC/documentos/doc/intellectualproperty.pdf, Last visited : February 26th, 2006.
‫ﺍﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﳐﱪ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﴰﺎﻝ ﺍﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‬-‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﺴﻴﺒﺔ ﺑﻦ ﺑﻮﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻠﻒ‬
816
2006 ‫ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻞ‬18‫ﻭ‬17 ‫ ﻳﻮﻣﻲ‬.‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
:‫ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‬
.14 -13.‫ﺹ‬.‫ ﺹ‬،‫ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬،900(A) ‫ ﺭﻗﻢ‬،‫ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺒﻮ‬.49
50
. Idris, Op.Cit., P.20.
. Ibid., P.19.
51
Idris, Op.Cit., P.14. ‫؛‬.14.‫ ﺹ‬،‫ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬،‫ ﺍﺩﺭﻳﺲ‬.52
.6.‫ ﺹ‬،‫ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬،‫ ﺍﺩﺭﻳﺲ‬.53
54
. "Pour Rester au Sommet, NESTLE Affine Ses Services de Propriété Intellectuelle", Revue de l’OMPI
(Genève : OMPI, Novembre- Décembre 2005), p.19.
.7.‫ ﺹ‬،‫ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬،‫ ﺍﺩﺭﻳﺲ‬.55
.10.‫ ﺹ‬،‫ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬.56
57
. OMPI, Publication N° 917 (E), Op.Cit., p.35.
.4.‫ ﺹ‬،‫ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬، 900 (A)‫ ﺭﻗﻢ‬،‫ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺒﻮ‬.58
59
. "Valuation of Intellectual Property: what, why and how", WIPO Magazine (Geneva : WIPO, SeptemberOctober 2003), p.5.
.21.‫ ﺹ‬،‫ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬،‫ ﺍﺩﺭﻳﺲ‬.60
61
. WIPO Magazine, September- October 2003, Op. Cit., p.p.7- 8.; Gordon Smith, "Assessment and Valuation
of Inventions and Research Results For Their Use and Commercialization", International Work Shop on
Management and Commercialization of Inventions and Technology (Monterrey, Mexico: April 17 to 19th,
2002), Document N° wipo/inv/mty/02/4, p.p.2-5,
www.wipo.int/innovation/en/meetings/2002/inv_mty/pdf/mty02_4.pdf, last visited: February 7th, 2006.
‫ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ‬:‫ "ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺭﺻﺔ‬،‫ ﺟﺒﺎﺭ ﳏﻔﻮﻅ؛ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ ﺑﻦ ﻣﻨـﺼﻮﺭ‬.62
،13 ‫ ﻋﺪﺩ‬،(2005 ‫ ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ‬،‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺳﻄﻴﻒ‬:‫ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‬،‫ ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ )ﺳﻄﻴﻒ‬-‫ﺳﻄﻴﻒ‬.115 -114.‫ﺹ‬.‫ﺹ‬
.‫ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬، ، 488 (A) ‫ ﺭﻗﻢ‬،‫ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺒﻮ‬.63
64
. WIPO, Publication N° 498 (E), Op.Cit., p.9.
65
. Ibid., p.11.
66
. Edwin E. Wallis, "The Madrid Protocol: Will This International System Succeed in the United States?",
www.lawtechjournal.com/articles/2004/01_040320_wallis.php, last visited : February 8th, 2006.
67
. WIPO, Publication N° 917 (E), Op.Cit., p.20.
68
. WIPO, Publication N°498 (E), Op.Cit., p.9. end p.11.
69
. Ibid., p.12.
70
. Ibid., p.12. end p.19.
71
. WIPO, Publication N° 917 (E), Op.Cit., p.p.16-20.
72
. www.trademarkroom.com, last visited : February 8th; 2006.
73
. WIPO, Publication N° 498 (E), Op.Cit., p.16.
74
. Ibid., p.12.
75
. WIPO, Publication N° 498 (E), Op.Cit., p.21; WIPO, Publication N° 917 (E), Op.Cit., p.20.
WIPO, Publication N° 498 (E), Op.Cit., p.19.‫؛‬.21.‫ ﺹ‬،‫ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬، 900 (A) ‫ ﺭﻗﻢ‬،‫ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺒﻮ‬.76
.22.‫ ﺹ‬،‫ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬، 900 (A) ‫ ﺭﻗﻢ‬،‫ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺒﻮ‬.77
78
. WIPO, Publication N° 498 (E), Op.Cit., p.16.
79
. Revue de l’OMPI, Septembre- Octobre 2005, Op.Cit., p.14.
80
. OEB: Office Européen Des Brevets.
81
. Revue de l’OMPI, Septembre- Octobre 2005, Op.Cit., p.14.
82
. 126 member countries in April 3rd , 2005. See: WIPO, Publication N° 917 (E), Op.Cit., p.32. and p.46.
PCT Newsletter N° :‫ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﺃﻧﻈﺮ‬128 ‫ ﰲ‬PCT ‫ ﻟﻺﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻳﺪﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﻷﻭﱄ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻔﲏ ﻟﻠﱪﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬.83
10/2005, Publications of The World Intellectual Property Organization , Publication N°115(E) (Geneva:
WIPO, October 2005), p.p.9-15., available at www.wipo.int/edocs/pctndocs/en/2005/pct_news_2005_10.pdf,
last visited : February 26th; 2006.
84
. WIPO, Publication N° 917 (E), Op.Cit., p.32.
.14.‫ ﺹ‬،‫ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬، 900 (A) ‫ ﺭﻗﻢ‬،‫ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺒﻮ‬.85
86
. Wallis, Op., Cit.
87
. "Résultats Des Assemblées Des Etats Membres De L’OMPI", Revue de l’OMPI (Genève : OMPI,
Novembre- Décembre 2005), p.3.
88
. Burrone; Op.Cit., p.3.
‫ﺍﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﳐﱪ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﴰﺎﻝ ﺍﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‬-‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﺴﻴﺒﺔ ﺑﻦ ﺑﻮﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻠﻒ‬
817