  ٢١٧





 

‫ﺣﺠﻮ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺣﺠﻮ‬
 
 
 
           :‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ‬
 

 
  
  




‫ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬- ١
‫ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬١/١

   
 


‫ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﰊ‬٢/١
 ‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬

   (Ackoff, 1981) 
 
  
 (Interdependent) 
 (Subgroups of elements)   

 
 Beinshon and Peters, 1972
  
 
  
  
 
 
    Bertalanffy, 1968      
(Theoretical Biology) 
 (General Systems Theory) 
‫ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬-٢
   
 


 
 


‫ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬- ٣
       ‫ﲬﺴﺔ‬    
          

 
‫ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬:‫ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬١/٣
 ِ‫ﻓﹶﺎﻃِﺮ‬
 ‫ ﻦ‬‫ﻫ‬‫ﻓﹶ ﻄﹶﺮ‬
  

 
 ‫ﻠﹶﻢ‬‫ﺃﹶﺳ‬
              
 
  

  ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻠﹶﻤ‬‫ﺃﹶﺳ‬‫ﻠِﻢ‬‫ﺃﹶﺳ‬
       
    
 
‫ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ‬:‫ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬٢/٣
  ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺎﻫ‬‫ﻘﹾﻨ‬‫ﻓﹶﻔﹶﺘ‬

           

   (Big Bang Theory)       


 
‫ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬:‫ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬٣/٣
   
           
   
          
 
‫ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‬:‫ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬٤/٣
             
             
 
        ‫ﺃﹶﻧﻔﹸﺴِﻜﹸﻢ‬      
 ‫ﻭﻥﹶ‬‫ﻔﹶﻜﱠﺮ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻳ‬
 ٍ‫ﺓ‬‫ﺍﺣِﺪ‬‫ﻔﹾﺲٍ ﻭ‬‫ﻧ‬
  ‫ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﹸﺴِﻜﹸﻢ‬
    

  
 (Biological System) 
 (Psychological System)


‫ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱐ‬:‫ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ‬٥/٣
        ‫ﻓﹶﻄﹶﺮ‬   ‫ﺓﹶ‬‫ﻓِﻄﹾﺮ‬    
 
 ‫ﻧِﻲ‬‫ﻓﹶﻄﹶﺮ‬
 ‫ﻧِﻲ‬‫ﻓﹶﻄﹶﺮ‬
 ‫ﻧِﻲ‬‫ﻓﹶﻄﹶﺮ‬
  ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﺓ‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﺓ‬
            
 
 
            
(Social and

 Behavioral Systems
‫ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﻭﺗﻌﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬- ٤
  :‫ ﺍﶈﺪﻭﺩﻳﺔ‬:‫ﺃﻭﻻﹰ‬
             

     
 

(System Boundaries) 
 
    

  
   (Simon,
1977)  
 (Bounded Rationality)  
 

  

 
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬:‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ‬

 (Biochemistry)   

 
 

 
 


 
  
 
 



 
 
 
 

 
 
 (Unity of Knowledge)



    
  ‫ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻜﻢ‬
   (Social Psychology and Psychological Physiology)
 
     (Macro)       :‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎﹰ‬
 (Micro)
  
           
 
 
              :‫ﺭﺍﺑﻌﺎﹰ‬
 
  
   
  
            
 
 ِ‫ﻂ‬‫ﻥﹶ ﺑِﺎﻟﹾﻘِﺴ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﺍﻟﹾﻮ‬ِ‫ﺍﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﹾﻤِﻴﺰ‬‫ﺍﻥﹶ‬‫ﺍﻟﹾﻤِﻴﺰ‬  
  
ِ‫ﻂ‬‫ﺑِﺎﻟﹾﻘِﺴ‬   ‫ﺍﻥﹶ‬‫ﺍﻟﹾﻤِﻴﺰ‬‫ ﻭ‬‫ﺎﺏ‬‫ﺍﻟﹾﻜِﺘ‬      
 
 ‫ﻭﺳﻄﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻬِﻴﺪ‬‫ﺷ‬    ِ‫ﺎﺱ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬    ‫ﻄﹰﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻭ‬   
 

 
              
 
            

 
‫ﻭﻥﹶ‬‫ﺼِﺮ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ ﺃﹶﻓﹶﻼ ﺗ‬‫ﺃﹶﻧﻔﹸﺴِﻜﹸﻢ‬ 
            
 
            
      

  
 
   ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺃﹶﺗ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻠﹾﺖ‬‫ﺃﹶﻛﹾﻤ‬
  
     
 
             
 
   
 
 ٍ‫ﺎﻥ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺑِﺤ‬ 
             
  ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬



             
(Open Systems Interconnection)    (Seven Layers) 
(International Standard
       
  Organization,
ISO)
 
  
 ‫ﻣﺴﻠﱢﻤﺎﹰ‬   
     
              
             


 
‫ﺎﻗﹰﺎ‬‫ﻃِﺒ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺳ‬
 ٍ‫ﺕ‬‫ﻔﹶﺎﻭ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎﻗﹰﺎ‬‫ﻃِﺒ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺳ‬
  ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣِﺜﹾﻠﹶﻬ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺳ‬
:‫ﺧﺎﻣﺴﺎﹰ‬
 
 ‫ ﻓﻄﺮﺓ‬ 
 ‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﺓ‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ‬
 
   

            
 
 ‫ﻮﻥﹶ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﻛﹸﻞﱞ‬‫ﻭ‬
  ‫ﺃﹶﻧﻔﹸﺴِﻬِﻢ‬ِ‫ﺍﻵﻓﹶﺎﻕ‬
 
         ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‬ 
         ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬  

 
 ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬
  
  
         
 ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻱ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﺓ‬   ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ‬     

 (Holistic View)‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱐ‬-٥
 
  ‫ﺧﻠِﻴﻔﹶﺔﹰ‬ 
  ‫ﻼﹶﺋِﻒ‬‫ﺧ‬
   
    

   


  
            
            
(Supra-  
 Level)
‫ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﻤﺔ‬-٦
           

  
    
           
           

 
           
 
 
‫ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻖ‬-٧
 
 
   ‫ﺃﹶﻧﻔﹸﺴِﻬِﻢ‬ِ‫ﺍﻵﻓﹶﺎﻕ‬
 
        ‫ﺃﹶﻧﻔﹸﺴِﻜﹸﻢ‬      
  ‫ﻭﻥﹶ‬‫ﻔﹶﻜﱠﺮ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻳ‬

             
   
 
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
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


       
       
 
  
 
 


 
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 
 
       
 

 


 
   
              

           
 (Structured Approach) 
            
         
 
 









‫ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ‬

(Process)









 
 
 






 
(Decomposition Modules)


 


‫ﻓﹶﺎﻟِﻖ‬
 
(Cybernetics)

 (Beer,1985)


 
‫ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺎﻡ‬-٨
        
(Project Cycle)
      (Project Life Cycle)
 ‫ﻛﹸﻢ‬‫ﻌِﻴﺪ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎﻛﹸﻢ‬‫ﺧﻠﹶﻘﹾﻨ‬ 
    
   
          
 

 



 

 
 
 
 

 
 



 

 
 
 
 

 
 
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






‫ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬-٩
         
   
  (Managerial Functions)



          
 
               
    ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ‬        ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﻭﻧ‬‫ﺪِﻳﺮ‬‫ﺗ‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻱ‬
 (Systemic)

 
 
 







 
 
 
 
            
              
             


           
  
  
   (Process) (Structure)
   ‫ﻣﺘﻼﺯﻣﺔ‬


             
 
 


 
 


 

 

 




 




 
 
 
 

 




 


 


 
 
 

Analysis and Synthesis ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬-١٠
 (Analytical)        

           
           
 
 
        ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬    

            
 

 
          (Jackson, 1987
(A System of Systems Methodology)
   
  (Senge, 1994)
   (Organizational Learning)       
(Manipulation of  
 System Thinking)
‫ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪﺓ‬-١١
             
            
           ‫ﺍﺣِﺪ‬‫ﻭ‬      
      
              
 


  
        (Neural
Circuits)    
(Psychological Validity) ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬
  
     
 (Holistic View) 

‫ﻊ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬   ‫ﺢ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺗ‬          
                 
 
‫ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬-١٢
         
            
Avison and
 (Information Systems Development Methodologies)
    O' Brien,
1999      Fizgerald, 1988
 
  
 

  
 


 
 
 
 
 






‫ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬-١٣
    
    
            
   ‫ﻠِﻴﻢ‬‫ ﻋ‬‫ﺍﺳِﻊ‬‫ﻭ‬       ‫ﻟﱡﻮﺍﹾ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺗ‬
    (Limited
 (Unity
Perspective)       
of Reality through Ontology)
    
 
      
 
 
  
 
 
‫ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﻭﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬-١٤

  
  
             
(Ackoff, 1976) 
             
(Checkland, 1981)

 ‫ﺃﻭﻻﹰ‬
 ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ‬


    (Human
Activity Systems)    ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎﹰ‬

(Administrative Sciences)
            
(Soft Systems
       (Checkland,
1981)

  Methodology)
         
         
 (Habermas,
1972)   
            
  (Practical Knowledge)   (Technical Knowledge)
(Emancipatory Knowledge)
           
 

  


     (Jackson, 1987)     
 (Habermas, 1972)         
 
‫ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬-١٥
            
(Digital
Representation)
        
    (EBCDEC)   (ASCII)   


 (Binary System)
             
       ‫ﺍﺝ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻷَﺯ‬        
  ‫ﻮﻥﹶ‬‫ﻠﹶﻤ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺎ ﻻﹶ ﻳ‬‫ﻣِﻤ‬‫ﻭ‬
            
  (Analog)      

           
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬  ‫ﺍﲢﺎﺩ‬          
  ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍﹰ‬ 
             
 
‫ ﺍﳋﺎﲤﺔ‬-١٦
           
          
 


 

 




– 
(Appropriate Technology)
(Systemic)





  
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬
‫ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬:‫ﺃﻭﻻﹰ‬
 ‫ ﺯﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺃﰊ ﺑﻜﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺯﻱ‬
 ١١٨ ‫ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻦ ﺣﺠﺮ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻘﻼﱐ‬
 ،‫ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻓﺆﺍﺩ‬،‫ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ‬
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‫ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬:‫ﺎ‬‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴ‬
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
Islamic Origin of Systems Thinking
HIGGO A. HIGGO
Assistant Professor
Department of Business Administration
College of Administrative Sciences
King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
ABSTRACT. The role of the systems thinking is paramount and very well
connected with all aspects of life, especially with management sciences and
technology. This paper discusses the theoretical grounding and conceptual
clarity of the word ‘system’ and the experience of the ‘West’ in dealing with it
as it symbolizes an intellectual effort to explore its roots and dimensions.
A five element cyclical schema is constructed to depict the Islamic
originality of the system concept. This is documented by using revelations
from the Qur’an as well as the Sunnah. Various cyclical schemas have been
used to further illustrate the philosophical underpinnings with the constructed
cyclical schema to verify the analogy between them; this will lead to
conceptual clarity of the system's concept. This clarity, however, is based upon
the unity of the component elements (sub-systems) and to reflect the holistic
rather than the fragmented view.
This study also intends to embrace the fact that the system’s philosophy
and science are appropriate technology for the Islamic nations. Thus,
originating the system concept (in the Islamic thought) will enhance
introduction of complexity and facilitates creation of varieties, and, thus,
realizes the much sought-after objective i.e. ‘sustainable socio-economic
development’ to the underdeveloped Muslim Societies.
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