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‫ق ان‬7‫ ﺡ‬.8‫ وﺙ‬:- ‫ﺡ; ا‬
= 3( $ 3&
4- -% %% 3 .
:+%
−١٠−
‫أث وو ا ام ا
وا‬
." ;
J' & 3 Y 4 & 6" " ;! G_V^
'$,&B -( # I, + " ;=! = =-% + J 3 .
"
." C % :% % -A ;9, % ;%A,B +%
4 2 .< 0 3&
4- 49% .
:<
= = 4- 1 (!) $ 3 .
3 U0 1 - 3 ! G_^G h =+GV`G 0 ;! ,
Ÿ≅Ft %s $ϑ
y Ρ¯ 'r 6
x ùs Ú
Ç ‘ö {
F #$ ’ûÎ Š7 $¡
| ùs ρ÷ &r §
C ø Ρt Î ö ót /Î $¡
G ø Ρt ≅
Ÿ Ft %s Βt  :=( 6=: # ,( ! $
12 - + 5( 1 (PN :39) 〈 $èY ‹ϑ
Ï _
y ¨
} $Ψ¨ 9#$ $Šu m
ô &r $! Κu Ρ¯ 'r 6
x ùs $δ
y $Šu m
ô &r 
ô Βt ρu $èY ‹ϑ
Ï _
y ¨
} $Ζ¨ 9#$
.+&-( ( ./&0 &' < ;(&:! , 4- 6 3&+- 2 % 3 .
"
: G__` / =+GVGG &(K
=+ 6 .(0 & $ 2 6" " + + 3 (!)
.&' *(- ?& 4+U2 U0 1 ; /( 6" 4
.,&' X / 2 2 *( 69 2 /0 & (5)
.&' 50 /' 2 &' 3 &&( < (M)
=# = U=0 1 " # /(1 U0 1 0 ()
.A 6"( &' b 12
−١١−
‫>ن‬8 8'?‫ ا‬48@‫ا‬
/+‫ﻡ‬#‫ﺱ‬1‫ا‬
:<‫ا‬7=‫ا‬
P]^/V K <( /0 5 h
& 5(" : & ; ,&( ;0&J! (G)
;0 ;0&J! : O 12 ; & 1 5&Q O + :6: (N`PN) :& O
GN_]/N ;= K= & 5 h( 5(" & I & ; &
; O + 2 :;- GZV/V 00U ?
,&
; 4 (P_PN) :& O
=0 = & ;0&J! .-% 60& : .-% &" ( ! ;* &" & & :N_N/P 9U )0 %# 6: & P]/GG &"
.4% : C* + &0 ! ; N`N/N &0 &> + 6(: %2 5 h U0 5(" , ' ,&J L
()
PGP/] ! ?&' ()
.]I ,*&- C / )(0 &Q ()
NV]I / 90 < 6
! _I 4 )0& ()
&= = ;= 5 /' ; 6(: ! ; 6(: &( 5 – 5(" – L
()
.5&* ,! (80() ;: (G`_) :& O G`P/G
=0 5 = c 5(" = L
P``/G ! J 5 = c 5(" = ,&J L
()
.(GNG]) :& O + ^^]/N ;= ;=*& ;= &-( ;J < &( 5 = 5[ & 5(" L
()
(NWZV) :& O G_^Z/V
<=>( 5 – . 5(" 5U /& ; 0 < # ;0&J! O + ()
L
2 :GNN/P 00U ?
,&
6: (NZG_) :& O ^]V/N < 6(: = 5= – . 5(" I & ; ,&( ;0&J! .-% ;0&
.[ 60& 6(: +! 6U] :< (GP_W) :& O GZ/V K 6(: '( /0
9 (VWV]) :& O G^W/V ;' 8J 5 – . 5(" – ; ! ;0&J! (
)
5=(" = ; 0 (V]_G):& O V`/^ d ;' " 5 = . 5(" = ; /0 " - ;
(NZN]) :& O ^]]/N <> ;' 5 = .
.NZG/N # O! c&J( &
=:& O= W]/^ 6- U & O &" 5 = . 5(" = ; 9 ;0&J! (
)
" (NPZW) :& O NWP/N d 6 " 5 = . 5(" = ; & (V^WP)
;
O : 3: + L
2 :6: (GVVZ) :& O WWP/G ;"&( .PZ_/V & 5
/0 " &%"!
.NVG I / 90 < 6
! (
)
._]/Z U 49- ( PN]/^ 0 1 49& & (
)
−١٢−
‫أث وو ا ام ا
وا‬
_VN/N )& B& P/V : 1 " P/V M( G]P G]N/N ,U&' 5# (
)
. P_N/V &&0 6
. PVP/] U 1 P^G/N &>
?&' A > (
)
.&+< 5+ &$ 5+ - 3&" &
&< (
)
. NVN I / 90 < 6
! (
)
. G^^/V &< &J # 6(: ; 6(: 5 – . 5(" – ,&J L
(
)
G^^/V " " ( 6: = . 5(" = ,&J L
(
)
(VWP`) :& O G^G= G^`/V d& " -! 5 = . 5(" = ; ! ;0&J! ()
=:& O= N` G_/^ = A /&$ - 5 = - 5(" = ; 9
L=
O 6: (NZNP) :& O GWP/N A&( " NGG/N ! (V]PW)
.PPV/V & 5
5
2 &" + ;- 0&J J' &' =( PP]/^ 4=9& & N``N =N``/G I
0 T&- "! C$ ,!& &< (
)
= A > P/^ 6J &
(J '&J /#- &#0 ,!& &< G`V G`P/Z 49-
W/V =: =1 =" GZ/V M( > G]P/N ,U&' 5# P^G/N &>
?&'
.+ PZG/] U 1 _W`/N )& B&
^ZV/N A 8 :&< P^N/N &>
?&' A > P/^ 6J &
(J '&J ()
3- ) 5(" )0& NV^ NV] I / 90 < 6
! :&< ()
.P^Z I 3&+U ! k' (-) 5(" P_W = P_P I .(' k' (&'
(GVGV) =:& O NZ/V 6(- 60& /0 5 = . 5(" = ; ,&( ;0&J! ()
L=
O + :6: (^`_^) :& O V`^/V ;"&( " 5&Q O + :6:
.,&J &' 49- ( PP] PPZ/^ 49& & N/G I
0 T&- " C$ ,!& :&< ()
?&=' A > P/^ 6J &
(J '&J : /#- &#0 ,!& &< G`P G`N/Z
B&= W/V =: 1 " G]/V M( > G]P/N ,U&' 5# P^G/N &>
. PZZ – PZV/] _W`/N )&
3=- =) 5=(" )=0& NW I / 90 < 6
! :&< ()
. P_^ I .(' k' (&'
?&' A > ]/^ 6J &
(J '&J G`^ =G`Z/Z " 6: &<()
.P^V/N&>
,U&' 5# G`W/Z 49- ( PP^/^ 49& & ' ,!& &< ()
. _WG/N )& B& ]/V : 1 " G^/V M( > G]V/N
3= G_ G^/V 1 ! ;= - ; 6(- 60& /0 5 = . 5(" = ; ,&( M&J!()
−١٣−
‫>ن‬8 8'?‫ ا‬48@‫ا‬
/+‫ﻡ‬#‫ﺱ‬1‫ا‬
,&( " A :& $ & (GV`G GV`` GP__):&! 6( O # .&
8= =# ,&( " 5J & % & L
+2 8 & + /0 C* ; +2 8 # ,&( " %% & 5&* ; +2
O= + .& ! PV` PP_/V & 5
VZW VZV/N # O! c&J( &
.* #"
' 5+ - 3&" &
&< ()
NW` NV_I / 90 < 6
! (
)
G_^Z/V ;= ;*& ; &-( ;J < &( 5 – & 5(" – L
()
.(NWZV) :& O
O N`G^/V 4 &> 5 ' 5 = 5[ & 5(" = L
()
.(NZGP) :&
. NP] NPZ I / 90 < 6
! :&< ()
GNW – GNV/P I
: ?&0 5 = &( 5(" = ,&J L
()
:6: (GVNG) :& O NN/V #' # ; 6(: /0 5 – . 5(" – ,&( ()
. O
:6=: G]G/N "= A&(= GG]/] ;(< 6(: 5 – &( 5(" – 9 ()
.+ ;- 0&J J' &' L
O
. GWW/Z X- C'" G_W/V M( > PW]/V : ' WVW/Z &(J & ()
.GW^ I 6' 62 ( / &- #- & – f J 3 "! ()
GGN/V : 1 " PZ_/G] ,& &" , PW]/V : ' ()
& &U ! & :P`N/] 9U )0 %# 6: N_N GG/W ! ;0&J! (
)
2 C* O + ^V/V & IJ( 5
6: C* + 0 U ; .C* + 0 U .P_/V 6 ()
I=J &=' X 4 :&< GZG I 6' 62 ( / f J 3 "! ()
.]^ ]] I ! 4
C='" P]`/G] ,&= &" , PNN/Z 5 60 5+ V`W/] )9
)9 ()
. GW]/Z X-
. G_`/V % .: 0& B 2 5 – . 5(" – ,&J L
()
. NNP/GN ,& L( ()
−١٤−
‫أث وو ا ام ا
وا‬
;‫ا<در واا‬
C NA
hG
.8B,& % /%:% % - '&C
V
= ( - &0 $ :5,6B C 0: K W*& 56 R*B&
hP
. G_ZV = =+ GP^V 3&+- (" . =+ ^WN
P_] = ( ,&( 3& $ :(#$& - %1%) XH P.
hV
&" &. = &"' ! ?&' 4-( = =+
& . =+GG^N ( &$ 62 : Y%B 0: 9- 2-
hW
G_]_ =+GP__ &
O
.& &" &. – : K 4-( =+N]W ( 0 1 :). -
hZ
= 4( 0& =+N]W ( ,U$ (0 O'$ $ :% 5 -
h]
. .& – & O&( /2 & . – & 5(" & . = =+NWW ( ,:& & & :5 -
h^
.G_^] h =+GV`] $ – .&
.&" & . = =+ P`P ( 9 5' $ :(5&.) #ZH 5- -
h_
. , ' =+NWZ ( ,&J 62 $ :#* 7 XH hG`
.3&+- & 5(" /2 &
= K 4-( =+ NZG ( ,&'- M0 $ :B- 7 XH hGG
.3&+- & 5(" & . :
= 5(" & . = ,T < 4 ' 5 $ :% 5 - 0: %, % hGN
.=+ G__` $ =
& . = ==+ ^WN ( - &0 $ :#* XH 0: # X&6 hGP
. G_^] = =+ GV`] $ = O&( &
5(" & . h =+ ^`] ( %# &" ! & :%" P% %M P. hGV
. G_^Nh =+ GV`N %% = .& &
.& 5(" & . = =+ V`W ( ,& " :H 5B &- hGW
& &" & . = =+NVG ( :2 7 - hGZ
.% 5(" & = =+ ^V` ( ,&
:). - %M 56 ..M 0H hG]
. . = : K 4-( =+ G]_ ( ! A f :@% hG^
= =( U C ! 60 :/ K W*& 56 'H hG_
.G_]P = =+GP_P % = (" &' =+]ZN
−١٥−
‫>ن‬8 8'?‫ ا‬48@‫ا‬
/+‫ﻡ‬#‫ﺱ‬1‫ا‬
( "' :(*T 5A&) 0: *T - K %T 2 hN`
.3&+- O & . = =+GNW`
AB,‫ ا‬C6‫آ‬
,7‫ ا‬AB,‫ ا‬C6‫)أ( آ‬
& . ==+_]` = ( ,&
0 +&2 U :83 MC 0: 8 hNG
G__] = =+GVG] $ = .& 5("
. = ==+ W^] ( " &" ! / :P: '&& 56 PH P hNN
G__` = =+GVGG % =&" &
.& & & . =+ ]^V ( U &J :83 MC 0: 8A & hNP
E‫ ا‬AB,‫ ا‬C6‫)ب( آ‬
( " ,
$ : 7 '1$ 5B )A" 56 - '3T - ZB hNV
.G__W = =+ GVGW .& 5(" & . =+GNVG
& . ==+ GNP` = ( : & :B C 0: 5B 53%- : hNW
.G__Z =+GVG] = .& 5("
..& &
& . =+GG`G ( '&J $ :2B* H&* 5B 5:* 0: hNZ
( ! A 3&0# & 2 - & :#C % hN]
.G__V = =+ GVGV $ = .& 5(" & . =+ G]_ ( 5 C& &> $ :2B* H&* 0: 2B. '1% hN^
.G_]^ =+GP_^ .& &" & . h =+_WV
:
G‫ ا‬AB,‫ ا‬C6‫)ج( آ‬
= ==+GP_P .&= = & & . =+ N`V ( ' &2 f :T hN_
.G_]P
5=(" & . = ==+VW` ( ,& 5 $ :C #% hP`
.G__V = =+GVGV .& .&" & . = =+Z]Z ( , &"U $ :'$/ 0: O%. hPG
& . h =+_]] ( &' 5J :[/ " 6, 5( [& 5Z hPN
.G__V h =+GVGW .& 5("
&=" & . =+V]Z ( ,U&' ,U& C +&2 42 $ :'$/ hPP
.G__V h =+GVGV .&
:
8&7‫ ا‬AB,‫ ا‬C6‫)د( آ‬
. h ==+G`WG ( (# &2 &
:PA&- M 0: P I% hPV
.G__] h =+ GVG^ % – K &
−١٦−
‫أث وو ا ام ا
وا‬
. h ==+ZN` ( - : 4 :2 7 )A6 56 56C hPW
.G_^^ h =+ GV`^ J – 5("
&. h ==+G`WG ( (# &2 &
:O&+ & 5B OA \:C hPZ
.G_^N h =+GV`N .& &"
.G__V = .& &" & .h =+ZN` ( - : 4 :5Z hP]
:‫هى‬L‫ ا‬AB,‫ ا‬C6‫)هـ( آ‬
.&" & . = ==+ VWZ ( U ! $ :<] 5B hP^
:/'76‫دراﺱت وث ﻡ‬
3&=(" =& = 6' 62 ( 3&(" :A /A6 - – -^ H* C hP_
.N``P h =+GVNV– &+U$ 0 3&+- . & .& "
.3&+- 4&' & . = .(' k' :,:% A 9-7 hV`
=+ (" = ! 4
:5,D% %A A - R* 5: O6 8 hVG
.G__N= =+GVGN 3&+-
.& &" & ) 3&+U ! k' :59-7 )A" 56 %A, hVN
.G__N h =+ GVGP + (" . = ,*&- C &(" :59-7 P&. 56 B- ` hVP
. G_^P 3&+- C& & . = &(" :59-7 5. 2%H 56 hVV
−١٧−