The Sale Contract in Islamic Jurisprudence
Version 1,600
17 June 2012
by Ustadh,
Ahmed Fazel Ebrahim
Johannesburg, South Africa
Contents
The fundamental requirements for a valid sale in Islamic jurisprudence
1. The item sold must be in the ownership of the seller (A).
1.1 The risks involved in selling without ownership
2. The item sold must be in the possession of the seller
2.1 The risks involved with selling without taking possession
3.The essentiality of an “offer to sell” from the seller or “an offer to purchase” from
the buyer, and an acceptance by the other party at the price specified or concluded
price after negotiation.
4. Identification of the buyer and seller
5. Specification of currency and price or conclusion of the price after exercising their
right to negotiation
6. Type and nature of payment
7. The item of sale must be permissible in Islamic Law.
8. The contract must be concluded with mutual agreement.
9. Invalid conditions that are automatically nullified and validation of the sale
10. Liability of the item of sale after a valid contract
11. Clauses exempting the seller form defects in the object of sale.
12. Disclosure of defects before conclusion of the contract of sale
Other issues associated to the contract of sale
1. Delivery
The fundamental requirements for a valid sale in Islamic jurisprudence
The sale contract is the most rudimentary of all commercial contracts. The valid
application of Islamic rules related to it is what justifies and declares the trader’s
seller’s or company’s profits as Halaal (permissible under Islamic or Allah’s law).
The private businessman or partnership is bound to these laws. Why, is theis so?
Simply because this is the way Islam sanctions trade and only profits that are achieved
in this way, would be allowed to be used to for the acquisition of all other permissible
needs of the Muslim trader.
Thus, the first and fundamental feature of evaluating any company’s shares or stock
for the purpose of acquisition or trade after an analysis of the items that it sells or
manufactures is the format of its sale contracts. Without Shariah or Islamic
compliance in this area, it would be futile to declare any shares of any company or
enterprise as Islamically valid for inclusion into any funds or share portfolios, unit
trusts or bag of stock (or whatever appellation is designated to the same).
Where deviation exists from these regulations, the company may be approached to
become compliant or, alternatively, be subject to rejection from the pool that Islamic
institutions would select for investment purposes.
Note:
The nature of contemporary commercial transactions demands that certain additional
conditions be added to those that already exist in the pool of classical Islamic law.
These may require amendments , additions and deletions depending on the contract,
and the field and place of application.
This is essential since the nature of the business contract is not only to allow one party
to profit and another party to enjoy the benefits of the item sold. It has to also
accommodate and protect the rights of the contracting parties relative to the nature of
the sale.
______________________________________
1. The item sold must be in the ownership of the seller (A).
Thus, the seller is not entitled to earn a profit on an item that is not already in his
ownership.
It is essential to note that it is possible to have possession of an item without owning
it. Thus, possession alone does not grant you the right of sale unless you have
ownership. Therefore, ownership is the first requirement.
1.1 The risks involved in selling without ownership
1.1.1 The items that the seller (A) intended to buy and subsequently deliver to the
client or buyer (B) who pays cash or buys on credit for later delivery could be:
1.1.1.1 No longer available in the supply sectors.
1.1.1.2. The prices may have increased by the time the seller (A) made means to
purchase it due to which the seller could risk having made a loss or no profit.
1.1.2 The prices could have decreased by the time the seller (A) made means to
purchase it due to which the buyer (B) has paid more than a fair amount for it. The
seller than makes more than expected profits.
1.1.3 The seller has not outlaid a real payment for the goods by paying cash for the
items and nor has he actually become indebted to the supplier (C) through purchasing
on credit. Thus, the seller (A) has not put real economic value into the transaction due
to which he is not entitled to profit. There was no real financial exchange in cash nor a
presumed financial exchange by creating a debt due to the supplier.
2. The item sold must be in the possession of the seller
The item of sale, even if it is in the ownership of the seller, should not be sold unless
the seller has taken possession thereof from the person or company (C) who has sold
it to him.
2.1 The risks involved with selling without taking possession
2.2.1 The item may be stolen or severely damaged at the suppliers (C) premises due to
which it the seller no longer has the ability to deliver the item of sale to the client.
2.2.2 Where these goods have not been delivered by the supplier (C) to the seller (A),
any loss to the same occurs to the supplier (C) and not to the seller (A) since it occurs
before the supplier has given delivery to the seller.
Where the seller (A) has purchased items from the supplier (C), without taking
immediate delivery, but seeks possession thereof, the supplier (C) should segregate
such goods and could be keeping them on behalf of the seller. However, in this case,
all risks associated to the goods are now transferred to the seller (A)
2.2.3 In cases where the supplier would restock himself with the very same goods1,
the goods may not arrive on time or may not be available anymore.
2.2.4 Where the seller (A) has not seen the goods, but purchases them on the basis of
verbal description or detailed advertisements, it is possible that the supplier (C)
does not have such goods at all or may himself be seeking to sell without first
gaining ownership from his own supplier (D).
1
As is produced in contemporary economies and those in the past century.
The requirements of ownership and possession thus protects not only the buyer but
also the seller from any unforeseen issues that would impair the contract and
necessitate a refund if the seller has sold on credit.
2.2.5 The Hanafi scholars have permitted the sale/purchase of an item, which
although in seller’s ownership, is not in his immediate possession for as long as
the item can be clearly described in terms of quality, nature, kind and any other
imperative and associated attributes on condition that the purchaser has the right
of inspection to the same. The purchaser is then entitled to ratify the contract or
annul it.
In such a case, no deadline has been specified against the purchaser. However,
this would be essential in case of perishables.
Furthermore, after contracting upon such a contract, although the Hanafi
scholars grant the purchaser the right to terminate the contract after inspection,
the seller is not granted the privilege of cancelling it before the purchase does
the inspection.
What needs to be answered is
1. “Would the purchaser have the right to terminate the contract after entering
into such a contract but before inspection of the goods of sale?”
Yes, since the purchaser would be able to refuse after the inspection on
grounds that may even seem flimsy to the seller. The sellet cannot claim that
the purchaser has no excuse to reject the contract since the item of sale was
proved to be exactly according to description or even better. (Ahmed Fazel)
2. “Could the purchaser be obliged to inspect the goods after such a contract?”
The purchaser will not be obliged to inspect the goods after such a contract
unless he continues to express his willingness to consider the object of sale
and his postponement or deferment prevents the seller from gaining certainty
on the sale. (Ahmed Fazel)
This allowance to sell that which is not immediately in the possession of the seller is
logical and sensible in regard to a wide variety of immovable properties and land
ownership.
‫ﺷﺮح ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ اﻵﺛﺎر‬
‫أﺣﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻄﺤﺎوي‬
‫آﺘﺎب اﻟﺰﻳﺎدات‬
‫ﺐ‬
ِ ‫ﻲ ِء ا ْﻟﻐَﺎ ِﺋ‬
ْ ‫ﺸ‬
‫ﺷﺮَا ِء اﻟ ﱠ‬
ِ ‫ب‬
ُ ‫ﺑَﺎ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ﻋ ْﺒ ِﺪ اﻟﱠﻠ ِﻪ ْﺑ ِ‬
‫ﻦ َ‬
‫ق ْﺑ ِ‬
‫ﺳﺤَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻦ ِإ ْ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ل ‪ :‬ﺛﻨﺎ َأﺑِﻲ َ‬
‫ﻲ ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺳ ِﻢ ا ْﻟ َﻴﻤَﺎ ِﻣ ﱡ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟﻘَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺲ ْﺑ ِ‬
‫ﻦ یُﻮ ُﻥ َ‬
‫ﻋ َﻤ ُﺮ ْﺑ ُ‬
‫ل ‪ :‬ﺛﻨﺎ ُ‬
‫ق ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻦ َﻣ ْﺮزُو ٍ‬
‫ﺣ ﱠﺪ َﺛﻨَﺎ إ ْﺑﺮَاهِﻴ ُﻢ ْﺑ ُ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﺴ ِﺔ وَا ْﻟ ُﻤﻨَﺎ َﺑ َﺬ ِة‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ ُﻤﻠَﺎ َﻣ َ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ل اﻟﱠﻠ ِﻪ ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ َ‬
‫ل ‪َ } :‬ﻥﻬَﻰ َرﺳُﻮ ُ‬
‫ﻚ رﺿﻲ اﷲ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻦ ﻣَﺎِﻟ ٍ‬
‫ﺲ ْﺑ ِ‬
‫ﻦ َأ َﻥ ِ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﺤ َﺔ َ‬
‫ﻃ ْﻠ َ‬
‫َأﺑِﻲ َ‬
‫{‪.‬‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ج َ‬
‫ﻋ َﺮ ِ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟَﺄ ْ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﻦ َأﺑِﻲ اﻟ ﱢﺰﻥَﺎ ِد َ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﺧ َﺒ َﺮ ُﻩ َ‬
‫ن ﻣَﺎِﻟﻜًﺎ َأ ْ‬
‫ﺐ َأ ﱠ‬
‫ﻦ َو ْه ٍ‬
‫ل ‪ :‬ﺛﻨﺎ ا ْﺑ ُ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﻦ َأﺑِﻲ ُه َﺮ ْی َﺮ َة رﺿﻲ اﷲ ﻋﻨﻪ َ‬
‫ﺲ ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺣ ﱠﺪ َﺛﻨَﺎ یُﻮ ُﻥ ُ‬
‫َ‬
‫ل اﻟﱠﻠ ِﻪ ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ ‪ِ ,‬ﻣ ْﺜَﻠ ُﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫َرﺳُﻮ ِ‬
‫ﺳﻌِﻴ ٍﺪ‬
‫ﻦ َأﺑِﻲ َ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﺳ ْﻌ ٍﺪ َ‬
‫ﻦ َ‬
‫ﻦ ﻋَﺎ ِﻣ ِﺮ ْﺑ ِ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ب َ‬
‫ﺷﻬَﺎ ٍ‬
‫ﻦ ِ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﺑ ِ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﻦ َیﺰِی َﺪ َ‬
‫ﺲ ْﺑ ُ‬
‫ﺧ َﺒ َﺮﻥِﻲ یُﻮ ُﻥ ُ‬
‫ل ‪َ :‬أ ْ‬
‫ﺐ ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻦ َو ْه ٍ‬
‫ل ‪ :‬ﺛﻨﺎ ا ْﺑ ُ‬
‫ﺲ ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺣ ﱠﺪ َﺛﻨَﺎ یُﻮ ُﻥ ُ‬
‫َ‬
‫ل اﻟﱠﻠ ِﻪ ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ ‪ِ ,‬ﻣ ْﺜَﻠ ُﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻦ َرﺳُﻮ ِ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ي رﺿﻲ اﷲ ﻋﻨﻪ َ‬
‫ﺨ ْﺪ ِر ﱢ‬
‫ا ْﻟ ُ‬
‫ﻦ َأﺑِﻲ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﻦ َیﺰِی َﺪ َ‬
‫ﻋﻄَﺎ ِء ْﺑ ِ‬
‫ﻦ َ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ي َ‬
‫ﻦ اﻟ ﱡﺰ ْه ِﺮ ﱢ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ن َ‬
‫ﺳ ْﻔﻴَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻦ ُ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﺲ َ‬
‫ﻦ إ ْدرِی َ‬
‫ﺤﻤﱠ ُﺪ ْﺑ ُ‬
‫ل ‪ :‬ﺛﻨﺎ ُﻣ َ‬
‫ﻲ ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺤﻴَﻰ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ َﺰ ِﻥ ّ‬
‫ﻦ َی ْ‬
‫ﻞ ْﺑ ُ‬
‫ﺳﻤَﺎﻋِﻴ ُ‬
‫ﺣ ﱠﺪ َﺛﻨَﺎ إ ْ‬
‫َ‬
‫ل اﻟﱠﻠ ِﻪ ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ ‪ِ ,‬ﻣ ْﺜَﻠ ُﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻦ َرﺳُﻮ ِ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﺳﻌِﻴ ٍﺪ رﺿﻲ اﷲ ﻋﻨﻪ َ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ب ْﺑ ُ‬
‫ﺣ ﱠﺪ َﺛﻨَﺎ َی ْﻌﻘُﻮ ُ‬
‫ﻦ ُﺑ َﻜ ْﻴ ٍﺮ ﻗَﺎﻟَﺎ ‪َ :‬‬
‫ﻋ ْﺒ ِﺪ اﻟﱠﻠ ِﻪ ْﺑ ِ‬
‫ﻦ َ‬
‫ﺤﻴَﻰ ْﺑ ُ‬
‫ﺐ َو َی ْ‬
‫ﻦ ﻏَﺎِﻟ ٍ‬
‫ن ْﺑ ُ‬
‫ﺣﺴﱠﺎ ُ‬
‫ل ‪ :‬ﺛﻨﺎ َ‬
‫ي ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ن ا ْﻟﺠِﻴ ِﺰ ﱡ‬
‫ﺳَﻠ ْﻴﻤَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻦ ُ‬
‫ﺣ ﱠﺪ َﺛﻨَﺎ َرﺑِﻴ ُﻊ ْﺑ ُ‬
‫َ‬
‫ل اﻟﱠﻠ ِﻪ ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ ‪,‬‬
‫ﻦ َرﺳُﻮ ِ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﻦ َأﺑِﻲ ُه َﺮ ْی َﺮ َة َ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﻦ َأﺑِﻴ ِﻪ َ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﺢ َ‬
‫ﻦ َأﺑِﻲ ﺻَﺎِﻟ ٍ‬
‫ﻞ ْﺑ ِ‬
‫ﺳ َﻬ ْﻴ ِ‬
‫ﻦ ُ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ي َ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟﻘَﺎ ِر ّ‬
‫ﺣ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ﻋ ْﺒ ِﺪ اﻟ ﱠﺮ ْ‬
‫َ‬
‫ِﻣ ْﺜَﻠ ُﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻞ‪,‬‬
‫ﻚ إﻟَﻰ َﺕ ْﺄوِی ٍ‬
‫ﻋ ُﻪ إیﱠﺎ ُﻩ ‪َ ,‬و َذ َهﺒُﻮا ﻓِﻲ َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ﺠ ْﺰ ا ْﺑ ِﺘﻴَﺎ ُ‬
‫ع ﻣَﺎ َﻟ ْﻢ َی َﺮ ُﻩ َﻟ ْﻢ َی ُ‬
‫ﻞ إذَا ا ْﺑﺘَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺝَ‬
‫ن اﻟ ﱠﺮ ُ‬
‫ﺐ َﻗ ْﻮ ٌم إﻟَﻰ َأ ﱠ‬
‫ﺝ ْﻌ َﻔ ٍﺮ ‪َ :‬ﻓ َﺬ َه َ‬
‫ل َأﺑُﻮ َ‬
‫ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻈ َﺮ إَﻟ ْﻴ ِﻪ ِﺑ َﻌ ْﻴ ِﻨ ِﻪ ‪ .‬ﻗَﺎﻟُﻮا ‪ :‬وَا ْﻟ ُﻤﻨَﺎ َﺑ َﺬ ُة‬
‫ن َی ْﻨ ُ‬
‫ﻏ ْﻴ ِﺮ َأ ْ‬
‫ﻦ َ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِی ِﻪ ِﺑ َﻴ ِﺪ ِﻩ ‪ِ ,‬ﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺴ ُﻪ ُﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺴ ُﺔ ﻣَﺎ َﻟ َﻤ َ‬
‫ل ‪ :‬ا ْﻟ ُﻤَﻠﺎ َﻣ َ‬
‫ﺚ ‪َ .‬ﻓﻘَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺤﺪِی ِ‬
‫َﺕَﺄ ﱠوﻟُﻮ ُﻩ ﻓِﻲ َهﺬَا ا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﺣ ٍﺪ ِﻣ ْﻨ ُﻬﻤَﺎ‬
‫ن ُآﻞﱠ وَا ِ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َأ ﱠ‬
‫ﻲ َﺛ ْﻮﺑَﻚ ‪َ ,‬وَأ ْﻥ ِﺒ ُﺬ إَﻟﻴْﻚ َﺛ ْﻮﺑِﻲ " َ‬
‫ﻞ " ا ْﻥ ِﺒ ْﺬ إَﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ﺝِ‬
‫ﻞ ﻟِﻠ ﱠﺮ ُ‬
‫ﺝِ‬
‫ل اﻟ ﱠﺮ ُ‬
‫ﻦ َهﺬَا ا ْﻟ َﻤ ْﻌﻨَﻰ َأ ْیﻀًﺎ َو ُه َﻮ َﻗ ْﻮ ُ‬
‫ﻲ ‪ِ :‬ﻣ ْ‬
‫ِه َ‬
‫ﺣ ِﺒ ِﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ب ﺻَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻦ إﻟَﻰ َﺛ ْﻮ ِ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘ ِﺮ َی ْﻴ ِ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﺣ ٍﺪ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻦ ُآﻞﱢ وَا ِ‬
‫ﻈ ٍﺮ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻏ ْﻴ ِﺮ َﻥ َ‬
‫ﻦ َ‬
‫ﺣ ِﺒ ِﻪ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫َﻣﺒِﻴ ٌﻊ ِﻟﺼَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺲ رﺣﻤﻪ اﷲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻦ َأ َﻥ ٍ‬
‫ﻚ ْﺑ ُ‬
‫ﻞ ‪ ,‬ﻣَﺎِﻟ ُ‬
‫ﺐ إﻟَﻰ َهﺬَا اﻟ ﱠﺘ ْﺄوِی ِ‬
‫ﻦ َذ َه َ‬
‫َو ِﻣ ﱠﻤ ْ‬
‫ن ﺷَﺎ َء‬
‫ﺧﻴَﺎ ُر اﻟ ﱡﺮ ْؤ َی ِﺔ ‪ ,‬إ ْ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻨ ُﻪ ‪ ,‬ﻓَﺎ ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ُﻊ ﺝَﺎ ِﺋ ٌﺰ ‪َ ,‬وَﻟ ُﻪ ﻓِﻴ ِﻪ ِ‬
‫ﺷ ْﻴﺌًﺎ ﻏَﺎ ِﺋﺒًﺎ َ‬
‫ﺷ َﺘﺮَى َ‬
‫ﻦا ْ‬
‫ن ‪َ ,‬ﻓﻘَﺎﻟُﻮا ‪َ :‬ﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺧﺮُو َ‬
‫ﻚﺁَ‬
‫َوﺧَﺎَﻟ َﻔ ُﻬ ْﻢ ﻓِﻲ َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ﻞ‬
‫ن َأ ْه ُ‬
‫ﻲ ‪َ :‬ﺑ ْﻴ ٌﻊ آَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻨﻬَﺎ ﻓِﻴ ِﻪ ِه َ‬
‫ﻲ َ‬
‫ﺴ َﺔ ا ْﻟ َﻤ ْﻨ ِﻬ ﱠ‬
‫ن ا ْﻟ ُﻤَﻠﺎ َﻣ َ‬
‫ل إﻟَﻰ َأ ﱠ‬
‫ﺚ ‪ .‬ا ْﻟَﺄ ﱠو ِ‬
‫ﺤﺪِی ِ‬
‫ﻞ ا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ن ﺷَﺎ َء َﺕ َﺮ َآ ُﻪ َو َذ َهﺒُﻮا ﻓِﻲ َﺕ ْﺄوِی ِ‬
‫ﺧ َﺬ ُﻩ ‪َ ,‬وِإ ْ‬
‫َأ َ‬
‫ﻚ ُﻣ ْﺒﺘَﺎﻋًﺎ َﻟ ُﻪ ‪,‬‬
‫ن ِﺑ َﺬِﻟ َ‬
‫ﺴ ُﻪ ا ْﻟ ُﻤﺴَﺎ ِو ُم ِﺑ ِﻪ ‪ ,‬آَﺎ َ‬
‫ب ‪َ ,‬ﻓِﺈذَا َﻟ َﻤ َ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ اﻟ ﱠﺜ ْﻮ ِ‬
‫ن َ‬
‫ن َی َﺘﺮَا َوﺿَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺝﻠَﺎ ِ‬
‫ن اﻟ ﱠﺮ ُ‬
‫ا ْﻟﺠَﺎ ِهِﻠ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ َی َﺘﺒَﺎ َیﻌُﻮ َﻥ ُﻪ ﻓِﻴﻤَﺎ َﺑ ْﻴ َﻨ ُﻬ ْﻢ َﻓﻜَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺴﻠِﻴ ُﻤ ُﻪ إَﻟ ْﻴ ِﻪ ‪َ .‬و َآ َﺬِﻟ َ‬
‫ﺣ ِﺒ ِﻪ َﺕ ْ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ ﺻَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺐ َ‬
‫ﺝ َ‬
‫َو َو َ‬
‫ﺷ َﺒ َﻬ ُﻪ ‪ُ ,‬ﺛﻢﱠ َی ْﺮﻣِﻴ ِﻪ َرﺑﱡ ُﻪ‬
‫ب ‪َ ,‬وﻓِﻴﻤَﺎ َأ ْ‬
‫ن ﻓِﻲ اﻟ ﱠﺜ ْﻮ ِ‬
‫ﻚ ا ْﻟ ُﻤﻨَﺎ َﺑ َﺬ ُة ‪ ,‬آَﺎﻥُﻮا َأ ْیﻀًﺎ َی َﺘﻘَﺎ َوﻟُﻮ َ‬
‫ل اﻟﱠﻠ ِﻪ ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ‬
‫ﻀ ُﻪ ‪َ .‬ﻓ َﻨﻬَﻰ َرﺳُﻮ ُ‬
‫ﻚ َﻥ ْﻘ ُ‬
‫ن َﻟ ُﻪ َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ﻚ َﺑ ْﻴﻌًﺎ ِﻣ ْﻨ ُﻪ إیﱠﺎ ُﻩ َﺛ ْﻮ َﺑ ُﻪ ‪َ ,‬وﻟَﺎ َیﻜُﻮ ُ‬
‫ن َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ﻋَﻠ ْﻴ ِﻪ ‪َ .‬ﻓ َﻴﻜُﻮ ُ‬
‫إﻟَﻰ اﱠﻟﺬِي ﻗَﺎ َوَﻟ ُﻪ َ‬
‫ن‬
‫ل ‪ } :‬ا ْﻟ َﺒ ﱢﻴﻌَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻋَﻠ ْﻴﻬَﺎ ‪َ .‬ﻓﻘَﺎ َ‬
‫ت ا ْﻟ ُﻤ َﺘﺮَاﺿَﻰ َ‬
‫ﺐ إﻟﱠﺎ ﺑِﺎ ْﻟ ُﻤﻌَﺎ َﻗﺪَا ِ‬
‫ﺠ َ‬
‫ن ﻟَﺎ َی ِ‬
‫ت َأ ْ‬
‫ﺤ ْﻜ َﻢ ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟ ِﺒﻴَﺎﻋَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻞ ا ْﻟ ُ‬
‫ﺝ َﻌ َ‬
‫ﻚ َو َ‬
‫ﻦ َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ ‪َ ,‬‬
‫ﺨﻴَﺎ ِر ِﻩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃ ٍﻊ ِﻟ ِ‬
‫ﻏ ْﻴ َﺮ ﻗَﺎ ِ‬
‫ن ُیﻔَﺎ ِر َﻗ ُﻪ ‪َ ,‬‬
‫ﻞ َأ ْ‬
‫ب ‪َ ,‬ﻗ ْﺒ َ‬
‫ﺣ ِﺒ ِﻪ اﻟ ﱠﺜ ْﻮ َ‬
‫ﺣ ِﺪ ِهﻤَﺎ إﻟَﻰ ﺻَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻞ إ ْﻟﻘَﺎ َء َأ َ‬
‫ﺠ َﻌ َ‬
‫ﺨﻴَﺎ ِر ﻣَﺎ َﻟ ْﻢ َی َﺘ َﻔ ﱠﺮﻗَﺎ { ‪َ .‬ﻓ َ‬
‫ﺑِﺎ ْﻟ ِ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ﻦ ِآﺘَﺎ ِﺑﻨَﺎ َهﺬَا ‪َ .‬و ِﻣ ﱠﻤ ْ‬
‫ﺿ ِﻌ ِﻪ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻚ ﻓِﻲ َﻣ ْﻮ ِ‬
‫ﻦ َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ ﻣَﺎ َﻗ ْﺪ َذ َآ ْﺮﻥَﺎ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻚ ا ْﻟ ُﻔ ْﺮ َﻗ ِﺔ ‪َ ,‬‬
‫ﻚ ﻓِﻲ َآ ْﻴ ِﻔ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ ِﺕ ْﻠ َ‬
‫س َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ﻒ اﻟﻨﱠﺎ ُ‬
‫ﺧ َﺘَﻠ َ‬
‫ُﺛﻢﱠ ا ْ‬
‫ﺣﻨِﻴ َﻔ َﺔ رﺿﻲ اﷲ ﻋﻨﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻞ ‪َ ,‬أﺑُﻮ َ‬
‫ﺐ إﻟَﻰ َهﺬَا اﻟ ﱠﺘ ْﺄوِی ِ‬
‫َذ َه َ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ﺣ ِﺪ ا ْﻟ َﻘ ْﻮَﻟ ْﻴ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َأ َ‬
‫ﻞ ﻓِﻴ ِﻪ ﻣَﺎ َی ُﺪلﱡ َ‬
‫ﺚ ‪َ ,‬ه ْ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟَﺄﺣَﺎدِی ِ‬
‫ﺚ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺤﺪِی ِ‬
‫ﺳﻮَى َهﺬَا ا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﻈ َﺮ ﻓِﻴﻤَﺎ ِ‬
‫ن َﻥ ْﻨ ُ‬
‫ﻚ َأ َر ْدﻥَﺎ َأ ْ‬
‫ﺧ َﺘَﻠﻔُﻮا ﻓِﻲ َذِﻟ َ‬
‫َوَﻟﻤﱠﺎ ا ْ‬
‫ﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﻈ ْﺮﻥَﺎ ﻓِﻲ َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ﻦ َذ َآ ْﺮﻥَﺎ ‪َ .‬ﻓ َﻨ َ‬
‫اﻟﱠﻠ َﺬ ْی ِ‬
‫ﺲ‬
‫ﻦ َأ َﻥ ٍ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﺣ َﻤ ْﻴ ٍﺪ َ‬
‫ﻦ ُ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﺣﻤﱠﺎ ٌد َ‬
‫ﻲ ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺴﱡ‬
‫ﻄﻴَﺎِﻟ ِ‬
‫ل ‪ :‬ﺛﻨﺎ َأﺑُﻮ ا ْﻟ َﻮﻟِﻴ ِﺪ اﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ﺣ ﱠﺪ َﺛﻨَﺎ ‪ ,‬ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻲ َﻗ ْﺪ َ‬
‫ﺼ ْﻴ َﺮ ِﻓ ﱡ‬
‫ﺤ ﱠﻤ ٍﺪ اﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ﻦ ُﻣ َ‬
‫َﻓِﺈذَا إ ْﺑﺮَاهِﻴ ُﻢ ْﺑ ُ‬
‫ل ‪ :‬ﺛﻨﺎ َ‬
‫ﺣﺘﱠﻰ‬
‫ﺐ َ‬
‫ﺤ ﱢ‬
‫ﻦ َﺑ ْﻴ ِﻊ ا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﺴ َﻮ ﱠد ‪َ ,‬و َ‬
‫ﺣﺘﱠﻰ َی ْ‬
‫ﺐ َ‬
‫ﻦ َﺑ ْﻴ ِﻊ ا ْﻟ ِﻌ َﻨ ِ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ل اﻟﱠﻠ ِﻪ ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ َ‬
‫ل ‪َ } :‬ﻥﻬَﻰ َرﺳُﻮ ُ‬
‫رﺿﻲ اﷲ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘ ﱠﺪ َو َی ْﺒ َﺮَأ‬
‫ﺣﺘﱠﻰ َی ْ‬
‫ل" َ‬
‫ﻚ َﻟﻘَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻚ َآ َﺬِﻟ َ‬
‫ﻦ َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ﺳ ْﻨ ُﺒِﻠ ِﻪ ‪ِ ,‬ﻟَﺄ ﱠﻥ ُﻪ َﻟ ْﻮ َﻟ ْﻢ َی ُﻜ ْ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘ ﱡﺪ َو ُه َﻮ ﻓِﻲ ُ‬
‫ﺣ ِﺔ َﺑ ْﻴ ِﻌ ِﻪ َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪﻣَﺎ َی ْ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ إﺑَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻚ َ‬
‫ل َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘ ﱠﺪ { ‪َ .‬ﻓ َﺪ ﱠ‬
‫َی ْ‬
‫ف ﻣَﺎ‬
‫ﺨﻠَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻚ ِﺑ ِ‬
‫ن ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ َﻊ َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ﻚ َأ ﱠ‬
‫ل َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ﺳ ُﺘ ُﻪ ‪َ ,‬د ﱠ‬
‫ﺷﺪﱠ ُﺕ ُﻪ َو ُیﺒُﻮ َ‬
‫ﻲ ِ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻨ ُﻪ ‪ِ ,‬ه َ‬
‫ﻲ َ‬
‫ﻞ ا ْﻟﻐَﺎ َی َﺔ ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ِﻊ ا ْﻟ َﻤ ْﻨ ِﻬ ﱢ‬
‫ﺝ َﻌ َ‬
‫ﺳ ْﻨ ُﺒِﻠ ِﻪ " ‪َ .‬ﻓَﻠﻤﱠﺎ َ‬
‫ﻦ ُ‬
‫ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺝﻮَا ِز َﺑ ْﻴ ِﻊ ﻣَﺎ ﻟَﺎ َیﺮَا ُﻩ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َ‬
‫ل َهﺬَا َ‬
‫ﻞ ‪ ,‬اﱠﻟﺬِي َﻟ ْﻢ َی ِﺒ ْﻊ ‪َ ,‬د ﱠ‬
‫ﺴ ْﻨ ُﺒ ِ‬
‫ﺐ ﻓِﻲ اﻟ ﱡ‬
‫ﺐ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ َﻐ ﱠﻴ ِ‬
‫ﺤ ﱢ‬
‫ﻋَﻠ ْﻴ ِﻪ ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﺪ ِء ‪َ .‬ﻓَﻠﻤﱠﺎ ﺝَﺎ َز َﺑ ْﻴ ُﻊ ا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ن َ‬
‫آَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻄ ٍﺔ‬
‫ﺣ ْﻨ َ‬
‫ﻞ إﻟَﻰ ِ‬
‫ﺴ ْﻨ ُﺒ ِ‬
‫ﻄ ِﺔ ا ْﻟ َﻤﺒِﻴ َﻌ ِﺔ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ َﻐ ﱠﻴ َﺒ ِﺔ ﻓِﻲ اﻟ ﱡ‬
‫ﺤ ْﻨ َ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ ِ‬
‫ن ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺝﻌَﺎ ِ‬
‫ن َﻣ َﻌ ُﻪ إﻟَﻰ َﻣ ْﻌﻠُﻮ ٍم ‪َ ,‬آﻤَﺎ َی ْﺮ ِ‬
‫ﺝﻌَﺎ ِ‬
‫ن ‪ ,‬إذَا آَﺎﻥَﺎ َی ْﺮ ِ‬
‫ا ْﻟ ُﻤ َﺘﺒَﺎ ِیﻌَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺧ ُﺮ ‪ُ ,‬ﻣﻮَا َﻓ َﻘ َﺘ ُﻪ‬
‫ﺚ اﻟْﺂ َ‬
‫ﺤﺪِی ُ‬
‫ﻞ ا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﺣ َﺘ َﻤ َ‬
‫ﺚ ‪ ,‬وَا ْ‬
‫ﺤﺪِی ِ‬
‫ﻞ َهﺬَا ا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َﺕ ْﺄوِی ِ‬
‫ﻞ َهﺬَا إ ْذ ُآﻨﱠﺎ َﻗ ْﺪ َو َﻗ ْﻔﻨَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺷﻴَﺎ ِء ِﺑﻨَﺎ ﻓِﻲ ِﻣ ْﺜ ِ‬
‫َﻣ ْﻌﻠُﻮ َﻣ ٍﺔ ‪َ .‬وَأ ْوﻟَﻰ ا ْﻟَﺄ ْ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ ُﻣﺨَﺎَﻟ َﻔ ِﺘ ِﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ ُﻣﻮَا َﻓ َﻘ ِﺘ ِﻪ ‪ ,‬ﻟَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺤ ِﻤَﻠ ُﻪ َ‬
‫ن َﻥ ْ‬
‫‪َ ,‬أ ْو ُﻣﺨَﺎَﻟ َﻔ َﺘ ُﻪ َأ ْ‬
‫ل"‬
‫ﺴ ِﺔ ‪ ,‬وَا ْﻟ ُﻤﻨَﺎ َﺑ َﺬ ِة ‪ .‬ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ب ﻓِﻲ َﺕ ْﻔﺴِﻴ ِﺮ ا ْﻟ ُﻤﻠَﺎ َﻣ َ‬
‫ﺷﻬَﺎ ٍ‬
‫ﻦ ِ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﺑ ِ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﺲ َ‬
‫ﺧ َﺒ َﺮﻥِﻲ یُﻮ ُﻥ ُ‬
‫ل ‪َ :‬أ ْ‬
‫ﺐ ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻦ َو ْه ٍ‬
‫ل ‪ :‬ﺛﻨﺎ ا ْﺑ ُ‬
‫ﺲ ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺣ ﱠﺪ َﺛﻨَﺎ یُﻮ ُﻥ ُ‬
‫َو َﻗ ْﺪ َ‬
‫ن‬
‫ﻈﺮُو َ‬
‫ﺴَﻠ َﻊ ‪ ,‬ﻟَﺎ َی ْﻨ ُ‬
‫ن َی َﺘ َﻨﺎ َﺑ َﺬ ا ْﻟ َﻘ ْﻮ ُم اﻟ ﱢ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻨﻬَﺎ " ‪ .‬وَا ْﻟ ُﻤﻨَﺎ َﺑ َﺬ ُة ‪َ :‬أ ْ‬
‫ن َ‬
‫ﺨ ِﺒﺮُو َ‬
‫ن إَﻟ ْﻴﻬَﺎ ‪َ ,‬وﻟَﺎ ُی ْ‬
‫ﻈﺮُو َ‬
‫ﺴَﻠ َﻊ ‪ ,‬ﻟَﺎ َی ْﻨ ُ‬
‫ن اﻟ ﱢ‬
‫ن ا ْﻟ َﻘ ْﻮ ُم َی َﺘﺒَﺎ َیﻌُﻮ َ‬
‫آَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﺲ َ‬
‫ﺧ َﺒ َﺮﻥِﻲ یُﻮ ُﻥ ُ‬
‫ل ‪َ :‬أ ْ‬
‫ﺐ ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻦ َو ْه ٍ‬
‫ﺧ َﺒ َﺮﻥَﺎ ا ْﺑ ُ‬
‫ل َأ ْ‬
‫ﺲ ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺣ ﱠﺪ َﺛﻨَﺎ یُﻮ ُﻥ ُ‬
‫ب ا ْﻟ ِﻘﻤَﺎ ِر " ‪َ .‬‬
‫ﻦ َأ ْﺑﻮَا ِ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻨﻬَﺎ ‪َ ,‬ﻓ َﻬﺬَا ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ن َ‬
‫ﺨ ِﺒﺮُو َ‬
‫إَﻟ ْﻴﻬَﺎ ‪َ ,‬وﻟَﺎ ُی ْ‬
‫ل اﻟﱠﻠ ِﻪ ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ { ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋ ْﻨ ُﻪ َرﺳُﻮ ُ‬
‫ب ا ْﻟ ِﻘﻤَﺎ ِر ‪َ ,‬ﻓ َﻨﻬَﻰ َ‬
‫ﻦ َأ ْﺑﻮَا ِ‬
‫ن َهﺬَا ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ل ‪ } :‬آَﺎ َ‬
‫َرﺑِﻴ َﻌ َﺔ ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ن َﻟ ْﻢ َی ُﻜ ْ‬
‫ﺧ ِﺒ َﺮ َ‬
‫ي ﻣَﺎ َﻗ ْﺪ ُأ ْ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘ ِﺮ َ‬
‫ن َی ْ‬
‫ﻞ َأ ْ‬
‫ﺝِ‬
‫ﺚ َﻗ ْﺪ َأﺝَﺎ َز ﻟِﻠ ﱠﺮ ُ‬
‫ﺤﺪِی ُ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻨ ُﻪ َهﺬَا ا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ي َ‬
‫ﻦ ُر ِو َ‬
‫ﺣ ُﺪ َﻣ ْ‬
‫ي َو ُه َﻮ َأ َ‬
‫َﻓ َﻬﺬَا اﻟ ﱡﺰ ْه ِﺮ ﱡ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻨ ُﻪ ‪َ ,‬وِإ ْ‬
‫ﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ع ا ْﻟﻐَﺎ ِﺋ ِ‬
‫ﺝﻮَا ِز ا ْﺑ ِﺘﻴَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َ‬
‫ﻞ َ‬
‫ﻚ َدﻟِﻴ ٌ‬
‫ﻋَﺎ َی َﻨ ُﻪ ‪َ .‬ﻓﻔِﻲ َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ل‬
‫ﺠﻬُﻮ ٌ‬
‫ﺐ َو ُه َﻮ َﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺝ ْﺰ ُﺕ ْﻢ َﺑ ْﻴ َﻊ ا ْﻟﻐَﺎ ِﺋ ِ‬
‫ﻦ َأ َ‬
‫ﻦ َأ ْی َ‬
‫ب ‪ِ :‬ﻣ ْ‬
‫ل َهﺬَا ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻞ اﱠﻟﺬِي َﻗ ﱠﺪ ْﻣﻨَﺎ ِذ ْآ َﺮ ُﻩ ﻓِﻲ َأ ﱠو ِ‬
‫ﺐ إﻟَﻰ اﻟ ﱠﺘ ْﺄوِی ِ‬
‫ﻦ َذ َه َ‬
‫ﻞ ‪ِ :‬ﻣ ﱠﻤ ْ‬
‫ل ﻗَﺎ ِﺋ ٌ‬
‫َﻓﻘَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺳ ْﻨ ُﺒِﻠﻬَﺎ ‪,‬‬
‫ﻄ ِﺔ ﻓِﻲ ُ‬
‫ﺤ ْﻨ َ‬
‫ﺝ َﻊ إﻟَﻰ َﻣ ْﻌﻠُﻮ ٍم ‪َ ,‬ﻓ ُﻬ َﻮ َآ َﺒ ْﻴ ِﻊ ا ْﻟ ِ‬
‫ﺝ َﻊ إَﻟ ْﻴ ِﻪ ‪َ ,‬ر َ‬
‫ﺴ ِﻪ ‪ِ ,‬ﻟَﺄ ﱠﻥ ُﻪ َﻣﺘَﻰ َر َ‬
‫ل ﻓِﻲ َﻥ ْﻔ ِ‬
‫ﺠﻬُﻮ ٍ‬
‫ﻞ َﻟ ُﻪ ‪ :‬ﻣَﺎ ُه َﻮ ِﺑ َﻤ ْ‬
‫؟ ‪ .‬ﻗِﻴ َ‬
‫ﺴ ِﻪ َﻓ َﻐ ْﻴ ُﺮ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي ‪َ ,‬ﻓَﺄﻣﱠﺎ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ُﻊ ﻓِﻲ َﻥ ْﻔ ِ‬
‫ﻞ ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ِﻊ وَا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﺝ ْﻬ ُ‬
‫ﻞ ﻓِﻲ َهﺬَا ُه َﻮ َ‬
‫ﺠ ْﻬ ُ‬
‫ﻄ ٍﺔ َﻣ ْﻌﻠُﻮ َﻣ ٍﺔ ‪َ .‬وِإ ﱠﻥﻤَﺎ ا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﺣ ْﻨ َ‬
‫ع ِﻣ ْﻨﻬَﺎ إﻟَﻰ ِ‬
‫ا ْﻟ َﻤ ْﺮﺝُﻮ ِ‬
‫ﺾ‬
‫ﺝ ُﻊ ِﻣ ْﻨ ُﻪ إﻟَﻰ َﻣ ْﻌﻠُﻮ ٍم ‪َ ,‬آ َﺒ ْﻌ ِ‬
‫ﺴ ِﻪ اﱠﻟﺬِي ﻟَﺎ َی ْﺮ ِ‬
‫ل ﻓِﻲ َﻥ ْﻔ ِ‬
‫ﺠﻬُﻮ ُ‬
‫ل اﱠﻟﺬِي ﻟَﺎ َیﺠُﻮ ُز َﺑ ْﻴ ُﻌ ُﻪ ‪ُ ,‬ه َﻮ ا ْﻟ َﻤ ْ‬
‫ﺠﻬُﻮ ُ‬
‫ل ‪َ .‬وِإ ﱠﻥﻤَﺎ ا ْﻟ َﻤ ْ‬
‫ﺠﻬُﻮ ٍ‬
‫َﻣ ْ‬
‫ع ِﻣ ْﻨ ُﻪ إﻟَﻰ َﻣ ْﻌﻠُﻮ ٍم ‪ ,‬ﻓَﺎ ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ُﺪ‬
‫ﻏ ْﻴ ُﺮ َﻣ ْﺮﺝُﻮ ٍ‬
‫ﻏ ْﻴ ُﺮ َﻣ ْﻌﻠُﻮ ٍم ‪َ ,‬و َ‬
‫ﺾ‪َ ,‬‬
‫ﻚ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻌ ُ‬
‫ﻞ ‪َ .‬ﻓ َﺬِﻟ َ‬
‫ﺝٍ‬
‫ﻦ َر ُ‬
‫ﻞ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺝٌ‬
‫ﻋ ُﻪ َر ُ‬
‫ﺴﻤ‪‬ﻰ ‪ ,‬ﺑَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻏ ْﻴ ِﺮ ُﻣ َ‬
‫ﻃﻌَﺎ ٍم َ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي ‪,‬‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َأﻥﱠ ُﻪ َآﺬَا َو َآﺬَا َﻗﻔِﻴﺰًا ‪ ,‬وَا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ُﻊ وَا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﻃﻌَﺎ ٍم ِﺑ َﻌ ْﻴ ِﻨ ِﻪ َ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻘ ُﺪ ُﻩ َ‬
‫ﺝ ْﺪﻥَﺎ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ َﻊ َیﺠُﻮ ُز َ‬
‫ﻏ ْﻴ ُﺮ ﺝَﺎ ِﺋ ٍﺰ ‪َ .‬و َﻗ ْﺪ َو َ‬
‫ﻚ َ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َذِﻟ َ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﺐ‬
‫ﺝ ُ‬
‫ﺝ ْﻬُﻠ ُﻬﻤَﺎ ِﺑ ِﻪ ‪َ ,‬ویُﻮ ِ‬
‫ن َ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ِﻊ ‪َ ,‬وﻟَﺎ َیﻜُﻮ ُ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي َ‬
‫ﻞ ِﻟ ْﻠ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ب ا ْﻟ َﻜ ْﻴ ِ‬
‫ق ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ِﻊ ُوﺝُﻮ ُ‬
‫ﺣﻘُﻮ ِ‬
‫ﻦ ُ‬
‫ن ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺣﻘِﻴ َﻘ َﺔ َآ ْﻴِﻠ ِﻪ ‪َ .‬ﻓ َﻴﻜُﻮ ُ‬
‫ن َ‬
‫ﻟَﺎ َی ْﻌَﻠﻤَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺐ إذَا ﺑِﻴ َﻊ ‪,‬‬
‫ﻄﻌَﺎ ُم ا ْﻟﻐَﺎ ِﺋ ُ‬
‫ﻚ اﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ﻞ َﻣ ْﻌﻠُﻮ ٍم ‪َ .‬ﻓ َﺬِﻟ َ‬
‫ﻚ إﻟَﻰ َآ ْﻴ ٍ‬
‫ﻦ َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ن ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺝﻌَﺎ ِ‬
‫ل ‪ ,‬إذَا آَﺎﻥَﺎ َی ْﺮ ِ‬
‫ﺠﻬُﻮ ٍ‬
‫ﻞ َﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َآ ْﻴ ٍ‬
‫ع ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ِﻊ َ‬
‫ُوﻗُﻮ َ‬
‫ن ِﻣ ْﻨ ُﻪ‬
‫ﺝﻌَﺎ ِ‬
‫ل ‪ ,‬إذَا آَﺎﻥَﺎ َی ْﺮ ِ‬
‫ﺠﻬُﻮ ٍ‬
‫ﻲ ٍء َﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺷ ْ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َ‬
‫ع ا ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ِﺪ َ‬
‫ﺐ ُوﻗُﻮ َ‬
‫ﺝ ُ‬
‫ﺝ ْﻬُﻠ ُﻬﻤَﺎ ِﺑ ِﻪ یُﻮ ِ‬
‫ن َ‬
‫ن ‪ ,‬ﻟَﺎ َیﻜُﻮ ُ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي وَا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ُﻊ ِﺑ ِﻪ ﺝَﺎ ِهﻠَﺎ ِ‬
‫وَا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﻋَﻠ ْﻴ ِﻬ ْﻢ‬
‫ﺣ َﻤ ُﺔ اﻟﱠﻠ ِﻪ َ‬
‫ﺤ ﱠﻤ ٍﺪ ‪َ ,‬ر ْ‬
‫ﻒ ‪َ ,‬و ُﻣ َ‬
‫ﺳ َ‬
‫ﺣﻨِﻴ َﻔ َﺔ ‪َ ,‬وَأﺑِﻲ یُﻮ ُ‬
‫ل َأﺑِﻲ َ‬
‫ب َو ُه َﻮ َﻗ ْﻮ ُ‬
‫ﻈ ُﺮ ﻓِﻲ َهﺬَا ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻃﻌَﺎ ٍم َﻣ ْﻌﻠُﻮ ٍم ‪َ .‬ﻓ َﻬﺬَا ُه َﻮ اﻟﻨﱠ َ‬
‫إﻟَﻰ َ‬
‫ن‬
‫ﻋ ْﺜﻤَﺎ ُ‬
‫ل ُ‬
‫ﺤ َﺔ رﺿﻲ اﷲ ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ َﺕﺒَﺎ َیﻌَﺎ ﻣَﺎﻟًﺎ ﺑِﺎ ْﻟﻜُﻮ َﻓ ِﺔ ‪َ .‬ﻓﻘَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻃ ْﻠ َ‬
‫ن َو َ‬
‫ﻋ ْﺜﻤَﺎ َ‬
‫ن ُ‬
‫ﻦ ِآﺘَﺎ ِﺑﻨَﺎ َهﺬَا َأ ﱠ‬
‫ﻦ ‪َ .‬و َﻗ ْﺪ َر َو ْیﻨَﺎ ﻓِﻴﻤَﺎ َﺕ َﻘ ﱠﺪ َم ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺝ َﻤﻌِﻴ َ‬
‫َأ ْ‬
‫ﺤ ﱠﻜﻤَﺎ رﺿﻲ اﷲ ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ ‪,‬‬
‫ﺨﻴَﺎ ُر ‪ِ ,‬ﻟَﺄﻥﱢﻲ ا ْﺑ َﺘﻌْﺖ ﻣَﺎ َﻟ ْﻢ َأ َر ‪َ .‬ﻓ َ‬
‫ﺤ ُﺔ ‪ :‬ﻟِﻲ ا ْﻟ ِ‬
‫ﻃ ْﻠ َ‬
‫ل َ‬
‫ﺨﻴَﺎ ُر ‪ِ ,‬ﻟَﺄﻥﱢﻲ ِﺑﻌْﺖ ﻣَﺎ َﻟ ْﻢ َأ َر ‪َ .‬وﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫‪ :‬ﻟِﻲ ا ْﻟ ِ‬
‫ﻀ َﺮ ِة‬
‫ﺤ ْ‬
‫ﻖ َه ُﺆﻟَﺎ ِء اﻟ ﱠﺜﻠَﺎ َﺛ ُﺔ ِﺑ َ‬
‫ن رﺿﻲ اﷲ ﻋﻨﻪ ‪ .‬ﻓَﺎ ﱠﺕ َﻔ َ‬
‫ﺧﻴَﺎ َر ِﻟ ُﻌ ْﺜﻤَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺤ َﺔ َوﻟَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻄ ْﻠ َ‬
‫ﺨﻴَﺎ َر ِﻟ َ‬
‫ﻄ ِﻌ ٍﻢ ‪َ ,‬ﻓ َﻘﻀَﻰ ا ْﻟ ِ‬
‫ﻦ ُﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺝ َﺒ ْﻴ َﺮ ْﺑ َ‬
‫َﺑ ْﻴ َﻨ ُﻬﻤَﺎ ُ‬
‫ﺣ ﱠﺪ َﺛﻨَﺎ َﻓ ْﻬ ٌﺪ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِی ِﻪ ‪َ .‬و َﻗ ْﺪ َ‬
‫ﻦ ُﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﻦ ﺑَﺎ ِﺋ ِﻌ ِﻪ ‪َ ,‬و َ‬
‫ﺐ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻲ ٍء ﻏَﺎ ِﺋ ٍ‬
‫ﺷ ْ‬
‫ﺝﻮَا ِز َﺑ ْﻴ ِﻊ َ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َ‬
‫ل اﻟﱠﻠ ِﻪ ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ َ‬
‫ب َرﺳُﻮ ِ‬
‫ﺻﺤَﺎ ِ‬
‫َأ ْ‬
‫ي ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ن ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ل ‪ :‬ﺛﻨﺎ َأﺑُﻮ ا ْﻟ َﻴﻤَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻋ َﻤ َﺮ‬
‫ﻦ ُ‬
‫ﻋ ْﺒ َﺪ اﻟﱠﻠ ِﻪ ْﺑ َ‬
‫ن َ‬
‫ﺧ َﺒ َﺮﻥِﻲ ﺳَﺎِﻟ ٌﻢ َأ ﱠ‬
‫ل ‪َ :‬أ ْ‬
‫ﻦ اﻟ ﱡﺰ ْه ِﺮ ﱢ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﺣ ْﻤ َﺰ َة َ‬
‫ﻦ َأﺑِﻲ َ‬
‫ﺐ ْﺑ ُ‬
‫ﺷ َﻌ ْﻴ ُ‬
‫ﺧ َﺒ َﺮﻥَﺎ ُ‬
‫ل ‪َ :‬أ ْ‬
‫ﻋ ْﺒ ِﺪ‬
‫ﻦ َ‬
‫ﺐ ْﺑ ِ‬
‫ﻄِﻠ ِ‬
‫ﻒ ِﻟ َﺒﻨِﻲ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ﱠ‬
‫ﺣﻠِﻴ ٌ‬
‫ﺷﻨُﻮ َء َة ‪َ ,‬‬
‫ﻦ َأ ْز ِد َ‬
‫ﻞ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺝٌ‬
‫ﺤ ْﻴ َﻨ َﺔ َو ُه َﻮ َر ُ‬
‫ﻦ ُﺑ َ‬
‫ﻋ ْﺒ ِﺪ اﻟﱠﻠ ِﻪ ا ْﺑ ِ‬
‫ﺐ َی ْﻮﻣًﺎ َﻣ َﻊ َ‬
‫رﺿﻲ اﷲ ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ ‪َ ,‬ر ِآ َ‬
‫ﻋ َﻤ َﺮ رﺿﻲ‬
‫ﻦ ُ‬
‫ﻋ ْﺒ ُﺪ اﻟﱠﻠ ِﻪ ْﺑ ُ‬
‫ﻋﻬَﺎ ِﻣ ْﻨ ُﻪ َ‬
‫ض َﻟ ُﻪ ِﺑﺮِی ٍﻢ ‪ .‬ﻓَﺎ ْﺑﺘَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻲ ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ إﻟَﻰ َأ ْر ٍ‬
‫ب اﻟ ﱠﻨ ِﺒ ﱢ‬
‫ﺻﺤَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻦ َأ ْ‬
‫ف َو ُه َﻮ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫َﻣﻨَﺎ ٍ‬
‫ﻋ ْﺒ ُﺪ اﻟﱠﻠ ِﻪ ﺑْﻦ‬
‫ﻋ َﻤ َﺮ ‪َ ,‬و َ‬
‫ﻦ ُ‬
‫ﻋ ْﺒ ُﺪ اﻟﱠﻠ ِﻪ ْﺑ ُ‬
‫ﻦ ﻣِﻴﻠًﺎ ‪َ .‬ﻓ َﻬﺬَا َ‬
‫ﻦ َﺛﻠَﺎﺛِﻴ َ‬
‫ﺐ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َﻗﺮِی ٍ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ َﻤﺪِی َﻨ ِﺔ َ‬
‫ﻈ َﺮ إَﻟ ْﻴﻬَﺎ َورِی ٌﻢ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ن َی ْﻨ ُ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َأ ْ‬
‫اﷲ ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ َ‬
‫ط‬
‫ﺷ ِﺘﺮَا ِ‬
‫ﻚ ﻟِﺎ ْ‬
‫ﻞ ‪ :‬إ ﱠﻥﻤَﺎ ﺝَﺎ َز َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ل ﻗَﺎ ِﺋ ٌ‬
‫ن ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻚ ﺝَﺎ ِﺋﺰًا ‪َ .‬ﻓِﺈ ْ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻨ ُﻬﻤَﺎ ‪َ ,‬و َرَأیَﺎ َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ﺐ َ‬
‫ﺤ ْﻴ َﻨ َﺔ رﺿﻲ اﷲ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ َﻗ ْﺪ َﺕﺒَﺎ َیﻌَﺎ ﻣَﺎ ُه َﻮ ﻏَﺎ ِﺋ ٌ‬
‫ُﺑ َ‬
‫ﺝ َﻬ ِﺔ‬
‫ﻦ ِ‬
‫ﻋ َﻤ َﺮ رﺿﻲ اﷲ ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻦ ُ‬
‫ﺐ ﻟِﺎ ْﺑ ِ‬
‫ﺠ ْ‬
‫ﺨﻴَﺎ َر َﻟ ْﻢ َی ِ‬
‫ﻚ ا ْﻟ ِ‬
‫ن َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ﻞ َﻟ ُﻪ ‪ :‬إ ﱠ‬
‫ﺨﻴَﺎ َر ‪ .‬ﻗِﻴ َ‬
‫ﻋ َﻤ َﺮ رﺿﻲ اﷲ ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ ‪ ,‬ا ْﻟ ِ‬
‫ﻦ ُ‬
‫ا ْﺑ ِ‬
‫ﻋ ْﺒﺪًا ‪,‬‬
‫ﻞ َ‬
‫ﺝٍ‬
‫ﻦ َر ُ‬
‫ﺷ َﺘﺮَى ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺝﻠًﺎ َﻟ ْﻮ ا ْ‬
‫ن َر ُ‬
‫ﺳﺪًا ‪َ .‬أﻟَﺎ َﺕﺮَى َأ ﱠ‬
‫ن ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ُﻊ ﻓَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺐ ‪َ ,‬ﻟﻜَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺝ َ‬
‫ط َو َ‬
‫ﺷ ِﺘﺮَا ِ‬
‫ﺝ َﻬ ِﺔ اﻟِﺎ ْ‬
‫ﻦ ِ‬
‫ن ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ط ‪َ ,‬وَﻟ ْﻮ آَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺷ ِﺘﺮَا ِ‬
‫اﻟِﺎ ْ‬
‫ﺚ‬
‫ﺤﺪِی ِ‬
‫ﻋ َﻤ َﺮ رﺿﻲ اﷲ ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓِﻲ َهﺬَا ا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﻦ ُ‬
‫ﺳ ٌﺪ ‪ .‬وَا ْﺑ ُ‬
‫ن ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ َﻊ ﻓَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺖ َﻣ ْﻌﻠُﻮ ٍم ‪َ ,‬أ ﱠ‬
‫ﺨﻴَﺎ ِر ﻓِﻴﻬَﺎ ﻟَﺎ إﻟَﻰ َو ْﻗ ٍ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َأﻥﱠ ُﻪ ﺑِﺎ ْﻟ ِ‬
‫َأ ْو َأ ْرﺿًﺎ َ‬
‫ﺧﻴَﺎ ٌر‬
‫ﻃ ُﻪ ‪ُ ,‬ه َﻮ ِ‬
‫ﺷ َﺘ َﺮ َ‬
‫ﺨﻴَﺎ َر اﱠﻟﺬِي ا ْ‬
‫ﻚ ا ْﻟ ِ‬
‫ن َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ﻚ َأ ﱠ‬
‫ل َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ﺖ َﻣ ْﻌﻠُﻮ ٍم ‪َ .‬ﻓ َﺪ ﱠ‬
‫ﺧﻴَﺎ َر اﻟ ﱡﺮ ْؤ َی ِﺔ إﻟَﻰ َو ْﻗ ٍ‬
‫ط ِ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘ ِﺮ ْ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻨ ُﻪ َﻟ ْﻢ َی ْ‬
‫اﱠﻟﺬِي َر َو ْیﻨَﺎ ُﻩ َ‬
‫ﺣ ﱠﺪ َﺛﻨَﺎ‬
‫ط ‪َ .‬و َﻗ ْﺪ َ‬
‫ﺷ ْﺮ ٍ‬
‫ﺧﻴَﺎ ُر َ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻨ ُﻬﻤَﺎ ‪ ,‬ﻟَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺝ َﺒ ْﻴ ٌﺮ ﻓِﻴﻤَﺎ َر َو ْیﻨَﺎ ُﻩ َ‬
‫ﺤ ُﺔ َو ُ‬
‫ﻃ ْﻠ َ‬
‫ﺐ إَﻟ ْﻴ ِﻪ َ‬
‫ﺧﻴَﺎ ُر اﻟ ﱡﺮ ْؤ َی ِﺔ اﱠﻟﺬِي َذ َه َ‬
‫ﻖ ا ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ِﺪ َو ُه َﻮ ِ‬
‫ﺤﱢ‬
‫ﺐ َﻟ ُﻪ ِﺑ َ‬
‫ﺠ ُ‬
‫َی ِ‬
‫ل‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﺎِﻟ ٍﻢ ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻦ َ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ب َ‬
‫ﺷﻬَﺎ ٍ‬
‫ﻦ ِ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﺑ ِ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﺲ َ‬
‫ﺣ ﱠﺪ َﺛﻨِﻲ یُﻮ ُﻥ ُ‬
‫ل‪َ :‬‬
‫ﺚ ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺣ ﱠﺪ َﺛﻨِﻲ اﻟﱠﻠ ْﻴ ُ‬
‫ل‪َ :‬‬
‫ﺢ ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻦ ﺻَﺎِﻟ ٍ‬
‫ﻋ ْﺒ ُﺪ اﻟﱠﻠ ِﻪ ْﺑ ُ‬
‫ﺢ َ‬
‫ل ‪ :‬ﺛﻨﺎ َأﺑُﻮ ﺻَﺎِﻟ ٍ‬
‫َﻓ ْﻬ ٌﺪ ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ل‪:‬‬
‫ن ‪ .‬ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ق ا ْﻟ ُﻤ َﺘﺒَﺎ ِیﻌَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺨﻴَﺎ ِر ﻣَﺎ َﻟ ْﻢ َی َﺘ َﻔ ﱠﺮ ْ‬
‫ﺣ ٍﺪ ِﻣﻨﱠﺎ ﺑِﺎ ْﻟ ِ‬
‫ن ُآﻞﱡ وَا ِ‬
‫ﻋ َﻤ َﺮ رﺿﻲ اﷲ ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ ‪ُ :‬آﻨﱠﺎ إذَا َﺕﺒَﺎ َی ْﻌﻨَﺎ ‪ ,‬آَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻦ ُ‬
‫ل ا ْﺑ ُ‬
‫ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺺ‬
‫ﻋ ِﻘﺒِﻲ َﻥ ْﻜ َ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َ‬
‫ﺺ َ‬
‫ﻃ ِﻔﻘْﺖ َأ ْﻥ ُﻜ ُ‬
‫ل ‪َ :‬ﻓَﻠﻤﱠﺎ ﺑَﺎ َیﻌْﺘﻪ ‪َ ,‬‬
‫ﺨ ْﻴ َﺒ َﺮ ‪ .‬ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ن ‪َ ,‬ﻓ ِﺒﻌْﺘﻪ ﻣَﺎﻟًﺎ ﻟِﻲ ﺑِﺎ ْﻟﻮَادِي ‪ِ ,‬ﺑﻤَﺎ َﻟ ُﻪ ِﺑ َ‬
‫ﻋ ْﺜﻤَﺎ ُ‬
‫َﻓ َﺘﺒَﺎ َیﻌْﺖ ‪َ ,‬أﻥَﺎ َو ُ‬
‫ﻋ َﻤ َﺮ رﺿﻲ اﷲ‬
‫ﻦ ُ‬
‫ﻋ ْﺒ ُﺪ اﻟﱠﻠ ِﻪ ْﺑ ُ‬
‫ن ‪َ ,‬و َ‬
‫ﻋﻔﱠﺎ َ‬
‫ﻦ َ‬
‫ن ْﺑ ُ‬
‫ﻋ ْﺜﻤَﺎ ُ‬
‫ن ُأﻓَﺎ ِر َﻗ ُﻪ ‪َ .‬ﻓ َﻬﺬَا ُ‬
‫ﻞ َأ ْ‬
‫ن َﻗ ْﺒ َ‬
‫ﻋ ْﺜﻤَﺎ ُ‬
‫ﻲ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ َﻊ ُ‬
‫ن َی َﺘﺮَا َد ِﻥ َ‬
‫ﺸ َﻴ َﺔ َأ ْ‬
‫ﺧْ‬
‫ا ْﻟ َﻘ ْﻬ َﻘﺮَى ‪َ ,‬‬
‫ل اﻟﱠﻠ ِﻪ ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ ‪,‬‬
‫ب َرﺳُﻮ ِ‬
‫ﺻﺤَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻀ َﺮ ِة َأ ْ‬
‫ﺤ ْ‬
‫ﻚ ِﺑ َ‬
‫ﻚ ﺝَﺎ ِﺋﺰًا ‪َ ,‬و َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻨ ُﻬﻤَﺎ ‪َ ,‬و َرَأیَﺎ َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ﺐ َ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻬﻢ َﻗ ْﺪ َﺕﺒَﺎ َیﻌَﺎ ﻣَﺎ ُه َﻮ ﻏَﺎ ِﺋ ٌ‬
‫ﻦ َأﺑِﻲ‬
‫ﺚ ْﺑ ِ‬
‫ﺷ َﻌ َ‬
‫ﻦ َأ ْ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ص َ‬
‫ﺣ َﻮ ِ‬
‫ل ‪ :‬ﺛﻨﺎ َأﺑُﻮ ا ْﻟَﺄ ْ‬
‫ﺳ ٌﺪ ‪ ,‬ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ل ‪ :‬ﺛﻨﺎ َأ َ‬
‫ن ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ن ا ْﻟ ُﻤ َﺆذﱢ ُ‬
‫ﺳَﻠ ْﻴﻤَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻦ ُ‬
‫ﺣ ﱠﺪ َﺛﻨَﺎ َرﺑِﻴ ُﻊ ْﺑ ُ‬
‫ﻋَﻠ ْﻴ ِﻬﻤَﺎ ُﻣ ْﻨ ِﻜ ٌﺮ ‪َ .‬‬
‫َﻓَﻠ ْﻢ ُی ْﻨ ِﻜ ْﺮ ُﻩ َ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ل اﻟﱠﻠ ِﻪ ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ َ‬
‫ل َأﺑُﻮ ُه َﺮ ْی َﺮ َة رﺿﻲ اﷲ ﻋﻨﻪ ‪َ } :‬ﻥﻬَﻰ َرﺳُﻮ ُ‬
‫ل ‪ :‬ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻋ َﻤ ْﻴ ٍﺮ ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻦ ُ‬
‫ﺤ ﱠﻤ ِﺪ ْﺑ ِ‬
‫ﻦ ُﻣ َ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﺸ ْﻌﺜَﺎ ِء َ‬
‫اﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ل دَا ﱠﺑﺘِﻲ‬
‫ﺿﻴَﺎ ‪َ .‬و َیﻘُﻮ ُ‬
‫ن َی ْﻘِﻠﺒَﺎ َأ ْو َی َﺘﺮَا َ‬
‫ﻏ ْﻴ ِﺮ َأ ْ‬
‫ﻦ َ‬
‫ﻲ َﺛ ْﻮﺑَﻚ ‪َ ,‬وَأ ْﻥ ِﺒ ُﺬ إَﻟﻴْﻚ َﺛ ْﻮﺑِﻲ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻞ ا ْﻥ ِﺒ ْﺬ إَﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ﺝِ‬
‫ﻞ ﻟِﻠ ﱠﺮ ُ‬
‫ﺝُ‬
‫ل اﻟﺮﱠ ُ‬
‫ن َیﻘُﻮ َ‬
‫ﻦ َأ ْ‬
‫َﺑ ْﻴ َﻌ َﺘ ْﻴ ِ‬
‫ن ا ْﻟ ُﻤﻨَﺎ َﺑ َﺬ َة‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َأ ﱠ‬
‫ﻞ َ‬
‫ﺚ ‪ ,‬إﺝَﺎ َر ُة ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ِﻊ ﺑِﺎﻟ ﱠﺘﺮَاﺿِﻲ ‪َ ,‬و َدﻟِﻴ ٌ‬
‫ﺤﺪِی ِ‬
‫ﺿﻴَﺎ { ‪َ .‬ﻓﻔِﻲ َهﺬَا ا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ن َی ْﻘِﻠﺒَﺎ ‪َ ,‬أ ْو َی َﺘﺮَا َ‬
‫ﻏ ْﻴ ِﺮ َأ ْ‬
‫ﻦ َ‬
‫ِﺑﺪَا ﱠﺑﺘِﻚ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ب ا ْﻟﻌَﺎَﻟﻤِﻴ َ‬
‫ﺤ ْﻤ ُﺪ ِﻟﱠﻠ ِﻪ َر ﱢ‬
‫ﺐ إَﻟ ْﻴ ِﻪ ُﻣﺨَﺎِﻟ ُﻔ ُﻪ ‪ ,‬وَا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﺣﻨِﻴ َﻔ َﺔ رﺿﻲ اﷲ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻟَﺎ ﻣَﺎ َذ َه َ‬
‫ﺐ إَﻟ ْﻴ ِﻪ َأﺑُﻮ َ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻨﻬَﺎ ﻣَﺎ َذ َه َ‬
‫ﻲ َ‬
‫ا ْﻟ َﻤ ْﻨ ِﻬ ﱠ‬
Note:
When purchasing, the purchaser should take the same precautions i.e. ensure
the seller has:
a. legal ownership
b. possession of a nature that allows him to deliver in the event of a sale.
3.
The essentiality of an “offer to sell” from the seller or “an offer to purchase”
from the buyer, and an acceptance by the other party at the price specified
or concluded price after negotiation.
The format of expressing an offer to sell or purchase can be verbal or indicative
e.g.
The fact that a supermarket has goods on the shelf which customers are allowed
to pick and place in their shopping baskets is indicative of the supermarket’s
“offer to sell”. Likewise, the customer’s presentation of the goods at the counter
demarcated for payment is generally an “acceptance to purchase”. (There are
situations where the item is presented to purely ascertain the price).
Offer and acceptance can be in any language(s) that is(are) understood by the
seller and the purchaser.
Also, these could be in formats understood and applied within the locally known
modes.
The “offer” and “acceptance” that denotes the conclusion of the contract is
crucial to its validity.
‫ﺑﺪاﺋﻊ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺕﺮﺕﻴﺐ اﻟﺸﺮاﺋﻊ‬
‫أﺑﻮ ﺑﻜﺮ ﻣﺴﻌﻮد ﺑﻦ أﺣﻤﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬
(‫ع‬
ِ ‫ب ا ْﻟ ُﺒﻴُﻮ‬
ُ ‫) ِآﺘَﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎن رآﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﻊ‬
ِ ‫ن ُر ْآ‬
ِ ‫ﺿ َﻊ ﻓِﻲ َﺑﻴَﺎ‬
ِ ‫ﻞ ﻓِﻲ َﻣﻮَا‬
ِ‫ﺻ‬
ْ ‫ب ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟَﺄ‬
‫ن َأ ْﻗﺴَﺎ ِم ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ِﻊ‬
ِ ‫ َوﻓِﻲ َﺑﻴَﺎ‬, ‫ﻦ‬
ِ ‫ﻂ اﻟ ﱡﺮ ْآ‬
ِ ‫ﺷﺮَا ِﺋ‬
َ ‫ن‬
ِ ‫ َوﻓِﻲ َﺑﻴَﺎ‬, ‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ِﻊ‬
ِ ‫ا ْﻟ َﻜﻠَﺎ ُم ﻓِﻲ َهﺬَا ا ْﻟ ِﻜﺘَﺎ‬
( ‫ ) َوَأﻣﱠﺎ‬. ‫ﺣ ْﻜ َﻢ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ِﻊ‬
ُ ‫ن ﻣَﺎ َی ْﺮ َﻓ ُﻊ‬
ِ ‫ َوﻓِﻲ َﺑﻴَﺎ‬, ‫ﺣ ْﻜ ِﻢ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ِﻊ‬
ُ ‫ن‬
ِ ‫ َوﻓِﻲ َﺑﻴَﺎ‬, ‫ﻞ ِﺑﻬَﺎ‬
ُ‫ﺼ‬
ِ ‫ت َوﻣَﺎ َی ﱠﺘ‬
ِ ‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ ِﺒﻴَﺎﻋَﺎ‬
ْ ‫ن ﻣَﺎ ُی ْﻜ َﺮ ُﻩ ِﻣ‬
ِ ‫ َوﻓِﻲ َﺑﻴَﺎ‬,
‫ل‬
ُ ‫ﻞ ) َأﻣﱠﺎ ( ا ْﻟ َﻘ ْﻮ‬
ِ ‫ن ﺑِﺎ ْﻟ ِﻔ ْﻌ‬
ُ ‫ َو َﻗ ْﺪ َیﻜُﻮ‬, ‫ل‬
ِ ‫ن ﺑِﺎ ْﻟ َﻘ ْﻮ‬
ُ ‫ﻚ َﻗ ْﺪ َیﻜُﻮ‬
َ ‫ َو َذِﻟ‬, ‫ب‬
ٍ ‫ﻲ ٍء َﻣ ْﺮﻏُﻮ‬
ْ ‫ﺸ‬
َ ‫ب ِﺑ‬
ٍ ‫ﻲ ٍء َﻣ ْﺮﻏُﻮ‬
ْ ‫ﺷ‬
َ ‫ َﻓ ُﻬ َﻮ ُﻣﺒَﺎ َدَﻟ ُﺔ‬: ‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ِﻊ‬
ُ ‫ُر ْآ‬
‫ﺣ ُﺪ ُهﻤَﺎ ﻓِﻲ‬
َ ‫ َأ‬: ‫ﻦ‬
ِ ‫ﺿ َﻌ ْﻴ‬
ِ ‫ل ﻓِﻲ َﻣ ْﻮ‬
ِ ‫ وَا ْﻟ َﻘﺒُﻮ‬, ‫ب‬
ِ ‫ف ا ْﻟ ُﻔ َﻘﻬَﺎ ِء وَا ْﻟ َﻜﻠَﺎ ُم ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟﺈِیﺠَﺎ‬
ِ ‫ﻋ ْﺮ‬
ُ ‫ل ﻓِﻲ‬
ِ ‫ وَا ْﻟ َﻘﺒُﻮ‬, ‫ب‬
ِ ‫ﺴﻤﱠﻰ ﺑِﺎ ْﻟﺈِیﺠَﺎ‬
َ ‫َﻓ ُﻬ َﻮ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ‬
‫ب‬
ُ ‫ ا ْﻟﺈِیﺠَﺎ‬- ‫ﻖ‬
ُ ‫ َو ِﺑﺎَﻟﱠﻠ ِﻪ اﻟ ﱠﺘ ْﻮﻓِﻴ‬- ‫ل‬
ُ ‫ل َﻓ َﻨﻘُﻮ‬
ُ ‫ ) َأﻣﱠﺎ ( ا ْﻟَﺄوﱠ‬, ‫ل‬
ِ ‫ب وَا ْﻟ َﻘﺒُﻮ‬
ِ ‫ﺻ َﻔ ِﺔ ا ْﻟﺈِیﺠَﺎ‬
ِ ‫ وَاﻟﺜﱠﺎﻥِﻲ ﻓِﻲ‬, ‫ل‬
ِ ‫ب وَا ْﻟ َﻘﺒُﻮ‬
ِ ‫ﺻِﻴ َﻐ ِﺔ ا ْﻟﺈِیﺠَﺎ‬
‫ﺖ‬
ُ ‫ ِﺑ ْﻌ‬: ‫ل ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ُﻊ‬
َ ‫ن َیﻘُﻮ‬
ْ ‫ﻲ َأ‬
َ ‫ل ) َأﻣﱠﺎ ( ِﺑﺼِﻴ َﻐ ِﺔ ا ْﻟﻤَﺎﺿِﻲ َﻓ ِﻬ‬
ِ ‫ن ِﺑﺼِﻴ َﻐ ِﺔ ا ْﻟﺤَﺎ‬
ُ ‫ َو َﻗ ْﺪ َیﻜُﻮ‬, ‫ن ِﺑﺼِﻴ َﻐ ِﺔ ا ْﻟﻤَﺎﺿِﻲ‬
ُ ‫ل َﻗ ْﺪ َیﻜُﻮ‬
ُ ‫وَا ْﻟ َﻘﺒُﻮ‬
‫ل‬
ِ ‫ﺖ إیﺠَﺎﺑًﺎ ِﻟ ْﻠﺤَﺎ‬
ْ ‫ﺝ ِﻌَﻠ‬
ُ ‫ َﻟ ِﻜﱠﻨﻬَﺎ‬, ‫ﺿﻌًﺎ‬
ْ ‫ﺖ ِﻟ ْﻠﻤَﺎﺿِﻲ َو‬
ْ ‫ن آَﺎ َﻥ‬
ْ ‫ن َه ِﺬ ِﻩ اﻟﺼﱢﻴ َﻐ َﺔ َوِإ‬
‫ﻦ ; ِﻟَﺄ ﱠ‬
ُ ‫ َﻓ َﻴ ِﺘ ﱠﻢ اﻟﺮﱡ ْآ‬, ‫ﺖ‬
ُ ‫ﺷ َﺘ َﺮ ْی‬
ْ ‫ ا‬: ‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي‬
ْ ‫ل ا ْﻟ ُﻤ‬
َ ‫َو َیﻘُﻮ‬
‫ﻄ ْﻴ ُﺘ َﻜ ُﻪ‬
َ‫ﻋ‬
ْ ‫ﻲ َء ِﺑ َﻜﺬَا َأ ْو َأ‬
ْ ‫ﺸ‬
‫ﺧ ْﺬ َهﺬَا اﻟ ﱠ‬
ُ : ‫ل ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ُﻊ‬
َ ‫ﺿ ِﻊ َو َآﺬَا إذَا ﻗَﺎ‬
ْ ‫ﻋﻠَﻰ ا ْﻟ َﻮ‬
َ ‫ض‬
ٍ ‫ف ﻗَﺎ‬
ُ ‫ وَا ْﻟ ُﻌ ْﺮ‬, ‫ع‬
ِ ‫ﺸ ْﺮ‬
‫ﻞ اﻟﱡﻠ َﻐ ِﺔ وَاﻟ ﱠ‬
ِ ‫ف َأ ْه‬
ِ ‫ﻋ ْﺮ‬
ُ ‫ﻓِﻲ‬
‫ﻚ ‪َ ,‬ﻓِﺈ ﱠﻥ ُﻪ َی ِﺘ ﱡﻢ‬
‫ﺤ َﻮ َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ﺖ َو َﻥ ْ‬
‫ﺖ َأ ْو َه َﻮ ْی ُ‬
‫ت َأ ْو َرﺿِﻴ ُ‬
‫ﺧ ْﺬ ُ‬
‫ﺖ َأ ْو َأ َ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي ‪َ :‬ﻗ ِﺒ ْﻠ ُ‬
‫ل ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﻚ ِﺑ َﻜﺬَا َأ ْو َﺑ َﺬ ْﻟ َﺘ َﻜ ُﻪ ِﺑ َﻜﺬَا َوﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ِﺑ َﻜﺬَا َأ ْو َه ْﻮ َﻟ َ‬
‫ظ ُی َﺆدﱢي َﻣ ْﻌﻨَﻰ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ِﻊ َو ُه َﻮ ا ْﻟ ُﻤﺒَﺎ َدَﻟ ُﺔ ‪ ,‬وَا ْﻟ ِﻌ ْﺒ َﺮ ُة ِﻟ ْﻠ َﻤ ْﻌﻨَﻰ ﻟَﺎ ﻟِﻠﺼﱡﻮ َر ِة ‪َ ) .‬وَأﻣﱠﺎ (‬
‫ﻦ َه ِﺬ ِﻩ ا ْﻟ َﺄ ْﻟﻔَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺣ ٍﺪ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ن ُآﻞﱠ وَا ِ‬
‫ﻦ ; ِﻟَﺄ ﱠ‬
‫اﻟﺮﱡ ْآ ُ‬
‫ﺖ‪,‬‬
‫ﺷ َﺘ َﺮ ْی ُ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي ‪ :‬ا ْ‬
‫ﻲ َء ِﺑ َﻜﺬَا َو َﻥﻮَى ا ْﻟﺈِیﺠَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺸ ْ‬
‫ﻚ َهﺬَا اﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي ‪َ :‬أﺑِﻴ ُﻊ ِﻣ ْﻨ َ‬
‫ل ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ب َﻓﻘَﺎ َ‬
‫ل ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ُﻊ ِﻟ ْﻠ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ن َیﻘُﻮ َ‬
‫ﻲ َأ ْ‬
‫ل َﻓ ِﻬ َ‬
‫ﺻِﻴ َﻐ ُﺔ ا ْﻟﺤَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي ‪:‬‬
‫ل ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﻚ ِﺑ َﻜﺬَا ‪َ ,‬وﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ل ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ُﻊ ‪َ :‬أﺑِﻴ ُﻌ ُﻪ ِﻣ ْﻨ َ‬
‫ب َوﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻲ َء ِﺑ َﻜﺬَا َو َﻥﻮَى ا ْﻟﺈِیﺠَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺸ ْ‬
‫ﻚ َهﺬَا اﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ﺷ َﺘﺮِي ِﻣ ْﻨ َ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي َأ ْ‬
‫ل ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫َأ ْو ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺢ;‬
‫ﺼﺤِﻴ ُ‬
‫ل ُه َﻮ اﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ﻞ ِﻟ ْﻠﺤَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺖ ﺻِﻴ َﻐ ُﺔ َأ ْﻓ َﻌ ُ‬
‫ن آَﺎ َﻥ ْ‬
‫ﻋ َﺘ َﺒ ْﺮﻥَﺎ اﻟ ﱢﻨ ﱠﻴ َﺔ َه ُﻬﻨَﺎ َوِإ ْ‬
‫ﻦ َو َی ْﻨ َﻌ ِﻘ ُﺪ َوِإ ﱠﻥﻤَﺎ ا ْ‬
‫ب ; َی ِﺘ ﱡﻢ اﻟﺮﱡ ْآ ُ‬
‫ﺷ َﺘﺮِی ِﻪ َو َﻥ َﻮیَﺎ ا ْﻟﺈِیﺠَﺎ َ‬
‫َأ ْ‬
‫ﺳ ِﺘ ْﻔﻬَﺎ ِم‬
‫ﻦ ﺑِﺎﻟ ﱢﻨ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ ‪َ .‬وﻟَﺎ َی ْﻨ َﻌ ِﻘ ُﺪ ِﺑﺼِﻴ َﻐ ِﺔ اﻟِﺎ ْ‬
‫ﺝ ُﺔ إﻟَﻰ اﻟ ﱠﺘ ْﻌﻴِﻴ ِ‬
‫ﺖ ا ْﻟﺤَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺣﻘِﻴ َﻘ ًﺔ َأ ْو َﻣﺠَﺎزًا َﻓ َﻮ َﻗ َﻌ ْ‬
‫ل إﻣﱠﺎ َ‬
‫ﺳ ِﺘ ْﻘﺒَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺳ ِﺘ ْﻌﻤَﺎُﻟﻬَﺎ ِﻟﻠِﺎ ْ‬
‫ﺐاْ‬
‫ﻏَﻠ َ‬
‫ِﻟَﺄ ﱠﻥ ُﻪ َ‬
‫ﺖ ‪ ,‬ﻟَﺎ َی ْﻨ َﻌ ِﻘ ُﺪ ﻣَﺎ‬
‫ل ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ُﻊ ‪ِ :‬ﺑ ْﻌ ُ‬
‫ﻲ َء ِﺑ َﻜﺬَا َأ ْو َأ ِﺑ ْﻌ َﺘ ُﻪ ِﻣﻨﱢﻲ ِﺑ َﻜﺬَا َﻓﻘَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺸ ْ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘ ِﺮي ِﻟ ْﻠﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ِﻊ ‪َ :‬أ َﺕﺒِﻴ ُﻊ ِﻣﻨﱢﻲ َهﺬَا اﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ل ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ن َیﻘُﻮ َ‬
‫ق ِﺑَﺄ ْ‬
‫ﺑِﺎﻟِﺎ ﱢﺕﻔَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺖ ‪ ,‬ﻟَﺎ َی ْﻨ َﻌ ِﻘ ُﺪ‬
‫ﺷ َﺘ َﺮ ْی ُ‬
‫ل‪:‬ا ْ‬
‫ﻲ َء ِﺑ َﻜﺬَا َﻓﻘَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺸ ْ‬
‫ﺷ َﺘ ِﺮ ِﻣﻨﱢﻲ َهﺬَا اﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي ‪ :‬ا ْ‬
‫ل ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ُﻊ ِﻟ ْﻠ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﺖ ‪َ ,‬و َآﺬَا إذَا ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺷ َﺘ َﺮ ْی ُ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي ‪ :‬ا ْ‬
‫ﻞ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫َﻟ ْﻢ َی ُﻘ ْ‬
‫ك َهﺬَا‬
‫ﻋ ْﺒ َﺪ َ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي ِﻟ ْﻠﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ِﻊ ‪ِ :‬ﺑ ْﻊ َ‬
‫ل ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ن َیﻘُﻮ َ‬
‫ﻲ ﺻِﻴ َﻐ ُﺔ ا ْﻟَﺄ ْﻣ ِﺮ ِﺑَﺄ ْ‬
‫ل َو ِه َ‬
‫ﺳ ِﺘ ْﻘﺒَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻞ َی ْﻨ َﻌ ِﻘ ُﺪ ِﺑﺼِﻴ َﻐ ِﺔ اﻟِﺎ ْ‬
‫ﺖ ‪َ .‬و َه ْ‬
‫ﻞ ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ُﻊ ‪ِ :‬ﺑ ْﻌ ُ‬
‫ﻣَﺎ َﻟ ْﻢ َی ُﻘ ْ‬
‫ل ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ُﻊ‬
‫ﺖ َو َآﺬَا إذَا ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺷ َﺘ َﺮ ْی ُ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي ‪ :‬ا ْ‬
‫ﻞ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﺻﺤَﺎ ُﺑﻨَﺎ رﺣﻤﻬﻢ اﷲ َوﻟَﺎ َی ْﻨ َﻌ ِﻘ ُﺪ ﻣَﺎ َﻟ ْﻢ َی ُﻘ ْ‬
‫ل َأ ْ‬
‫ﺖ ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ل ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ُﻊ ِﺑ ْﻌ ُ‬
‫ِﻣﻨﱢﻲ ِﺑ َﻜﺬَا َﻓ َﻴﻘُﻮ َ‬
‫ﺸ ْ‬
‫ﺷ َﺘ ِﺮ ِﻣﻨﱢﻲ َهﺬَا اﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ِﻟ ْﻠ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ل اﻟﺸﱠﺎ ِﻓ ِﻌ ﱡ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻨ َﺪﻥَﺎ ‪َ .‬وﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺖ ِ‬
‫ﻞ ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ُﻊ ‪ِ :‬ﺑ ْﻌ ُ‬
‫ﺖ ‪ ,‬ﻟَﺎ َی ْﻨ َﻌ ِﻘ ُﺪ ﻣَﺎ َﻟ ْﻢ َی ُﻘ ْ‬
‫ﺷ َﺘ َﺮ ْی ُ‬
‫ل‪:‬ا ْ‬
‫ﻲ َء ِﺑ َﻜﺬَا ‪َ ,‬ﻓﻘَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي ‪ :‬ا ْ‬
‫ج‬
‫ﺧ َﺮ ‪َ :‬ﺕ َﺰ ﱠو ْ‬
‫ل ﻟِﺂ َ‬
‫ﻦ ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ن َﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺠ ْﻤَﻠ ِﺔ ‪َ ,‬أﻟَﺎ َﺕﺮَى َأ ْ‬
‫ﻄ َﺮ ا ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ِﺪ ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟ ُ‬
‫ﺷ ْ‬
‫ﺢ َ‬
‫ﺼُﻠ ُ‬
‫ن َه ِﺬ ِﻩ اﻟﺼﱢﻴ َﻐ َﺔ َﺕ ْ‬
‫ﺝ ُﻪ ( َﻗ ْﻮِﻟ ِﻪ َأ ﱠ‬
‫رﺣﻤﻪ اﷲ َی ْﻨ َﻌ ِﻘ ُﺪ ) َو ْ‬
‫ﺖ َه ِﺬ ِﻩ‬
‫ﺤ ْ‬
‫ﺻُﻠ َ‬
‫ح ؟ َﻓِﺈذَا َ‬
‫ﺖ ‪َ ,‬ی ْﻨ َﻌ ِﻘ ُﺪ اﻟ ﱢﻨﻜَﺎ ُ‬
‫ﺝ ُ‬
‫ل ‪َ :‬زوﱠ ْ‬
‫ﻚ ِﻣﻨﱢﻲ ‪َ ,‬ﻓﻘَﺎ َ‬
‫ج ا ْﺑ َﻨ َﺘ َ‬
‫ل َز ﱢو ْ‬
‫ﺖ ‪َ ,‬أ ْو ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺝ ُ‬
‫ﺐ ‪َ :‬ﺕ َﺰ ﱠو ْ‬
‫ﻃ ُ‬
‫ل ا ْﻟ ُﻤﺨَﺎ َ‬
‫ا ْﺑ َﻨﺘِﻲ ‪َ ,‬ﻓﻘَﺎ َ‬
‫ن‬
‫ل ‪َ ,‬وَﻟﻨَﺎ َأ ﱠ‬
‫ب وَا ْﻟ َﻘﺒُﻮ ُ‬
‫ﺣ ٍﺪ ِﻣ ْﻨ ُﻬﻤَﺎ ُه َﻮ ا ْﻟﺈِیﺠَﺎ ُ‬
‫ﻦ ﻓِﻲ ُآﻞﱢ وَا ِ‬
‫ن اﻟ ﱡﺮ ْآ َ‬
‫ﻄﺮًا ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ِﻊ ; ِﻟَﺄ ﱠ‬
‫ﺷ ْ‬
‫ﺖ َ‬
‫ﺤ ْ‬
‫ﺻُﻠ َ‬
‫ح َ‬
‫ﻄﺮًا ﻓِﻲ اﻟ ﱢﻨﻜَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺷ ْ‬
‫اﻟﺼﱢﻴ َﻐ ُﺔ َ‬
‫ﺣ ُﺪ‬
‫ﺝ ْﺪ إﻟﱠﺎ َأ َ‬
‫ن إیﺠَﺎﺑًﺎ َو َﻗﺒُﻮﻟًﺎ ‪َ ,‬ﻓَﻠ ْﻢ یُﻮ َ‬
‫ل ﻟَﺎ َیﻜُﻮ ُ‬
‫ب وَا ْﻟ َﻘﺒُﻮ ِ‬
‫ﺐ ا ْﻟﺈِیﺠَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻃَﻠ ُ‬
‫ل َو َ‬
‫ب وَا ْﻟ َﻘﺒُﻮ ِ‬
‫ﺐ ا ْﻟﺈِیﺠَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻃَﻠ ُ‬
‫ﺷ َﺘ ِﺮ َ‬
‫َﻗ ْﻮَﻟ ُﻪ ‪ِ :‬ﺑ ْﻊ َأ ْو ا ْ‬
‫ل ﻟَﺎ إیﺠَﺎﺑًﺎ َو َﻗﺒُﻮﻟًﺎ ‪,‬‬
‫ب وَا ْﻟ َﻘﺒُﻮ ِ‬
‫ل ا ْﻟﺈِیﺠَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺳﺆَا َ‬
‫ﺳ ِﺘ ْﻔﻬَﺎ ِم ُ‬
‫ن اﻟِﺎ ْ‬
‫ﺳ ِﺘ ْﻔﻬَﺎ ِم ِﻟ َﻜ ْﻮ ِ‬
‫ﻆ اﻟِﺎ ْ‬
‫ﻦ ‪َ ,‬وِﻟ َﻬﺬَا ﻟَﺎ َی ْﻨ َﻌ ِﻘ ُﺪ ِﺑَﻠ ْﻔ ِ‬
‫ﻦ َﻓﻠَﺎ َی ِﺘ ﱡﻢ اﻟﺮﱡ ْآ ُ‬
‫ﻄ َﺮ ْی ِ‬
‫ﺸ ْ‬
‫اﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ن } ِﺑﻠَﺎﻟًﺎ‬
‫ﻒ َأ ﱠ‬
‫ﺳ َ‬
‫ص َو ُه َﻮ ﻣَﺎ َروَى َأﺑُﻮ یُﻮ ُ‬
‫ﺺ ﺧَﺎ ﱟ‬
‫ح ِﺑ َﻨ ﱟ‬
‫ﺴﻨﱠﺎ ﻓِﻲ اﻟ ﱢﻨﻜَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺤَ‬
‫ﺳ َﺘ ْ‬
‫ح إﻟﱠﺎ َأﻥﱠﺎ ا ْ‬
‫س ﻓِﻲ اﻟ ﱢﻨﻜَﺎ ِ‬
‫َآﺬَا َهﺬَا َو َهﺬَا ُه َﻮ ا ْﻟ ِﻘﻴَﺎ ُ‬
‫ﺐ‬
‫ﻄ َ‬
‫ﺧُ‬
‫ن َأ ْ‬
‫ل اﻟﱠﻠ ِﻪ ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ َأ َﻣ َﺮﻥِﻲ َأ ْ‬
‫ن َرﺳُﻮ َ‬
‫ل ‪َ :‬ﻟ ْﻮﻟَﺎ َأ ﱠ‬
‫ن ُی َﺰ ﱢوﺝُﻮ ُﻩ َﻓﻘَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺼﺎ ِر َﻓَﺄ َﺑﻮْا َأ ْ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟَﺄ ْﻥ َ‬
‫ﺐ إﻟَﻰ َﻗ ْﻮ ٍم ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻄ َ‬
‫ﺧَ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﺺ ‪َ ,‬وﻟَﺎ‬
‫ك ﺑِﺎﻟ ﱠﻨ ﱢ‬
‫س ُهﻨَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺖ َﻓ َﺘ َﺮ ْآﻨَﺎ ا ْﻟ ِﻘﻴَﺎ َ‬
‫ل ‪َ :‬ﻗ ِﺒ ْﻠ ُ‬
‫ن ِﺑﻠَﺎﻟًﺎ رﺿﻲ اﷲ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻞ َأ ﱠ‬
‫ﺖ { َوَﻟ ْﻢ ُی ْﻨ َﻘ ْ‬
‫ﺐ َﻓﻘَﺎﻟُﻮا َﻟ ُﻪ ‪َ :‬أ َﻣَﻠ ْﻜ َ‬
‫ﻄ ْ‬
‫ﺧُ‬
‫إَﻟ ْﻴ ُﻜ ْﻢ َﻟ ْﻢ َأ ْ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﻞ ِه َ‬
‫ﺣﻘِﻴ َﻘ ًﺔ ‪َ ,‬ﺑ ْ‬
‫ن إیﺠَﺎﺑًﺎ َو َﻗﺒُﻮﻟًﺎ َ‬
‫ﺣﻘِﻴ َﻘ ًﺔ َﻓﻠَﺎ َﺕﻜُﻮ ُ‬
‫ن َه ِﺬ ِﻩ اﻟﺼﱢﻴ َﻐ َﺔ ُﻣﺴَﺎ َو َﻣ ٌﺔ َ‬
‫س ; َوِﻟَﺄ ﱠ‬
‫ﻞ ﺑِﺎ ْﻟ ِﻘﻴَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺐ ا ْﻟ َﻌ َﻤ ُ‬
‫ﺝ َ‬
‫ﺺ ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ِﻊ ‪َ ,‬ﻓ َﻮ َ‬
‫َﻥ ﱠ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ‬
‫ﻞ َه ِﺬ ِﻩ اﻟﺼﱢﻴ َﻐ ِﺔ َ‬
‫ﺣ ْﻤ ُ‬
‫ﻦ َ‬
‫ﻋَﻠ ْﻴ ِﻬﻤَﺎ ‪َ .‬وﻟَﺎ ُی ْﻤ ِﻜ ُ‬
‫ﺧ َﺮ َی ُﺪلﱡ َ‬
‫ﻆ;ﺁَ‬
‫ﻦ َﻟ ْﻔ ٍ‬
‫ل ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ب وَا ْﻟ َﻘﺒُﻮ ِ‬
‫ل ‪َ ,‬ﻓﻠَﺎ ُﺑﺪﱠ ِﻟ ْﻠﺈِیﺠَﺎ ِ‬
‫ب وَا ْﻟ َﻘﺒُﻮ ِ‬
‫ﺐ ا ْﻟﺈِیﺠَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻃَﻠ ُ‬
‫َ‬
‫ن‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َأ ﱠ‬
‫ل َ‬
‫ب وَا ْﻟ َﻘﺒُﻮ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ ا ْﻟﺈِیﺠَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺖ َ‬
‫ﺤ ِﻤَﻠ ْ‬
‫ح ﻋَﺎ َد ًة ‪َ ,‬ﻓ ُ‬
‫ﺝ ُﺪ ﻓِﻲ اﻟ ﱢﻨﻜَﺎ ِ‬
‫ن ا ْﻟ ُﻤﺴَﺎ َو َﻣ َﺔ ﻟَﺎ ﺕُﻮ َ‬
‫ح ; ِﻟَﺄ ﱠ‬
‫ب اﻟ ﱢﻨﻜَﺎ ِ‬
‫ا ْﻟ ُﻤﺴَﺎ َو َﻣ ِﺔ ﻓِﻲ ﺑَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﻀ ﱠﺮ َر ِﺑ ِﻪ ا ْﻟ َﻮِﻟ ﱡ‬
‫ﻄ َﺮ ا ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ِﺪ ‪َ ,‬ﻟ َﺘ َ‬
‫ﺷ ْ‬
‫ﻞ َ‬
‫ﺠ َﻌ ْ‬
‫ﻄ َﺮ ا ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ِﺪ ‪َ ,‬ﻓَﻠ ْﻮ َﻟ ْﻢ ُﺕ ْ‬
‫ﺷ ْ‬
‫ﻚ ِﻣﻨﱢﻲ َ‬
‫ج ا ْﺑ َﻨ َﺘ َ‬
‫ﻞ َز ﱢو ْ‬
‫ل ا ْﻟﻘَﺎ ِﺋ ِ‬
‫ن َﻗ ْﻮ ُ‬
‫ن َیﻜُﻮ َ‬
‫ﺐ َأ ْ‬
‫ﺝ ُ‬
‫ﻀﺮُو َر َة ﺕُﻮ ِ‬
‫اﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟَﺄ ْوِﻟﻴَﺎ ِء ‪َ ,‬و َهﺬَا ا ْﻟ َﻤ ْﻌﻨَﻰ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﻀ َﺮ ِر َ‬
‫ﻀﺮُو َر ِة َد ْﻓ ِﻊ اﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ﻄﺮًا ِﻟ َ‬
‫ﺷ ْ‬
‫ﺖ َ‬
‫ﺠ ِﻌَﻠ ْ‬
‫ﻦ َﻓ ُ‬
‫ﺤ َﻘ ُﻪ اﻟﺸﱠ ْﻴ ُ‬
‫ﺐ َﻓ َﻴ ْﻠ َ‬
‫ﻃ ُ‬
‫ﻞ ا ْﻟ ُﻤﺨَﺎ َ‬
‫ج َوﻟَﺎ َی ْﻘ َﺒ ُ‬
‫ن ُی َﺰ ﱢو َ‬
‫ﺠﻮَا ِز َأ ْ‬
‫ِﻟ َ‬
‫ﺧ ُﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻄ ُﺮ اﻟْﺂ َ‬
‫ﺝ ْﺪ اﻟﺸﱠ ْ‬
‫ﻦ ﻣَﺎ َﻟ ْﻢ یُﻮ َ‬
‫ﺳﺆَاﻟًﺎ َﻓﻠَﺎ َی ِﺘ ﱡﻢ ِﺑ ِﻪ اﻟﺮﱡ ْآ ُ‬
‫ﺖ ُ‬
‫ب ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ِﻊ ُﻣ ْﻨ َﻌ ِﺪ ٌم َﻓ َﺒ ِﻘ َﻴ ْ‬
‫ﻓِﻲ ﺑَﺎ ِ‬
‫‪4. Identification of the buyer and seller‬‬
‫‪Very often, the seller or a business partnership that sells employs staff (internal‬‬
‫‪agents) or external agents to manage the processes involved with the contract of‬‬
‫‪sale.‬‬
‫‪Therefore, identification of the seller and the buyer is crucial to the contract of‬‬
‫‪sale as it enables the protection of their rights in regard to the object of sale, e.g. in‬‬
‫‪the event of a defect in the object of sale‬‬
‫‪4.1 Buying from a single private person‬‬
‫‪The purchaser has a claim against the specified single individual, his private‬‬
‫‪business and/or his private assets.‬‬
‫‪4.2 Buying from a Shariah complaint partnership‬‬
‫‪The purchaser has a claim against all the partners jointly without limitation of‬‬
‫‪financial liability to the capital contribution or net asset value of the‬‬
‫‪partnership‬‬
4.3 Buying from a limited liability company2
The purchaser has a claim against the company as a legal person, without
recourse to the private assets of its managers and employees
All of the above differences in regard to the right to claim for compensation or
substitution is further subject to the legal system within which the buyer and/or seller
resides or in which the transactions were concluded. Some of these may not be
Islamic.
5. Specification of currency and price or conclusion of the price after exercising
their right to negotiation
5.1 The nature of international business transactions and the fact that we often deal
with foreigners, makes specification of the currency essential.
In most economies, it is common for a multitude of currencies to be used between its
citizens and foreign nationals.
In the time of Nabi SAW, they used Silver (The Dirham) and gold (The Dinar) coins.
Thus, they also specified or understood as to which form of currency applied to the
contract.
5.2 The price must be fixed when contracting.
It should be noted here that the pricing was based on pure and alloyed silver and gold
coins, and not on the fractional reserve banking form of currency that is subject to the
economic factors of multiple international economies.
5.3 There is (According to my meagre and very limited knowledge) no hadith that
prevents the seller to subsequently reduce the price he had quoted or charged.
In fact, according to an opinion in Hanafi Jurisprudence, this is allowable in the
following ways:
‫درر اﻟﺤﻜﺎم ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮح ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻷﺣﻜﺎم‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﻴﺪر اﻟﺤﻨﻔﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻷول اﻟﺒﻴﻮع‬
‫اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ﺑﻴﺎن اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﻤﻦ واﻟﻤﺜﻤﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻘَﺎرًا‬
َ ‫ع‬
َ ‫ﻞ ا ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ِﺪ َﻣ َﺜﻠًﺎ َﻟ ْﻮ َﺑﺎ‬
َ‫ﺻ‬
ْ ‫ﻂ َأ‬
‫ﺤﱡ‬
َ ‫ﻖ َهﺬَا ا ْﻟ‬
ُ‫ﺤ‬
َ ‫ﻦ ﻟَﺎ َی ْﻠ‬
ْ ‫ﺾ َﻟ ِﻜ‬
ِ ‫ﻞ ا ْﻟ َﻘ ْﺒ‬
َ ‫ﻦ َﻗ ْﺒ‬
ِ ‫ﺝﻤِﻴ َﻊ اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ‬
َ ‫ﺤﻂﱠ‬
ُ ‫ن َی‬
ْ ‫ ( ِﻟ ْﻠﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ِﻊ َأ‬261 ‫) ا ْﻟﻤَﺎدﱠ ُة‬
‫ﺸ َﺮ ِة‬
َ ‫ﻚ ا ْﻟ َﻌﻘَﺎ َر ِﺑ َﻌ‬
َ ‫ﺧ َﺬ َذِﻟ‬
ُ ‫ن َی ْﺄ‬
ْ ‫ﺸﻔِﻴ ِﻊ َأ‬
‫ن ﻟِﻠ ﱠ‬
َ ‫ﻦ آَﺎ‬
ِ ‫ﺝﻤِﻴ ِﻊ اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ‬
َ ‫ﻦ‬
ْ ‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي ِﻣ‬
ْ ‫ﺾ َأ ْﺑ َﺮَأ ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ُﻊ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ‬
ِ ‫ﻞ ا ْﻟ َﻘ ْﺒ‬
َ ‫ش ُﺛﻢﱠ َﻗ ْﺒ‬
ٍ ‫ف ِﻗ ْﺮ‬
ِ ‫ﺸ َﺮ ِة ﺁﻟَﺎ‬
َ ‫ِﺑ َﻌ‬
2
It should be noted that although Islamic scholars have presented arguments for and against such a
company, the commercial transactions in the reality of contemporary transactions cannot be divorced
from the commercial frameworks of non-Islamic legal systems within which business operations take
place.
‫ﺝﻤِﻴ َﻌ ُﻪ‬
‫ﻀ ِﻪ َ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ َﻤﺒِﻴ ِﻊ َو َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ َﻗ ْﺒ ِ‬
‫ﺾ َﺛ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ﻞ َﻗ ْﺒ ِ‬
‫ﺻﻠًﺎ ‪ .‬ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ُﻊ َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ َﺕﻤَﺎ ِم ا ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ِﺪ َو َﻗ ْﺒ َ‬
‫ﻦ َأ ْ‬
‫ن َﺛ َﻤ ٍ‬
‫ﺧ َﺬ ُﻩ ِﺑﺪُو ِ‬
‫ن َی ْﺄ ُ‬
‫ﺲ َﻟ ُﻪ َأ ْ‬
‫ش َوَﻟ ْﻴ َ‬
‫ف ِﻗ ْﺮ ٍ‬
‫ﺁﻟَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ﻂ اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ َ‬
‫ﺴ ِﻘ َ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي ِﻣ ْﻨ ُﻪ َو ُی ْ‬
‫ئ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ن ُی ْﺒ ِﺮ َ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي َأ ْو َأ ْ‬
‫ن َی َﻬ َﺒ ُﻪ ِﻟ ْﻠ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﺣ َﺪ ًة َوَأ ْ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ َﻤﺒِﻴ ِﻊ َد ْﻓ َﻌ ًﺔ وَا ِ‬
‫ﺤﻂﱠ َﺛ َﻤ َ‬
‫ن َی ُ‬
‫ﻀ ُﻪ َیﺠُﻮ ُز َﻟ ُﻪ َأ ْ‬
‫َأ ْو َﺑ ْﻌ َ‬
‫ﻈ ْﺮ ا ْﻟﻤَﺎ ﱠد َة ‪. ( 1562‬‬
‫ﻋ ْﻘ ِﺪ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ِﻊ ) ُا ْﻥ ُ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َ‬
‫ﻞ َ‬
‫ﺧَﻠ ٌ‬
‫ﻄ َﺮَأ َ‬
‫ﻚ َوﻟَﺎ َی ْ‬
‫ِﺑ َﺬِﻟ َ‬
‫ل ِﺑﻤِﺎ َﺋ ِﺔ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي َﻗ ْﺪ ِﺑ ْﻌﺘُﻚ َهﺬَا ا ْﻟﻤَﺎ َ‬
‫ل ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ُﻊ ِﻟ ْﻠ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ن َیﻘُﻮ َ‬
‫ﻚ َأ ْ‬
‫ل َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ﺢ ‪ِ .‬ﻣﺜَﺎ ُ‬
‫ﺻﺤِﻴ ٍ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻘ ِﺪ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ِﻊ َﻓ َﻐ ْﻴ ُﺮ َ‬
‫ﻞ َﺕﻤَﺎ ِم َ‬
‫ﻂ اﱠﻟﺬِي َی َﻘ ُﻊ َﻗ ْﺒ َ‬
‫ﺤﱡ‬
‫َأﻣﱠﺎ ا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي َﺑﺮِیﺌًﺎ‬
‫ن ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﻦ ﻟَﺎ َیﻜُﻮ ُ‬
‫ﺢ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ُﻊ َوَﻟ ِﻜ ْ‬
‫ﺼﱡ‬
‫ل َﻓ َﻴ ِ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي ﺑِﺎ ْﻟ َﻘﺒُﻮ ِ‬
‫ش َو َﻗ ْﺪ َو َه ْﺒﺘُﻚ َه ِﺬ ِﻩ ا ْﻟﻤِﺎ َﺋ َﺔ َأ ْو َأ ْﺑ َﺮ ْأﺕُﻚ ِﻣ ْﻨﻬَﺎ َﻓ ُﻴﺠِﻴ ُﺒ ُﻪ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ِﻗ ْﺮ ٍ‬
‫ﺻﺤِﻴﺤًﺎ‬
‫ن َ‬
‫ﺐ َﻓﻠَﺎ َیﻜُﻮ ُ‬
‫ﺴ َﺒ ِ‬
‫ﻞ اﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ل إ ْﺑﺮَا ٌء َﻗ ْﺒ َ‬
‫ﻞ ا ْﻟ َﻘﺒُﻮ ِ‬
‫ﻦ َﻗ ْﺒ َ‬
‫ﻦ اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ﺠ ﱠﺮ ِد إیﺠَﺎ ِﺑ ِﻪ ﻓَﺎ ْﻟ ِﺈ ْﺑﺮَا ُء ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺖ ِﻟ ْﻠﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ِﻊ ِﺑ ُﻤ َ‬
‫ﻦ ﻟَﺎ َی ْﺜ ُﺒ ُ‬
‫ن اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ َ‬
‫ﻦ ِﻟَﺄ ﱠ‬
‫ﻦ اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻖ‬
‫ﺤَ‬
‫ﺿ ُﺔ َﻓَﻠ ْﻮ ا ْﻟ َﺘ َ‬
‫ﻦ اﻟ ﱢﺘﺠَﺎ َر ُة وَا ْﻟ ُﻤﻌَﺎ َو َ‬
‫ﻄ َﺮ َﻓ ْﻴ ِ‬
‫ﺼ َﺪ اﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ن َﻣ ْﻘ ِ‬
‫ﻞ ا ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ِﺪ ِﻟَﺄ ﱠ‬
‫ﺻِ‬
‫ﻖ ِﺑَﺄ ْ‬
‫ﺤُ‬
‫ﻦ ﻟَﺎ َی ْﻠ َﺘ ِ‬
‫ﺝﻤِﻴ ِﻊ اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ﻂ َ‬
‫ﺣﱡ‬
‫ﺣﻜَﺎ ِم ( َو َ‬
‫ﻞ ا ْﻟَﺄ ْ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘ ِﻤ ُ‬
‫) ُﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺲ ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ِﻊ‬
‫ﻦ َﻟ ْﻴ َ‬
‫ﺳﺪًا َﻟ ِﻜ ْ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻘﺪًا ﻓَﺎ ِ‬
‫ن َ‬
‫ﻦ َﻓ َﻴ ُﻜﻮ ُ‬
‫ع َأ ْو َﺑ ْﻴﻌًﺎ ِﺑﻠَﺎ َﺛ َﻤ ٍ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻘ َﺪ ِه َﺒ ٍﺔ َو َﺕ َﺒ ﱡﺮ ٍ‬
‫ﺿ ِﺔ َ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻘ ُﺪ ا ْﻟ ُﻤﻌَﺎ َو َ‬
‫ﺐ َ‬
‫ﻞ ا ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ِﺪ ﻟَﺎ ْﻥ َﻘَﻠ َ‬
‫ﺻِ‬
‫ﻂ ا ْﻟ ُﻜﻞﱢ ِﺑَﺄ ْ‬
‫ﺣﱡ‬
‫َ‬
‫ح ا ْﻟﻤَﺎ ﱠد ِة ‪) ( 109‬‬
‫ﺷ ْﺮ َ‬
‫ﻈ ْﺮ َ‬
‫ﻃﻠًﺎ ) ُا ْﻥ ُ‬
‫ﺳﺪًا " ﺑَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻆ " ﻓَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻦ َﻟ ْﻔ ِ‬
‫ﺼ ُﺪ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺤﺘَﺎ ِر ( َوَﻟ َﻌﱠﻠ ُﻪ َی ْﻘ ِ‬
‫ﺨﺘَﺎ ِر ‪َ .‬ر ﱡد ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﺷ ْﻔ َﻌ ٌﺔ ) ُدرﱡ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﺳ ِﺪ ُ‬
‫ا ْﻟﻔَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻀ ِﻪ‬
‫ﻂ ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ُﻊ َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ َﻗ ْﺒ ِ‬
‫ﺣﱠ‬
‫ﺾ ‪ :‬إذَا َ‬
‫ﻂ وَا ْﻟِﺈ ْﺑﺮَا ُء َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ ا ْﻟ َﻘ ْﺒ ِ‬
‫ﺤﱡ‬
‫ﺾ ‪ .‬ا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﻞ ا ْﻟ َﻘ ْﺒ ِ‬
‫ﻂ َﻗ ْﺒ َ‬
‫ﺤﱢ‬
‫ل ِﻟ ْﻠ َ‬
‫ﺠﱠﻠ ِﺔ ِﻣﺜَﺎ ٌ‬
‫ل ا ْﻟﻮَا ِر ُد ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟ َﻤ َ‬
‫ح ( وَا ْﻟ ِﻤﺜَﺎ ُ‬
‫ﺷَﺎ ِر ٌ‬
‫ل ِﺑﻤِﺎ َﺋ ِﺔ‬
‫ﻚ َآﻤَﺎ إذَا ﺑِﻴ َﻊ ﻣَﺎ ٌ‬
‫ل َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ِﻊ ِﻣﺜَﺎ ُ‬
‫ﻦ اﱠﻟﺬِي َد َﻓ َﻌ ُﻪ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ َ‬
‫ﺴ َﺘ ِﺮ ﱡد ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﺢ َو َی ْ‬
‫ﺼﺤِﻴ ٌ‬
‫ﻦ َأ ْو َو َه َﺒ ُﻪ َﻓ َ‬
‫ﺝﻤِﻴ َﻊ اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ا ْﻟ َﻤﺒِﻴ َﻊ َ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ َﻤﺒِﻴ ِﻊ َأ ْو‬
‫ش َﺛ َﻤ َ‬
‫ﻋﻨْﻚ ﻣِﺎ َﺋ َﺔ ا ْﻟ ِﻘ ْﺮ ِ‬
‫ﻄﻄْﺖ َ‬
‫ﺣَ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي َﻗ ْﺪ َ‬
‫ل ِﻟ ْﻠ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي ُﺛﻢﱠ ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﻦ آَﺎ ِﻣﻠًﺎ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺳ َﺘ ْﻮﻓَﻰ ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ُﻊ اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ َ‬
‫ش وَا ْ‬
‫ِﻗ ْﺮ ٍ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ َﻤﺒِﻴ ِﻊ ُﺛﻢﱠ َأ ْﺑ َﺮَأ‬
‫ﺝﻤِﻴ َﻊ َﺛ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ﺾ ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ُﻊ َ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي إَﻟ ْﻴ ِﻪ إذَا َﻗ َﺒ َ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﺧ َﺬ ُﻩ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻦ اﱠﻟﺬِي َأ َ‬
‫ن َی ْﺪ َﻓ َﻊ اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ َ‬
‫ﻚ َﻓ َﻌﻠَﻰ ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ِﻊ َأ ْ‬
‫َو َهﺒْﺖ ﻟَﻚ َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ﺴ َﺘ ِﺮ ﱡد‬
‫ط َﻓﻔِﻲ َه ِﺬ ِﻩ اﻟﺼﱡﻮ َر ِة َی ْ‬
‫ﺳﻘَﺎ ٍ‬
‫ن ُی ْﺒ ِﺮ َﺋ ُﻪ إ ْﺑﺮَا َء إ ْ‬
‫ﺻ َﻮ ٍر ‪ - :‬ا ْﻟﺄُوﻟَﻰ ‪َ :‬أ ْ‬
‫ث ُ‬
‫ﻚ َﺛﻠَﺎ ُ‬
‫ﻦ َﻓِﻠ َﺬِﻟ َ‬
‫ع اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ﺠﻤُﻮ ِ‬
‫ﻦ َﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ﺳ َﺘ ْﻮﻓَﻰ ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ُﻊ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫نا ْ‬
‫ش َو َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ َأ ْ‬
‫ﺳ ْﻠ َﻌ ًﺔ ِﺑﻤِﺎ َﺋ ِﺔ ِﻗ ْﺮ ٍ‬
‫ﺧ َﺮ ِ‬
‫ﻦﺁَ‬
‫ن ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ع إ ْﻥﺴَﺎ ٌ‬
‫ﻦ اﱠﻟﺬِي َأدﱠا ُﻩ إﻟَﻰ ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ِﻊ َآﻤَﺎ إذَا ﺑَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ َ‬
‫ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ن َی ُﺮدﱠ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ِﻊ َأ ْ‬
‫ﺐ َ‬
‫ﺠ ُ‬
‫ﺢ َو َی ِ‬
‫ﺻﺤِﻴ ٌ‬
‫ط َﻓِﺈ ْﺑﺮَا ُؤ ُﻩ َ‬
‫ﺳﻘَﺎ ٍ‬
‫ش إ ْﺑﺮَا َء إ ْ‬
‫ﻦ ﻣِﺎ َﺋ ِﺔ ا ْﻟ ِﻘ ْﺮ ِ‬
‫ل َﻟ ُﻪ َﻗ ْﺪ َأ ْﺑ َﺮ ْأﺕُﻚ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻦ آَﺎ ِﻣﻠًﺎ ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ َ‬
‫ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﺾ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي إ ْﺑﺮَا َء َﻗ ْﺒ ٍ‬
‫ﻦ ‪ 158‬و ‪ ( 256‬اﻟﺜﱠﺎ ِﻥ َﻴ ُﺔ ‪ :‬إذَا َأ ْﺑ َﺮَأ ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ُﻊ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﻈ ْﺮ ا ْﻟﻤَﺎ ﱠد َﺕ ْﻴ ِ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي ) ُا ْﻥ ُ‬
‫ش إﻟَﻰ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟﻤِﺎ َﺋ َﺔ ا ْﻟ ِﻘ ْﺮ ِ‬
‫اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ َ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﻦ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺧ ِﺬ اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ﻖ ﻓِﻲ َأ ْ‬
‫ﺣﱞ‬
‫ﻖ ِﻟ ْﻠﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ِﻊ َ‬
‫ن َﻣ ْﻌﻨَﻰ َهﺬَا ا ْﻟِﺈ ْﺑﺮَا ِء َأﻥﱠ ُﻪ َﻟ ْﻢ َی ْﺒ َ‬
‫ﻦ ِﻟَﺄ ﱠ‬
‫ﺳ ِﺘ ْﺮدَا ُد اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي ا ْ‬
‫ﺲ ِﻟ ْﻠ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﺳﺘِﻴﻔَﺎ ٍء َﻓَﻠ ْﻴ َ‬
‫وَا ْ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ﻖ ا ْﻟ ِﺈ ْﺑﺮَا ُء َوَﻟ ْﻢ ُی َﺒ ﱠﻴ ْ‬
‫ﻃِﻠ َ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ِﻊ ‪ .‬اﻟﺜﱠﺎِﻟ َﺜ ُﺔ ‪ :‬إذَا ُأ ْ‬
‫ع َ‬
‫ﺲ َﻟ ُﻪ اﻟ ﱡﺮﺝُﻮ ُ‬
‫ﺝ ِﻪ َﻓَﻠ ْﻴ َ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َهﺬَا ا ْﻟ َﻮ ْ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي َ‬
‫ﻚ إذَا َأ ْﺑ َﺮَأ ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ُﻊ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫َﻓِﻠ َﺬِﻟ َ‬
‫ﺲ‬
‫ﺳﺘِﻴﻔَﺎ ٍء َﻓَﻠ ْﻴ َ‬
‫ﺾ وَا ْ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َأﻥﱠ ُﻪ إ ْﺑﺮَا ُء َﻗ ْﺒ ٍ‬
‫ﻖ َ‬
‫ﻄَﻠ ُ‬
‫ﻞ َهﺬَا ا ْﻟِﺈ ْﺑﺮَا ُء ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﺣ ِﻤ َ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ َﻤﺒِﻴ ِﻊ ُ‬
‫ﻦ َﺛ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ﻞ َأ ْﺑ َﺮ ْأﺕُﻚ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ي إ ْﺑﺮَا ٍء ُه َﻮ َآﻤَﺎ إذَا ﻗِﻴ َ‬
‫َأ ﱡ‬
‫ﺣ ْﻜ ِﻢ‬
‫ق ﻓِﻲ ُ‬
‫ﻃﻠَﺎ ُ‬
‫ط ﻓَﺎ ْﻟِﺈ ْ‬
‫ﺳﻘَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻦ َﺑﺮَا َء ِة ا ْﻟِﺈ ْ‬
‫ﻞ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺳﺘِﻴﻔَﺎ ِء َأ َﻗ ﱡ‬
‫ﺾ وَاﻟِﺎ ْ‬
‫ن َﺑﺮَا َء َة ا ْﻟ َﻘ ْﺒ ِ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ َﻤﺒِﻴ ِﻊ ‪ِ .‬ﻟَﺄ ﱠ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ِﻊ َﺛ َﻤ َ‬
‫ﺴ َﺘ ِﺮ ﱠد ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ن َی ْ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي َأ ْ‬
‫ِﻟ ْﻠ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﻂ‬
‫ﺤﱢ‬
‫ق ا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﻋ َﺪ َم ا ْﻟ ِﺘﺤَﺎ ِ‬
‫ن َ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ َﻤﺒِﻴ ِﻊ َد ْﻓ َﻌ ًﺔ ( ِﻟَﺄ ﱠ‬
‫ﻂ َﺛ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ﺤﱢ‬
‫ﺣ َﺪ ًة ( َﻗ ْﻴﺪًا ) ِﻟ َ‬
‫ﻆ ) وَا ِ‬
‫ح َﻟ ْﻔ ُ‬
‫ﺸ ْﺮ ِ‬
‫ﻚ ا ْﻟ َﺒﺮَا َء ِة ‪َ .‬ﻗ ْﺪ ُذ ِآ َﺮ ﻓِﻲ اﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ ِﺕ ْﻠ َ‬
‫ﺺ َ‬
‫اﻟ ﱠﻨ ﱢ‬
‫ﻂ ا ْﻟَﺄﺧِﻴ ُﺮ ﻟَﺎ‬
‫ﺤﱡ‬
‫ت ُﻣ َﺘ َﻌ ﱢﺪ َد ٍة ﻓَﺎ ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﻦ ِﺑ َﻜِﻠﻤَﺎ ٍ‬
‫ﻂ ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ُﻊ اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ َ‬
‫ﺣﱠ‬
‫ﺣ َﺪ ٍة َأﻣﱠﺎ إذَا َ‬
‫ﻦ ِﺑ َﻜِﻠ َﻤ ٍﺔ وَا ِ‬
‫ﺝﻤِﻴ َﻊ اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ﻂ َ‬
‫ﺣﱠ‬
‫ن إذَا َ‬
‫ﻞ ا ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ِﺪ إ ﱠﻥﻤَﺎ َیﻜُﻮ ُ‬
‫ﺻِ‬
‫ِﺑَﺄ ْ‬
‫ن َﺛ َﻤ ُ‬
‫ﻋَﻠ ْﻴ ِﻪ إذَا آَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻞ ا ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ِﺪ ِﺑﻨَﺎ ًء َ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ﻂ ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ُﻊ ﻣِﺎ َﺋ َﺘ ْﻴ ِ‬
‫ﺣﱠ‬
‫ش ُﺛﻢﱠ َ‬
‫ﻒ ِﻗ ْﺮ ٍ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ َﻤﺒِﻴ ِﻊ َأ ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﺻِ‬
‫ﻖ ِﺑَﺄ ْ‬
‫ﺤُ‬
‫ﻦ ﻣَﺎ َﻗ ْﺒَﻠ ُﻪ َی ْﻠ َﺘ ِ‬
‫ﻞ ا ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ِﺪ َوَﻟ ِﻜ ْ‬
‫ﺻِ‬
‫ﻖ ِﺑَﺄ ْ‬
‫ﺤُ‬
‫َی ْﻠ َﺘ ِ‬
‫ل‬
‫ﻂ ا ْﻟَﺄوﱠ ُ‬
‫ﺤﱡ‬
‫ﻦ ﺑِﺎﻟﺮﱠا ِﺑ َﻌ ِﺔ ﻓَﺎ ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﺧ ْﻤﺴِﻴ َ‬
‫ﻦ ﺑِﺎﻟﺜﱠﺎِﻟ َﺜ ِﺔ ُﺛﻢﱠ َﺛَﻠ َﺜﻤِﺎ َﺋ ٍﺔ َو َ‬
‫ﺧ ْﻤﺴِﻴ َ‬
‫ﻂ َﺛَﻠ َﺜﻤِﺎ َﺋ ٍﺔ ﺑِﺎﻟﺜﱠﺎ ِﻥ َﻴ ِﺔ ُﺛﻢﱠ ﻣِﺎ َﺋ ًﺔ َو َ‬
‫ﺣﱠ‬
‫ﻒ ﺑِﺎ ْﻟ َﻜِﻠ َﻤ ِﺔ ا ْﻟﺄُوﻟَﻰ َو َ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟَﺄ ْﻟ ِ‬
‫ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻂ اﻟﺮﱠا ِﺑ ُﻊ َﻓﻠَﺎ‬
‫ﺤﱡ‬
‫ﻋَﻠ ْﻴ ِﻪ ﺑِﺎ ْﻟﻤَﺎ ﱠد ِة ) ‪َ . ( 260‬أﻣﱠﺎ ا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ص َ‬
‫ﻂ ا ْﻟ َﻤ ْﻨﺼُﻮ ِ‬
‫ﺤﱢ‬
‫ﻞ ا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﻦ َﻗﺒِﻴ ِ‬
‫ن ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻞ ا ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ِﺪ َو َیﻜُﻮ ُ‬
‫ﺻِ‬
‫ﻖ ِﺑَﺄ ْ‬
‫ﺤُ‬
‫ﺚ َی ْﻠ َﺘ ِ‬
‫وَاﻟﺜﱠﺎﻥِﻲ وَاﻟﺜﱠﺎِﻟ ُ‬
‫ﺸﻔِﻴ ِﻊ‬
‫ﻖ اﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ﺣﱢ‬
‫ﺢ ِﻓﻲ َ‬
‫ﺻﺤِﻴ ٌ‬
‫ل وَاﻟﺜﱠﺎﻥِﻲ َواﻟﺮﱠا ِﺑ ُﻊ َ‬
‫ﻂ ا ْﻟَﺄوﱠ ُ‬
‫ﺤﱡ‬
‫ﻦ ﻓَﺎ ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﺠﻤِﻴ ِﻊ اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ﻂ ِﻟ َ‬
‫ﺣﱞ‬
‫ﻂ ا ْﻟَﺄﺧِﻴ َﺮ َ‬
‫ﺤﱠ‬
‫ن َهﺬَا ا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﻞ ا ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ِﺪ ِﻟَﺄ ﱠ‬
‫ﺻِ‬
‫ﻖ ِﺑَﺄ ْ‬
‫ﺤُ‬
‫َی ْﻠ َﺘ ِ‬
‫ﺨﺘَﺎ ِر ‪َ .‬ر ﱡد‬
‫ﻦ ِﻗ ْﺮﺷًﺎ ) ُدرﱡ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﺧ ْﻤﺴِﻴ َ‬
‫ﺧ ُﺬ ا ْﻟ َﻌﻘَﺎ َر ِﺑ َﺜَﻠ ِﺜﻤِﺎ َﺋ ٍﺔ َو َ‬
‫ﻚ َی ْﺄ ُ‬
‫ﺴ َﺘﻔِﻴ ُﺪ ِﻣ ْﻨ ُﻪ َﻓِﻠ َﺬِﻟ َ‬
‫ﺣ ﱢﻘ ِﻪ َوﻟَﺎ َی ْ‬
‫ﺢ ﻓِﻲ َ‬
‫ﺻﺤِﻴ ٍ‬
‫ﻏ ْﻴ ُﺮ َ‬
‫وَاﻟﺮﱠا ِﺑ ُﻊ َ‬
‫ﺤﺘَﺎ ِر ( ‪.‬‬
‫ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫‪5.4 There may be justified circumstances when the seller has to provide a refund due‬‬
‫‪to overpricing or a defect in the object of sale.‬‬
‫‪5.5 Some jurists permitted the seller to make diverse offers to the prospective client,‬‬
‫‪e.g.‬‬
‫‪The item is 100 U.S. Dollars if payment is cash‬‬
‫‪The item is 125 U.S. Dollars if payment is on credit and the term is 2 months‬‬
‫‪The item is 150 U.S. Dollars if payment is on credit and the term is 5 months‬‬
‫‪Imam Malik detested such a contract and considered it to be part of the prohibited‬‬
‫‪“two sales in one (actual) sale contract”.‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻰ ﺷﺮح اﻟﻤﺆﻃﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎن ﺑﻦ ﺧﻠﻒ اﻟﺒﺎﺝﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻜﻲ‬
‫آﺘﺎب اﻟﺒﻴﻮع‬
‫اﻟﻨﻬﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻴﻌﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺸ َﺮ إﻟَﻰ‬
َ‫ﻋ‬
َ ‫ﺴ َﺔ‬
َ ‫ﺧ ْﻤ‬
َ ‫ﺸ َﺮ ِة َدﻥَﺎﻥِﻴ َﺮ َﻥ ْﻘﺪًا َأ ْو‬
َ ‫ﺳ ْﻠ َﻌ ًﺔ ِﺑ َﻌ‬
ِ ‫ﺷ َﺘﺮَى‬
ْ ‫ﻞا‬
ٍ‫ﺝ‬
ُ ‫ﻦ َر‬
ْ‫ﻋ‬
َ ‫ﻞ‬
َ ‫ﺳ ِﺌ‬
ُ ‫ﺤ ﱠﻤ ٍﺪ‬
َ ‫ﻦ ُﻣ‬
َ ‫ﺳ َﻢ ْﺑ‬
ِ ‫ن ا ْﻟﻘَﺎ‬
‫ﻚ َأﻥﱠ ُﻪ َﺑَﻠ َﻐ ُﻪ َأ ﱠ‬
ٌ ‫ ) ﻣَﺎِﻟ‬: ( ‫) ص‬
َ‫ﻋ‬
َ ‫ﺴ َﺔ‬
َ ‫ﺨ ْﻤ‬
َ ‫ﺸ َﺮ ِة َدﻥَﺎﻥِﻴ َﺮ َﻥ ْﻘﺪًا َأ ْو ِﺑ‬
َ ‫ﻞ ِﺑ َﻌ‬
ٍ‫ﺝ‬
ُ ‫ﻦ َر‬
ْ ‫ﺳ ْﻠ َﻌ ًﺔ ِﻣ‬
ِ ‫ع‬
َ ‫ﻞ ا ْﺑﺘَﺎ‬
ٍ‫ﺝ‬
ُ ‫ﻚ ﻓِﻲ َر‬
َ ‫ﻞ َﻓ َﻜ ِﺮ َﻩ َذِﻟ‬
ٍ‫ﺝ‬
َ ‫َأ‬
‫ﺸ َﺮ ِدیﻨَﺎرًا‬
ٌ ‫ل ﻣَﺎِﻟ‬
َ ‫ﻋ ْﻨ ُﻪ ﻗَﺎ‬
َ ‫ َو َﻥﻬَﻰ‬, ‫ﻚ‬
‫ﺸ َﺮ‬
َ‫ﻋ‬
َ ‫ﺴ َﺔ‬
َ ‫ﺧ ْﻤ‬
َ ‫ﺖ‬
ْ ‫ﺸ َﺮ َة آَﺎ َﻥ‬
َ ‫ﺧ َﺮ ا ْﻟ َﻌ‬
‫ن َأ ﱠ‬
ْ ‫ﻚ ; ِﻟَﺄ ﱠﻥ ُﻪ إ‬
َ ‫ﻚ َأﻥﱠ ُﻪ ﻟَﺎ َی ْﻨ َﺒﻐِﻲ َذِﻟ‬
ٌ ‫ل ﻣَﺎِﻟ‬
َ ‫ﻦ ﻗَﺎ‬
ِ ‫ﺣ ِﺪ اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ َﻨ ْﻴ‬
َ ‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي ِﺑَﺄ‬
ْ ‫ﺖ ِﻟ ْﻠ ُﻤ‬
ْ ‫ﺝ َﺒ‬
َ ‫ﻞ َﻗ ْﺪ َو‬
ٍ‫ﺝ‬
َ ‫إﻟَﻰ َأ‬
.(‫ﻞ‬
ٍ‫ﺝ‬
َ ‫ﺸ َﺮ اﱠﻟﺘِﻲ إﻟَﻰ َأ‬
َ‫ﻋ‬
َ ‫ﺴ َﺔ‬
َ ‫ﺨ ْﻤ‬
َ ‫ﺷ َﺘﺮَى ِﺑﻬَﺎ ا ْﻟ‬
ْ ‫ن إ ﱠﻥﻤَﺎ ا‬
َ ‫ﺸ َﺮ َة آَﺎ‬
َ ‫ن َﻥ َﻘ َﺪ ا ْﻟ َﻌ‬
ْ ‫ َوِإ‬, ‫ﻞ‬
ٍ‫ﺝ‬
َ ‫إﻟَﻰ َأ‬
‫ﺷﺮح‬
‫ن‬
ِ ‫ﺢ َأ ﱠﻥ ُﻬﻤَﺎ َﺑ ْﻴ َﻌﺘَﺎ‬
َ‫ﺿ‬
َ ‫ﻞ َﻓ َﻘ ْﺪ َو‬
ِ ‫ن ﺑِﺎﻟ ﱠﻨ ْﻘ ِﺪ وَاﻟ ﱠﺘ ْﺄﺝِﻴ‬
ِ ‫ﻒ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ َﻌ َﺘﺎ‬
َ ‫ﺧ َﺘَﻠ‬
ْ ‫ وَا‬, ‫ن‬
ِ ‫ﻒ اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤﻨَﺎ‬
َ ‫ﺧ َﺘَﻠ‬
ْ ‫ﻋﻠَﻰ ﻣَﺎ ﻗَﺎَﻟ ُﻪ َأﻥﱠ ُﻪ إذَا ا‬
َ ‫ َو َهﺬَا‬: ( ‫) ش‬
‫ن ﻟَﺎ َیﺠُﻮ ُز‬
ْ ‫ﻂ َﻓ ِﺒَﺄ‬
ْ ‫ﻦ َﻓ َﻘ‬
ِ ‫ف اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ‬
ِ ‫ﺧ ِﺘﻠَﺎ‬
ْ ‫ﻚ َﻣ َﻊ ا‬
َ ‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َأﻥﱠ ُﻪ ﻟَﺎ َیﺠُﻮ ُز َذِﻟ‬
َ ‫ َو َﻗ ْﺪ َدﱠﻟ ْﻠﻨَﺎ‬, ‫ﺤ َﺔ ا ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ِﺪ‬
‫ﺻﱠ‬
ِ ‫ﻚ َی ْﻤ َﻨ ُﻊ‬
َ ‫ َو َذِﻟ‬, ‫ﻀ ﱠﻤ َﻨ ْﺘ ُﻬﻤَﺎ َﺑ ْﻴ َﻌ ٌﺔ‬
َ ‫َﺕ‬
‫ﺸ َﺮ ٍة‬
َ ‫ن َأ ْﻥ َﻔ َﺬ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ َﻊ ِﺑ َﻌ‬
ْ ‫ﺨﻴَﺎ ُر ِﻣ ْﻨ ُﻬﻤَﺎ إ‬
ِ ‫ﻦ َﻟ ُﻪ ا ْﻟ‬
ْ ‫ن َﻣ‬
‫ﻚ ِﺑَﺄ ﱠ‬
ٌ ‫ﻚ ﻣَﺎِﻟ‬
َ ‫ﺴ َﺮ َذِﻟ‬
ِ‫ﺝ‬
َ ‫ﺧ ِﺘﻠَﺎ ُﻓ ُﻬﻤَﺎ ﺑِﺎﻟ ﱠﻨ ْﻘ ِﺪ وَا ْﻟَﺄ‬
ْ ‫ وَا‬, ‫ﻦ‬
ِ ‫ف اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ‬
ِ ‫ﺧ ِﺘﻠَﺎ‬
ْ ‫َﻣ َﻊ ا‬
‫ َو َﻓ ﱠ‬, ‫ﻞ َأ ْوﻟَﻰ‬
, ‫ﺸ َﺮ ٍة َﻥ ْﻘﺪًا َﺕ َﺮ َآﻬَﺎ‬
ْ ‫ﺧ َﺬهَﺎ ِﺑ َﻌ‬
َ ‫ﺝَﻠ ًﺔ َﻓ َﻘ ْﺪ َأ‬
‫ﺸ َﺮ ُﻣ َﺆ ﱠ‬
َ‫ﻋ‬
َ ‫ﺴ َﺔ‬
َ ‫ﺨ ْﻤ‬
َ ‫ن َأ ْﻥ َﻔ َﺬ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ َﻊ ِﺑ‬
ْ ‫ َوِإ‬, ‫ﺝَﻠ ًﺔ َی ْﺘ ُﺮ ُآﻬَﺎ‬
‫ﺸ َﺮ ُﻣ َﺆ ﱠ‬
َ‫ﻋ‬
َ ‫ﺴ َﺔ‬
َ ‫ﺨ ْﻤ‬
َ ‫ﻚ ِﺑ‬
َ ‫ﺧ َﺬ َذِﻟ‬
َ ‫َﻥ ْﻘﺪًا َﻓ َﻘ ْﺪ َأ‬
‫ﻚ ا ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ِﺪ‬
َ ‫ﺧﺘَﺎ َر َأ ﱠوﻟًﺎ إ ْﻥﻔَﺎ َذ َذِﻟ‬
ْ ‫ﺨﻴَﺎ ُر َﻗ ْﺪ ا‬
ِ ‫ن اﱠﻟﺬِي َﻟ ُﻪ ا ْﻟ‬
َ ‫ن َیﻜُﻮ‬
ْ ‫ﺠﻮِی ِﺰ َأ‬
ْ ‫ب اﻟ ﱠﺬرِی َﻌ ِﺔ ِﻟ َﺘ‬
ِ ‫ﻦ ﺑَﺎ‬
ْ ‫ َو َهﺬَا إ ﱠﻥﻤَﺎ ُه َﻮ ِﻣ‬, ‫ﻚ‬
َ ‫َوﻟَﺎ َیﺠُﻮ ُز َذِﻟ‬
‫ﻞ‬
ِ‫ﻀ‬
َ ‫ﺢ ﻓِﻲ َأ ْﻓ‬
ِ ‫ﺴَﻠ َﻢ ِﻣ ْﻨ ُﻪ َﻣ َﻊ اﻟ ﱠﺘ ْﺮﺝِﻴ‬
ْ ‫ن َی‬
ْ ‫ َو َهﺬَا ِﻣﻤﱠﺎ ﻟَﺎ َیﻜَﺎ ُد َأ‬, ‫ﺧ ِﺮ‬
َ ‫ل إﻟَﻰ اﻟْﺂ‬
َ ‫ﻋ َﺪ‬
َ ‫ َو‬, ‫ﻚ‬
ِ ‫ﺣ ِﺪ اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ َﻨ ْﻴ‬
َ ‫ﻈ َﻬ ْﺮ َذِﻟ‬
ْ ‫ﻦ ُﺛﻢﱠ َﺑﺪَا َﻟ ُﻪ َﻓَﻠ ْﻢ َی‬
َ ‫ِﺑَﺄ‬
‫ﻋَﻠ ُﻢ‬
ْ ‫ َواَﻟﱠﻠ ُﻪ َأ‬, ‫ﺣ ِﺪ ِهﻤَﺎ‬
َ ‫ﺝ ُﺘ ُﻬﻤَﺎ إَﻟ ْﻴ ِﻬﻤَﺎ َأ ْو إﻟَﻰ َأ‬
َ ‫ َوﺣَﺎ‬, ‫ﻦ‬
ِ ‫ا ْﻟَﺄ ْﻣ َﺮ ْی‬
In contemporary Islamic Banking, it is commonly argued that a client who manages to
fully pay a long term debt many years before payment is due is not entitled to a
discount or rebate on the purchase price since the contract demands a fixed price due
to the following:
Some jurists allowed the seller to make different offers at the instance of the contract
e.g.
a. Cash price of the house is $50,000-00
b. Credit price with a two year payment $65,000-00
c. Credit price with a three year payment $75,000-00
However, once the term of payment and price is fixed, the client cannot say that
although he selected the three year term, he is now only obliged to pay the price
offered on the two year term since he has now paid in two years instead of the
expected three years.
Although the above is true, the application of the absence of rebate for earlier
payment, within economies operating under fractional reserve banking, in cases of
items of significant value creates huge injustices, e.g.
A client buys a home from an Islamic Bank and agrees to make monthly payments
over twenty years. The banks pricing includes an inflationary forecast for this term as
well as an average return on money in terms of market interest rates per annum or
otherwise. When the client is enabled to settle the debt in 5 years, the amount of
additional capital paid in respect to the item sold to him by the bank is often huge.
Thus, the client fails to sell the item except at a loss since the price he paid is in
excess of the market rates of the item (in respect where the client pays much before
the term of payment).
In as much as the Shariah, has not allowed the client to demand a lower payment after
agreeing to the price in relation to the expected term of payment, the Shariah has also
prohibit items to be sold at “Ghaban Faahish” (Extreme rates beyond market pricing).
However, the bank has done exactly this due to the nature of the fractional reserve
currency. If a proper Islamic monetary system was in place, the effects of the price
selected at the inception of the contract would perhaps not have created a huge
inflationary disparity.
In fact, if this very client took a loan from a normal interest based bank, his ability to
pay fifteen (15) years before due date, would cause the bank to re-calculate the
amount of interest that he would be charged, so that he is charged an interest for 5
years and not 15 years. He would then be given the economic benefit of profiting
from the sale of the item for which the loan was taking if market conditions at the
time allowed him to do so. The interest based system rightly sees charging him a
further interest for 15 years as an economic injustice.
The same ought to be true for Islamic banks operating within fractional reserve
banking where it has itself based the pricing on variables and economic factors within
the ambit of the interest system.
I therefore view it essential for Islamic Banks to be bound by statute to reduce pricing
in relation to the term within which the client eventually and finally makes payment.
This should be coupled to the fact, that the bank never really sold the property or item
of sale but had financed it in a manner that couched the sale as its own when, in
reality, it purchased it on the clients request and need. It was thus a very opportunistic
way of buying it from the primary seller and reselling it to a potential purchaser who
was bound by legal clauses to purchase it once the bank has taken legal ownership.
It is thus that the interest-based finance is more viable for Muslims in need.
Islamic Banks may vehemently cry out against this using their misinterpretation of the
pricing within the fractional reserve economy, which is, in nature, different from the
Islamic monetary system. In fact, what they would see as a means of the loss of
income, may just be the means by which it becomes equally attractive to those who
favour the interest based system.
In as much as it may be argued that this leaves the Islamic banking sale contract equal
to the interest-based finance contract, it should not be denied that although the Islamic
banking murabahah (cost +) contract is as contract of sale, upon which no interest can
be added after conclusion of the contract. Also, it is still, in terms of some jurists, an
interest based contract couched with the employment of external strategies to permit
the bank to profit from the extension of the loan of money via additional contracts that
finally represent the loan as an item of sale on which Islam justifies a profit.
5.6 Normal sales are always concluded with an addition of profit. This is especially
true in contemporary economies where there is little or no barter transactions. The
making of a profit is essential to cover costs associated with transporting the item of
sale, storage, security, etc as well as an addition to allow the trader fulfilment of his
his/her personal needs and wants.
A contract concluded with an addition of profit is termed as Murabahah in Islamic
commercial law.
5.6.1 The price that the seller has paid has to be disclosed so as to allow the
prospective trader the ability to judge whether the profit is justifiable.
Whether disclosure of the price that the seller paid is an absolute obligation, is an
issue that needs research. I do not know of a hadith that instructs upon this. I neither
know how the jurists have inferred that this is essential.
Although it is true that the client needs to be protected, and this would be through the
seller’s disclosure of the price that he (the seller) paid. This would allow the seller
some level of judgement as to whether he is being overcharged or not. Pricing in the
early days was not uniform as their economies were neither developed nor multinational on a broad scale as they are today.
Most contemporary superstores charge a fair amount of profit contrary to private
retailers or service providers.
This clause is rather contentious as traders seek to conceal their costs in order to
maximise profits while purchasers try to minimise profits without taking into
consideration the many business overheads (or expenses) that have to be covered in
order for the business to continue as a viable trading concern.
‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺷﺮح اﻟﻬﺪاﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﻮد اﻟﺒﺎﺑﺮﺕﻲ اﻟﺤﻨﻔﻲ‬
‫ آﺘﺎب اﻟﺒﻴﻮع‬- ‫اﻟﻬﺪاﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻞ‬
ُ ‫ وَاﻟ ﱠﺘ ْﻮِﻟ َﻴ ُﺔ َﻥ ْﻘ‬, ‫ﺢ‬
ِ ‫ﻦ ا ْﻟَﺄ ﱠو‬
ِ ‫ل ﺑِﺎﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ‬
ِ ‫ﻞ ﻣَﺎ َﻣَﻠ َﻜ ُﻪ ﺑِﺎ ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ِﺪ ا ْﻟَﺄ ﱠو‬
ُ ‫ﺤ ُﺔ َﻥ ْﻘ‬
َ ‫ل ) ا ْﻟ ُﻤﺮَا َﺑ‬
ٍ ‫ل َﻣ َﻊ ِزیَﺎ َد ِة ِر ْﺑ‬
َ ‫ ﻗَﺎ‬. ( ‫ﺤ ِﺔ وَاﻟ ﱠﺘ ْﻮِﻟ َﻴ ِﺔ‬
َ ‫ب ا ْﻟ ُﻤﺮَا َﺑ‬
ُ ‫) ﺑَﺎ‬
‫ﺝ ُﺔ‬
َ ‫ وَا ْﻟﺤَﺎ‬, ‫ﺠﻮَا ِز‬
َ ‫ﻂ ا ْﻟ‬
ِ ‫ﺷﺮَا ِﺋ‬
َ ‫ع‬
ِ ‫ﺠﻤَﺎ‬
ْ ‫ﺳ ِﺘ‬
ْ ‫ن ; ﻟِﺎ‬
ِ ‫ن ﺝَﺎ ِﺋﺰَا‬
ِ ‫ﺢ ( وَا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴﻌَﺎ‬
ٍ ‫ﻏ ْﻴ ِﺮ ِزیَﺎ َد ِة ِر ْﺑ‬
َ ‫ﻦ‬
ْ ‫ل ِﻣ‬
ِ ‫ﻦ ا ْﻟَﺄ ﱠو‬
ِ ‫ل ﺑِﺎﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ‬
ِ ‫ﻣَﺎ َﻣَﻠ َﻜ ُﻪ ﺑِﺎ ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ِﺪ ا ْﻟَﺄ ﱠو‬
‫ﻲ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْﻬ َﺘﺪِي‬
‫ﻞ اﻟ ﱠﺬ ِآ ﱢ‬
َ ‫ن َی ْﻌ َﺘ ِﻤ َﺪ ِﻓ ْﻌ‬
ْ ‫ج إﻟَﻰ َأ‬
ُ ‫ﺤﺘَﺎ‬
ْ ‫ﻲ اﱠﻟﺬِي ﻟَﺎ َی ْﻬ َﺘﺪِي ﻓِﻲ اﻟ ﱢﺘﺠَﺎ َر ِة َی‬
‫ن ا ْﻟ َﻐ ِﺒ ﱠ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ِﻊ ; ِﻟَﺄ ﱠ‬
ْ ‫ع ِﻣ‬
ِ ‫ﺳ ٌﺔ إﻟَﻰ َهﺬَا اﻟ ﱠﻨ ْﻮ‬
‫ﻣَﺎ ﱠ‬
‫ﺣ ِﺘﺮَا ِز‬
ْ ‫ﻋﻠَﻰ ا ْﻟَﺄﻣَﺎ َﻥ ِﺔ وَاﻟِﺎ‬
َ ‫ن َﻣ ْﺒﻨَﺎ ُهﻤَﺎ‬
َ ‫ َوِﻟ َﻬﺬَا آَﺎ‬, ‫ﺠﻮَا ِز ِهﻤَﺎ‬
َ ‫ل ِﺑ‬
ُ ‫ﺐ ا ْﻟ َﻘ ْﻮ‬
َ ‫ﺝ‬
َ ‫ﺢ َﻓ َﻮ‬
ٍ ‫ﺷ َﺘﺮَى َو ِﺑ ِﺰیَﺎ َد ِة ِر ْﺑ‬
ْ ‫ﻞ ﻣَﺎ ا‬
ِ ‫ﺴ ُﻪ ِﺑ ِﻤ ْﺜ‬
ُ ‫ﺐ َﻥ ْﻔ‬
ُ ‫َو َﺕﻄِﻴ‬
‫ع َأﺑُﻮ َﺑ ْﻜ ٍﺮ رﺿﻲ اﷲ‬
َ ‫ﺠ َﺮ َة ا ْﺑﺘَﺎ‬
ْ ‫ﻲ ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ َﻟﻤﱠﺎ َأرَا َد ا ْﻟ ِﻬ‬
ّ ‫ن اﻟ ﱠﻨ ِﺒ‬
‫ﺢ } َأ ﱠ‬
‫ﺻﱠ‬
َ ‫ َو َﻗ ْﺪ‬, ‫ﺷ ْﺒ َﻬ ِﺘﻬَﺎ‬
ُ ‫ﻦ‬
ْ‫ﻋ‬
َ ‫ﺨﻴَﺎ َﻥ ِﺔ َو‬
ِ ‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ‬
ْ‫ﻋ‬
َ
‫ل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﺼﻼة‬
َ ‫ َﻓﻘَﺎ‬, ‫ﻲ ٍء‬
ْ ‫ﺷ‬
َ ‫ ُه َﻮ ﻟَﻚ ِﺑ َﻐ ْﻴ ِﺮ‬: ‫ل‬
َ ‫ َﻓﻘَﺎ‬, ‫ﺣ َﺪ ُهﻤَﺎ‬
َ ‫ َوﱢﻟﻨِﻲ َأ‬: ‫ﻲ ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ‬
‫ل َﻟ ُﻪ اﻟ ﱠﻨ ِﺒ ﱡ‬
َ ‫ﻦ َﻓﻘَﺎ‬
ِ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ َﺑﻌِﻴ َﺮ ْی‬
. { ‫ﻦ َﻓﻠَﺎ‬
ٍ ‫ َأﻣﱠﺎ ِﺑ َﻐ ْﻴ ِﺮ َﺛ َﻤ‬: ‫واﻟﺴﻼم‬
‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺷﺮح اﻟﻬﺪاﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻏ ْﻴ ِﺮ اﻟﻠﱠﺎ ِز َﻣ ِﺔ َوﻣَﺎ‬
‫ع اﻟﻠﱠﺎ ِز َﻣ ِﺔ َو َ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ ُﺒﻴُﻮ ِ‬
‫ﻞ َو ُه َﻮ ا ْﻟ َﻤﺒِﻴ ُﻊ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺻِ‬
‫ﻖ ﺑِﺎ ْﻟَﺄ ْ‬
‫غ ِﻣﻤﱠﺎ َی َﺘ َﻌﱠﻠ ُ‬
‫ﺤ ِﺔ وَاﻟ ﱠﺘ ْﻮِﻟ َﻴ ِﺔ ( ‪َ :‬ﻟﻤﱠﺎ َﻓ َﺮ َ‬
‫ب ا ْﻟ ُﻤﺮَا َﺑ َ‬
‫) ﺑَﺎ ُ‬
‫ع‬
‫ل ا ْﻟ ُﺒﻴُﻮ ِ‬
‫ﻏ ْﻴ ِﺮ ِه َﻤﺎ ‪َ ,‬و َﻗ ْﺪ َذ َآ ْﺮﻥَﺎ ﻓِﻲ َأ ﱠو ِ‬
‫ﺤ ِﺔ وَاﻟ ﱠﺘ ْﻮِﻟ َﻴ ِﺔ َو َ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ ُﻤﺮَا َﺑ َ‬
‫ﻦ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻖ ﺑِﺎﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ع اﱠﻟﺘِﻲ َﺕ َﺘ َﻌﱠﻠ ُ‬
‫ن ا ْﻟَﺄ ْﻥﻮَا ِ‬
‫ع ﻓِﻲ َﺑﻴَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺷ َﺮ َ‬
‫َی ْﺮ َﻓ ُﻌ ُﻬﻤَﺎ َ‬
‫ل َﻣ َﻊ ِزیَﺎ َد ِة ِر ْﺑ ٍ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟَﺄ ﱠو ِ‬
‫ل ﺑِﺎﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ﻞ ﻣَﺎ َﻣَﻠ َﻜ ُﻪ ﺑِﺎ ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ِﺪ ا ْﻟَﺄ ﱠو ِ‬
‫ﻋ ْﺪﻥَﺎ َﺕ ْﻔﺼِﻴَﻠﻬَﺎ َو َهﺬَا َﻣ ْﻮ ِ‬
‫َو َو َ‬
‫ﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺤ َﺔ ِﺑ َﻨ ْﻘ ِ‬
‫ف ا ْﻟ ُﻤﺮَا َﺑ َ‬
‫ﻋ ﱠﺮ َ‬
‫ﺿ ُﻌ ُﻪ ‪َ .‬و َ‬
‫ﺤ ًﺔ ﻟَﺎ َیﺠُﻮ ُز َﺑ ْﻴ ُﻊ‬
‫ﺷ َﺘﺮَى َدﻥَﺎﻥِﻴ َﺮ ﺑِﺎﻟ ﱠﺪرَا ِه ِﻢ ُﻣﺮَا َﺑ َ‬
‫ﻦا ْ‬
‫ن َﻣ ْ‬
‫ل َﻓِﻠَﺄ ﱠ‬
‫ﺲ ‪َ .‬أﻣﱠﺎ ا ْﻟَﺄوﱠ ُ‬
‫ﻄ ِﺮ ٍد َوﻟَﺎ ُﻣ ْﻨ َﻌ ِﻜ ٌ‬
‫ﻏ ْﻴ ُﺮ ُﻣ ﱠ‬
‫ﻋَﻠ ْﻴ ِﻪ ِﺑَﺄ ﱠﻥ ُﻪ َ‬
‫ض َ‬
‫ﻋ ُﺘ ِﺮ َ‬
‫وَا ْ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ‬
‫ﻖ إذَا ﻋَﺎ َد َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ ا ْﻟ َﻘﻀَﺎ ِء ﺑِﺎ ْﻟ ِﻘﻴ َﻤ ِﺔ َ‬
‫ب اﻟْﺂ ِﺑ َ‬
‫ن ا ْﻟ َﻤ ْﻐﺼُﻮ َ‬
‫ﻋَﻠ ْﻴ ِﻪ ‪َ .‬وَأﻣﱠﺎ اﻟﺜﱠﺎﻥِﻲ َﻓِﻠَﺄ ﱠ‬
‫ﻒ َ‬
‫ق اﻟ ﱠﺘ ْﻌﺮِی ِ‬
‫ﺻ ْﺪ ِ‬
‫ﺤ ًﺔ َﻣ َﻊ ِ‬
‫اﻟ ﱠﺪﻥَﺎﻥِﻴ ِﺮ ُﻣﺮَا َﺑ َ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ إ ْﺑﻬَﺎ ٍم‬
‫ﻞ َ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘ ِﻤ ٌ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻘ َﺪ ﻓِﻴ ِﻪ ‪َ ,‬و ِﺑَﺄ ﱠﻥ ُﻪ ُﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻋَﻠ ْﻴ ِﻪ ِﻟَﺄ ﱠﻥ ُﻪ ﻟَﺎ َ‬
‫ق َ‬
‫ﺲ ِﺑﺼَﺎ ِد ٍ‬
‫ﻒ َﻟ ْﻴ َ‬
‫ﺤ ًﺔ ‪ ,‬وَاﻟ ﱠﺘ ْﻌﺮِی ُ‬
‫ﺐ ُﻣﺮَا َﺑ َ‬
‫ﺻ ِ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟﻐَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺐ ﺝَﺎ َز َﺑ ْﻴ ُﻌ ُﻪ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺻ ِ‬
‫ا ْﻟﻐَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻞ إﻟَﻰ‬
‫ﺳﺒِﻴ َ‬
‫ل َأ ْو ِﻣ ْﺜُﻠ ُﻪ ‪ ,‬ﻟَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟَﺄ ﱠو ِ‬
‫ﻦ اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻴ ُ‬
‫ن ُیﺮَا َد ِﺑ ِﻪ َ‬
‫ل إﻣﱠﺎ َأ ْ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟَﺄ ﱠو ِ‬
‫ن َﻗ ْﻮَﻟ ُﻪ ﺑِﺎﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ﻚ ِﻟَﺄ ﱠ‬
‫ﻒ ‪َ ,‬و َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ﺧُﻠﻮﱡ اﻟ ﱠﺘ ْﻌﺮِی ِ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻨ ُﻪ ُ‬
‫ﺐ َ‬
‫ﺠ ُ‬
‫َی ِ‬
‫ن َ‬
‫ل َﻓﻠَﺎ َیﻜُﻮ ُ‬
‫ل ﺻَﺎ َر ِﻣ ْﻠﻜًﺎ ِﻟ ْﻠﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ِﻊ ا ْﻟَﺄ ﱠو ِ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟَﺄ ﱠو ِ‬
‫ﻦ اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻴ َ‬
‫ن َ‬
‫ل ِﻟَﺄ ﱠ‬
‫ا ْﻟَﺄ ﱠو ِ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻴ ُﻨ ُﻪ ُﻣﺮَادًا ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ِﻊ اﻟﺜﱠﺎﻥِﻲ ‪َ ,‬وﻟَﺎ إﻟَﻰ اﻟﺜﱠﺎﻥِﻲ ِﻟَﺄﻥﱠ ُﻪ ﻟَﺎ‬
‫ﻂ َأﻥﱠ ُﻪ إذَا‬
‫ح وَا ْﻟ ُﻤﺤِﻴ ِ‬
‫ط ِﻟﻤَﺎ ُذ ِآ َﺮ ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟﺈِیﻀَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺸ ْﺮ ٍ‬
‫ﺲ ِﺑ َ‬
‫ل َﻟ ْﻴ َ‬
‫ﺲ َأ ْو ا ْﻟ ِﻤ ْﻘﺪَا ُر ‪ ,‬وَا ْﻟَﺄ ﱠو ُ‬
‫ﺠ ْﻨ ُ‬
‫ﺚ ا ْﻟ ِ‬
‫ﺣ ْﻴ ُ‬
‫ﻦ َ‬
‫ﻞ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ن ُیﺮَا َد ا ْﻟ ِﻤ ْﺜ ُ‬
‫ﺨﻠُﻮ إﻣﱠﺎ َأ ْ‬
‫َی ْ‬
‫ﻦ اﻟ ﱠﺪرَا ِه ِﻢ َأ ْو‬
‫ل اﻟ ﱠﺪرَا ِه َﻢ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫س ا ْﻟﻤَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺲ َر ْأ ِ‬
‫ﺝ ْﻨ ِ‬
‫ﻦ ِ‬
‫ﺢ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻞ اﻟ ﱢﺮ ْﺑ َ‬
‫ﺝ َﻌ َ‬
‫ﺳﻮَا ٌء َ‬
‫ﻞ ﺝَﺎ َز َ‬
‫ﺷ َﺘﺮَا ُﻩ ِﺑ ِﻪ َﻟ ُﻪ ِﻣ ْﺜ ٌ‬
‫ن ﻣَﺎ ا ْ‬
‫ن آَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺤ ًﺔ َﻓِﺈ ْ‬
‫ﻋ ُﻪ ُﻣﺮَا َﺑ َ‬
‫ﺑَﺎ َ‬
‫ن‬
‫ﻦ ‪ .‬وَاﻟﺜﱠﺎﻥِﻲ َی ْﻘ َﺘﻀِﻲ َأ ْ‬
‫ن ا ْﻟ ُﻜﻞﱠ َﺛ َﻤ ٌ‬
‫ﺸﺮَا ُء ِﻟَﺄ ﱠ‬
‫ن َﻣ ْﻌﻠُﻮﻣًﺎ َیﺠُﻮ ُز ِﺑ ِﻪ اﻟ ﱢ‬
‫ﺲ إذَا آَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ ا ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻜ ِ‬
‫ﻦ اﻟ ﱠﺪﻥَﺎﻥِﻴ ِﺮ َأ ْو َ‬
‫ﻏ ْﻴ ِﺮ اﻟ ﱠﺪرَا ِه ِﻢ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻦ َ‬
‫ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ن‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َأ ﱠ‬
‫ل‪َ ,‬‬
‫ﻦ ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ِﺪ ا ْﻟَﺄ ﱠو ِ‬
‫ﺖ ِﺑ َﺜ َﻤ ٍ‬
‫ﺴ ْ‬
‫ﻏ ْﻴ ِﺮهَﺎ ِﻟَﺄ ﱠﻥﻬَﺎ َﻟ ْﻴ َ‬
‫ﻄﺮﱠا ِز َو َ‬
‫غ وَاﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ﺼﺒﱠﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺝ َﺮ ُة ا ْﻟ َﻘﺼﱠﺎ ِر وَاﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ل ُأ ْ‬
‫س ا ْﻟﻤَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻀﻢﱠ إﻟَﻰ َر ْأ ِ‬
‫ﻟَﺎ ُی َ‬
‫ﻚ ا ْﻟﻘِﻴ َﻤ ِﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ ِﺕ ْﻠ َ‬
‫ﺤ ًﺔ َ‬
‫ﻋ ُﻪ ُﻣﺮَا َﺑ َ‬
‫ﺻ ﱠﻴ ٍﺔ َﻓ َﻘ ﱠﻮ َﻣ ُﻪ ُﺛﻢﱠ ﺑَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻚ َﺛ ْﻮﺑًﺎ ِﺑ ِﻬ َﺒ ٍﺔ َأ ْو َو ِ‬
‫ﺻﻠًﺎ ‪َ ,‬ﻓِﺈ ﱠﻥ ُﻪ َﻟ ْﻮ َﻣَﻠ َ‬
‫ﺤ ِﺔ َأ ْ‬
‫ط ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟ ُﻤﺮَا َﺑ َ‬
‫ﺸ ْﺮ ٍ‬
‫ﺲ ِﺑ َ‬
‫ﻦ َﻟ ْﻴ َ‬
‫اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ َ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ب َ‬
‫ﺠﻮَا ُ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻨ َﺪ ُﻩ ‪ .‬وَا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﺴَﻠ ِﻊ ِﺑﻤَﺎ ﻗَﺎ َم ِ‬
‫ﻦ اﻟ ﱢ‬
‫ﻞ ﻣَﺎ َﻣَﻠ َﻜ ُﻪ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ل َﻥ ْﻘ ُ‬
‫ن ُیﻘَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻞ ‪َ :‬ﻓ َﻌﻠَﻰ َهﺬَا ا ْﻟَﺄ ْوﻟَﻰ َأ ْ‬
‫ط ‪ .‬ﻗِﻴ َ‬
‫ﺴَﺄَﻟ ُﺔ ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟ َﻤ ْﺒﺴُﻮ ِ‬
‫ﺝَﺎ َز ‪ ,‬وَا ْﻟ َﻤ ْ‬
‫ن ا ْﻟ ُﻤﺮَا َد ﺑِﺎ ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ِﺪ‬
‫ﻦ اﻟﺜﱠﺎﻥِﻲ ِﺑَﺄ ﱠ‬
‫ﻋَﻠ ْﻴ ِﻪ اﻟﻨﱠ ْﻘ ُ‬
‫ق َ‬
‫ﺼ ُﺪ ُ‬
‫ﺠ ْﺰ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ َﻊ ﻟَﺎ َی ْ‬
‫ﻋَﻠ ْﻴ ِﻪ ‪َ ,‬ﻓِﺈ ﱠﻥ ُﻪ إذَا َﻟ ْﻢ ُی ِ‬
‫ﻒ َ‬
‫ق اﻟ ﱠﺘ ْﻌﺮِی ِ‬
‫ﺻ ْﺪ َ‬
‫ﺴﻠﱢ ُﻢ ِ‬
‫ل َأﻥﱠﺎ ﻟَﺎ ُﻥ َ‬
‫ا ْﻟَﺄ ﱠو ِ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﻞ ‪َ .‬و َ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َر ﱢد ا ْﻟﻘِﻴ َﻤ ِﺔ‬
‫ﻚ َ‬
‫ﺣﺘﱠﻰ ﻟَﺎ َی ْﻘ ِﺪ َر ا ْﻟﻤَﺎِﻟ ُ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻘﺪًا َ‬
‫ﻚ َ‬
‫ن ا ْﺑ ِﺘﺪَا ًء َأ ْو ا ْﻥ ِﺘﻬَﺎ ًء ‪َ ,‬وِإذَا َﻗﻀَﻰ ا ْﻟﻘَﺎﺿِﻲ ﺑِﺎ ْﻟﻘِﻴ َﻤ ِﺔ ﻋَﺎ َد َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ن َیﻜُﻮ َ‬
‫ﻦ َأ ْ‬
‫ﻋ ﱡﻢ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫َأ َ‬
‫ق ﻣَﺎ َیﺰِی ُﺪ ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟ َﻤﺒِﻴ ِﻊ َأ ْو ﻗِﻴ َﻤ ِﺘ ِﻪ إﻟَﻰ‬
‫ت ِﺑِﺈ ْﻟﺤَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺝ َﺮ ْ‬
‫ﻞ ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟ ِﻤ ْﻘﺪَا ِر ‪ ,‬وَا ْﻟﻌَﺎ َد ُة َ‬
‫ﻞ ُه َﻮ ا ْﻟ ِﻤ ْﺜ ُ‬
‫ب ‪ ,‬وَا ْﻟ ُﻤﺮَا ُد ﺑِﺎ ْﻟ ِﻤ ْﺜ ِ‬
‫ﺧ ِﺬ ا ْﻟ َﻤ ْﻐﺼُﻮ ِ‬
‫َوَأ ْ‬
‫ﻏ ْﻴ ِﺮ‬
‫ﻦ َ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻨ َﺪ ُﻩ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻋﻤﱠﺎ ﻗَﺎ َم ِ‬
‫ﻞ َﻣﺠَﺎزًا َ‬
‫ﺠ َﻌ ُ‬
‫ﺴ ُﻪ ُﻣﺮَادًا ُی ْ‬
‫ﻦ َﻥ ْﻔ ُ‬
‫ﻦ اﻟﺜﱠ َﻤ ُ‬
‫ل ﻋَﺎ َد ًة ‪َ ,‬وِإذَا َﻟ ْﻢ َی ُﻜ ْ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟَﺄ ﱠو ِ‬
‫ﺝ ْﻤَﻠ ِﺔ اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ﻦ ُ‬
‫ن ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ل َﻓﻜَﺎ َ‬
‫س ا ْﻟﻤَﺎ ِ‬
‫َر ْأ ِ‬
‫ك‬
‫ب َﺕ ْﺮ ِ‬
‫ﻦ ﺑَﺎ ِ‬
‫ن ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ت َﻓ َﻴﻜُﻮ ُ‬
‫ﻦ ِﻟ َﻜ ْﻮ ِﻥ ِﻪ ا ْﻟﻌَﺎ َد َة ا ْﻟﻐَﺎِﻟ َﺒ َﺔ ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟ ُﻤﺮَا َﺑﺤَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻨ ُﻪ ﺑِﺎﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ﻋﱠﺒ َﺮ َ‬
‫ط ‪َ ,‬وِإ ﱠﻥﻤَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺴَﺄَﻟ ُﺔ ا ْﻟ َﻤ ْﺒﺴُﻮ ِ‬
‫ﻞ ﻓِﻴ ِﻪ َﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺧُ‬
‫ﺧﻴَﺎ َﻥ ٍﺔ َﻓ َﺘ ْﺪ ُ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ن َی ِﺮ ُد‬
‫ﻋَﻠ ْﻴ ِﻪ ﻣَﺎ آَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺢ ( َی ِﺮ ُد َ‬
‫ﻏ ْﻴ ِﺮ ِزیَﺎ َد ِة ِر ْﺑ ٍ‬
‫ﻦ َ‬
‫ل ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ َﺄ ﱠو ِ‬
‫ل ﺑِﺎﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ﻞ ﻣَﺎ َﻣَﻠ َﻜ ُﻪ ﺑِﺎ ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ِﺪ ا ْﻟَﺄ ﱠو ِ‬
‫ﺤﻘِﻴ َﻘ ِﺔ ِﻟ ْﻠﻌَﺎ َد ِة ) َﻗ ْﻮُﻟ ُﻪ وَاﻟ ﱠﺘ ْﻮِﻟ َﻴ ُﺔ َﻥ ْﻘ ُ‬
‫ا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﺠﻮَا ِز ‪,‬‬
‫ﻂ ا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﺷﺮَا ِﺋ ِ‬
‫ع َ‬
‫ﺠﻤَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺳ ِﺘ ْ‬
‫ن ( ﻟِﺎ ْ‬
‫ن ﺝَﺎ ِﺋﺰَا ِ‬
‫ب ) وَا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴﻌَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺠﻮَا ُ‬
‫ل ‪ ,‬وَا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟَﺄوﱠ ُ‬
‫ﻆ ا ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ِﺪ وَاﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ُ‬
‫ﺚ َﻟ ْﻔ ُ‬
‫ﺣ ْﻴ ُ‬
‫ﻦ َ‬
‫ﺤ ِﺔ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ ا ْﻟ ُﻤﺮَا َﺑ َ‬
‫َ‬
‫ج إﻟَﻰ‬
‫ﺤﺘَﺎ ُ‬
‫ﺷ َﻔ ٌﺔ َی ْ‬
‫ﺼ َﻔ ُﺔ آَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻲ اﱠﻟﺬِي ﻟَﺎ َی ْﻬ َﺘﺪِي ِﻓﻲ اﻟﱢﺘﺠَﺎ َر ِة وَاﻟ ﱢ‬
‫ن ا ْﻟ َﻐ ِﺒ ﱠ‬
‫ﺝ ِﺔ ‪ِ ,‬ﻟَﺄ ﱠ‬
‫س ا ْﻟﺤَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻏ ْﻴ ِﺮ إ ْﻥﻜَﺎ ٍر َوِﻟ ِﻤﺴَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻦ َ‬
‫س ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻞ اﻟﻨﱠﺎ ِ‬
‫َوِﻟ َﺘﻌَﺎ ُﻣ ِ‬
‫ﺷ َﺘﺮَا ُﻩ َو ِﺑ ِﺰیَﺎ َد ِة ِر ْﺑ ٍ‬
‫ﻞ ﻣَﺎ ا ْ‬
‫ﺴ ُﻪ ِﺑ ِﻤ ْﺜ ِ‬
‫ﺐ َﻥ ْﻔ ُ‬
‫ﻲ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْﻬ َﺘﺪِي َو َﺕﻄِﻴ ُ‬
‫ﻞ اﻟ ﱠﺬ ِآ ﱢ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ ِﻓ ْﻌ ِ‬
‫ن َی ْﻌ َﺘ ِﻤ َﺪ َ‬
‫َأ ْ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﻦ اﻟ ﱠﻨ ِﺒ ﱢ‬
‫ﺖ اﻟ ﱠﺘ ْﻮِﻟ َﻴ ُﺔ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺤ ْ‬
‫ﺻﱠ‬
‫ﺢ ‪َ ,‬و َﻗ ْﺪ َ‬
‫ي‬
‫ﺠﻮَا ِز ِهﻤَﺎ ِﻟ ُﻮﺝُﻮ ِد ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْﻘ َﺘﻀِﻲ وَا ْﻥ ِﺘﻔَﺎ ِء ا ْﻟﻤَﺎ ِﻥ ِﻊ ) َوِﻟ َﻬﺬَا ( َأ ْ‬
‫ل ِﺑ َ‬
‫ﺐ ا ْﻟ َﻘ ْﻮ ُ‬
‫ﺝ َ‬
‫ب َﻓ َﻮ َ‬
‫ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ َآﻤَﺎ َذ َآ َﺮ ُﻩ ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟ ِﻜﺘَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺷ َﺒ ِﻬﻬَﺎ ‪َ ,‬وَأ ﱠآ َﺪ ِﺑ َﻘ ْﻮِﻟ ِﻪ‬
‫ﺨﻴَﺎ َﻥ ِﺔ َو َ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ ِ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﺣ ِﺘﺮَا ِز َ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ ا ْﻟَﺄﻣَﺎ َﻥ ِﺔ وَاﻟِﺎ ْ‬
‫ي ِﺑﻨَﺎ ُؤ ُهﻤَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻦ ‪َ :‬أ ْ‬
‫ن َﻣ ْﺒﻨَﻰ ا ْﻟ َﻤﺒِﻴ َﻌ ْﻴ ِ‬
‫ﻋ ِﺘﻤَﺎ ِد آَﺎ َ‬
‫ج إﻟَﻰ اﻟِﺎ ْ‬
‫ﺣ ِﺘﻴَﺎ ِ‬
‫ِﻟﻠِﺎ ْ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ن اﻟﺜﱠ َﻤ ُ‬
‫ﺤ ُﺔ وَاﻟ ﱠﺘ ْﻮِﻟ َﻴ ُﺔ ﻓِﻴﻤَﺎ إذَا آَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺢ ا ْﻟ ُﻤﺮَا َﺑ َ‬
‫ﺼﱠ‬
‫ﻦ َهﺬَا َﻟ ْﻢ َﺕ ِ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﻚ ‪َ ,‬و َ‬
‫ب ﻟِﺎ ْﻗ ِﺘﻀَﺎ ِء ا ْﻟ َﻤﻘَﺎ ِم َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ﺨﻴَﺎ َﻥ ِﺔ َوَأﺻَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ ِ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﺣ ِﺘﺮَا ِز َ‬
‫وَاﻟِﺎ ْ‬
‫ﻋ َﺪ ِم‬
‫ﺷ ْﺒ َﻬ ُﺔ َ‬
‫ن ﻓِﻴ ِﻪ ُ‬
‫ﻦ َﻓﻜَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻈﱢ‬
‫ﺤ ْﺰ ِر وَاﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ف ﺑِﺎ ْﻟ َ‬
‫ت ا ْﻟ ِﻘ َﻴ ِﻢ إ ﱠﻥﻤَﺎ ُﺕ ْﻌ َﺮ ُ‬
‫ن ا ْﻟ ُﻤﻌَﺎ َدَﻟ َﺔ وَا ْﻟ ُﻤﻤَﺎ َﺛَﻠ َﺔ ﻓِﻲ َذوَا ِ‬
‫ت ا ْﻟ ِﻘ َﻴ ِﻢ ِﻟَﺄ ﱠ‬
‫ﻦ َذوَا ِ‬
‫ل ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ا ْﻟَﺄوﱠ ُ‬
‫ﺤ ْﺮ َﻣ َﺔ‬
‫ن ا ْﻟ ُ‬
‫ﺸ ِﺒ ُﻬ ُﻪ ِﻟَﺄ ﱠ‬
‫ﺣ ُﺮ َم ﻣَﺎ ُی ْ‬
‫ﺣ ُﺮ َم َ‬
‫ﻚ ‪َ ,‬و ُآﻞﱡ ﻣَﺎ َ‬
‫ل اﻟ ﱢﺮ َﺑ ِﻮ ﱠی ِﺔ ِﻟ َﺬِﻟ َ‬
‫ﺠ ْﺰ ا ْﻟ ُﻤﺠَﺎ َز َﻓ ُﺔ ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟَﺄ ْﻣﻮَا ِ‬
‫ﺨﻴَﺎ َﻥ ِﺔ َآﻤَﺎ َﻟ ْﻢ َﺕ ُ‬
‫ﺸ ْﺒ َﻬ ِﺔ ا ْﻟ ِ‬
‫ا ْﻟ ُﻤﻤَﺎ َﺛَﻠ ِﺔ ِﺑ ُ‬
‫ط ﻓِﻴ ِﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺤﺘَﺎ ُ‬
‫ِﻣﻤﱠﺎ ُی ْ‬
‫‪5.6.2 Pricing the item of sale.‬‬
‫‪The following are some of the costs associated to the actual item of sale which could‬‬
‫‪be added to the sale price‬‬
‫‪Scholars who permit the associated costs to be added to‬‬
‫‪the original price of the item of sale‬‬
‫‪Hanafi‬‬
‫‪Maliki‬‬
‫‪Shafi‬‬
‫‪Hambali‬‬
‫‪Other‬‬
‫‪Jurists‬‬
‫‪Jurists‬‬
‫‪Jurists‬‬
‫‪Jurists‬‬
‫‪scholars‬‬
‫‪Author‬‬
‫‪Additional‬‬
‫‪costs‬‬
‫‪Transportation‬‬
‫‪No.‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪of‬‬
‫‪Hidayah‬‬
‫‪costs of food‬‬
‫‪items‬‬
‫‪a. According to Hidayah, the basic principle which applies to adding costs to the‬‬
‫‪item is related to everything that increases the value of the item of sale or‬‬
‫‪increases the costs (of its acquisition).‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺷﺮح اﻟﻬﺪاﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﻮد اﻟﺒﺎﺑﺮﺕﻲ اﻟﺤﻨﻔﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻬﺪاﻳﺔ ‪ -‬آﺘﺎب اﻟﺒﻴﻮع‬
‫ف‬
‫ن ا ْﻟ ُﻌ ْﺮ َ‬
‫ﻄﻌَﺎ ِم ( ِﻟَﺄ ﱠ‬
‫ﻞ اﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ﺣ ْﻤ ِ‬
‫ﺝ َﺮ َة َ‬
‫ﻞ َوُأ ْ‬
‫ﺼ ْﺒ ِﻎ وَا ْﻟ َﻘ ْﺘ ِ‬
‫ﻄﺮﱠا ِز وَاﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ﺝ َﺮ َة ا ْﻟ َﻘﺼﱠﺎ ِر وَاﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ل ُأ ْ‬
‫س ا ْﻟﻤَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻒ إﻟَﻰ َر ْأ ِ‬
‫ن ُیﻀِﻴ َ‬
‫) َو َیﺠُﻮ ُز َأ ْ‬
‫ﻖ ِﺑ ِﻪ َهﺬَا ُه َﻮ‬
‫س ا ْﻟﻤَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺷﻴَﺎ ِء ِﺑ َﺮ ْأ ِ‬
‫ق َه ِﺬ ِﻩ ا ْﻟَﺄ ْ‬
‫ﺝَﺎ ٍر ِﺑِﺈ ْﻟﺤَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺤُ‬
‫ن ُآﻞﱠ ﻣَﺎ َیﺰِی ُﺪ ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟ َﻤﺒِﻴ ِﻊ َأ ْو ﻓِﻲ ﻗِﻴ َﻤ ِﺘ ِﻪ َی ْﻠ َ‬
‫ل ﻓِﻲ ﻋَﺎ َد ِة اﻟ ﱡﺘﺠﱠﺎ ِر ; َوِﻟَﺄ ﱠ‬
‫ﻒ‬
‫ﺨ َﺘِﻠ ُ‬
‫ﻞ َیﺰِی ُﺪ ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟﻘِﻴ َﻤ ِﺔ إ ْذ ا ْﻟﻘِﻴ َﻤ ُﺔ َﺕ ْ‬
‫ﺤ ْﻤ َ‬
‫ﻦ وَا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﺧﻮَا ِﺕ ِﻪ َیﺰِی ُﺪ ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻴ ِ‬
‫ﺼ ْﺒ َﻎ َوَأ َ‬
‫ن اﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ﺼ َﻔ ِﺔ ; ِﻟَﺄ ﱠ‬
‫ﻋ َﺪ ْدﻥَﺎ ُﻩ ِﺑ َﻬ ِﺬ ِﻩ اﻟ ﱢ‬
‫ﻞ ‪َ ,‬وﻣَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺻُ‬
‫ا ْﻟَﺄ ْ‬
‫ﻞ‪,‬‬
‫ﺤ ْﻤ ِ‬
‫ق ا ْﻟ َﻐ َﻨ ِﻢ ِﺑ َﻤ ْﻨ ِﺰَﻟ ِﺔ ا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﺳ ْﻮ ُ‬
‫ن آَﺎ ِذﺑًﺎ َو َ‬
‫ﻲ ﻟَﺎ َیﻜُﻮ َ‬
‫ﺷ َﺘ َﺮیْﺘﻪ ِﺑ َﻜﺬَا ( َآ ْ‬
‫ﻞاْ‬
‫ﻲ ِﺑ َﻜﺬَا َوَﻟ ْﻢ َی ُﻘ ْ‬
‫ﻋَﻠ ﱠ‬
‫ل ﻗَﺎ َم َ‬
‫ن ) َو َیﻘُﻮ ُ‬
‫ف ا ْﻟ َﻤﻜَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺧ ِﺘَﻠﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺑِﺎ ْ‬
‫ت اﻟ ﱢﺰیَﺎ َد ِة‬
‫ن ُﺛﺒُﻮ َ‬
‫ﺝ َﺮ ِة اﻟ ﱠﺘ ْﻌﻠِﻴ ِﻢ ِﻟَﺄ ﱠ‬
‫ف ُأ ْ‬
‫ﺨﻠَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻦ وَا ْﻟ َﻤ ْﻌﻨَﻰ ‪َ ,‬و ِﺑ ِ‬
‫ﻆ ; ِﻟَﺄ ﱠﻥ ُﻪ ﻟَﺎ َیﺰِی ُﺪ ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻴ ِ‬
‫ﺤ ْﻔ ِ‬
‫ﺖ ا ْﻟ ِ‬
‫ﺝ َﺮ ِة اﻟﺮﱠاﻋِﻲ َو ِآﺮَا ِء َﺑ ْﻴ ِ‬
‫ف ُأ ْ‬
‫ﺨﻠَﺎ ِ‬
‫ِﺑ ِ‬
‫ﺣﺬَا َﻗ ُﺘ ُﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ِﻟ َﻤ ْﻌﻨًﻰ ﻓِﻴ ِﻪ َو ُه َﻮ َ‬
‫‪Here again, some scholars do not allow a profit to be exacted on the costs that are‬‬
‫‪extrinsic to the item of sale e.g.‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﻨﻒ اﺑﻦ أﺑﻲ ﺷﻴﺒﺔ )‪(107 /6‬‬
‫س اﻟﻤﺎ ِل‪.‬‬
‫‪47‬ﻓِﻲ اﻟﻨّﻔﻘ ِﺔ ﺕﻀ ّﻢ إﻟﻰ رأ ِ‬‫ﻦ إ ْﺑﺮَاهِﻴ َﻢ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﺳﻌِﻴ ِﺪ ْﺑ ِ‬
‫ﻦ َ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ن‪َ ،‬‬
‫ﺳَﻠ ْﻴﻤَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻦ ُ‬
‫ﻋ ْﺒ َﺪ ُة ْﺑ ُ‬
‫ﺣ ﱠﺪ َﺛﻨَﺎ َ‬
‫‪َ 20779‬‬‫ﺸ ٍﺮ ‪َ ،‬‬
‫ﻦ َأﺑِﻲ َﻣ ْﻌ َ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﺤﺬﱠا ِء ‪َ ،‬‬
‫ﻦ ﺧَﺎِﻟ ٍﺪ ا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﻋﺮُو َﺑ َﺔ ‪َ ،‬‬
‫ﻦ َأﺑِﻲ َ‬
‫ﺧ ْﺬ ﻟِﻠ ﱠﻨ َﻔ َﻘ ِﺔ ِر ْﺑﺤًﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺸ َﺮ ﻣَﺎ َﻟ ْﻢ َی ْﺄ ُ‬
‫ﻋَ‬
‫ﻲ َ‬
‫ﺸ َﺮ َة ا ْﺛ َﻨ ْ‬
‫ع ا ْﻟ َﻌ َ‬
‫ﻞ ا ْﻟ َﻤﺘَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺝُ‬
‫ن َیﺒِﻴ َﻊ اﻟ ﱠﺮ ُ‬
‫ﻻ َیﺮَى َﺑ ْﺄﺳًﺎ َأ ْ‬
‫ن َ‬
‫ﺴﻌُﻮ ٍد ‪ :‬أﻥﻪ آَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻦ َﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﺑ ِ‬
‫ﻋِ‬
‫َ‬
‫‪“…from Ibn Mas’ud: He did not view it wrong for a person to sell any goods to want‬‬
‫‪twelve for every ten (paid) as long as he did not make a profit on the expenses (related‬‬
‫”‪to the article).‬‬
‫‪Ahmed Fazel: This means‬‬
‫]‪A buys 500 carpets in Durban at 5000 USD. [Original cost per carpet is 10 USD‬‬
‫‪Costs of transportation to Johannesburg is 1000 USD [additional cost per carpet is 2‬‬
‫]‪USD‬‬
Thus, the seller should not say “It totally cost me 12 USD per carpet, so I seek 50 %
on 12 USD per carpet = 12 + 8 = 18 USD.”
He should say he seeks e.g. (50% profit on every carpet of 10 USD) + 2 for
transportation = (15 USD +2 = 17 USD).
However, he would not be prohibited to want e.g. e.g. (100% profit on every carpet
of 10 USD) + 2 for transportation = (20 USD +2 = 22 USD).
This implies that he has separated from the actual item of sale any additional costs
that has not added actual and real value to the item.
The difference is this pricing technique only becomes really visible when the
individual items of sale are highly costly or if a huge quantity of goods are sold at the
same time:
e.g. 1
A printing press for 1 million USD has been manufactured in Germany and was
imported to S.A. at a cost of 55 Thousand USD. The importer then offers to sell it at
(1 million USD + 30 % profit) + 55000-00 USD import costs. This would then be
1300000+55000 = 1355000-00. However if added a profit to the import costs, the
item would be 1055000+30% = (1055000) +316500 = (1371500 USD)
Here again, the importer could have asked for 1 million USD + 100% + import costs.
The decision to buy at this price or negotiate a lower price depending on economic
factors relative to
a.
b.
c.
d.
Exchange rates at the time of purchase and at the time of the offer of sale.
The date of importation, date of manufacture compared to the date of sale
The manufacturing model type in comparison to other suppliers
The model in comparison to any new advanced versions or better versions of
the press
e. The reasons of sale – perhaps this version is to be discontinued and future pars
will not be manufactured, maybe there is no local service availability, etc.
In this example, there may also be a contention on the amount sought for the
import costs. The importer may seek to be paid in a currency other than US dollar
or in US Dollars:
He may also seek to be paid in 55000 USD in terms of the exchange rate at the
time of purchase if that was higher, while the prospective purchaser may seek to
pay a current exchange rate if it is more favourable. e.g. The importer paid 55000
USD when the South African rand to US Dollar exchange rate was R13 = 1USD.
At the instance of sale, the South African Rand may be R9-00 = 1USD. Thus the
importer seeks 55000USD x R13 (if payment is in South African Rands), while
the purchaser seeks to pay 55000USD x R9-00 (if payment is in South African
Rands), since he views the loss in currency value is external.
Generally the exchange rates at the time of purchase would differ from the
exchange rates at the time of sale. In such a case, if there is no real devaluation of
the actual item(s) of sale, the purchaser would be justified to seek a profitable
return on the basis of the exchange rates that he had paid. Simply, he would add a
higher percentage to the profit he seeks in order to cover for any devaluation in
terms of currency. the prospective purchaser then has the option to evaluate the
contract in terms of
a.
b.
c.
d.
price sought by importer
present import costs
profit prospects
any other pertinent economic factors that require to be added to the equation.
e.g. 2
A South African man buys a container of tools in China for 50000USD
Shipping costs to the port of Durban, South Africa is 3000 USD.
He could sell it for (50000+ 30 percent profit) + 3000 shipping costs + 2000 customs
costs.
If he had not cleared the container from the port customs, he could sell it at
(50000+ 30 percent profit ) + 3000 shipping costs and place the customs costs on the
purchaser.
‫ﻞ‬
ُ‫ﺝ‬
ُ ‫ع اﻟﺮﱠ‬
َ ‫ َأﻥﱠ ُﻪ َآ ِﺮ َﻩ إذَا َﺑﺎ‬، ‫ﺐ‬
ِ ‫ﺴ ﱠﻴ‬
َ ‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ‬
ِ ‫ﺳﻌِﻴ ِﺪ ْﺑ‬
َ ‫ﻦ‬
ْ‫ﻋ‬
َ ، ‫ﻦ َﻗﺘَﺎ َد َة‬
ْ‫ﻋ‬
َ ، ‫ﺳﻌِﻴ ٍﺪ‬
َ ‫ﻦ‬
ْ‫ﻋ‬
َ ،‫ن‬
َ ‫ﺳَﻠ ْﻴﻤَﺎ‬
ُ ‫ﻦ‬
ُ ‫ﻋ ْﺒ َﺪ ُة ْﺑ‬
َ ‫ﺣ ﱠﺪ َﺛﻨَﺎ‬
َ 20780.‫ﺧ َﺬ ﻟِﻠ ﱠﻨ َﻔ َﻘ ِﺔ ِر ْﺑﺤًﺎ‬
َ ‫ا ْﻟ َﻤﺘَﺎ‬
ُ ‫ن َی ْﺄ‬
ْ ‫ﺤ ًﺔ َأ‬
َ ‫ع ُﻣﺮَا َﺑ‬
.‫ﻚ َﺑ ْﺄﺳًﺎ‬
َ ‫ﻻ َیﺮَى ِﺑ َﺬِﻟ‬
َ ‫ن‬
َ ‫ َأﻥﱠ ُﻪ آَﺎ‬، ‫ﻦ‬
ِ‫ﺴ‬
َ‫ﺤ‬
َ ‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ‬
ِ‫ﻋ‬
َ ، ‫ﻦ َﻗﺘَﺎ َد َة‬
ْ‫ﻋ‬
َ ، ‫ﺳﻌِﻴ ٍﺪ‬
َ ‫ﻦ‬
ْ‫ﻋ‬
َ ،‫ن‬
َ ‫ﺳَﻠ ْﻴﻤَﺎ‬
ُ ‫ﻦ‬
ُ ‫ﻋ ْﺒ َﺪ ُة ْﺑ‬
َ ‫ﺣ ﱠﺪ َﺛﻨَﺎ‬
َ 20781.‫ﺧ َﺬ ِﻟﻠ ﱠﻨ َﻔ َﻘ ِﺔ ِر ْﺑﺤًﺎ‬
ُ ‫ن َی ْﺄ‬
ْ ‫ﻻ َیﺮَى َﺑ ْﺄﺳًﺎ َأ‬
َ ‫ن‬
َ ‫ َأﻥﱠ ُﻪ آَﺎ‬، ‫ﺤ ﱠﻤ ٍﺪ‬
َ ‫ﻦ ُﻣ‬
ْ‫ﻋ‬
َ ،‫ب‬
َ ‫ﻦ َأیﱡﻮ‬
ْ‫ﻋ‬
َ ،‫ﻲ‬
‫ب اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻘ ِﻔ ﱡ‬
ِ ‫ﻋ ْﺒ ُﺪ ا ْﻟ َﻮهﱠﺎ‬
َ ‫ﺣ ﱠﺪ َﺛﻨَﺎ‬
َ 20782َ ‫ ﻗَﺎ‬، ‫ﻦ‬
َ ‫ﻦ ﺳِﻴﺮِی‬
.‫ع‬
ِ ‫ﻋﻠَﻰ ا ْﻟ َﻤﺘَﺎ‬
َ ‫ﺐ اﻟ ﱠﻨ َﻔ َﻘ َﺔ‬
َ ‫ﺴ‬
ِ‫ﺤ‬
ْ ‫ن َی‬
ْ ‫س َأ‬
َ ‫ﻻ َﺑ ْﺄ‬
َ :‫ل‬
ِ ‫ﻦ ا ْﺑ‬
ِ‫ﻋ‬
َ ، ‫ﻦ ﺧَﺎِﻟ ٍﺪ‬
ْ‫ﻋ‬
َ ،‫ن‬
َ ‫ﺳ ْﻔﻴَﺎ‬
ُ ‫ﻦ‬
ْ‫ﻋ‬
َ ، ‫ﺣ ﱠﺪ َﺛﻨَﺎ َوآِﻴ ٌﻊ‬
َ -20783
‫ ُﺛﻢﱠ َﻥﺰِی ُﺪ‬، ‫ع‬
َ ‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي ا ْﻟ َﻤﺘَﺎ‬
ْ ‫ إﻥﱠﺎ َﻥ‬: ‫ﻹ ْﺑﺮَاهِﻴ َﻢ‬
ِ ‫ﺖ‬
ُ ‫ ُﻗ ْﻠ‬: ‫ل‬
َ ‫ ﻗَﺎ‬، ‫ن‬
َ‫ﻼ‬
َ‫ﺠ‬
ْ‫ﻋ‬
َ ‫ﻦ‬
ِ ‫ﻦ ْﺑ‬
ِ ‫ﺣ َﻤ‬
ْ ‫ﻋ ْﺒ ِﺪ اﻟ ﱠﺮ‬
َ ‫ﻦ‬
ْ‫ﻋ‬
َ ، ‫ﺣ ﱠﺪ َﺛﻨَﺎ َأﺑُﻮ ُﻣﻌَﺎ ِو َی َﺔ‬
َ 20784.‫س ﺑﻪ‬
َ ‫ﻻ َﺑ ْﺄ‬
َ :‫ل‬
َ ‫ ﻗَﺎ‬، ‫ ُﺛﻢﱠ َﻥﺒِﻴ ُﻌ ُﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮاﺑﺤﺔ‬، ‫ﻋَﻠ ْﻴ ِﻪ ا ْﻟ َﻘﺼَﺎ َر َة وَا ْﻟ ِﻜﺮَا َء‬
َ
‫ﺧ ُﺬ َﻟ ُﻪ‬
ُ ‫ َأ َی ْﺄ‬، ‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي اﻟْﺒﺰ َﻓ َﻴ َﺘﻜَﺎرَى َﻟ ُﻪ‬
ْ ‫ﻞ َی‬
ِ‫ﺝ‬
ُ ‫ﻦ اﻟ ﱠﺮ‬
ِ‫ﻋ‬
َ ‫ﻞ‬
َ ‫ﺳ ِﺌ‬
ُ ‫ َأﻥﱠ ُﻪ‬، ‫س‬
ٍ ‫ﻦ ﻃَﺎوُو‬
ْ‫ﻋ‬
َ ، ‫ﻈَﻠ َﺔ‬
َ ‫ﺣ ْﻨ‬
َ ‫ﻦ‬
ْ‫ﻋ‬
َ ،‫ﷲ‬
ِ ‫ﻋ َﺒ ْﻴ ُﺪ ا‬
ُ ‫ﺣ ﱠﺪ َﺛ َﻨﺎ‬
َ 20785.‫ﻦ‬
َ ‫ إذَا َﺑ ﱠﻴ‬: ‫ل‬
َ ‫ِر ْﺑﺤًﺎ ؟ ﻗَﺎ‬
‫ل‬
َ ‫ﺧ ُﺬ ِر ْﺑﺤًﺎ ِﻟ ْﻠ ِﻜﺮَا ِء ؟ ﻗَﺎ‬
ُ ‫ﺤ ًﺔ َی ْﺄ‬
َ ‫ﻞ َیﺒِﻴ ُﻊ ُﻣﺮَا َﺑ‬
ِ‫ﺝ‬
ُ ‫ﻋﻄَﺎ ٍء ؛ ﻓِﻲ اﻟ ﱠﺮ‬
َ ‫ﻦ‬
ْ‫ﻋ‬
َ ،‫ﻚ‬
ِ ‫ﻋ ْﺒ ِﺪ ا ْﻟ َﻤِﻠ‬
َ ‫ﻦ‬
ْ‫ﻋ‬
َ ،‫ن‬
َ ‫ﻦ هَﺎرُو‬
ُ ‫ﺣ ﱠﺪ َﺛﻨَﺎ َیﺰِی ُﺪ ْﺑ‬
َ -20786
.‫ﺧ ْﺬ ِرﺑْﺤﻪ‬
ُ ‫ﻼ َی ْﺄ‬
َ ‫ع ﻓِﻴ ِﻪ َﻓ‬
َ ‫ َوﻣَﺎ ﻥﻘﺪ ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟ َﺒَﻠ ِﺪ اﱠﻟﺬِي ﺑَﺎ‬، ‫ن ﺷَﺎ َء‬
ْ ‫ج ِﻣ ْﻨﻬَﺎ ِإ‬
َ ‫ﺧ َﺮ‬
َ ‫ض اﱠﻟﺘِﻲ‬
ِ ‫ﻷ ْر‬
َ ‫ﺢ ﻣَﺎ ﻥﻘﺪ ﻓِﻲ ا‬
َ ‫ﺧ ُﺬ ِر ْﺑ‬
ُ ‫ َی ْﺄ‬:
5.6.2.1 Expressing or quoting the price of sale
When costs have been added to the original cost price of the item of sale, you should
not say “I have purchased the item for e.g. R90-00” or “the item was purchased for
R90-00”. Rather, you should say “The tem costs me R90-00 (intending that after
addition of related costs, it costs you R90-00 although the original purchase price was
R70-00). In this case, the additional R20-00 must be a genuine cost incurred or
created. It should not be the sellers evaluation of his own labour that he seeks to
charge as a cost. However, if he has truly paid labour costs associated in the
transportation or packing of the items of sale, he could add such costs to the items of
sale.
Where there are no additional costs added to the item of sale, it would be correct to
say “I have purchased the item for e.g. R70-00”.
5.6.2.2 Adding a profit margin
The Shariah has not specified any percentage as a limit to the amount of profit that
can be charged upon an item. However, it has placed a restraint with the concept
called “Ghaban Faahish” (Extreme overcharge, or ridiculous and extreme profit
charging)
5.7 Where the item was purchased from a friend or close family member, this must be
disclosed as the pricing might have been influenced to their favour.
(‫ ﺕﻔﺴﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺎﺕﺮﻳﺪي )ﺕﺄوﻳﻼت أهﻞ اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب‬
(‫هـ‬333 :‫ أﺑﻮ ﻣﻨﺼﻮر اﻟﻤﺎﺕﺮﻳﺪي )اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﻰ‬،‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﻮد‬:‫اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ‬
‫ ﻣﺠﺪي ﺑﺎﺳﻠﻮم‬.‫ د‬:‫اﻟﻤﺤﻘﻖ‬
‫ م‬2005 - ‫ هـ‬1426 ،‫ اﻷوﻟﻰ‬:‫ اﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ‬- ‫ ﻟﺒﻨﺎن‬،‫ ﺑﻴﺮوت‬- ‫ دار اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ‬
10 :‫ﻋﺪد اﻷﺝﺰاء‬
.(‫ب َﻟ ُﻜ ْﻢ َﻥ ْﻔﻌًﺎ‬
ُ ‫ن َأ ﱡی ُﻬ ْﻢ َأ ْﻗ َﺮ‬
َ ‫ )ﺁﺑَﺎ ُؤ ُآ ْﻢ َوَأ ْﺑﻨَﺎ ُؤ ُآ ْﻢ ﻟَﺎ َﺕ ْﺪرُو‬:- ‫ ﺕﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬- ‫وﻗﻮﻟﻪ‬
:‫اﺧﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻴﻪ‬
‫ واﻷب یﻠﺰم أن یﻨﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ وهﻮ أن یﻠﺰم اﻻﺑﻦ ﻥﻔﻘﺔ واﻟﺪﻩ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺤﺎﺝﺔ واﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﺄﻣﺮﻩ‬،‫ هﺬا ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻥﻴﺎ‬:‫ﻀ ُﻬ ْﻢ‬
ُ ‫ل َﺑ ْﻌ‬
َ ‫ﻗَﺎ‬
‫ ﻥﻔﻊ‬:‫ ﻓﺈذا آﺎن ﻣﺎ ذآﺮﻥﺎ ﻟﻢ یﺪر أیﻬﻤﺎ أﻗﺮب ﻥﻔﻌًﺎ‬،‫ وﺕﻌﺎهﺪﻩ‬،‫ واﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﺤﻔﻈﻪ‬،‫ وﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺤﺎﺝﺔ إﻟﻴﻪ‬،‫وﻟﺪﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﺻﻐﺮﻩ‬
.‫ أو هﺬا ﻟﻬﺬا‬،‫هﺬا ﻟﻬﺬا‬
‫ ﻓﺈن آﺎن اﻟﺘﺄویﻞ ﻣﺎ ذآﺮﻥﺎ؛ ﻓﻔﻴﻪ‬،‫ ﻥﻔﻊ اﻵﺑﺎء أو اﻷﺑﻨﺎء‬:‫ ﻻ ﺕﺪرون أﻥﺘﻢ أي ﻥﻔﻊ أﻗﺮب إﻟﻴﻜﻢ‬:‫ویﺤﺘﻤﻞ أن یﻜﻮن ﻗﺎل‬
،‫ وﺷﻬﺎدة اﻟﻮﻟﺪ ﻟﻮاﻟﺪﻩ؛ إذ أﺧﺒﺮ أن ﻟﻬﺬا ﻥﻔﻌًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎل هﺬا وﻟﻬﺬا ﻥﻔﻌًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎل هﺬا‬،‫دﻻﻟﺔ ﺑﻄﻼن ﺷﻬﺎدة اﻟﻮاﻟﺪ ﻟﻮﻟﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻓﺈذا ﺛﺒﺖ اﻟﻨﻔﻊ ﻟﻢ ﺕﻘﺒﻞ ﺷﻬﺎدة ﻣﻦ ﺋﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﺑﺸﻬﺎدﺕﻪ؛‬
‫ أو واﻟﺪﺕﻪ؛‬،‫ أو اﺑﻨﻪ‬،‫ ﻻ یﺠﻮز ﻟﻠﻮآﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﻊ أو اﻟﺸﺮاء أن یﺒﻴﻊ ﻣﻦ أﺑﻴﻪ‬:- ‫ رﺿﻲ اﻟﻠﱠﻪ ﻋﻨﻪ‬- ‫وﻟﻬﺬا ﻗﺎل أﺑﻮ ﺣﻨﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ إﻻ أن یﺒﻴﻦ؛ ﻷﻥﻪ‬،‫ إذا اﺷﺘﺮى ﻣﻦ َه ُﺆﻟَﺎ ِء ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ أن یﺒﻴﻊ ﻣﺮاﺑﺤﺔ‬:‫ وآﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺎﻟﻮا‬.‫ﻟﻤﺎ یﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﺑﺒﻴﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻪ وﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮى ﻣﻨﻪ‬
.‫یﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﺑﻪ‬
Abu Hanifah R.A. said: an agent (appointed by another) to sell or purchase (on behalf
of the principal) should not sell to his father, son or mother as these persons would
benefit in buying from him (since he would favour them in the pricing to the
disadvantage of the principal), and likewise, in the case if purchase, he would allow
them to benefit by allowing these family relations to get better prices to the
disadvantage of the purchase who trusted him to buy the best quality at the best
possible price.
What Imam Abu Hanifah had actually meant by this is that it is impermissible for an
agent to sell to, or buy from, any of his family members or close associates in cases
where such a sale or purchase is to the disadvantage of the person who had appointed
the agent. However, where the sale or purchase is one the same price and terms as the
agent would sell to, or purchase from, another, then there would be no reprehensibility
in the contract.
He adds to say [ and whether this is from Imam Abu Hanifah and other Hanafi jurists,
is an issue that has to checked with any other references on the matter] “and they have
likewise said – when he has purchased any item from any of these persons (whether
on murabahah, cost as well as in the case when they have sold him the item at below
cost), then he cannot sell on the basis of murabahah unless he discloses that he has
bought the item from that specified family member or close associate. The reason why
this is essential is that the seller can always mislead the prospective purchaser by only
telling the purchaser the price he had paid for the item he intends to sell. In so doing,
he actually conceals the fact that he had allowed his relative some or other degree of
laxity in the pricing to make it more profitable for them, with the intention that this
laxity in pricing will be covered up by selling to a third person at a higher price.
e.g. House that his father sells is R100,000-00. So, instead of selling it to another at
R100,000-00 plus 20%, he first buys it at R125,000-00 from his father, so as to allow
his father an additional 25,000-00. He then offers it to another on murabaha by saying
he paid R125,000-00 but wishes to sell for R125,000-00 plus 20%. In so doing, he
conceals that he had allowed his father to gain an additional R25,000-00.
A similar strategy could be used if he buys from his brother or any other associate
with whom such a scheme has been employed in order to raise the selling price and
benefit the family member or relation.
5.6.2.3 Disclosing whether the item was bought on credit and that payment has
become due on the seller (Compare to 6.6.2)
‫ اﻟﺠﺼﺎص‬- ‫أﺣﻜﺎم اﻟﻘﺮﺁن‬
‫ أﺣﻜﺎم اﻟﻘﺮﺁن‬: ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب‬
‫ أﺣﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺮازي اﻟﺠﺼﺎص أﺑﻮ ﺑﻜﺮ‬: ‫اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ‬
‫أﻻ ﺕﺮى أن رﺝﻼ ﻟﻮ ﺑﺎع ﻣﻦ رﺝﻞ ﻋﺒﺪا ﺑﺄﻟﻒ درهﻢ وﻟﻢ یﻘﺒﺾ ﺛﻤﻨﻪ ﺳﻨﻴﻦ ﺝﺎز ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﺮي ﺑﻴﻌﻪ ﻣﺮاﺑﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻟﻒ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﻟﻮ آﺎن ﺑﺎﻋﻪ ﺑﺄﻟﻒ إﻟﻰ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺛﻢ ﺣﻞ اﻷﺝﻞ ﻟﻢ یﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﺮي ﺑﻴﻌﻪ ﻣﺮاﺑﺤﺔ ﺑﺄﻟﻒ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ یﺒﻴﻦ أﻥﻪ اﺷﺘﺮاﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺜﻤﻦ ﻣﺆﺝﻞ ﻓﺪل ذﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻷﺝﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوط ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ یﻮﺝﺐ ﻥﻘﺼﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﻤﻦ‬
“Do you not see, (in the case where) a person sold a slave to another for a thousand
dirhams, and did not take possession of the payment (which was to be cash) for many
years, the purchaser can sell the slave for a thousand dirhams on cash. However, if he
sold him on credit to a term of a month, and the payment becomes due, the purchaser
would not be entitled to sell him (the slave) for a 1000 cash unless he discloses that he
bought him on credit. This indicates that the credit period given to the initial
purchaser entitles the next prospective purchaser to a discount in the price.”
This is so since the initial purchaser is now gaining a profit without having outlaid
capital. In other words, the initial purchaser would now profit on the strength of the
capital outlaid by the prospective client.
6. Type and nature of payment
6.1 There are no issues relating to cash payment except that the currency used should
not be fake or counterfeit.
6.2 Where the payment is credit:
6.2.1 The total term of payment must be specified in order to prevent dispute as well
as to specify when the debt can be demanded.
6.2.2 The monthly, weekly or periodic payments that would be due must be specified.
‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺷﺮح اﻟﻬﺪاﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﻮد اﻟﺒﺎﺑﺮﺕﻲ اﻟﺤﻨﻔﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻬﺪاﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻨ ُﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
َ ‫ﻞ اﻟﱠﻠ ُﻪ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ َﻊ { َو‬
‫ﺣﱠ‬
َ ‫ق ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺕﻌﺎﻟﻰ } َوَأ‬
ِ ‫ﻃﻠَﺎ‬
ْ ‫ﻞ َﻣ ْﻌﻠُﻮﻣًﺎ ( ِﻟِﺈ‬
ُ‫ﺝ‬
َ ‫ن ا ْﻟ َﺄ‬
َ ‫ﻞ إذَا آَﺎ‬
ٍ‫ﺝ‬
‫ل َو ُﻣ َﺆ ﱠ‬
‫ﻦ ﺣَﺎ ﱟ‬
ٍ ‫ل ) َو َیﺠُﻮ ُز ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ُﻊ ِﺑ َﺜ َﻤ‬
َ ‫ﻗَﺎ‬
‫ﻞ‬
ُ‫ﺝ‬
َ ‫ن ا ْﻟَﺄ‬
َ ‫ن َیﻜُﻮ‬
ْ ‫ َوﻟَﺎ ُﺑﺪﱠ َأ‬. " { ‫ﻋ ُﻪ‬
َ ‫ﻞ َﻣ ْﻌﻠُﻮ ٍم َو َر َه َﻨ ُﻪ ِد ْر‬
ٍ‫ﺝ‬
َ ‫ﻃﻌَﺎﻣًﺎ إﻟَﻰ َأ‬
َ ‫ي‬
‫ﻦ َیﻬُﻮ ِد ﱟ‬
ْ ‫ﺷ َﺘﺮَى ِﻣ‬
ْ ‫اﻟﺼﻼة واﻟﺴﻼم " } َأﻥﱠ ُﻪ ا‬
‫ﺴﻠﱢ ُﻤ ُﻪ ﻓِﻲ‬
َ ‫ َو َهﺬَا ُی‬, ‫ﺐ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ﱠﺪ ِة‬
ِ ‫ َﻓ َﻬﺬَا ُیﻄَﺎِﻟ ُﺒ ُﻪ ِﺑ ِﻪ ﻓِﻲ َﻗﺮِی‬, ‫ﺐ ﺑِﺎ ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ِﺪ‬
ِ ‫ﺝ‬
ِ ‫ﺴﻠِﻴ ِﻢ ا ْﻟﻮَا‬
ْ ‫ﻦ اﻟ ﱠﺘ‬
ْ ‫ﺠﻬَﺎَﻟ َﺔ ﻓِﻴ ِﻪ ﻣَﺎ ِﻥ َﻌ ٌﺔ ِﻣ‬
َ ‫ن ا ْﻟ‬
‫َﻣ ْﻌﻠُﻮﻣًﺎ ; ِﻟَﺄ ﱠ‬
. ‫ِﺑﻌِﻴ ِﺪهَﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺷﺮح اﻟﻬﺪاﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ‬
َ ‫ َو َهﺬَا‬, ‫ﻦ‬
ْ ‫ﻦ ﻣَﺎ َﻟ ْﻢ َی َﺘ َﻌ ﱠﻴ‬
ِ ‫ﻦ ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ِﺪ وَاﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ‬
َ ‫ ا ْﻟ َﻤﺒِﻴ ُﻊ ﻣَﺎ َﺕ َﻌ ﱠﻴ‬: ‫ﻲ رﺣﻤﻪ اﷲ‬
‫ﺧﱡ‬
ِ ‫ل ا ْﻟ َﻜ ْﺮ‬
َ ‫ل ( ﻗَﺎ‬
‫ﻦ ﺣَﺎ ﱟ‬
ٍ ‫ل ) َو َیﺠُﻮ ُز ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ُﻊ ِﺑ َﺜ َﻤ‬
َ ‫ﻗَﺎ‬
:‫ح‬
ِ ‫ﻲ ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟﺈِیﻀَﺎ‬
‫ﻞ ا ْﻟ َﻜ ْﺮﻣَﺎ ِﻥ ﱡ‬
ِ‫ﻀ‬
ْ ‫ل َأﺑُﻮ ا ْﻟ َﻔ‬
َ ‫ َوﻗَﺎ‬. ‫ق‬
ِ ‫ﻦ ﺑِﺎﻟِﺎ ﱢﺕﻔَﺎ‬
ٌ ‫ﻲ ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ِﻊ َو ُه َﻮ َﺛ َﻤ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻨ َﺪ اﻟﺸﱠﺎ ِﻓ ِﻌ ﱢ‬
ِ ‫ﻦ‬
ُ ‫ن اﻟ ﱠﺪرَا ِه َﻢ َﺕ َﺘ َﻌ ﱠﻴ‬
‫ َﻓِﺈ ﱠ‬, ‫ﺐ‬
ِ ‫ا ْﻟ َﻤ ْﺬ َه‬
‫ﻞ ا ْﻟ َﻤﺒِﻴ ُﻊ ﻣَﺎ‬
َ ‫ َوﻗِﻴ‬. ‫ﻦ‬
ٍ ‫ﺲ ِﺑ َﺜ َﻤ‬
َ ‫ﺖ ﻓِﻲ اﻟ ﱢﺬ ﱠﻣ ِﺔ َوَﻟ ْﻴ‬
ُ ‫ﺴَﻠ ِﻢ ﻓِﻴ ِﻪ َﻓِﺈ ﱠﻥ ُﻪ َی ْﺜ ُﺒ‬
ْ ‫ض ﺑِﺎ ْﻟ ُﻤ‬
ٌ ‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ َﻔﺮﱠا ِء َو ُه َﻮ َﻣ ْﻨﻘُﻮ‬
ْ‫ﻋ‬
َ ‫ن ﻓِﻲ اﻟ ﱢﺬ ﱠﻣ ِﺔ َﻥ َﻘَﻠ ُﻪ‬
َ ‫ﻦ ﻣَﺎ آَﺎ‬
ُ ‫اﻟﺜﱠ َﻤ‬
‫ﻋ ِﺘﺒَﺎ ِر ِﻗﻴَﺎ ِﻣ ِﻪ َﻣﻘَﺎ َم‬
‫ﺤﱡﻠ ُﻪ ا ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ُﺪ ‪ ,‬ﺑِﺎ ْ‬
‫ﺝ ِﺮ ‪َ ,‬ﻓِﺈ ﱠﻥ ُﻪ إ ﱠﻥﻤَﺎ َی ِ‬
‫ﺴ َﺘ ْﺄ َ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﺣ ِﺘﺮَا ٌز َ‬
‫ن ا ْﺑ ِﺘﺪَا ًء ‪َ ,‬و َﻗ ْﻮُﻟ ُﻪ ا ْﺑ ِﺘﺪَا ًء ا ْ‬
‫ﻋﻴَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟَﺄ ْ‬
‫ﺤﱡﻠ ُﻪ ا ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ُﺪ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫َی ِ‬
‫ﺾ َو ُﻣ َﺘ َﺮ ﱢد ٍد ‪ ,‬ﻓَﺎ ْﻟ َﻤﺒِﻴ ُﻊ‬
‫ﺤ ٍ‬
‫ﻞ ِﻣ ْﻨ ُﻬﻤَﺎ إﻟَﻰ َﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺴ ُﻢ ُآ ﱞ‬
‫ﻦ ﻣَﺎ ُیﻘَﺎ ِﺑُﻠ ُﻪ َو َی ْﻨ َﻘ ِ‬
‫ﺻﺤَﺎ ِﺑﻨَﺎ ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟِﺈﺝَﺎ َر ِة ‪ ,‬وَاﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ُ‬
‫ﻲ َأ ْ‬
‫ﻃﺮِی َﻘ ْ‬
‫ﺣ ِﺪ َ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َأ َ‬
‫ا ْﻟ َﻤ ْﻨ َﻔ َﻌ ِﺔ َ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻴ ٍ‬
‫ﻦ َ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﻞ َﺑ َﺪﻟًﺎ َ‬
‫ﺝٍ‬
‫ﺖ ﻓِﻲ اﻟ ﱢﺬ ﱠﻣ ِﺔ إﻟَﻰ َأ َ‬
‫ب ا ْﻟ َﻤ ْﻮﺻُﻮ َﻓ َﺔ َو َﻗ َﻌ ْ‬
‫ل إﻟﱠﺎ اﻟ ﱢﺜﻴَﺎ َ‬
‫ت ا ْﻟَﺄ ْﻣﺜَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻦ َذوَا ِ‬
‫ﺖ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺴ ْ‬
‫ن اﱠﻟﺘِﻲ َﻟ ْﻴ َ‬
‫ﻋﻴَﺎ ُ‬
‫ﺾ ُه َﻮ ا ْﻟَﺄ ْ‬
‫ﺤ ُ‬
‫ا ْﻟ َﻤ ْ‬
‫ﺾ‬
‫ﺤ ُ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ َﻤ ْ‬
‫ﺴَﻠ ِﻢ ﻓِﻲ َآ ْﻮ ِﻥﻬَﺎ َد ْیﻨًﺎ ﻓِﻲ اﻟ ﱢﺬ ﱠﻣ ِﺔ ‪ ,‬وَاﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ُ‬
‫ﺤﻘًﺎ ﺑِﺎﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ﻞ ِﻟ َﻴﺼِﻴ َﺮ ُﻣ ْﻠ َ‬
‫ﻞ ِﻟ َﻜ ْﻮ ِﻥ ِﻪ َﺛ َﻤﻨًﺎ َﺑ ْ‬
‫ﺝِ‬
‫ط ا ْﻟَﺄ َ‬
‫ﺷ ِﺘﺮَا ُ‬
‫ﺲاْ‬
‫ن ‪َ ,‬وَﻟ ْﻴ َ‬
‫َﻓِﺈ ﱠﻥﻬَﺎ َأ ْﺛﻤَﺎ ٌ‬
‫ت ا ْﻟ ُﻤ َﺘﻘَﺎ ِر َﺑ ِﺔ َﻓِﺈ ﱠﻥ َﻬﺎ َﻣﺒِﻴ َﻌ ٌﺔ‬
‫ت وَا ْﻟ َﻌ َﺪ ِدیﱠﺎ ِ‬
‫ت وَا ْﻟ َﻤ ْﻮزُوﻥَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻖ ﻟِﻠ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ِﻨ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ آَﺎﻟ ﱠﺪرَا ِه ِﻢ وَاﻟ ﱠﺪﻥَﺎﻥِﻴ ِﺮ وَا ْﻟ ُﻤ َﺘ َﺮ ﱢد ُد َﺑ ْﻴ َﻨ ُﻬﻤَﺎ آَﺎ ْﻟ َﻤﻜِﻴﻠَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺧِﻠ َ‬
‫ُه َﻮ ﻣَﺎ ُ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻴ ٌ‬
‫ن ﻗَﺎ َﺑَﻠﻬَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻲ ُﻣ َﻌ ﱠﻴ َﻨ ٌﺔ ‪َ ,‬وِإ ْ‬
‫ن َﻓ ِﻬ َ‬
‫ن ﻗَﺎ َﺑَﻠﻬَﺎ اﻟ ﱠﻨ ْﻘﺪَا ِ‬
‫ﻦ ‪َ ,‬ﻓِﺈ ْ‬
‫ﻈﺮًا إﻟَﻰ َأ ﱠﻥﻬَﺎ ِﻣ ْﺜِﻠ ﱠﻴ ٌﺔ آَﺎﻟﱠﻨ ْﻘ َﺪ ْی ِ‬
‫ن َﻥ َ‬
‫ﻋﻴَﺎ ِﻥﻬَﺎ ‪َ ,‬أ ْﺛﻤَﺎ ٌ‬
‫ع ِﺑَﺄ ْ‬
‫ﻈﺮًا إﻟَﻰ اﻟِﺎ ْﻥ ِﺘﻔَﺎ ِ‬
‫َﻥ َ‬
‫ﻞ ُآﻞﱡ‬
‫ﺠ ِﻌ َ‬
‫ﺧ ِﺮ َﻓ ُ‬
‫ﻦ اﻟْﺂ َ‬
‫ﻞ َﻣﺒِﻴﻌًﺎ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺠ َﻌ َ‬
‫ن ُی ْ‬
‫ﺣ ُﺪ ُهﻤَﺎ َأ ْوﻟَﻰ ِﺑَﺄ ْ‬
‫ﺲ َأ َ‬
‫ن ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ َﻊ ﻟَﺎ ُﺑﺪﱠ َﻟ ُﻪ ِﻣ ْﻨ ُﻬﻤَﺎ َوَﻟ ْﻴ َ‬
‫ن ِﻟَﺄ ﱠ‬
‫ﻲ َﻣﺒِﻴ َﻌ ٌﺔ َوَأ ْﺛﻤَﺎ ٌ‬
‫ﻲ ُﻣ َﻌ ﱠﻴ َﻨ ٌﺔ َﻓ ِﻬ َ‬
‫َو ِه َ‬
‫ﺷ َﺘ َﺮیْﺖ‬
‫لاْ‬
‫ن ُیﻘَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻞ َأ ْ‬
‫ﺖ ﻓِﻴﻬَﺎ ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ُء ِﻣ ْﺜ ُ‬
‫ﺧَﻠ ْ‬
‫ن َد َ‬
‫ﻏ ْﻴ َﺮ ُﻣ َﻌ ﱠﻴ َﻨ ٍﺔ ‪َ ,‬ﻓِﺈ ْ‬
‫ت َ‬
‫ت وَا ْﻟ َﻤ ْﻮزُوﻥَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻨِﻲ ا ْﻟ َﻤﻜِﻴﻠَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺖ َأ ْ‬
‫ن آَﺎ َﻥ ْ‬
‫ﺣ ٍﺪ َﻣﺒِﻴﻌًﺎ َو َﺛ َﻤﻨًﺎ َوِإ ْ‬
‫وَا ِ‬
‫ن‬
‫ﺷ َﺘ َﺮیْﺖ ا ْﻟ ُﻜﺮﱠ ِﺑ َﻬﺬَا ا ْﻟ َﻌ ْﺒ ِﺪ آَﺎ َ‬
‫ل‪:‬ا ْ‬
‫ن ُیﻘَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻏ ْﻴ ِﺮهَﺎ َآَﺄ ْ‬
‫ﺖ ﻓِﻲ َ‬
‫ﺧَﻠ ْ‬
‫ن َد َ‬
‫ﺖ َﺛ َﻤﻨًﺎ ‪َ ,‬وِإ ْ‬
‫ﺻ َﻔﻬَﺎ آَﺎ َﻥ ْ‬
‫ﻄ ٍﺔ َو َﻗ ْﺪ َو َ‬
‫ﺣ ْﻨ َ‬
‫َهﺬَا ا ْﻟ َﻌ ْﺒ َﺪ ِﺑ ُﻜﺮﱢ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻨِﻲ‬
‫ن َﺛﻠَﺎ َﺛ ٌﺔ ‪ُ :‬ﻥﻘُﻮ ٌد َأ ْ‬
‫ﻋﻴَﺎ ُ‬
‫ل ‪ :‬ا ْﻟَﺄ ْ‬
‫ﺿ ِﻊ ‪َ .‬وَأﻗُﻮ ُ‬
‫ﺺ َآﻠَﺎ ِﻣ ِﻬ ْﻢ ﻓِﻲ َهﺬَا ا ْﻟ َﻤ ْﻮ ِ‬
‫ﻃ ِﻪ ‪َ .‬هﺬَا ُﻣَﻠﺨﱠ ُ‬
‫ﺸﺮُو ِ‬
‫ﺳَﻠﻤًﺎ ِﺑ ُ‬
‫ﺢ إﻟﱠﺎ َ‬
‫ﺼﱡ‬
‫َﻣﺒِﻴﻌًﺎ َوﻟَﺎ َی ِ‬
‫ت‬
‫ت وَا ْﻟ َﻌ َﺪ ِدیﱠﺎ ِ‬
‫ت وَا ْﻟ َﻤ ْﻮزُوﻥَﺎ ِ‬
‫ت آَﺎ ْﻟ َﻤﻜِﻴﻠَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻚ ‪َ .‬و ُﻣ َﻘ ﱠﺪرَا ٌ‬
‫ﻏ ْﻴ ِﺮ َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ب وَاﻟﺪﱡو ِر وَا ْﻟ َﻌﺒِﻴ ِﺪ َو َ‬
‫ﺳَﻠ ٌﻊ آَﺎﻟ ﱢﺜﻴَﺎ ِ‬
‫اﻟ ﱠﺪرَا ِه َﻢ وَاﻟ ﱠﺪﻥَﺎﻥِﻴ َﺮ ‪َ ,‬و ِ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ﻚ َﻓ ُﻬ َﻮ ُﻣ َﺘ َﺮ ﱢد ٌد َﺑ ْﻴ َ‬
‫ﻋﺪَا َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ﺾ ‪َ ,‬وﻣَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺤ ِ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ َﻤ ْ‬
‫ﺾ وَاﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ﺤ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ ا ْﻟ َﻤﺒِﻴ ِﻊ ا ْﻟ َﻤ ْ‬
‫ﻞ َ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘ ِﻤ ُ‬
‫ﻦ َی ْ‬
‫ﻦ ﺑِﺎﻟﱠﻨ ْﻘ َﺪ ْی ِ‬
‫ﻏ ْﻴ ِﺮ اﻟ ﱠﻨ ْﻘ َﺪ ْی ِ‬
‫ا ْﻟ ُﻤ َﺘﻘَﺎ ِر َﺑ ِﺔ ‪َ ,‬و َﺑ ْﻴ ُﻊ َ‬
‫ق‬
‫ﻃﻠَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻞ ﺝَﺎ ِﺋ ٌﺰ ( ِﻟِﺈ ْ‬
‫ﺝِ‬
‫ل وَا ْﻟ ُﻤ َﺆ ﱠ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟﺤَﺎ ﱢ‬
‫ل ) وَا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ُﻊ ﺑِﺎﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ﻋ َﺪ ِﻣ ِﻪ ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ل ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِء َو َ‬
‫ﻆ ِﺑ ُﺪﺧُﻮ ِ‬
‫َآ ْﻮ ِﻥ ِﻪ َﻣﺒِﻴﻌًﺎ َو َﺛ َﻤﻨًﺎ ‪ ,‬وَاﻟ ﱠﺘ ْﻤﻴِﻴ ُﺰ ﻓِﻲ اﻟﱠﻠ ْﻔ ِ‬
‫ﻞ َو َر َه َﻨ ُﻪ‬
‫ﺝٍ‬
‫ﻃﻌَﺎﻣًﺎ إﻟَﻰ َأ َ‬
‫ي َ‬
‫ﻦ َیﻬُﻮ ِد ﱟ‬
‫ﺷ َﺘﺮَى ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ي } َأﻥﱠ ُﻪ ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ ا ْ‬
‫ﻞ اﻟﱠﻠ ُﻪ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ َﻊ { َوِﻟﻤَﺎ ُر ِو َ‬
‫ﺣﱠ‬
‫ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺕﻌﺎﻟﻰ } َوَأ َ‬
‫ﺴﻠﱡ ُﻢ ‪َ ,‬ﻓ ُﺮ ﱠﺑﻤَﺎ‬
‫ﺴﻠِﻴ ُﻢ وَاﻟﺘﱠ َ‬
‫ﺐ ﺑِﺎ ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ِﺪ َو ُه َﻮ اﻟ ﱠﺘ ْ‬
‫ﺝ َ‬
‫ﻲ إﻟَﻰ ﻣَﺎ َی ْﻤ َﻨ ُﻊ ا ْﻟﻮَا ِ‬
‫ﻀَ‬
‫ﻞ َﻣ ْﻌﻠُﻮﻣًﺎ ِﻟ َﺌﻠﱠﺎ ُی ْﻔ ِ‬
‫ﺝُ‬
‫ن ا ْﻟَﺄ َ‬
‫ن َی ُﻜﻮ َ‬
‫ﻦ ﻟَﺎ ُﺑﺪﱠ َوَأ ْ‬
‫ﻋ ُﻪ { َﻟ ِﻜ ْ‬
‫ِد ْر َ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي ُی َﺆﺧﱢ ُﺮ إﻟَﻰ َﺑﻌِﻴ ِﺪهَﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺐ ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ُﻊ ﻓِﻲ ُﻣ ﱠﺪ ٍة َﻗﺮِی َﺒ ٍﺔ وَا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ُیﻄَﺎَﻟ ُ‬
‫‪6.3 The obligation to deliver payment rests on the debtor and not on the creditor.‬‬
‫‪Thus, the debtor cannot demand that the creditor comes to collect the amounts due.‬‬
‫‪This is left to the free will of the creditor if he ever chooses to do so.‬‬
‫‪6.4 Any bank charges or costs that the debtor incurs to deliver the debt due to the‬‬
‫‪creditor cannot be deducted from the amount owed. Such costs are to be borne by the‬‬
‫‪debtor.‬‬
‫‪6.5 The debt must preferably be recorded and witnessed by a minimum of two adult‬‬
‫‪Muslims although others, even non-Muslims could act as additional witnesses. The‬‬
‫‪attribute of Muslim witness is on the presumption of a Muslim’s honesty. This was‬‬
‫‪true in the early era.‬‬
‫ﻦ ِرﺝَﺎ ِﻟﻜُﻢ{ ﺕﺤﺼﻴﻨ ًﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺎل‪ ,‬وﻗﻄﻌ ًﺎ ﻟﺘﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺠﺤﻮد‪ ,‬وﻣﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎط‪.‬‬
‫ﻦ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺷﻬِﻴ َﺪ ْﻳ ِ‬
‫ﺸ ِﻬﺪُوا َ‬
‫ﺳ َﺘ ْ‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﻗﺎل‪} :‬وا ْ‬
‫أﺣﻜﺎم اﻟﻘﺮﺁن‬
‫أﺑﻮ ﺑﻜﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺮازي اﻟﺠﺼﺎص اﻟﺤﻨﻔﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻮرة اﻟﺒﻘﺮة‬
‫ت‬
‫ﻋﻘُﻮ ِد ا ْﻟ ُﻤﺪَا َﻳﻨَﺎ ِ‬
‫ب ُ‬
‫ﺑَﺎ ُ‬
‫ن‬
‫ﺐ َﻗ ْﻮ ٌم إﻟَﻰ َأ ﱠ‬
‫ﺴﻤ‪‬ﻰ ﻓَﺎ ْآ ُﺘﺒُﻮ ُﻩ { ﻗَﺎ َل َأﺑُﻮ َﺑ ْﻜ ٍﺮ َذ َه َ‬
‫ﺝ ٍﻞ ُﻣ َ‬
‫ﻦ إﻟَﻰ َأ َ‬
‫ﻦ ﺁ َﻣﻨُﻮا إذَا َﺕﺪَا َﻳ ْﻨ ُﺘ ْﻢ ِﺑ َﺪ ْﻳ ٍ‬
‫ﻗَﺎ َل اﻟﱠﻠ ُﻪ َﺕﻌَﺎﻟَﻰ ‪ } :‬ﻳَﺎ َأ ﱡﻳﻬَﺎ اﱠﻟﺬِﻳ َ‬
‫ﺸ ِﻬﺪُوا‬
‫ﺳ َﺘ ْ‬
‫ﻦ ِﺑ َﻘ ْﻮ ِﻟ ِﻪ َﺕﻌَﺎﻟَﻰ ‪ } :‬ﻓَﺎ ْآ ُﺘﺒُﻮ ُﻩ { إﻟَﻰ َﻗ ْﻮ ِﻟ ِﻪ ‪ } :‬وَا ْ‬
‫ﺝ َﺒ ْﻴ ِ‬
‫ﺝ َﻠ ِﺔ َﻗ ْﺪ آَﺎﻧَﺎ وَا ِ‬
‫ن اﻟْﺂ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ اﻟ ﱡﺪﻳُﻮ ِ‬
‫ﺷﻬَﺎ َد َ‬
‫ب وَا ْﻟ ِﺈ ْ‬
‫ا ْﻟ ِﻜﺘَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻦ َأﻣَﺎ َﻧ َﺘ ُﻪ {‬
‫ﻀ ُﻜ ْﻢ َﺑ ْﻌﻀًﺎ َﻓ ْﻠ ُﻴ َﺆ ﱢد اﱠﻟﺬِي ُا ْؤ ُﺕ ِﻤ َ‬
‫ﻦ َﺑ ْﻌ ُ‬
‫ن َأ ِﻣ َ‬
‫ب ِﺑ َﻘ ْﻮ ِﻟ ِﻪ َﺕﻌَﺎﻟَﻰ ‪َ } :‬ﻓ ِﺈ ْ‬
‫ﺦ ا ْﻟ ُﻮﺝُﻮ ُ‬
‫ﺴَ‬
‫ﻦ ِرﺝَﺎ ِﻟ ُﻜ ْﻢ { ُﺛﻢﱠ ُﻧ ِ‬
‫ﻦ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺷﻬِﻴ َﺪ ْﻳ ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﻲ ٌء ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷ ْ‬
‫ﺦ ِﻣ ْﻨﻬَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺴْ‬
‫ﺤ َﻜ َﻤ ٌﺔ َﻟ ْﻢ ُﻳ ْﻨ َ‬
‫ﻲ ُﻣ ْ‬
‫ن ‪ِ ) :‬ه َ‬
‫ﺧﺮُو َ‬
‫ﻦ ‪َ .‬وﻗَﺎ َل ﺁ َ‬
‫ﺴِ‬
‫ﺤ َ‬
‫ﻲ وَا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﺸ ْﻌ ِﺒ ﱢ‬
‫ي وَاﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ﺨ ْﺪ ِر ﱢ‬
‫ﺳﻌِﻴ ٍﺪ ا ْﻟ ُ‬
‫ﻦ َأﺑِﻲ َ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﻚ َ‬
‫ي َذ ِﻟ َ‬
‫ُر ِو َ‬
‫ﺤ َﻜ َﻤ ٌﺔ‬
‫ﻦ ُﻣ ْ‬
‫ن ﺁ َﻳ َﺔ اﻟ ﱠﺪ ْﻳ ِ‬
‫س ‪ ) :‬ﻟَﺎ َواَﻟﱠﻠ ِﻪ إ ﱠ‬
‫ﻋﺒﱠﺎ ٍ‬
‫ﻦ َ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻜ ِﺮ َﻣ َﺔ ﻗَﺎ َل ‪ :‬ﻗَﺎ َل ا ْﺑ ُ‬
‫ﻦ ِ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﻦ َأﺑِﻲ ِه ْﻨ ٍﺪ َ‬
‫ﺣ َﻮ ُل َودَاوُد ْﺑ ُ‬
‫ﺹ ٌﻢ ا ْﻟ َﺄ ْ‬
‫َو َروَى ﻋَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﻦ َأﺑِﻲ ُﺑ ْﺮ َد َة َ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﻲ َ‬
‫ﺸ ْﻌ ِﺒ ﱢ‬
‫ﻦ اﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ﺴٌ‬
‫َوﻣَﺎ ﻓِﻴﻬَﺎ َﻧ ْ‬
‫ن‬
‫ﻦ َأﺑِﻲ ﻣُﻮﺳَﻰ ﻗَﺎ َل ‪َ } :‬ﺛﻠَﺎ َﺛ ٌﺔ َﻳ ْﺪﻋُﻮ َ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫س َ‬
‫ﻦ ِﻓﺮَا ٍ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﺷ ْﻌ َﺒ ُﺔ َ‬
‫ﺦ ( ‪َ .‬و َﻗ ْﺪ َروَى ُ‬
‫ﺳﻔِﻴﻬًﺎ َو َﻗ ْﺪ ﻗَﺎ َل اﻟﱠﻠ ُﻪ َﺕﻌَﺎﻟَﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻄَﻰ ﻣَﺎ َﻟ ُﻪ َ‬
‫ﺝ ٌﻞ َأ ْ‬
‫ﻄﱢﻠ ْﻘﻬَﺎ ‪َ ,‬و َر ُ‬
‫ﻖ َﻓ َﻠ ْﻢ ُﻳ َ‬
‫ﺨُﻠ ِ‬
‫ﺳ ﱢﻴ َﺌ ُﺔ ا ْﻟ ُ‬
‫ﺖ َﻟ ُﻪ ا ْﻣ َﺮَأ ٌة َ‬
‫ﺝ ٌﻞ آَﺎ َﻧ ْ‬
‫ﺐ َﻟ ُﻬ ْﻢ َر ُ‬
‫ﺴ َﺘﺠِﻴ ُ‬
‫اﻟﱠﻠ َﻪ َﻓﻠَﺎ َﻳ ْ‬
‫ي‬
‫ﻋ َﻠ ْﻴ ِﻪ ِﺑ ِﻪ { ‪ .‬ﻗَﺎ َل َأﺑُﻮ َﺑ ْﻜ ٍﺮ ‪َ :‬و َﻗ ْﺪ ُر ِو َ‬
‫ﺸ ِﻬ ْﺪ َ‬
‫ﻦ َو َﻟ ْﻢ ُﻳ ْ‬
‫ﺝ ٍﻞ َد ْﻳ ٌ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َر ُ‬
‫ﺝ ٌﻞ َﻟ ُﻪ َ‬
‫ﺴ َﻔﻬَﺎ َء َأ ْﻣﻮَا َﻟ ُﻜ ْﻢ { ‪َ ,‬و َر ُ‬
‫‪َ } :‬وﻟَﺎ ُﺕ ْﺆﺕُﻮا اﻟ ﱡ‬
‫ﺝ ْﺮ‬
‫ﺣﻘﱡ ُﻪ َﻟ ْﻢ ُﻳ ْﺆ َ‬
‫ﺐ َ‬
‫ن َذ َه َ‬
‫ك‪):‬إ ْ‬
‫ﻀﺤﱠﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻦ اﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﺝ َﻮ ْﻳ ِﺒ ٌﺮ َ‬
‫ﻲ ﺹﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ ‪َ .‬و َروَى ُ‬
‫ﺚ َﻣ ْﺮﻓُﻮﻋًﺎ إﻟَﻰ اﻟ ﱠﻨ ِﺒ ﱢ‬
‫ﺤﺪِﻳ ُ‬
‫َهﺬَا ا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﺷ ِﻬﺪُوا إذَا َﺕﺒَﺎ َﻳ ْﻌ ُﺘ ْﻢ { َﻳ ْﻌﻨِﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺝ َﺒ ْﻴ ٍﺮ ‪َ } :‬وَأ ْ‬
‫ﻦ ُ‬
‫ﺳﻌِﻴ ُﺪ ْﺑ ُ‬
‫ﻖ اﻟﱠﻠ ِﻪ َوَأ ْﻣ َﺮ ُﻩ ( ‪َ .‬وﻗَﺎ َل َ‬
‫ﺣﱠ‬
‫ك َ‬
‫ﺐ ِﻟ َﺄ ﱠﻧ ُﻪ َﺕ َﺮ َ‬
‫ﺠ ْ‬
‫ﻋ َﻠ ْﻴ ِﻪ َﻟ ْﻢ ُﻳ َ‬
‫ن َدﻋَﺎ َ‬
‫َوِإ ْ‬
‫ﺞ‬
‫ﺝ َﺮ ْﻳ ٍ‬
‫ﻦ ُ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ ُآﻞﱢ ﺣَﺎ ٍل ‪َ .‬وﻗَﺎ َل ا ْﺑ ُ‬
‫ﺣﻘﱢﻚ َ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َ‬
‫ﺷ ِﻬ ْﺪ َ‬
‫ﺝ ٌﻞ ‪َ ,‬ﻓ َﺄ ْ‬
‫ﺷ ِﻬﺪُوا َ‬
‫َوُأ ْ‬
‫ﻦ ﻓِﻴﻬَﺎ َأ َ‬
‫ﺝ ٌﻞ َأ ْو َﻟ ْﻢ َﻳ ُﻜ ْ‬
‫ن ﻓِﻴﻬَﺎ َأ َ‬
‫ﺣﻘُﻮ ِﻗ ُﻜ ْﻢ إذَا آَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ ُ‬
‫ﺷ ِﻬﺪُوا إذَا‬
‫ﻒ ِد ْر َه ٍﻢ ؟ ﻗَﺎ َل ‪َ :‬ﻧ َﻌ ْﻢ ‪ُ ,‬ه َﻮ َﺕ ْﺄوِﻳ ُﻞ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺕﻌﺎﻟﻰ ‪َ } :‬وَأ ْ‬
‫ﺼ ِ‬
‫ن ﺑَﺎ َﻳ َﻊ ِﺑ ِﻨ ْ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َأ ْ‬
‫ﺝ ُﻞ َ‬
‫ﺸ ِﻬ ُﺪ اﻟﺮﱠ ُ‬
‫ﻋﻄَﺎ ٌء ‪َ :‬أ ُﻳ ْ‬
‫ﺳ ِﺌ َﻞ َ‬
‫‪ُ :‬‬
‫ﻲ‪):‬‬
‫ﺸ ْﻌ ِﺒ ﱢ‬
‫ﻦ وَاﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ﺴِ‬
‫ﺤ َ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ي َ‬
‫ﺠ ِﺔ َﺑ ْﻘ ٍﻞ ( ‪َ .‬و َﻗ ْﺪ ُر ِو َ‬
‫ﺳ َﺘ َ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َد ْ‬
‫ﺸ ِﻬ ُﺪ َﻟ ْﻮ َ‬
‫ﻦ إ ْﺑﺮَاهِﻴ َﻢ ﻗَﺎ َل ‪ُ ) :‬ﻳ ْ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫َﺕﺒَﺎ َﻳ ْﻌ ُﺘ ْﻢ { ‪َ .‬و َروَى ُﻣﻐِﻴ َﺮ ُة َ‬
‫ن‬
‫ﻦ ُﻣﺠَﺎ ِه ٍﺪ ‪َ ) :‬أ ﱠ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﺚ َ‬
‫ﻀ ُﻜ ْﻢ َﺑ ْﻌﻀًﺎ { ( َو َروَى َﻟ ْﻴ ٌ‬
‫ﻦ َﺑ ْﻌ ُ‬
‫ن َأ ِﻣ َ‬
‫ﺸ ِﻬ ْﺪ ‪ ,‬ﻟﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺕﻌﺎﻟﻰ ‪َ } :‬ﻓ ِﺈ ْ‬
‫ن ﺷَﺎ َء َﻟ ْﻢ ُﻳ ْ‬
‫ﺷ َﻬ َﺪ َوِإ ْ‬
‫ن ﺷَﺎ َء َأ ْ‬
‫إْ‬
‫ﺖ ا ْﻟ ِﻜﺘَﺎ َﺑ ُﺔ َﻣ َﻊ‬
‫ﺝﺒًﺎ َﻟﻜَﺎ َﻧ ْ‬
‫ن وَا ِ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َأﻧﱠ ُﻪ رَﺁ ُﻩ َﻧ ْﺪﺑًﺎ ِﻟ َﺄ ﱠﻧ ُﻪ َﻟ ْﻮ آَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺐ ( ‪َ ,‬و َهﺬَا َﻳ ُﺪلﱡ َ‬
‫ﺷ َﻬ َﺪ َو َﻟ ْﻢ َﻳ ْﻜ ُﺘ ْ‬
‫ع َأ ْ‬
‫ن إذَا ﺑَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻋ َﻤ َﺮ آَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻦ ُ‬
‫ا ْﺑ َ‬
‫ا ْﻟ ِﺈ ْ‬
‫ﺨﻠُﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺕﻌﺎﻟﻰ ‪ } :‬ﻓَﺎ ْآ ُﺘﺒُﻮ ُﻩ { إﻟَﻰ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺕﻌﺎﻟﻰ ‪} :‬‬
‫ﺷﻬَﺎ ِد ; ِﻟ َﺄ ﱠﻧ ُﻬﻤَﺎ َﻣ ْﺄﻣُﻮ ٌر ِﺑ ِﻬﻤَﺎ ﻓِﻲ اﻟْﺂ َﻳ ِﺔ ‪ .‬ﻗَﺎ َل َأﺑُﻮ َﺑ ْﻜ ٍﺮ ‪ :‬ﻟَﺎ َﻳ ْ‬
‫ﺝﺒًﺎ ِﻟ ْﻠ ِﻜﺘَﺎ َﺑ ِﺔ‬
‫ن ﻣُﻮ ِ‬
‫ن َﻳﻜُﻮ َ‬
‫ﻦ َأ ْ‬
‫ﺷ ِﻬﺪُوا إذَا َﺕﺒَﺎ َﻳ ْﻌ ُﺘ ْﻢ { ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻦ ِرﺝَﺎ ِﻟ ُﻜ ْﻢ { وﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺕﻌﺎﻟﻰ ‪َ } :‬وَأ ْ‬
‫ﻦ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺷﻬِﻴ َﺪ ْﻳ ِ‬
‫ﺸ ِﻬﺪُوا َ‬
‫ﺳ َﺘ ْ‬
‫وَا ْ‬
‫ﺦ إﻳﺠَﺎ ِﺑ ِﻪ ِﺑ َﻘ ْﻮ ِﻟ ِﻪ‬
‫ﺴُ‬
‫ن َو َر َد َﻧ ْ‬
‫ﺴ َﺘ ِﻘﺮ‪‬ا ﺛَﺎ ِﺑﺘًﺎ إﻟَﻰ َأ ْ‬
‫ﺣ ْﻜﻤًﺎ ُﻣ ْ‬
‫ن َهﺬَا ُ‬
‫ﺝ َﻠ ِﺔ ﻓِﻲ ﺣَﺎ ِل ُﻧﺰُو ِﻟﻬَﺎ ‪َ ,‬وآَﺎ َ‬
‫ن اﻟْﺂ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ اﻟ ﱡﺪﻳُﻮ ِ‬
‫ﺷﻬَﺎ ِد َ‬
‫وَا ْﻟ ِﺈ ْ‬
‫ﻚ‬
‫ن َآ َﺬ ِﻟ َ‬
‫ن آَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺠﻤِﻴ ِﻊ َﻣﻌًﺎ ; َﻓ ِﺈ ْ‬
‫ن ُﻧﺰُو ُل ا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ن َﻳﻜُﻮ َ‬
‫ﻦ َأﻣَﺎ َﻧ َﺘ ُﻪ { ‪َ ,‬أ ْو َأ ْ‬
‫ﻀ ُﻜ ْﻢ َﺑ ْﻌﻀًﺎ َﻓ ْﻠ ُﻴ َﺆ ﱢد اﱠﻟﺬِي ُا ْؤ ُﺕ ِﻤ َ‬
‫ﻦ َﺑ ْﻌ ُ‬
‫ن َأ ِﻣ َ‬
‫َﺕﻌَﺎﻟَﻰ ‪َ } :‬ﻓ ِﺈ ْ‬
‫ﺣ ٍﺪ ‪ ,‬إ ْذ‬
‫ﻲ ٍء وَا ِ‬
‫ﺷ ْ‬
‫خ َﻣﻌًﺎ ﻓِﻲ َ‬
‫ﺴﻮ ِ‬
‫ﺦ وَا ْﻟ َﻤ ْﻨ ُ‬
‫ﺳِ‬
‫ع ُورُو ِد اﻟﻨﱠﺎ ِ‬
‫ب ﻟِﺎ ْﻣ ِﺘﻨَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺷﻬَﺎ ِر ا ْﻟﺈِﻳﺠَﺎ َ‬
‫ن ا ْﻟ ُﻤﺮَا ُد ﺑِﺎ ْﻟ ِﻜﺘَﺎ َﺑ ِﺔ وَا ْﻟ ِﺈ ْ‬
‫ن َﻳﻜُﻮ َ‬
‫َﻓ َﻐ ْﻴ ُﺮ ﺝَﺎ ِﺋ ٍﺰ َأ ْ‬
‫ﻦ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺤ ْﻜ َﻤ ْﻴ ِ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ ُ‬
‫ﺦ ُﻧﺰُو ِل َه َﺬ ْﻳ ِ‬
‫ﺤ ْﻜ ِﻢ َﻗ ْﺒ َﻞ ا ْ‬
‫ﺦ ا ْﻟ ُ‬
‫ﺴُ‬
‫ﻏ ْﻴ ُﺮ ﺝَﺎ ِﺋ ٍﺰ َﻧ ْ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﻦ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺕﻌﺎﻟﻰ ‪} :‬‬
‫ﻋ ْﻨ َﺪﻧَﺎ ﺕَﺎرِﻳ ُ‬
‫ﺖ ِ‬
‫ﺳ ِﺘ ْﻘﺮَا ِر ِﻩ ‪َ .‬و َﻟﻤﱠﺎ َﻟ ْﻢ َﻳ ْﺜ ُﺒ ْ‬
‫ﺤ ْﻜ ُﻢ ِﺑ ُﻮرُو ِد ِهﻤَﺎ َﻣﻌًﺎ ‪َ ,‬ﻓَﻠ ْﻢ َﻳ ِﺮ ْد ا ْﻟ َﺄ ْﻣ ُﺮ‬
‫ﺐ ا ْﻟ ُ‬
‫ﺝ َ‬
‫ﻀ ُﻜ ْﻢ َﺑ ْﻌﻀًﺎ { َو َ‬
‫ﻦ َﺑ ْﻌ ُ‬
‫ن َأ ِﻣ َ‬
‫ﺷ ِﻬﺪُوا إذَا َﺕﺒَﺎ َﻳ ْﻌ ُﺘ ْﻢ { وﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺕﻌﺎﻟﻰ ‪َ } :‬ﻓ ِﺈ ْ‬
‫َوَأ ْ‬
‫ن ا ْﻟ َﺄ ْﻣ َﺮ‬
‫ﻚ َأ ﱠ‬
‫ﺖ ِﺑ َﺬ ِﻟ َ‬
‫ﻦ َأﻣَﺎ َﻧ َﺘ ُﻪ { َﻓ َﺜ َﺒ َ‬
‫ﻀ ُﻜ ْﻢ َﺑ ْﻌﻀًﺎ َﻓ ْﻠ ُﻴ َﺆ ﱢد اﱠﻟﺬِي ُا ْؤ ُﺕ ِﻤ َ‬
‫ﻦ َﺑ ْﻌ ُ‬
‫ن َأ ِﻣ َ‬
‫ﺷﻬَﺎ ِد إﻟﱠﺎ َﻣ ْﻘﺮُوﻧًﺎ ِﺑ َﻘ ْﻮ ِﻟ ِﻪ ‪َ } :‬ﻓ ِﺈ ْ‬
‫ب وَا ْﻟ ِﺈ ْ‬
‫ﺑِﺎ ْﻟ ِﻜﺘَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻲ ٌء ‪,‬‬
‫ﺷ ْ‬
‫ﺦ ِﻣ ْﻨﻬَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺴْ‬
‫ﺤ َﻜ َﻤ ٌﺔ َﻟ ْﻢ ُﻳ ْﻨ َ‬
‫ﻦ ُﻣ ْ‬
‫ن ﺁ َﻳ َﺔ اﻟ ﱠﺪ ْﻳ ِ‬
‫ﻦ َأ ﱠ‬
‫س ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻋﺒﱠﺎ ٍ‬
‫ﻦ َ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﺑ ِ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ي َ‬
‫ﺐ ‪َ .‬وﻣَﺎ ُر ِو َ‬
‫ﺝ ٍ‬
‫ﻏ ْﻴ ُﺮ وَا ِ‬
‫ب َ‬
‫ﺷﻬَﺎ ِد َﻧ ْﺪ ٌ‬
‫ﺑِﺎ ْﻟ ِﻜﺘَﺎ َﺑ ِﺔ وَا ْﻟ ِﺈ ْ‬
‫ﻖ اﻟ ﱢﺘﻠَﺎ َو ِة ﻣَﺎ‬
‫ﺴ ِ‬
‫ن ﻓِﻲ َﻧ َ‬
‫ﺠﻤِﻴ َﻊ َو َر َد َﻣﻌًﺎ ‪َ ,‬ﻓﻜَﺎ َ‬
‫ن ا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ن ُﻳﺮِﻳ َﺪ َأ ﱠ‬
‫ﺝﺒًﺎ ; ِﻟ َﺄ ﱠﻧ ُﻪ ﺝَﺎ ِﺋ ٌﺰ َأ ْ‬
‫ﺷﻬَﺎ َد وَا ِ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َأﻧﱠ ُﻪ َرأَى ا ْﻟ ِﺈ ْ‬
‫ﻟَﺎ َدﻟَﺎ َﻟ َﺔ ﻓِﻴ ِﻪ َ‬
‫ﻦ ُ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﺑ ِ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ي َ‬
‫ﻀ ُﻜ ْﻢ َﺑ ْﻌﻀًﺎ { ‪َ .‬وﻣَﺎ ُر ِو َ‬
‫ن‬
‫ﻋ َﻤ َﺮ َأﻧﱠ ُﻪ آَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻦ َﺑ ْﻌ ُ‬
‫ن َأ ِﻣ َ‬
‫ﺷﻬَﺎ ُد َﻧ ْﺪﺑًﺎ ‪َ ,‬و ُه َﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺕﻌﺎﻟﻰ ‪َ } :‬ﻓ ِﺈ ْ‬
‫ن ا ْﻟ ِﺈ ْ‬
‫ن َﻳﻜُﻮ َ‬
‫ﺐ َأ ْ‬
‫ﺝ َ‬
‫َأ ْو َ‬
‫ﻦ َأﺑِﻲ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ي َ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻨ َﺪﻧَﺎ َأ ﱠﻧ ُﻬ ْﻢ َرَأ ْو ُﻩ َﻧ ْﺪﺑًﺎ ﻟَﺎ إﻳﺠَﺎﺑًﺎ ‪َ .‬وﻣَﺎ ُر ِو َ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ ا ْﻟ َﻘﻠِﻴ ِﻞ ; ُآﱢﻠ ِﻪ ِ‬
‫ﺸ ِﻬ ُﺪ َ‬
‫ﻋﻄَﺎ ٍء َأﻧﱠ ُﻪ ُﻳ ْ‬
‫ﻦ إ ْﺑﺮَاهِﻴ َﻢ َو َ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﺸ ِﻬ ُﺪ ‪َ ,‬و َ‬
‫ُﻳ ْ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َأﻧﱠ ُﻪ رَﺁ ُﻩ‬
‫ﺸ ِﻬ ْﺪ ( َﻓﻠَﺎ َدﻟَﺎ َﻟ َﺔ َ‬
‫ﻦ َوَﻟ ْﻢ ُﻳ ْ‬
‫ﺝ ٍﻞ َد ْﻳ ٌ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َر ُ‬
‫ﻦ َﻟ ُﻪ َ‬
‫ﺣ ُﺪ ُه ْﻢ َﻣ ْ‬
‫ب َﻟ ُﻬ ْﻢ ‪َ :‬أ َ‬
‫ﺴ َﺘﺠَﺎ ُ‬
‫ن اﻟﱠﻠ َﻪ َﻓﻠَﺎ ُﻳ ْ‬
‫ﻣُﻮﺳَﻰ ‪َ ) :‬ﺛﻠَﺎ َﺛ ٌﺔ َﻳ ْﺪﻋُﻮ َ‬
‫وَا ِ‬
‫ﻦ َﻟ ُﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺐ َ‬
‫ﺝ ٍ‬
‫ﺲ ِﺑﻮَا ِ‬
‫ف َأﻧﱠ ُﻪ َﻟ ْﻴ َ‬
‫ﺧﻠَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻄﱢﻠ ْﻘﻬَﺎ ؟ َوﻟَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻖ َﻓ َﻠ ْﻢ ُﻳ َ‬
‫ﺨُﻠ ِ‬
‫ﺳ ﱢﻴ َﺌ ُﺔ ا ْﻟ ُ‬
‫ﻦ َﻟ ُﻪ ا ْﻣ َﺮَأ ٌة َ‬
‫ﺝﺒًﺎ ‪َ ,‬أﻟَﺎ َﺕﺮَى َأﻧﱠ ُﻪ َذ َآ َﺮ َﻣ َﻌ ُﻪ َﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺝ َﻌ َﻞ‬
‫ﺹ ِﻞ إﻟَﻰ ﻣَﺎ َ‬
‫ط وَاﻟ ﱠﺘ َﻮ ﱡ‬
‫ﺣ ِﺘﻴَﺎ ِ‬
‫ك ِﻟﻠِﺎ ْ‬
‫ﻚ ﺕَﺎ ِر ٌ‬
‫ﻋ َﻞ َذ ِﻟ َ‬
‫ن ﻓَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َأ ﱠ‬
‫ﻄﱢﻠ َﻘﻬَﺎ ; َوِإ ﱠﻧﻤَﺎ َهﺬَا ا ْﻟ َﻘ ْﻮ ُل ِﻣ ْﻨ ُﻪ َ‬
‫ن ُﻳ َ‬
‫ﻖ َأ ْ‬
‫ﺨُﻠ ِ‬
‫ﺳ ﱢﻴ َﺌ ُﺔ ا ْﻟ ُ‬
‫ا ْﻣ َﺮَأ ٌة َ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ﺷﻬَﺎ ِد وَاﻟ ﱠﺮ ْه ِ‬
‫ن ا ْﻟ َﺄ ْﻣ َﺮ ﺑِﺎ ْﻟ ِﻜﺘَﺎ َﺑ ِﺔ وَا ْﻟ ِﺈ ْ‬
‫ﻦ ُﻓ َﻘﻬَﺎ ِء ا ْﻟ َﺄ ْﻣﺼَﺎ ِر َأ ﱠ‬
‫ف َﺑ ْﻴ َ‬
‫ﺧﻠَﺎ َ‬
‫ص ‪َ .‬وﻟَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺨﻠَﺎ َ‬
‫ج وَا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﺨ َﺮ َ‬
‫اﻟﱠﻠ ُﻪ َﺕﻌَﺎﻟَﻰ َﻟ ُﻪ ﻓِﻴ ِﻪ ا ْﻟ َﻤ ْ‬
‫ﺷ ْﻴﺌًﺎ‬
‫ن َ‬
‫ﻦ وَاﻟ ﱡﺪ ْﻧﻴَﺎ ‪َ ,‬وَأ ﱠ‬
‫ط ﻟِﻠﺪﱢﻳ ِ‬
‫ﺣ ِﺘﻴَﺎ ُ‬
‫ح وَاﻟِﺎ ْ‬
‫ﺼﻠَﺎ ُ‬
‫ﻆ وَاﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ﺤﱡ‬
‫ب َوِإ ْرﺷَﺎ ٌد إﻟَﻰ ﻣَﺎ َﻟﻨَﺎ ﻓِﻴ ِﻪ ا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﺝﻤِﻴ َﻌ ُﻪ ﻓِﻲ َه ِﺬ ِﻩ اﻟْﺂ َﻳ ِﺔ َﻧ ْﺪ ٌ‬
‫ا ْﻟ َﻤ ْﺬآُﻮ ِر َ‬
‫ﻏ ْﻴ ِﺮ‬
‫ﻦ َ‬
‫ت ﻓِﻲ َأ ْﻣﺼَﺎ ِر ِه ْﻢ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺷ ِﺮ َﺑ ِﺔ وَا ْﻟ ِﺒﻴَﺎﻋَﺎ ِ‬
‫ت وَا ْﻟ َﺄ ْ‬
‫ﻋﻘُﻮ َد ا ْﻟ ُﻤﺪَا َﻳﻨَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻒ ُ‬
‫ﺳَﻠ ٍ‬
‫ﻦ َ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ﻒ َ‬
‫ﺧ َﻠ ٌ‬
‫ﺖ ا ْﻟُﺄﻣﱠ ُﺔ َ‬
‫ﺐ ‪َ .‬و َﻗ ْﺪ َﻧ َﻘ َﻠ ْ‬
‫ﺝ ٍ‬
‫ﻏ ْﻴ ُﺮ وَا ِ‬
‫ِﻣ ْﻨ ُﻪ َ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ ﺕَﺎ ِر ِآ ِﻪ‬
‫ﺝﺒًﺎ َﻟﻤَﺎ َﺕ َﺮآُﻮا اﻟ ﱠﻨﻜِﻴ َﺮ َ‬
‫ﺷﻬَﺎ ُد وَا ِ‬
‫ن ا ْﻟ ِﺈ ْ‬
‫ﻋ َﻠ ْﻴ ِﻬ ْﻢ ‪َ ,‬و َﻟ ْﻮ آَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺷﻬَﺎ ٍد ‪َ ,‬ﻣ َﻊ ِ‬
‫ﻏ ْﻴ ِﺮ َﻧﻜِﻴ ٍﺮ ِﻣ ْﻨ ُﻬ ْﻢ َ‬
‫ﻦ َ‬
‫ﻚ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻠ ِﻢ ُﻓ َﻘﻬَﺎ ِﺋ ِﻬ ْﻢ ِﺑ َﺬ ِﻟ َ‬
‫إ ْ‬
‫ﻲ ﺹﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ إﻟَﻰ‬
‫ﺼ ِﺮ اﻟ ﱠﻨ ِﺒ ﱢ‬
‫ﻋ ْ‬
‫ﻦ َ‬
‫ﻚ َﻣ ْﻨﻘُﻮ ٌل ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َأ ﱠﻧ ُﻬ ْﻢ َرَأ ْو ُﻩ َﻧ ْﺪﺑًﺎ ‪َ ,‬و َذ ِﻟ َ‬
‫ﻚ َدﻟِﻴ ٌﻞ َ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻠ ِﻤ ِﻬ ْﻢ ِﺑ ِﻪ ‪َ .‬وﻓِﻲ َذ ِﻟ َ‬
‫َﻣ َﻊ ِ‬
‫ﺴ َﺘﻔِﻴﻀًﺎ‬
‫ﺷ ِﺮ َﺑ ِﺘﻬَﺎ َﻟ َﻮ َر َد اﻟﻨﱠ ْﻘ ُﻞ ِﺑ ِﻪ ُﻣ َﺘﻮَا ِﺕﺮًا ُﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ ِﺑﻴَﺎﻋَﺎ ِﺕﻬَﺎ َوَأ ْ‬
‫ﺸ ِﻬ ُﺪ َ‬
‫ن ُﺕ ْ‬
‫ﺼﺤَﺎ َﺑ ُﺔ وَاﻟﺘﱠﺎ ِﺑﻌُﻮ َ‬
‫ﺖ اﻟ ﱠ‬
‫َﻳ ْﻮ ِﻣﻨَﺎ َهﺬَا ‪َ .‬و َﻟ ْﻮ آَﺎ َﻧ ْ‬
‫ك ا ْﻟ ِﺈ ْ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ ﺕَﺎ ِر ِآ ِﻪ‬
‫ﻇﻬَﺎ ُر اﻟ ﱠﻨﻜِﻴ ِﺮ َ‬
‫ﺾ َوﻟَﺎ إ ْ‬
‫ﺴ َﺘﻔِﻴ ِ‬
‫ﺷﻬَﺎ ُد ﺑِﺎﻟ ﱠﻨ ْﻘ ِﻞ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻨ ُﻬ ْﻢ ا ْﻟ ِﺈ ْ‬
‫ﺷﻬَﺎ ِد ‪َ ,‬ﻓ َﻠﻤﱠﺎ َﻟ ْﻢ ُﻳ ْﻨ َﻘ ْﻞ َ‬
‫ﻋ ِﻠ ِﻪ َﺕ ْﺮ َ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ ﻓَﺎ ِ‬
‫ت َ‬
‫َو َﻟ َﺄ ْﻧ َﻜ َﺮ ْ‬
‫ﻦ ; وﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺕﻌﺎﻟﻰ ‪ } :‬ﻓَﺎ ْآ ُﺘﺒُﻮ ُﻩ {‬
‫ﺝ َﺒ ْﻴ ِ‬
‫ﻏ ْﻴ ُﺮ وَا ِ‬
‫ت َ‬
‫ن وَا ْﻟ ِﺒﻴَﺎﻋَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺷﻬَﺎ َد ﻓِﻲ اﻟ ﱡﺪﻳُﻮ ِ‬
‫ب وَا ْﻟ ِﺈ ْ‬
‫ن ا ْﻟ ِﻜﺘَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻚ َأ ﱠ‬
‫ﺖ ِﺑ َﺬ ِﻟ َ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟﻌَﺎ ﱠﻣ ِﺔ َﺛ َﺒ َ‬
‫ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ﻚ ِﻟ ْﻠ ُﻤ َﺘﺪَا ِﻳ َﻨ ْﻴ ِ‬
‫ﻦ { َﻓ ِﺈ ﱠﻧﻤَﺎ َأ َﻣ َﺮ ِﺑ َﺬ ِﻟ َ‬
‫ﻦ ﺁ َﻣﻨُﻮا إذَا َﺕﺪَا َﻳ ْﻨ ُﺘ ْﻢ ِﺑ َﺪ ْﻳ ٍ‬
‫ﺝﺮَى ِذ ْآ ُﺮ ُﻩ ﻓِﻲ َأ ﱠو ِل اﻟْﺂ َﻳ ِﺔ َو ُه َﻮ ‪ } :‬ﻳَﺎ َأ ﱡﻳﻬَﺎ اﱠﻟﺬِﻳ َ‬
‫ﻦ َ‬
‫ﻃ َﺒ ٌﺔ ِﻟ َﻤ ْ‬
‫ُﻣﺨَﺎ َ‬
‫ن ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺕﻌﺎﻟﻰ } َﺕﺪَا َﻳ ْﻨ ُﺘ ْﻢ {‬
‫ﻦ ؟ ﻗِﻴ َﻞ َﻟ ُﻪ ‪ِ :‬ﻟ َﺄ ﱠ‬
‫ن إﻟﱠﺎ ِﺑ َﺪ ْﻳ ٍ‬
‫ﻦ ﻟَﺎ َﻳﻜُﻮ ُ‬
‫ﻦ { وَاﻟ ﱠﺘﺪَا ُﻳ ُ‬
‫ﺝ ُﻪ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺕﻌﺎﻟﻰ ‪ِ } :‬ﺑ َﺪ ْﻳ ٍ‬
‫ن ﻗِﻴ َﻞ ‪ :‬ﻣَﺎ َو ْ‬
‫‪َ .‬ﻓ ِﺈ ْ‬
‫ﺠﺰَا ِء ‪,‬‬
‫ﻦ { َﻳ ْﻌﻨِﻲ َﻳ ْﻮ َم ا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﻚ َﻳ ْﻮ ِم اﻟﺪﱢﻳ ِ‬
‫ﺠﺰَا ُء َآ َﻘ ْﻮ ِﻟ ِﻪ َﺕﻌَﺎﻟَﻰ ‪ } :‬ﻣَﺎ ِﻟ ِ‬
‫ﻦ اﱠﻟﺬِي ُه َﻮ ا ْﻟ َ‬
‫ﻦ اﻟﺪﱢﻳ ِ‬
‫ن ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ن َﻳﻜُﻮ َ‬
‫ﺤ َﺘ ِﻤ ُﻞ َأ ْ‬
‫ك َﻳ ْ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘ َﺮ ٌ‬
‫ﻆ ُﻣ ْ‬
‫َﻟ ْﻔ ٌ‬
‫ﻦ;‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ ا ْﻟ ُﻤﻌَﺎ َﻣ َﻠ ِﺔ ﺑِﺎﻟ ﱠﺪ ْﻳ ِ‬
‫ﺼ َﺮ ُﻩ َ‬
‫ﻦ { َو َﻗ َ‬
‫ﻆ ِﺑ َﻘ ْﻮ ِﻟ ِﻪ َﺕﻌَﺎﻟَﻰ ‪ِ } :‬ﺑ َﺪ ْﻳ ٍ‬
‫ﻦ اﻟﱠﻠ ْﻔ ِ‬
‫ﻋْ‬
‫ك َ‬
‫ﺷ ِﺘﺮَا َ‬
‫ن ِﺑ َﻤ ْﻌﻨَﻰ ) َﺕﺠَﺎ َز ْﻳ ُﺘ ْﻢ ( َﻓَﺄزَا َل اﻟِﺎ ْ‬
‫َﻓ َﻴﻜُﻮ ُ‬
‫ﺲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ َﻤ ْﻌﻨَﻰ ﻓِﻲ اﻟ ﱠﻨ ْﻔ ِ‬
‫ﺝ َﻬ ِﺔ اﻟ ﱠﺘ ْﺄآِﻴ ِﺪ َو َﺕ ْﻤﻜِﻴ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ ِ‬
‫ن َ‬
‫ن َﻳﻜُﻮ َ‬
‫َوﺝَﺎ ِﺋ ٌﺰ َأ ْ‬
‫‪6.6 There should be no interest charge.‬‬
6.6.1 Imam Abu Hanifah allows interest to be charged to a harbi.
6.6.2 According to Imam Malik, you are not allowed to sell an item that you
purchased on credit on the basis of Murabaha unless you disclose that you have
bought it on credit.
‫اﻟﻤﺪوﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻦ أﻧﺲ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ اﻷﺹﺒﺤﻲ‬
‫آﺘﺎب اﻟﻤﺮاﺑﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺤ ًﺔ ِﺑ َﻨ ْﻘ ٍﺪ‬
َ ‫ن َﻳﺒِﻴ َﻌﻬَﺎ ُﻣﺮَا َﺑ‬
ْ ‫ﺝ ٍﻞ َأ َﻳﺠُﻮ ُز َﻟ ُﻪ َأ‬
َ ‫ﻦ إﻟَﻰ َأ‬
ٍ ‫ﺳ ْﻠ َﻌ ًﺔ ِﺑ َﺪ ْﻳ‬
ِ ‫ع‬
َ ‫ﻦ ا ْﺑﺘَﺎ‬
ْ ‫ﻓِﻴ َﻤ‬
‫ﺢ َﻟ ُﻪ‬
ُ ‫ﺼُﻠ‬
ْ ‫ ﻟَﺎ َﻳ‬: ‫ﻚ‬
ٌ ‫ ﻗَﺎ َل ﻣَﺎ ِﻟ‬: ‫ﺤ ًﺔ َﻧ ْﻘﺪًا ؟ ﻗَﺎ َل‬
َ ‫ن َﻳﺒِﻴ َﻊ ُﻣﺮَا َﺑ‬
ْ ‫ﺝ ٍﻞ َأ َﻳﺠُﻮ ُز َﻟ ُﻪ َأ‬
َ ‫ﻦ إﻟَﻰ َأ‬
ٍ ‫ﺳ ْﻠ َﻌ ًﺔ ِﺑ َﺪ ْﻳ‬
ِ ‫ﺷ َﺘﺮَى‬
ْ ‫ﻦا‬
ْ ‫ﺖ َﻣ‬
َ ‫ َأ َرَأ ْﻳ‬: ‫ﺖ‬
ُ ‫ُﻗ ْﻠ‬
‫ﺖ‬
ْ ‫ن ﻓَﺎ َﺕ‬
ْ ‫ َوِإ‬, ‫ﺖ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ َﻊ َﻣ ْﺮدُودًا‬
ُ ‫ﻦ َرَأ ْﻳ‬
ْ ‫ﺤ ًﺔ َو َﻟ ْﻢ ُﻳ َﺒ ﱢﻴ‬
َ ‫ﻋﻬَﺎ ُﻣﺮَا َﺑ‬
َ ‫ن ﺑَﺎ‬
ْ ‫ َوِإ‬: ‫ﻚ‬
ٌ ‫ َوﻗَﺎ َل ﻣَﺎ ِﻟ‬: ‫ ﻗَﺎ َل‬. ‫ﻦ‬
َ ‫ن ُﻳ َﺒ ﱢﻴ‬
ْ ‫ﺤ ًﺔ إﻟﱠﺎ َأ‬
َ ‫ن َﻳﺒِﻴ َﻌﻬَﺎ ُﻣﺮَا َﺑ‬
ْ ‫َأ‬
‫ﺖ ا ْﻟﻘِﻴ َﻤ ُﺔ َأ ْآ َﺜ َﺮ‬
ْ ‫ن آَﺎ َﻧ‬
ْ ‫ َﻓ ِﺈ‬: ‫ﺖ‬
ُ ‫ ُﻗ ْﻠ‬. ‫ﻋﻠَﻰ ا ْﻟﻘِﻴ َﻤ ِﺔ‬
َ ‫ﺢ‬
َ ‫ب َﻟ ُﻪ اﻟ ﱢﺮ ْﺑ‬
ُ ‫ﻀ ِﺮ‬
ْ ‫ع َهﺬَا َوﻟَﺎ َﻳ‬
ُ ‫ﻀﻬَﺎ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْﺒﺘَﺎ‬
َ ‫ﺳ ْﻠ َﻌ ِﺘ ِﻪ َﻳ ْﻮ َم َﻗ َﺒ‬
ِ ‫ﺖ َﻟ ُﻪ ﻗِﻴ َﻤ َﺔ‬
ُ ‫َرَأ ْﻳ‬
.‫ن‬
ُ ‫ َو َه َﻜﺬَا َﻳﻜُﻮ‬, ‫ﺳ ْﻠ َﻌ ِﺘ ِﻪ‬
ِ ‫ َﻟ ُﻪ ﻗِﻴ َﻤ ُﺔ‬: ‫ﻚ‬
ٌ ‫ﻚ ُﻳ َﻌﺠﱢ ُﻞ َﻟ ُﻪ َوﻟَﺎ ُﻳ َﺆﺧﱢ ُﺮ َوِإ ﱠﻧﻤَﺎ ﻗَﺎ َل ﻣَﺎ ِﻟ‬
َ ‫ﺲ َﻟ ُﻪ إﻟﱠﺎ َذ ِﻟ‬
َ ‫ َﻓ َﻠ ْﻴ‬: ‫ﻋﻬَﺎ ِﺑ ِﻪ ؟ ﻗَﺎ َل‬
َ ‫ِﻣﻤﱠﺎ ﺑَﺎ‬
. ‫ﻚ َﻟ ُﻪ‬
َ ‫ﺣﺐﱡ َذ ِﻟ‬
ِ ‫ﺧ ْﻴ َﺮ ﻓِﻴ ِﻪ َوﻟَﺎ ُأ‬
َ ‫ ﻟَﺎ‬: ‫ﺝ ِﻞ َوﻟَﺎ َأ ُر ﱠدهَﺎ ؟ ﻗَﺎ َل‬
َ ‫ﻚ ا ْﻟ َﺄ‬
َ ‫ﺴ ْﻠ َﻌ َﺔ إﻟَﻰ َذ ِﻟ‬
‫ َأﻧَﺎ َأ ْﻗ َﺒ ُﻞ اﻟ ﱢ‬: ‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي‬
ْ ‫ن ﻗَﺎ َل ا ْﻟ ُﻤ‬
ْ ‫ﺖإ‬
َ ‫ َأ َرَأ ْﻳ‬: ‫ﺖ‬
ُ ‫ُﻗ ْﻠ‬
Translation
In regard to someone who buys on credit until a specified term, is he permitted to sell
it on the basis of murabahah on a cash basis. He said: Imam Malik said “ He cannot
sell it on the basis of murabahah unless he discloses (this fact of having bought it on
credit). He said: Imam Malik said “However, if he sells it on the basis of Murabahah
without disclosing (that he bought it on credit), I view the sale to be nullified (i.e. the
purchaser must return the item and the seller should return the money taken).
However, if the item sold no longer remains in existence, then the seller has the right
to take the price of the article on the day that this purchaser had taken possession of it
without adding any profit to it.” (This means that the seller can only claim what he
paid for). I said to him” If its price (i.e. the price he paid) was higher than the price at
which he sold it? He answered “The seller is not entitled to anything else (but the
price he paid), (and this additional amount = difference between the lower price at
which it was sold and the price he paid) should be given to him quickly without any
delay3. Malik certainly stated that “He (the seller) is entitled to the price of his item
(of sale), and so shall it be. I asked “What if the purchaser said “I will accept the item
(of sale) (and make payment) to that very period (given to the seller), and do not wish
to return it?” Imam Malik replied: There is no goodness therein, and I do not like that.
(Compare this to 5.6.2.3)
3
Here, the purchaser is being punished for a reason for which he was not responsible. This then implies
that the purchaser must seek to know from the seller if the seller had paid for the article of sale or
whether the seller was in debt in regard to it.
7. The item of sale must be permissible in Islamic Law.
Thus, the sale of wine and other consumable intoxicants are invalid.
8. The contract must be concluded with mutual agreement.
‫اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ أﺣﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﺪي ﺑﻦ ﻋﺠﻴﺒﺔ اﻟﺤﺴﻨﻲ اﻹدرﻳﺴﻲ اﻟﺸﺎذﻟﻲ اﻟﻔﺎﺳﻲ أﺑﻮ اﻟﻌﺒﺎس‬: ‫اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ‬
8 / ‫ﻋﺪد اﻷﺝﺰاء‬
‫ دار اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ـ ﺑﻴﺮوت‬/ ‫دار اﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬
‫ هـ‬1423 ‫ م ـ‬2002 / ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻮرة اﻟﻨﺴﺎء‬
ّ‫ﻖﺝ‬
ّ ‫یﻘﻮل اﻟﺤ‬
‫ آﺎﻟﺮﺑﺎ‬، ‫ }یﺎ أیﻬﺎ اﻟﺬیﻦ ﺁﻣﻨﻮا ﻻ ﺕﺄآﻠﻮا أﻣﻮاﻟﻜﻢ ﺑﻴﻨﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﻃﻞ{ اﻟﺬي ﻻ ﺕُﺠﻮزﻩ اﻟﺸﺮیﻌﺔ‬: ‫ﻞ ﺝﻼﻟﻪ‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻦ إن وﺝﺪت‬: ‫ أي‬، {‫ واﻟﺨﻴﺎﻥﺔ واﻟﻜﻬﺎﻥﺔ واﻟﺴﺤﺮ وﻏﻴﺮ ذﻟﻚ }إﻻ أن ﺕﻜﻮن‬، ‫ واﻟﻐﺼﺐ واﻟﺴﺮﻗﺔ‬، ‫واﻟﻘﻤﺎر‬
‫ وﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺪﻟﺖ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻥﻌﻘﺎد اﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﺪ‬، ‫ اﺕﻔﺎق ﻣﻨﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﻊ‬: ‫ض ﻣﻨﻜﻢ{ أي‬
ٍ ‫}ﺕﺠﺎرة{ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ }ﻋﻦ ﺕﺮا‬
.‫وﻟﻮ ﻟﻢ یﺤﺼﻞ ﺕﻔﺮق ﺑﺎﻷﺑﺪان‬
9. Invalid conditions that are automatically nullified and validation of the sale
a. According to Imam Malik, when a person purchases an object saying “ If I do not
pay within three days, then no contract of sale is to be considered to have taken place
between us”, then
a. the sale will be regarded as concluded but the condition will be considered as
immediately nullified as there is uncertainty (in regarded to the conclusion of the
contract) as well as danger.
b. the purchaser will be obliged to make payment even if three days have
subsequently passed.
c. In this case, where the purchaser has not taken possession of the item of sale, Imam
Malik views that the seller has to take liability for any loss occurring to the object of
sale prior to the buyer’s taking possession.
(The above case is different from the case where the supposed purchaser is allowed an
option to purchase within a given time frame)
‫اﻟﻤﺪوﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻦ أﻧﺲ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ اﻷﺹﺒﺤﻲ‬
‫آﺘﺎب اﻟﺒﻴﻮع اﻟﻔﺎﺳﺪة‬
‫ت ﺑِﺎﻟ ﱠﻨ ْﻘ ِﺪ َﻓﻠَﺎ َﺑ ْﻴ َﻊ َﺑ ْﻴ َﻨ ُﻬﻤَﺎ‬
ِ ‫ن َﻟ ْﻢ َﻳ ْﺄ‬
ْ ‫ﺳ ْﻠ َﻌ ًﺔ َﻓ ِﺈ‬
ِ ‫ع‬
َ ‫ﺑَﺎ‬
‫ن َﻟ ْﻢ َأ ْﻧ ُﻘ ْﺪ ُﻩ إ َﻟ ْﻴ ِﻪ َﺛﻠَﺎ َﺛ َﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َأﻧﱢﻲ إ ْ‬
‫ﻋ ْﺒﺪًا َ‬
‫ﺷ َﺘ َﺮﻳْﺖ َ‬
‫نا ْ‬
‫ﺖإ ْ‬
‫ﺖ ‪َ :‬أ َرَأ ْﻳ َ‬
‫ت ﺑِﺎﻟ ﱠﻨ ْﻘ ِﺪ َﻓﻠَﺎ َﺑ ْﻴ َﻊ َﺑ ْﻴ َﻨ ُﻬﻤَﺎ ُﻗ ْﻠ ُ‬
‫ن َﻟ ْﻢ َﻳ ْﺄ ِ‬
‫ﺳ ْﻠ َﻌ ًﺔ َﻓ ِﺈ ْ‬
‫ع ِ‬
‫ﻦ ﺑَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻓِﻴ َﻤ ْ‬
‫ﺽ ِﻊ‬
‫ﻚ ؟ ﻗَﺎ َل ‪ِ :‬ﻟ َﻤ ْﻮ ِ‬
‫ﺖ ‪ِ :‬ﻟ َﻢ َآ ِﺮ َه ُﻪ ﻣَﺎ ِﻟ ٌ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َهﺬَا ‪ُ .‬ﻗ ْﻠ ُ‬
‫ن ُﻳ ْﻌ َﻘ َﺪ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ُﻊ َ‬
‫ﺠ ُﺒﻨِﻲ َأ ْ‬
‫ﻚ ‪ :‬ﻟَﺎ ُﻳ ْﻌ ِ‬
‫َأﻳﱠﺎ ٍم َﻓﻠَﺎ َﺑ ْﻴ َﻊ َﺑ ْﻴ َﻨ ُﻬﻤَﺎ ؟ ﻗَﺎ َل ﻣَﺎ ِﻟ ٌ‬
‫ﺷ ْ‬
‫ﻲ َﻟ ُﻪ َوِإﻟﱠﺎ َﻓﻠَﺎ َ‬
‫ا ْﻟ َﻐ َﺮ ِر وَا ْﻟ ُﻤﺨَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻲ َء َﻟ ُﻪ َﻓ َﻬﺬَا‬
‫ﺝ ِﻞ َﻓ ِﻬ َ‬
‫ﻚ ا ْﻟ َﺄ َ‬
‫ن َﻧ َﻘ َﺪ ُﻩ إﻟَﻰ َذ ِﻟ َ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َأﻧﱠ ُﻪ إ ْ‬
‫ﻦ َ‬
‫ﻚ َآ َﺄ ﱠﻧ ُﻪ زَا َد ُﻩ ﻓِﻲ اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ﻃ َﺮ ِة ﻓِﻲ َذ ِﻟ َ‬
‫ﻏ ْﻴ ِﺮ‬
‫ت َو َ‬
‫ﺳ ِﺪ ﻓِﻲ ا ْﻟ َﻔ ْﻮ ِ‬
‫ﺳﺒِﻴ َﻞ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ِﻊ ا ْﻟﻔَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺳﺒِﻴُﻠ ُﻪ َ‬
‫ن َ‬
‫ﺳ ِﺪ ‪َ ,‬و َﻳﻜُﻮ ُ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ِﻊ ا ْﻟﻔَﺎ ِ‬
‫ن ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺖ ‪َ :‬و َهﺬَا َﻳﻜُﻮ ُ‬
‫ﻃ َﺮ ِة ‪ُ .‬ﻗ ْﻠ ُ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ َﻐ َﺮ ِر وَا ْﻟ ُﻤﺨَﺎ َ‬
‫ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ط َو َﻳﺠُﻮ ُز ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ُﻊ ﻓِﻴﻤَﺎ َﺑ ْﻴ َﻨ ُﻬﻤَﺎ َو َﻳ ْﻐ َﺮ ُم اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ َ‬
‫ﻄ ُﻞ اﻟﺸﱠ ْﺮ ُ‬
‫ﻦ َﻳ ْﺒ ُ‬
‫ﺳ ِﺪ َو َﻟ ِﻜ ْ‬
‫ﺳﺒِﻴ َﻞ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ِﻊ ا ْﻟﻔَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺳﺒِﻴُﻠ ُﻪ َ‬
‫ن َ‬
‫ﻚ ‪ :‬ﻟَﺎ َﻳﻜُﻮ ُ‬
‫ت ؟ ﻗَﺎ َل ﻣَﺎِﻟ ٌ‬
‫ا ْﻟ َﻔ ْﻮ ِ‬
‫ﺷ َﺘﺮَا ُﻩ ِﺑ ِﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫اﱠﻟﺬِي ا ْ‬
‫ط؟‬
‫ﺷ َﺮ َ‬
‫ﺝ ُﻞ اﱠﻟﺬِي َ‬
‫ﻲ ا ْﻟ َﺄ َ‬
‫ن َﻳ ْﺄ ِﺕ َ‬
‫ي ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ِﻊ َﻗ ْﺒ َﻞ َأ ْ‬
‫ﺖ ﻓِﻲ َﻳ َﺪ ْ‬
‫ﺣﺘﱠﻰ َه َﻠ َﻜ ْ‬
‫ع َ‬
‫ﻀﻬَﺎ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْﺒﺘَﺎ ُ‬
‫ﻋ ْﺒﺪًا َأ ْو دَا ﱠﺑ ًﺔ َﻓ َﻠ ْﻢ َﻳ ْﻘ ِﺒ ْ‬
‫ن َ‬
‫ﻚ َﻓ َﻠ ْﻮ آَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺖ ِﻟﻤَﺎ ِﻟ ٍ‬
‫ُﻗ ْﻠ ُ‬
‫ن َﻳ ْﺬ َه َ‬
‫ﺲ ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ُﻊ‬
‫ﺤ ِﺒ َ‬
‫ﻦ َو َﻳ ْ‬
‫ﺐ َﻳ ْﺄ ِﺕ َﻴ ُﻪ ﺑِﺎﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َأ ْ‬
‫ﺝ ِﻪ اﻟ ﱠﻨ ْﻘ ِﺪ َ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َو ْ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي َ‬
‫ﺸ ِﺒ ُﻪ َهﺬَا اﱠﻟﺬِي َﻳ ْ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ِﻊ َوﻟَﺎ ُﻳ ْ‬
‫ﻗَﺎ َل ‪َ :‬أرَاهَﺎ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ع ﺑِﺎﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ن َﻳ ْﺄ ِﺕ َﻴ ُﻪ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْﺒﺘَﺎ ُ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َأ ْ‬
‫ﺴﻬَﺎ ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ُﻊ َ‬
‫ﺤ ِﺒ ُ‬
‫ن إ ﱠﻧﻤَﺎ َﻳ ْ‬
‫ﺴ ْﻠ َﻌ ِﺔ إذَا آَﺎ َ‬
‫ك َه ِﺬ ِﻩ اﻟ ﱢ‬
‫ﻦ َهﻠَﺎ َ‬
‫ع ﺑِﺎﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ﺣﺘﱠﻰ َﻳ ْﺄ ِﺕ َﻴ ُﻪ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْﺒﺘَﺎ ُ‬
‫ﺴ ْﻠ َﻌ َﺔ َ‬
‫اﻟ ﱢ‬
‫ع‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْﺒﺘَﺎ ِ‬
‫َأرَاهَﺎ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫‪10. Liability of the item of sale after a valid contract‬‬
‫‪According to Imam Malik, where the seller holds back the item of sale after a valid‬‬
‫)‪contract of sale between him and the purchaser, the liability for any (non-negligent‬‬
‫‪loss occurring to object of sale has to be borne by the purchaser.‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺪوﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻦ أﻧﺲ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ اﻷﺹﺒﺤﻲ‬
‫آﺘﺎب اﻟﺒﻴﻮع اﻟﻔﺎﺳﺪة‬
‫ت ﺑِﺎﻟ ﱠﻨ ْﻘ ِﺪ َﻓﻠَﺎ َﺑ ْﻴ َﻊ َﺑ ْﻴ َﻨ ُﻬﻤَﺎ‬
‫ن َﻟ ْﻢ َﻳ ْﺄ ِ‬
‫ﺳ ْﻠ َﻌ ًﺔ َﻓ ِﺈ ْ‬
‫ع ِ‬
‫ﺑَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺖ ﻓِﻲ َﻳ َﺪ ْ‬
‫ط‬
‫ﺷ َﺮ َ‬
‫ﺝ ُﻞ اﱠﻟﺬِي َ‬
‫ﻲ ا ْﻟ َﺄ َ‬
‫ن َﻳ ْﺄ ِﺕ َ‬
‫ي ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ِﻊ َﻗ ْﺒ َﻞ َأ ْ‬
‫ﺣﺘﱠﻰ َه َﻠ َﻜ ْ‬
‫ع َ‬
‫ﻀﻬَﺎ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْﺒﺘَﺎ ُ‬
‫ﻋ ْﺒﺪًا َأ ْو دَا ﱠﺑ ًﺔ َﻓ َﻠ ْﻢ َﻳ ْﻘ ِﺒ ْ‬
‫ن َ‬
‫ﻚ َﻓ َﻠ ْﻮ آَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺖ ِﻟﻤَﺎ ِﻟ ٍ‬
‫ُﻗ ْﻠ ُ‬
‫ﺲ ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ُﻊ‬
‫ﺤ ِﺒ َ‬
‫ﻦ َو َﻳ ْ‬
‫ﺐ َﻳ ْﺄ ِﺕ َﻴ ُﻪ ﺑِﺎﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ن َﻳ ْﺬ َه َ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َأ ْ‬
‫ﺝ ِﻪ اﻟ ﱠﻨ ْﻘ ِﺪ َ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َو ْ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي َ‬
‫ﺸ ِﺒ ُﻪ َهﺬَا اﱠﻟﺬِي َﻳ ْ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ِﻊ َوﻟَﺎ ُﻳ ْ‬
‫؟ ﻗَﺎ َل ‪َ :‬أرَاهَﺎ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ع ﺑِﺎﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ن َﻳ ْﺄ ِﺕ َﻴ ُﻪ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْﺒﺘَﺎ ُ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َأ ْ‬
‫ﺴ ْﻠ َﻌ َﺔ َ‬
‫اﻟ ﱢ‬
‫ﺴﻬَﺎ ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ُﻊ َ‬
‫ﺤ ِﺒ ُ‬
‫ن إ ﱠﻧﻤَﺎ َﻳ ْ‬
‫ﺴ ْﻠ َﻌ ِﺔ إذَا آَﺎ َ‬
‫ك َه ِﺬ ِﻩ اﻟ ﱢ‬
‫ﻦ َهﻠَﺎ َ‬
‫ع ﺑِﺎﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ﺣﺘﱠﻰ َﻳ ْﺄ ِﺕ َﻴ ُﻪ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْﺒﺘَﺎ ُ‬
‫ﻚ‪:‬‬
‫ﻦ َﻓﻠَﺎ َﺑ ْﻴ َﻊ َﺑ ْﻴ َﻨ ُﻬﻤَﺎ ﻗَﺎ َل ﻣَﺎ ِﻟ ٌ‬
‫ن َﻟ ْﻢ َﻳ ْﺄ ِﺕ ِﻪ ﺑِﺎﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ﺝ ٍﻞ ‪َ ,‬ﻓ ِﺈ ْ‬
‫ﺷ َﺘﺮَاهَﺎ إ َﻟ ْﻴ ِﻪ َأ َ‬
‫ﺧﺮَى اﱠﻟﺘِﻲ ا ْ‬
‫ع َو َه ِﺬ ِﻩ اﻟﺴﱢ ْﻠ َﻌ ُﺔ ا ْﻟُﺄ ْ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْﺒﺘَﺎ ِ‬
‫َأرَاهَﺎ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺣﺘﱠﻰ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ِﻊ َ‬
‫ﺖ ا ْﻟ ُﻤﺼِﻴ َﺒ َﺔ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ن َﻧ َﺰ َل َرَأ ْﻳ ُ‬
‫ﻦإ ْ‬
‫ﻚ َأ َﻳﺠُﻮ ُز َهﺬَا ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ُﻊ ؟ ﻗَﺎ َل ‪َ :‬أ ْآ َﺮ ُه ُﻪ َو َﻟ ِﻜ ْ‬
‫ﺖ ِﻟﻤَﺎِﻟ ٍ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ِﻊ ﻗَﺎ َل ‪َ :‬ﻓ ُﻘ ْﻠ ُ‬
‫َأرَاهَﺎ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻃﻠًﺎ وَا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ َﻊ ﻟَﺎ ِزﻣًﺎ إذَا َو َﻗ َﻊ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ُﻊ ‪.‬‬
‫ط ﺑَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺸ ْﺮ َ‬
‫ع ‪َ ,‬وَأرَى اﻟ ﱠ‬
‫َﻳ ْﻘ ِﺒ َ‬
‫ﻀﻬَﺎ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْﺒﺘَﺎ ُ‬
‫ﺝ ِﻞ َآﺬَا َو َآﺬَا َﻓﻠَﺎ َﺑ ْﻴ َﻊ‬
‫ن َﻟ ْﻢ َﻳ ْﻨ َﻘ ْﺪ إﻟَﻰ َأ َ‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َهﺬَا إ ْ‬
‫ن ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ َﻊ إذَا َو َﻗ َﻊ َﺑ ْﻴ َﻨ ُﻬﻤَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺴ َﺄ َﻟ ِﺔ َأ ﱠ‬
‫ﻚ ﻓِﻲ َه ِﺬ ِﻩ ا ْﻟ َﻤ ْ‬
‫ﺹ ُﻞ َﻗ ْﻮ ِل ﻣَﺎ ِﻟ ٍ‬
‫ﺖ ‪َ :‬وَأ ْ‬
‫ُﻗ ْﻠ ُ‬
‫ﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ع ؟ ﻗَﺎ َل ‪َ :‬ﻧ َﻌ ْﻢ ‪ُ .‬ﻗ ْﻠ ُ‬
‫ﻀﻬَﺎ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْﺒﺘَﺎ ُ‬
‫ن َﻳ ْﻘ ِﺒ َ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ِﻊ َﻗ ْﺒ َﻞ َأ ْ‬
‫ط َوﺝَﺎ َز ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ُﻊ وَا ْﻟ ُﻤﺼِﻴ َﺒ ُﺔ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻄ َﻞ اﻟﺸﱠ ْﺮ ُ‬
‫َﺑ ْﻴ َﻨ ُﻬﻤَﺎ إذَا َو َﻗ َﻊ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ُﻊ َﺑ َ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻘ ِﺪ ِﻩ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ َﻊ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺢ ا ْﻟ ُﻤﺼِﻴ َﺒ َﺔ َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ َ‬
‫ﺼﺤِﻴ َ‬
‫ﺝ َﻌ َﻞ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ َﻊ اﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ﺖ ‪َ :‬و َ‬
‫ﺢ ؟ ﻗَﺎ َل ‪َ :‬ﻧ َﻌ ْﻢ ‪ُ .‬ﻗ ْﻠ ُ‬
‫ﺼﺤِﻴ ِ‬
‫ﻦ ا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﻴ ِﻊ اﻟ ﱠ‬
‫ﻦ َهﺬَا َو َﺑ ْﻴ َ‬
‫ﻚ َﺑ ْﻴ َ‬
‫ق َﻣﺎ ِﻟ ٌ‬
‫َو َﻓ ﱠﺮ َ‬
‫ع ؟ ﻗَﺎ َل ‪َ :‬ﻧ َﻌ ْﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْﺒﺘَﺎ ِ‬
‫‪Therefore, according to Imam Malik, liability related to the object of sale, after a valid‬‬
‫‪contract of sale, devolves upon the purchaser.‬‬
‫‪11. Clauses exempting the seller form defects in the object of sale.‬‬
‫‪11.1 These clauses, where permitted, are not designed to protect the seller against‬‬
‫‪latent defects or to assist in concealing any defect.‬‬
‫‪11.2 They may be allowed in certain situations where the seller would be unable to‬‬
‫‪bear any risks associated to the items of sale‬‬
11.3 These clauses do not exempt the seller from disclosing any known defects in the
object of sale
11.3.1 Where the purchaser recognises any defects subsequent to the purchase but is
fairly certain that these must have been known to the seller or can prove this,
the purchaser would have the right of recourse to the seller.
(391 /3) ‫إﻋﻼم اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻌﻴﻦ‬
‫واﻟﻤﺸﻬﻮر ﻣﻦ ﻣﺬهﺐ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﺝﻮاز اﻟﻌﻘﺪ واﻟﺸﺮط واﻥﻪ یﺒﺮأ ﻣﻦ ﺝﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻌﻴﻮب وهﻞ یﻌﻢ ذﻟﻚ ﺝﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﺒﻴﻌﺎت او‬
‫یﺨﺺ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻓﺬآﺮ اﺑﻦ ﺣﺒﻴﺐ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ واﺑﻦ وهﺐ اﻥﻪ یﻌﻢ ﺝﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﺒﻴﻌﺎت ﻋﺮﺿﺎ آﺎن اﻟﻤﺒﻴﻊ او ﺣﻴﻮاﻥﺎ وﻋﻨﻪ‬
‫اﻥﻪ یﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺒﻴﻌﺎت واﺧﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺕﻌﻴﻴﻨﻪ ﻓﺎﻟﺬي ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻮﻃﺄ ﻋﻨﻪ اﻥﻪ یﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻴﻮان ﻥﺎﻃﻘﺎ آﺎن او ﺑﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫واﻟﺬي ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻬﺬیﺐ اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻪ ﺑﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬
12. Disclosure of defects before conclusion of the contract of sale
12. 1 According to Imam Malik: The seller of an item that gained a defect after he
had purchased it, is obliged to disclose such a defect when he intends to sell it
on the basis of Murabaha i.e. (discloses cost + extent of profit wanted)
‫اﻟﻤﺪوﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻦ أﻧﺲ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ اﻷﺹﺒﺤﻲ‬
‫آﺘﺎب اﻟﻤﺮاﺑﺤﺔ‬
‫ن‬
ْ ‫ت َأ‬
ُ ‫ﺳﻬَﺎ َﻓَﺄ َر ْد‬
ُ ‫ﺿ ْﺮ‬
ِ ‫ﺐ‬
َ ‫ﺖ ﺝَﺎ ِر َی ًﺔ َﻓ َﺬ َه‬
ُ ‫ﺷ َﺘ َﺮ ْی‬
ْ‫نا‬
ْ‫ﺖإ‬
َ ‫ َأ َرَأ ْی‬: ‫ﺖ‬
ُ ‫ﺤ ًﺔ ُﻗ ْﻠ‬
َ ‫ﻋﻬَﺎ ُﻣﺮَا َﺑ‬
َ ‫ﺐ ُﺛﻢﱠ ﺑَﺎ‬
ٌ ‫ﻋ ْﻴ‬
َ ‫ﻋ ْﻨ َﺪ ُﻩ‬
ِ ‫ﺳ ْﻠ َﻌ ًﺔ َﻓَﺄﺻَﺎ َﺑﻬَﺎ‬
ِ ‫ع‬
َ ‫ﻦ ا ْﺑﺘَﺎ‬
ْ ‫ﻓِﻴ َﻤ‬
:‫ل‬
َ ‫ﻦ ؟ ﻗَﺎ‬
َ ‫ﺣﺘﱠﻰ ُی َﺒ ﱢﻴ‬
َ ‫ﺷ َﺘﺮَى َﻟ ْﻢ َی ِﺒ ْﻊ‬
ْ ‫ﺐ َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ ﻣَﺎ ا‬
ٌ ‫ﻋ ْﻴ‬
َ ‫ن َأﺻَﺎ َﺑﻬَﺎ‬
ْ‫ﻚإ‬
َ ‫ َو َآ َﺬِﻟ‬: ‫ﺖ‬
ُ ‫ ُﻗ ْﻠ‬. ‫ﻦ‬
َ ‫ﺣﺘﱠﻰ ُﺕ َﺒ ﱢﻴ‬
َ , ‫ ﻟَﺎ‬: ‫ل‬
َ ‫ﺤ ًﺔ ؟ ﻗَﺎ‬
َ ‫َأﺑِﻴ َﻌﻬَﺎ ُﻣﺮَا َﺑ‬
.‫ﻋ ْﻨ َﺪ ُﻩ‬
ِ ‫ﻦ ﻣَﺎ َأﺻَﺎ َﺑﻬَﺎ‬
َ ‫ﺣﺘﱠﻰ ُی َﺒ ﱢﻴ‬
َ ‫ﺤ ٍﺔ‬
َ ‫ﻏ ْﻴ ِﺮ ُﻣﺮَا َﺑ‬
َ ‫ﻋﻠَﻰ‬
َ ‫ َوﻟَﺎ َیﺒِﻴ ُﻌﻬَﺎ‬: ‫ﻚ‬
ٌ ‫ل ﻣَﺎِﻟ‬
َ ‫ َوﻗَﺎ‬, ‫َﻥ َﻌ ْﻢ‬
This means e.g.
a. Mr. A bought a door from Mr. B at a 100 Pounds
b. After purchasing the door, it gets slightly damaged
c. Mr. C wants to buy it on the basis of Murabaha (which entails an honest
disclosure of actual cost and the profit sought).
d. Mr. A cannot tell Mr. C that the door cost a 100 Pounds unless he discloses the
damage to it that occurred after purchase. If he does not disclose this fact, then
by saying it cost him a 100 Pounds, he is actually overstating the price he paid.
Although, Mr. A may value the door to be 200 pounds, then too, when selling
it on the basis of murabahah, he must disclose that it cost him a 100 without
the subsequent damage and that he seeks a hundred more.
e. If Mr. C agrees to pay him 200 Pounds after such disclosure, then 100 Pounds
earned in profit is 100% Halaal.
12. 2 According to Imam Malik: Where a person only realizes the existence of a
defect after he had purchased the item but forfeits his right to return it, he would still
be obliged to disclose such a defect when he intends to sell it on the basis of
Murabaha i.e. (discloses cost + extent of profit wanted)
‫اﻟﻤﺪوﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻦ أﻧﺲ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ اﻷﺹﺒﺤﻲ‬
‫آﺘﺎب اﻟﻤﺮاﺑﺤﺔ‬
‫ت‬
ُ ‫ﻈ َﻬ ْﺮ‬
َ ‫ﺖ ﺝَﺎ ِر َی ًﺔ َﻓ‬
ُ ‫ﺷ َﺘ َﺮ ْی‬
ْ‫نا‬
ْ‫ﺖإ‬
َ ‫ َأ َرَأ ْی‬: ‫ﺖ‬
ُ ‫ﺤ ًﺔ ُﻗ ْﻠ‬
َ ‫ﻋﻬَﺎ ُﻣﺮَا َﺑ‬
َ ‫ﺿ َﻴﻬَﺎ ُﺛﻢﱠ ﺑَﺎ‬
ِ ‫ﺐ َﻓ َﺮ‬
ٍ ‫ﻋ ْﻴ‬
َ ‫ﻋﻠَﻰ‬
َ ‫ﻇ َﻬ َﺮ ِﻣ ْﻨﻬَﺎ‬
َ ‫ﺳ ْﻠ َﻌ ًﺔ ُﺛﻢﱠ‬
ِ ‫ع‬
َ ‫ﻦ ا ْﺑﺘَﺎ‬
ْ ‫ﻓِﻴ َﻤ‬
‫ﻲ ِﺑ َﻜﺬَا َو َآﺬَا ﻓِﻲ‬
‫ﻋَﻠ ﱠ‬
َ ‫ﺖ‬
ْ ‫ل َﻗ ْﺪ ﻗَﺎ َﻣ‬
ُ ‫ﻦ َﻓَﺄﻗُﻮ‬
َ ‫ﺤ ًﺔ َوﻟَﺎ ُأ َﺑ ﱢﻴ‬
َ ‫ن َأﺑِﻴ َﻌﻬَﺎ ُﻣﺮَا َﺑ‬
ْ ‫ﺢ ﻟِﻲ َأ‬
ُ ‫ﺼُﻠ‬
ْ ‫ﺷ َﺘ َﺮ ْی ُﺘﻬَﺎ َﻓ َﺮﺿِﻴ ُﺘﻬَﺎ َأ َی‬
ْ ‫ﺐ ِﺑﻬَﺎ َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ ﻣَﺎ ا‬
ٍ ‫ﻋ ْﻴ‬
َ ‫ﻋﻠَﻰ‬
َ
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ َهﺬَا‬
َ ‫ﻃَﻠ َﻊ‬
‫ﺐ ُﺛﻢﱠ ا ﱠ‬
ٍ ‫ﻋ ْﻴ‬
َ ‫ﺷ َﺘﺮَاهَﺎ ِﺑ َﻜﺬَا َو َآﺬَا ِﺑ َﻐ ْﻴ ِﺮ‬
ْ ‫ﻦ َﻟ ُﻪ َأﻥﱠ ُﻪ ا‬
َ ‫ﺣﺘﱠﻰ ُی َﺒ ﱢﻴ‬
َ ‫ﺤ ًﺔ‬
َ ‫ن َیﺒِﻴ َﻌﻬَﺎ ُﻣﺮَا َﺑ‬
ْ ‫ﺢ َأ‬
ُ ‫ﺼُﻠ‬
ْ ‫ ﻟَﺎ َی‬: ‫ل‬
َ ‫ﻚ ؟ ﻗَﺎ‬
ٍ ‫ل ﻣَﺎِﻟ‬
ِ ‫َﻗ ْﻮ‬
. ‫ن َی ُﺮ ﱠدهَﺎ َر ﱠدهَﺎ‬
ْ ‫ﻚ ِﻟَﺄ ﱠﻥ ُﻪ َﻟ ْﻮ ﺷَﺎ َء َأ‬
َ ‫ﻲ ا ْﻟﺠَﺎ ِر َی َﺔ ِﺑ َﺬِﻟ‬
َ‫ﺿ‬
ِ ‫ﺐ َﻓ َﺮ‬
ِ ‫ا ْﻟ َﻌ ْﻴ‬
-------------Other issues associated to the contract of sale
1. Delivery
1.1 Normal sale contracts entail delivery of the item of sale by the seller to the buyer.
1.2. Due to the nature of many contemporary contracts the risks and liabilities
associated with delivery require to be specified and known.
Details hereof will not be found in the texts of classical Islamic jurisprudence but
have to be inferred from its principles relating to justice and agreements between
wiling buyers and sellers.
1.3.1.1 Contracts where the seller inclusively agrees to deliver to the buyer as well as
bears the risks associated with a failure to deliver. Therefore, a road accident in which
the item of sale is damaged, implies that the seller has to reimburse the purchaser or
replace the item of sale.
1.3.1.2 Contracts where the seller does not inclusively agree to deliver to the buyer.
Here, the sellers offer to deliver either free or at a service costs. This would not
include certain risks that are associated to the delivery.
Therefore in the case where a road accident was not due to the negligence of the
seller’s driver or agent, implies that the seller will not reimburse the purchaser or
replace the item of sale that was damaged.
1.3.2 Contracts where the buyer agrees to do his own delivery, thus bearing all the
risks associated with it. The seller is not liable for any accident after the item has
safely left his premises
1.3.3 Sellers who buy from suppliers sometimes, as a cost effective measure, instruct
the supplier to deliver directly to the buyer (in the case where the suppliers bear the
risk of delivery).
Here, the purchaser must claim for any damage to the item of sale, or failure to deliver
from the seller. The seller, in turn, will make his claims against the supplier.
It becomes often practically, impossible for buyers to demand that suppliers segregate
the item that has been purchased by sellers (Sale outlets). This is because suppliers,
who are often also manufacturers may have a large stock of the item at multiple
locations and do deliveries from the location that is viable to them at the time of
delivery.
The rule relative to “taking possession before selling” becomes difficult or nearly
impossible to implement in some of these cases due to the nature of the trading
concerns, locations of delivery and the location of the seller or buyer.
1.4 Location of delivery needs to be specified.
1.4.1 Depending who makes payment for the vehicle ware and tare costs, and fuel,
specifying location enables the approximate determination of such costs.
1.4.2 Some contracts may require additional conditions or methods of delivery e.g.
a. that the meat be supplied in a refrigerated truck
2. Maslahah Khassah or Masaalih Aammah
2.1 The jurists prohibit the sale of weapons to an enemy due to the possible situation
where the weapons are used against the Muslim community.
Likewise, the seller should determine whether the sale of a specific item falls into any
category of Islamic prohibitions e.g. The sale of grapes to a wine producer.
We could extend on this for issues relating to environmental protection etc.
Disputes on price after contracting
1. The Maliki view
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻰ ﺷﺮح اﻟﻤﺆﻃﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎن ﺑﻦ ﺧﻠﻒ اﻟﺒﺎﺝﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻜﻲ‬
‫آﺘﺎب اﻟﺒﻴﻮع‬
‫ﺑﻴﻊ اﻟﺨﻴﺎر‬
‫ل ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ُﻊ ِﺑ ْﻌ ُﺘ َﻜﻬَﺎ‬
‫ﻦ َﻓ َﻴﻘُﻮ ُ‬
‫ن ﻓِﻲ اﻟ ﱠﺜ َﻤ ِ‬
‫ﺨ َﺘِﻠﻔَﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻞ َﻓ َﻴ ْ‬
‫ﺝِ‬
‫ﻦ اﻟ ﱠﺮ ُ‬
‫ﺴ ْﻠ َﻌ َﺔ ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي اﻟ ﱢ‬
‫ﻞ َی ْ‬
‫ﺝِ‬
‫ﻋ ْﻨ َﺪﻥَﺎ ﻓِﻲ اﻟ ﱠﺮ ُ‬
‫ﻚ ا ْﻟَﺄ ْﻣ ُﺮ ِ‬
‫ل ﻣَﺎِﻟ ٌ‬
‫) ص ( ‪ ) :‬ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ن‬
‫ل ‪َ ,‬وِإ ْ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي ِﺑﻤَﺎ ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﻄﻬَﺎ ِﻟ ْﻠ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﻋِ‬
‫ﺷﺌْﺖ َﻓَﺄ ْ‬
‫ن ِ‬
‫ل ِﻟ ْﻠﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ِﻊ إ ْ‬
‫ﺴ ِﺔ َد َﻥﺎﻥِﻴ َﺮ َأﻥﱠ ُﻪ ُیﻘَﺎ ُ‬
‫ﺨ ْﻤ َ‬
‫ع ا ْﺑ َﺘﻌْﺘﻬَﺎ ِﻣﻨْﻚ ِﺑ َ‬
‫ل ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْﺒﺘَﺎ ُ‬
‫ﺸ َﺮ ِة َدﻥَﺎﻥِﻴ َﺮ ‪َ ,‬و َیﻘُﻮ ُ‬
‫ِﺑ َﻌ َ‬
‫ن‬
‫ل ا ْﻟﺒَﺎ ِﺋ ُﻊ ‪َ ,‬وِإ ﱠﻣﺎ َأ ْ‬
‫ﺴ ْﻠ َﻌ َﺔ ِﺑﻤَﺎ ﻗَﺎ َ‬
‫ﺣِﻠ ْ‬
‫ﺷﺌْﺖ ﻓَﺎ ْ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﺧ َﺬ اﻟ ﱢ‬
‫ن َﺕ ْﺄ ُ‬
‫ﺸ َﺘﺮِي إﻣﱠﺎ َأ ْ‬
‫ﻞ ِﻟ ْﻠ ُﻤ ْ‬
‫ﻒ ﻗِﻴ َ‬
‫ﺣَﻠ َ‬
‫ن َ‬
‫ﺳ ْﻠ َﻌﺘَﻚ إﻟﱠﺎ ِﺑﻤَﺎ ُﻗﻠْﺖ َﻓِﺈ ْ‬
‫ﻒ ِﺑﺎَﻟﱠﻠ ِﻪ ﻣَﺎ ِﺑﻌْﺖ ِ‬
‫ﺣ ِﺒ ِﻪ ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠَﻰ ﺻَﺎ ِ‬
‫ع َ‬
‫ﺣ ٍﺪ ِﻣ ْﻨ ُﻬﻤَﺎ ُﻣ ﱠﺪ ٍ‬
‫ن ُآﻞﱠ وَا ِ‬
‫ﻚ َأ ﱠ‬
‫ئ ِﻣ ْﻨﻬَﺎ ‪َ ,‬و َذِﻟ َ‬
‫ﻒ َﺑ ِﺮ َ‬
‫ﺣَﻠ َ‬
‫ن َ‬
‫ﺷ َﺘ َﺮیْﺘﻬَﺎ إﻟﱠﺎ ِﺑﻤَﺎ ُﻗﻠْﺖ َﻓِﺈ ْ‬
‫ﻒ ِﺑﺎَﻟﱠﻠ ِﻪ ﻣَﺎ ا ْ‬
‫ﺤِﻠ َ‬
‫َﺕ ْ‬