‫اﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ 14‬و ‪ 15‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ ‪2005‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﻀﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺁﻓﺎﻗﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺸﻤﺎل ﺃﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺴﻁ‬
‫ﺃ‪.‬ﺩ‪ /‬ﻤﺤﻨﺩ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ﺃﻭﻜﻴل‬
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‫ﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﻘﺎﺭﻴﺭ ﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺒﺭﻟﻤﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺒل‬
‫ﺘﺅﻜﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺘﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺤل ﻋﻨﺎﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺸﻤﺎل ﺃﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺴﻁ ﻴﺠﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅ ﻓﻌﻼ ﺃﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺜﻼ ﻤﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺠﺩ ﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﻴﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩ ﺴﻭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﻤﺭﺍ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﻭﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻋﺎﻤﻼ‬
‫ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻤﺎﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻓﺤﺴﺏ ﻭ ﻟﻜﻥ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻜﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺫﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻥ ﻭ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻜل ﺫﻟﻙ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺁﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺩﻴﻡ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺭ ﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻘﺎﺌﺹ ﺨﻁﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌل‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﻭﻏﻠﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻀﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺇﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺄﺨﺭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺨﻁﺕ ﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺘﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺸﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﻯ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺘﻀﺤﻰ ﺍﻹﺸﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻨﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﻀﺒﻁﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
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‫أﺳﺘﺎذ زاﺋﺮ‪ ،‬آﻠﻴﺔ اﻹدارة اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﻬﺪ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول و اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن ‪ /‬اﻟﻈﻬﺮان – اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‬
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‫اﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ 14‬و ‪ 15‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ ‪2005‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺌﻌﺔ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺃﻀﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺭﺴﻤﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﻗﻲ ﻭ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻷﻤﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﻭﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻨﺸﺎﻁﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻤﺤﻔﺯﺓ ﻭﺸﻔﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺤﻅﻭﻅﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﻟﻲ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺘﺄﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠل ﻴﺘﺴﺎﺀل ﻋﻥ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ؛ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ‪-‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪ -‬ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﻓﻌﻼ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺴﺘﺩﻴﻡ‪ ،‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻁﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻫﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺴﺘﻌﺎﻟﺠﻪ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻘﺭﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺴﻁﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻁﻭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ†‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﺩﺭﺕ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺤﻜﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺸﻤﺎل ﺃﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﺎ‡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺴﻁ§ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺇﺼﻼﺤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺸﺘﻰ**‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻹﺼﻼﺤﺎﺕ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺠﺫﺭﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻭ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺒﻁﻴﺌﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﺜﺭ‬
‫ﺠﻴﺩ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺭﺘﻘﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺘﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻹﺼﻼﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺨﺹ ﺍﻹﺼﻼﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﺒﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﻴﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻴﺩﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺸﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺇﻴﺩﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻨﻁﻭﻱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ†† ﻭ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ‡‡‪.‬‬
‫†‪ :‬ﻤﻥ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‡ ‪ :‬ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ‪ ،‬ﺘﻭﻨﺱ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﻣﻮرﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫§‪ :‬ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻭ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ‪.‬‬
‫**‪ :‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫††‪ :‬ﺩﺨﻭل ﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﺸﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺫﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻜﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﻜﻭﻜﺎﻜﻭﻻ‪.‬‬
‫‡‡‪ :‬ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﺈﺤﻴﺎﺌﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩﻩ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻤﺠﺎل ﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﻟﻪ ﻟﻠﺒﺭﻭﺯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ 14‬و ‪ 15‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ ‪2005‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺱ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ‬
‫ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ‪ .‬ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻭﺍل‬
‫ﻫﻴﻤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻲ ﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺼﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﺭﻭﻗﺭﺍﻁﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻓﺴﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﺇﻵ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻡ ﻴﻁﻐﻰ‪ ،‬ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻭ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻴﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻌﻅﻴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺒﺎﺡ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺘﻪ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻤﺜل ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ ﻭ ﻜﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻤﺜﻼ ﺃﻭ ﻨﻘﺹ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻴﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺒﺸﻜل ﺘﻠﻘﺎﺌﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﺎﺝ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺸﺘﻰ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ‬
‫ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﺃﺨﻼﻗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :1-2‬ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻺﺼﻼﺤﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺼﻼﺤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺇﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺍﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﻭ ﺇﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺜﻨﻴﻥ ﻜﻼﻫﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻭ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪-‬ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻌﻼ‬
‫ﺴﺒﺏ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻭﻟﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻹﻀﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺠﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻜﺘﺴﺕ ﻁﺎﺒﻌﺎ ﻋﻨﻴﻔﺎ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺘﻪ ﻗﺘﻠﻰ ﻭﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩﻴﻥ ﻭ ﻤﺴﺠﻭﻨﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﺭﻀﺕ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻗﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺇﺼﻼﺤﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺩﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺍﻭل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻨﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻁﻭل ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻘﺼﺭ‬
‫ﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﺠﺩﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻨﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﺍﻹﺼﻼﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :2-2‬ﺍﻹﺼﻼﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻹﺼﻼﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﺭﺴﻤﻴﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺤﻜﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺴﻁﻴﺔ ﺤﻭل ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ 14‬و ‪ 15‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ ‪2005‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﺸﻬﺩﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻻ ﺠﺫﺭﻴﺎ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻴﻤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﻤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﺎﺝ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺸﺘﺭﺍﻜﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺤل ﻤﺤﻠﻪ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻋﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻭ ﺇﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺸﺩﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺩ ﻤﺭﺕ ﺒﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺃﺤﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻴﺘﻔﻕ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺯﻴﺞ ﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﻕ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻬﻭﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ "ﻻ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﻭ ﻻ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻕ"§§‪ .‬ﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﻴﻤﻨﺔ ﺃﺤﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻴﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻀﺭﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻜل‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ؛ ﻓﺎﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻟﻴﺒﺭﺍﻟﻲ ﻤﺜﻼ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺨﺎﻀﻌﺎ ﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﺔ ﻋﻤﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻬﻴﻤﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻤﺘﺴﻤﺔ ﺒﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﻌﺎﺭ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺘﺩﻨﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫***‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ†††‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﻓﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻷﺒﻭﺍﺏ ﺒﻤﺼﺭﺍﻋﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﺤﻠﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺸﺎﻁﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺸﺘﻰ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ‬
‫‡‡‡‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ‬
‫§§§‬
‫ﻭ ﻜﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ‪ .‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺇﺫ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﺩ ﻴﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻜﻴﺔ ﺒل ﺍﻤﺘﺩ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻁﻴﺔ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻜﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺒﺎﻹﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻴﺭﺍﺩ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﻜﻡ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩ ﺴﻭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺭ ﻭﻜﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻀﺭﺍﺭ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻥ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺹ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻤﻼ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎ ﻭ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻭﻁﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻜﺫﺍ ﺇﺤﻼل ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ****‪ .‬ﻭ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺩﺭﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻟﻴﻥ ﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻨﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻤﺕ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻟﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫§§‪(Not Too Much Government and Not Too Much Market) :‬‬
‫***‪ :‬ﻣﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻂء اﻟﻘﺮارات و اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت و اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‪.‬‬
‫†††‪ :‬ﻣﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ أﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻷداء ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﺠﻮدة و اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‡‡‡‪ :‬ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻨﻘل ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫§§§‪ :‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫****‪(Barshefsky, 2003) :‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ 14‬و ‪ 15‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ ‪2005‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭ ﺘﻀﻡ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻋﻁﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻜﻤﻴﺔ††††؛ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺭﻜﺯﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺎﻜل ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ‡‡‡‡؛ ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﺴﻴﻊ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻴﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺠﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻹﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺒﻠﺩ ﻋﺭﺒﻲ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﻔﺫ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺃﻭﻻﻫﺎ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺘﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻭﻤﺎ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻗﻭﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻴﻭﺤﻲ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﻅﻴﺭﺓ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺩﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :3-2‬ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ 1‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺴﺠﻠﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺘﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﺨﺹ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ؛‬
‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ ﻭﺤﺩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺘﻀﺤﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ؛‬
‫ﺜﺎﻟﺜﺎ‪ :‬ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺸﻤﺎل ﺃﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﺎ ﺤﻘﻘﺕ ﻋﻤﻭﻤﺎ ﻗﻔﺯﺓ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺴﻁ؛‬
‫ﺭﺍﺒﻌﺎ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻤﺩ ﺯﻤﻨﻲ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺁﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺩﻴﻡ‪:‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺩﻴﻡ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺍﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺠﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺒل ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫§§§§‬
‫ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﻻ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ؛‬
‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ؛ ﺜﺎﻟﺜﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﺍﺒﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻌﺯﻴﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫††††ﻋﻠﻰ رأﺳﻬﺎ دوﻟﺔ ﻗﻄﺮ و ﻋﻤﺎن‪Governance.‬‬
‫‡‡‡‡ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺼﺮ و اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﻦ و ﺗﻮﻧﺲ و اﻟﻤﻐﺮب و اﻟﺠﺰاﺋﺮ‬
‫‪(Dahlman et al, 1987):‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫§§§§‬
‫اﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ 14‬و ‪ 15‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ ‪2005‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪:1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬
‫‪2002‬‬
‫‪1990‬‬
‫ﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ‬
‫‪2002‬‬
‫‪1990‬‬
‫اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬
‫اﻹﻣﺎرات اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫‪46‬‬
‫‪13‬‬
‫‪..‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪..‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪..‬‬
‫‪..‬‬
‫)‪ (.‬أ‬
‫‪..‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪ 2‬أ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻤﺎهﻴﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﻴﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎن‬
‫اﻷردن‬
‫اﻷراﺿﻲ اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻮرﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰاﺋﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻐﺮب‬
‫اﻟﺴﻮدان‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫‪..‬‬
‫‪51‬‬
‫‪..‬‬
‫‪36‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪42‬‬
‫‪52‬‬
‫‪..‬‬
‫‪..‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪69‬‬
‫‪68‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪35‬‬
‫‪66‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪..‬‬
‫‪..‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪..‬‬
‫‪..‬‬
‫‪..‬‬
‫‪..‬‬
‫‪..‬‬
‫‪..‬‬
‫‪..‬‬
‫)‪(.‬‬
‫‪3‬أ‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪..‬‬
‫‪1‬ب‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
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‫اﻟﻴﻤﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻮرﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬
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‫اﻟﻌﺮاق‬
‫ﺗﺮآﻴﺎ‬
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‫‪ :1-3‬ﺘﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻤﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺸﻙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺠﻭﻫﺭﻱ ﻟﻌﻤﻴﻠﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻅﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺎﻜل‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﻴﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻌﻴﺩﻴﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﻴﻥ‪ :‬ﺃﻭﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﻭ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻭﻴل‪،‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻤﺅﻜﺩ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺭﻭل ﺘﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻀﺨﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺌﺹ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺎﻜل ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻴﺠﻌل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺘﺘﻌﺜﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺒﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬
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‫اﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ 14‬و ‪ 15‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ ‪2005‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺼﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺒﺎﻁﺅ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ*****‪.‬‬
‫‪ :2-3‬ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻤل ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻭ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﺩﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﻴﻔﺸل‬
‫ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻀﻊ ﺤﻴﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻤﺨﻁﻁﺎﺕ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻹﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺸﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻨﻊ ﻭ ﻫﻴﺎﻜل ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻟﻠﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺠﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺘﻭﻓﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺘﻌﺯﻴﺯﻫﺎ ﺃﻤﺭﺍ ﻴﻀﻤﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :3-3‬ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﻨﺩﺭﺝ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻨﻊ ﻭ ﻫﻴﺎﻜل ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺒﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺃﺤﺠﺎﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﺩﻴﻬﻴﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺇﺫﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨﻼﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺨﺭﺠﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﺴﻠﻊ ﻭﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﺼﺎﻨﻊ ﻭ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻓﻼﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ‪ ،‬ﻟﻤﻥ ﺒﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﻤﺘﻔﺎﻭﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺇﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺎﻜل ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺃﺩﻫﻰ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺎﻡ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﺜﻼ‬
‫ﺒﺤﺠﻡ ﻴﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻤﻊ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻨﺎﻫﻴﻙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :4-3‬ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻟﻠﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻋﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﺜﺒﺕ ﻓﻌﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ ﻗﺩ ﻭﺼﻼ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫*****‪ :‬اﻷرﻗﺎم اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺠﺰاﺋﺮ ‪ /‬ﺗﻮﻧﺲ ‪ /‬اﻟﻤﻐﺮب <<<<< ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫اﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ 14‬و ‪ 15‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ ‪2005‬‬
‫ﻤﺘﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺒﺎﻹﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﻭ ﻟﻜﻥ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻭ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺠﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺹ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻜﻠﻪ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻘﺩﻤﺎ ﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﺨﻀﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺘﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺭﻗﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :5-3‬ﺍﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﻓﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻌﺘﺭﺽ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺯﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﺘﻅﻬﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ :2‬ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ‪2005‬‬
‫‪-------------------------------------------------------‬‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ‬
‫‪-------------------------------------------------------‬‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫‪%75‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫‪%23‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺤﺔ‬
‫‪%1.3‬‬
‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬
‫‪%0.7‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‪2005 ،‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ 14‬و ‪ 15‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ ‪2005‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺨﻼﺼﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺩﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﺒﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺒل ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺒﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻋﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺇﻫﻤﺎل ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺇﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺘﻲ ﺸﻤﺎل ﺃﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺴﻁ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﺎﺀﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﻨﻤﻭﻴﺔ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬
‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺇﺫ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻘﺒل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻀﺎﺀ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻀﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻀﻤﺎﻨﺎ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﺩﻴﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﺘﻘﺘﻀﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻭ ﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺠﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻪ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ ﻭ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺘﻪ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﺍﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﻭﺘﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎل ﺇﻻ ﺒﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﺎﺀ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺩﻴﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻤﺎﺝ ﺒﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﻜﺯ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻀﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻀﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻜﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻟﻸﺭﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻭﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺯ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﺼﺤﺎﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ؛‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻭ ﺒﺘﺜﻤﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﺍﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭﺍﺘﻬﻡ‬
‫ﻭ ﺇﺒﺩﺍﻋﺎﺘﻬﻡ؛‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ 14‬و ‪ 15‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ ‪2005‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﻴﺭ ﻹﻁﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ؛‬
‫ﺙ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﺱ ﻤﺘﺨﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﺎﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﻯ ﻟﻺﺒﺩﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻲ؛‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﻤﺘﻌﻤﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ؛‬
‫ﺡ‪ -‬ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ؛‬
‫ﺥ‪ -‬ﺘﺩﺍﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻫﻤﺎل ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
2005 ‫ ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ‬15 ‫ و‬14 ‫اﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬
:‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ‬
:(2003) ‫ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺁل ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﻭ ﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ‬.1
(‫ "ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ‬.2
.‫ ﺃﻜﺘﻭﺒﺭ‬8-6 / ‫ ﻤﻨﺘﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺽ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬.3
.‫ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬:(2005) ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‬.4
5. Al-Saigh, Nassir, M. Ed. (1986):“Innovation and Management of Change in Public
Enterprise in the Arab World”
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Sciences, pp. 313-29; Barshefsky, Ch. (2003):
7. "The Middle East Belongs in the World Economy "www.nytimes.com
/2003/02/22/opinion
8. Bassim Ben Ahmed Al-Ibrahim and al, (2003):Investment Environment In Saudi
Arabia: Reality and Challenges,
9. Riyadh Economic Forum, 6-8 October, Bontis, Nick (2004):
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region, Journal of Intellectual Capital, Vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 13-39;
11. Byrd, W. C. (2003):"Algérie – Contre-performances: Economiques et Fragilité
Institutionnelle"
12. CONFLUENCE Méditerranée, no. 45, Printemps, pp. 1-15, Dahlman, C,L. RossLarson, B. and Westphal, L.E, (1987):
13. "Managing Technological Development: Lessons from the NICs", World
Development, Vol. 15, no. 6, pp. ;
14. Freeman, Christopher, (1987):Technology Policy and Economic Performance, Pinter
Publishers, London;
15. Habba Handoussa et al, (2003): Rapport du FEMISE 2003 sur le Partenariat EuroMediterraneen; Femise 2003;
16. Nemat, Sh. (1988):Economic Challenges facing Middle Eastern and Northern
Countries, McMillan Press, London;
17. Oukil, M. Said, (forthcoming):"Importance of Performance and Transparency for
Meeting the Challenges of the Globalization Age"
18. Patel, I. G. (1954):"Limits of the current consensus on Development: Keynote
address, proceedings of the Conference on Development Economics, The World
Bank. New York;
19. Rivlin, P. (2001):Economic Policy and Performance in the Arab World,
20. Boulder: Lynne Rienner; Soete, L. and Weel, B-T., Eds. (2005):The Economics of
the Digital Society, Edward Elgar Publishing,
21. Stiglitz, J. E. (1996):"Some lessons from the East Asian Miracle"Research Observer,
vol. 11, no. 2, August, pp. 151 -177, The World Bank.
11