Dr M Umer Chapra: A Brief Biography
Dr. M. Umer Chapra is Research Advisor at the Islamic Research and Training Institute
(IRTI) of the Islamic Development Bank (IDB), Jeddah. Prior to this position, he worked at
the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA), Riyadh, for nearly 35 years, retiring as Senior
Economic Advisor. He has also taught as Assistant and Associate Professor of Economics at
the University of Wisconsin (Platteville) and the University of Kentucky, Lexington; as
Senior Economist and Associate Editor of the Pakistan Development Review at the Pakistan
Institute of Development Economics; and as Reader (Associate Professor) at the Central
Institute of Islamic Research (Pakistan).
He has authored 15 books and monographs, 95 papers and 15 book reviews. Some of
his books, monographs and papers have been translated into a number of languages,
including Arabic, Bangla, French, Indonesian, Japanese, Malay, Persian, Polish, Spanish,
Turkish and Urdu.
His most outstanding contributions have been the four books indicated below along
with excerpts from some pre-publication or post-publication reviews:
1. Towards s Just Monetary System (1985)
“The most lucid presentation yet of the monetary theory of Islam”
Prof. Rodney Wilson
Bulletin of the British Society for Middle
Eastern Studies (2/1985, pp. 224-5)
“The book is a through analysis of the problems in the field of money and banking on
the basis of Islamic economics … the issues raised in the book are well taken and
interesting not only for the Islamic economist but also for the economist in the Western
industrialized countries…I have read the book with pleasure and with a feeling that it
makes a valuable and thorough contribution to the understanding of Islamic economics”.
Prof. H.C. H. Albach
Director
Institute Fur Gesellchafts
Universtat Bonn
Germany
“It is an excellent book”
Prof. Maurice Allais
Nobel Laureate
2. Islam and the Economic Challenge (1992)
“This is an excellent work… His sections on both the virtues and the defects of
capitalism, communism and the welfare state, are brilliant analyses… His understanding
is quite sophisticated. At the same time his style is clear and he writes with humanity
and a very deep concern for the welfare of the human race. Those concerned with the
ethical problems of society will find his analysis very valuable… This work makes an
important contribution to the understanding of Islam for those who do not belong to its
culture, and if it is taken seriously within Islam itself, it will produce very desirable
changes.”
(Late) Prof. Kunneth Boulding
Distinguished Prof. of Economics Emeritus
Institute of Behavioral Science
University of Colorado at Bouder
1
“The book is well-written and offers a balanced synthesis of the literature on
contemporary Islamic economics. Reading this text will be a healthy intellectual
challenge for Western economists”.
Economic Journal
Royal Economic Society (U.K.)
September 1993, p. 1350.
“The book stands out as an exceptionally clear exposition of the market-tolerant strand
of Islamic economics. Its critiques of existing systems are unusually sophisticated and
well documented. Chapra has read widely on capitalism and socialism, so his negative
assessments carry some weight. For anyone who wants an introduction to Islamic
economics, Islam and the Economic Challenge is an excellent place to start”
Prof. Timur Kuran
University of Southern California
Journal of Economic Literature
September 1993, p. 1486
3. The Future of Economics: An Islamic Perspective (2000)
“The importance and timeliness of the book cannot be overstated. In all honesty, I
consider it to be among the most crucial books of this century for the revival of Islam…
The subjects he treats are highly complex but he makes reading about them easy”.
Dr. Murad Wilfred Hofmann
Former German Ambassador to Algeria and
Morocco
“I greatly admire the author’s new book”
Prof. Samuel Hayes III,
Graduate School of Business Administration
Harvard University
4. Muslim Civilization: The Causes of Decline and the Need for Reform (2008).
"
This humane book is very well conceived and makes real progress towards
achieving the laudable goals it advocates.... each chapter plays an effective
role in explaining the decline and, therefore, conceiving of ways to achieve
"
reform.
Prof Robert Whaples
Director EH-NET
Department of Economics
Wake Forest University
Winston-Salem, NC
2
"
'
Dr Chapra s endeavour is outstanding, no less for its extremely ambitious
goal (to explain the great historical mystery of why and how Muslims
declined) than for its admirable actual achievement .... He has provided a
coherent framework for analysis and reform for all those concerned with
"
the Ummah revival and development.
Prof Anas Zarqa
Ex-Prof. King Abdul Aziz University
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Adviser, The International Investor
Kuwait
He has lectured widely at a number of universities and professional institutes in
different countries around the world, including the Harvard Law School, Loughborough
University, the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies, the London School of Economics,
Universidad Autonoma, Madrid, the University of Malaga, Spain, the House Commons,
London, and the Islamic University of Rotterdam. He has participated in a number of
meetings of international and regional organizations like the IMF, IBRD, OPEC, IDB, OIC,
GCC. He has also served for three years (2002-2005) as member of the Technical
Committee of the Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB) established in 2002 to prepare
standards for the Islamic financial industry.
He is on the editorial board of a number of professional journals and has acted as
referee for a number of others, including the Economic Journal of the Royal Economic
Society, UK, and the Journal of Socio-Economics, USA.
He has received a number of awards, including the Islamic Development Bank Award
for Islamic Economics and the King Faisal International Award for Islamic Studies, both in
1990. He was awarded the IOP (Institute of Overseas Pakistanis) gold medal in August 1995
by the President of Pakistan for service to Islam and Islamic economics at the First IOP
Convention in Islamabad.
3
SALIENT FEATURES OF
PERSONAL DATA
1. Name
:
Muhammad Umer Chapra
2. Father's name
:
Abdul Karim Chapra
3. Date of birth
:
February 1, 1933
4. Marital status:
:
Married (to Khairunnisa Jamal Mundia in May 1962) with
four children (Maryam, Anas, Sumayyah and Ayman)
5. Nationality:
:
Pakistani/Saudi Arabian
6. Address
:
P. O. Box 9201, Jeddah 21413,
Saudi Arabia
Tel: Off :(966-2) 6466139/Res: 6941946
Fax: Off::(966-2) 6378927/Res: 6944150
E-mail: [email protected]
7. Education
:
(a) High School: University of Sind (1950),
stood first in the whole University
(b) B. Com. (=B.B.A.): University of Karachi (1954)
(c) M. Com. (=M.B.A.): University of Karachi (1956)
(d) Ph. D.: University of Minnesota (1961)
8. Professional Life
:
θ
major: Economics
θ
minor :Sociology
Fifty years of professional life, of which, 2 years in Pakistan,
6 years in the U.S.A. and 42 years in Saudi Arabia, as
detailed below:
(a) Teaching and Research Assistant at the University
of Minnesota (1957-60)
(i) Teaching and Research
(b) Assistant Professor of Economics at the University of
Wisconsin, Platteville (1960/61)
(c) Senior Economist and Associate Editor of the Pakistan
Development Review, Pakistan Institute of
Development Economics, Karachi (1961-62)
(d) Reader in Economics at the Central Institute of Islamic
Research, Karachi (1962/63)
(e) Associate Prof. of Economics at the University of
Wisconsin, Platteville (1963/64)
(f) Associate Prof. of Economics at the University of
Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. (1964/65)
(ii) Advisory:
:
(g) Economic Advisor and then Senior Economic Adviser at
the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, July 1965October 1999)
(h) Research Advisor at the Islamic Research and Training
Institute of the Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah
(November 1999- ).
iii) Editorial and Refereeing
:
He is on the Editorial Advisory Board of, or has acted as a
4
referee for, a number of professional journals, including:
The Economic Journal (the Royal Economic Society), Journal
of Socio-Economics (USA), The Pakistan Development
Review, American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, Journal
of Islamic Studies (Oxford University), Islamic Studies
(Islamabad) Review of Islamic Economics, Journal of Islamic
Economics, (King Abdul Aziz University), Islamic Economic
Studies, Pakistan Journal of Applied Economics, and The
Journal of Development Studies.
9. Awards Received
a) Gold medal from the University of Sind for standing first in the High School Examination in
1950 among 25,000 students.
b) Gold medal from the Memon Educational and Welfare Society for being one of the five most
outstanding scholars of the Society.
c) Award for being one of the ten most outstanding students of the Government College of
Commerce and Economics, Karachi, at the 40th anniversary of the College in February
1986.
d) Islamic Development Bank award in 1990 in recognition of his contribution to Islamic
Economics.
e) King Faisal International Award in 1990 in recognition of his contribution to Islamic studies.
f) Gold medal in 1995 from the Institute of Overseas Pakistanis for his services to Islam and
Islamic Economics.
5
‫آ و
ت‬
Books, Monographs, Papers and Book Reviews
A. Books and Monographs
B. Papers on Islamic Economics and Finance
B1. Islamic Economics
B2. Economic System of Islam
B3. Economic Development
B4. Islamic Finance
B5. Public Finance
B6. Other Aspects of Islamic Economy
C. Other Papers
D. Book Reviews
E. Newspaper Articles
6
A. BOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS
‫ م ى دل‬.1
1.Towards a Just Monetary System (Leicester, UK: the Islamic Foundation, 1985).
‫ ا ﻝم ادى ا! م‬2
2. The Economic System of Islam (published simultaneously by the Islamic Centre, London, and the
University of Karachi - 1970). The Arabic translation of this monograph was published in three
issues (June, September and December 1978) of the quarterly Journal, Al-Muslim al-Mu’asir (
‫) ا‬
!‫اهاف اﻝم ادى ا‬.3
3. Objectives of the Islamic Economic Order (Leicester, UK: the Islamic Foundation, 1979) - this
paper represents the first two chapters of the book, Economic System of Islam (London: Islamic
Council of Europe, 1975)
‫ه ا! ودوره اد‬$‫دوﻝ اﻝ‬.4
4. The Islamic Welfare State and Its Role in the Economy (Leicester, U.K.: The Islamic Foundation,
1979). This paper was first presented at the Islamic Economics Conference held at Makkah in
February 1976 under the auspices of the King Abdul Aziz University and published in Khurshid
Ahmad and Zafar Ishaq Ansari, Islamic Perspectives (Leicester, U.K.: The Islamic Foundation, 1979).
‫ن‬+‫آ‬, $‫ﺕ'& ا*ن اﻝ‬.5
5. Allocation of Bank Credit in Pakistan (Karachi: Economic Research Academy, December, 1963).
‫اﺱم و اى ادى‬.6
6. Islam and the Economic Challenge (Leicester, UK: The Islamic Foundation; and
DC: IIIT, 1992)
Washington,
‫ اﺱﻡ‬4‫ اﻝی‬3‫ﻝ‬/‫ء ﺕ‬2 ‫اﻝ و اﻝازن‬/‫ ﻝ‬, ‫ ﻝ‬.‫اﺕ‬$!‫ا‬: ‫ا! م و اﻝ ادی‬.7
7. Islam and Economic Development: a Strategy for Development with Stability in the light of
Justice and Islamic teachings, (Washington, DC, and Islamabad: IIIT, 1994).
‫
ه اد ا! ؟‬.8
8. What is Islamic Economics? (Jeddah, IRTI/IDB, No. 9 in the IDB Prize Winners’ Lecture Series,
1996).
! ‫ ر ا‬4
‫ اد‬67+
. 9
9. The Future of Economics: An Islamic Perspective, (Leicester, UK: The Islamic Foundation, 2000).
‫! ـ‬9‫ـك ا‬7‫ اﻝ‬7‫ا‬$
‫ و‬4‫ ﺕ‬10
10. With Tariqullah Khan, Regulation and Supervision of Islamic Banks, (Jeddah: IRTI/IDB,
Occasional Paper No. 3, 2000).
‫ ه>ا ؟‬$ ? ‫ ه>ا ر‬6‫ ه‬:‫ اﻝ<*ة‬3‫ی‬$‫ ﺕ‬11
11. Prohibition of Interest: Does it Make Sense? (Durban: Islamic Da‘wah Movement, August
2001). This booklet includes the three papers cited in items 14, 15 and 40 below.
!9‫ت اﻝﻝ ا‬+!B‫@ اﻝآ ? اﻝ‬,‫ا‬A‫ﺍ اﻝ‬12
12. With Habib Ahmed, Corporate Governance in Islamic Financial Institutions (Jeddah: IRTI/IDB,
Occasional Paper No. 6, 2002).
13. Economic and Financial Reform: Fundamentals of a New Architecture (Durban: Islamic
Dawah Movement, August 2004).
14. Muslim Civilization: Causes of Decline and the Need for Reform (Leicester, UK: The Islamic
7
Foundation, 2008).
15. The Islamic Vision of Development in the Light of Maqasid al-Shari‘ah (to be published by
IRTI/IDB).
8
‫ ت‬- ‫ب‬
B. PAPERS
B1. ISLAMIC ECONOMICS
?
!9‫اد ا‬
!‫أه اد ا‬.1
1. “The Relevance and Importance of Islamic Economics” – lecture delivered on 22nd July 1991, at
the Bangladesh Seminar on the Teaching of Islamic Economics indicated in 32 above.
!‫ ا‬$<‫اد ا! و اد اﻝ‬.2
2. “Islamic Economics and the Islamic Sub-Economy”, comments on the paper of Timur Kuran,
published in the August 1996 issue of the Journal of Economic Perspectives.
!‫ا ﺡء و اد ا‬.3
3. “Statistics and Islamic Economics” published in the Proceedings of the First International
Seminar on Statistics and Islamic Economics held in Lahore on 20-31 August 1994.
‫درى‬H 3‫د ﻝ‬/+
‫! ﻝآر‬+‫ و اﻝم اﻝ‬F
!‫م ا‬/‫ درا!ت اﻝ‬: ‫ب‬G‫ ﻝ‬F
.4
4. Foreword in the book, Studies in Islamic Science and Polity, by Masudul Alam Choudhury
(London: Macmillan, 1998; and New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998).
‫؟‬4G
‫ ه‬6‫ ا! – ه‬3‫ﻝ‬/‫ اﻝ‬$G<‫ی اﻝ‬$‫ﺡ‬.5
5. “Is Rationalism Possible in the Muslim World?” The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences,
Winter 1999, pp. 103-128
‫ اد ا! ؟‬3 ‫ر‬I‫ورى ﺕ‬$A‫ اﻝ‬4
6‫ه‬.6
6. “Is it Necessary to have Islamic Economics?” The Journal of Socio-Economics, Western Illinois
University, USA, April 2000, pp.21-37.
‫ ﺥون‬4,‫ ا‬$G !+‫اﻝیآ اﺝ – ادی و اﻝ‬.7
7. “Socio-Economic and Political Dynamics of Ibn Khaldun” The American Journal of Islamic Social
Sciences, Winter 1999, pp. 17-38.
‫ی‬.‫ﻝ? اﻝ‬/‫! ? واد اﻝ‬9‫ ادي ا‬$G<‫ اﻝ‬. 8
8. “Islamic Economic Thought and the New Global Economy” – a paper presented at the
symposium held on 22 January 2001, as a part of the Janadriyyah celebrations organized in Riyadh
by the Saudi Arabian Ministry of National Guards.
?
!9‫ اد ا‬3 ? ‫!ذ ! اﻝا? د وري‬Q‫م ا‬N!‫ إ‬9.
9. “The Contribution of Mawlana Mawdūdī to Islamic Economics”. The Muslim World, (Journal of
the Hartford Seminary, Hartfood, CT), April 2004, 163-180.
4‫ی‬, ‫خ أﺥان‬Q‫? ا‬+‫و‬9‫ ا‬U‫! م (( ? ﻝ‬9‫ء ا‬2 ? ‫ اد‬67+
)) ‫ﺝ آب‬$‫
ﻝ‬. 10.
10. Introduction written for the translation of his book, The Future of Economics: An Islamic
Perspective, into the Indonesian language by Ikhwan Abidin.
11. “Nature and Significance of Islamic Economics”, Al-Manar (IDB), April 2004, pp. 6-11.
12. “Islamic Economics: What it is and How it Developed” (EH.NET Encyclopaedia)
(http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/ chapra.Islamic).
13.”Islamic Economics and Finance: Where Do They Stand?” Comments on the paper of Prof.
Masudul Alam Choudhury presented at the Islamic Economics Conference held under the auspices
of the Central Bank of Indonesia and IRTI/IDB in Jakarta, Indonesia on 21-24 November 2005.
14. “Comments on Dr. Fahim Khan’s paper on Poverty Reduction Strategies”, July 2006.
15. “Ethics and Economics in Islam and the West” (paper presented at a Seminar organized by the
Goethe, Institute, Munich, Germany, and the Dar al-Fikr, Syria, in Damascus on 21 June 2007.
16. “Global Economic Challenges and Islam”, Policy Perspectives (Institute of Policy Studies,
Islamabad), Vol.3, July-December 2006, No. 2, pp. 19-41.
9
17. “Guarantee of Satisfaction of Fundamental Needs”, a paper written for the Encyclopaedia of
Islamic Economics.
18. “Islamic Economics: Interventions in the Roundtable Conference held in IDB, 26-27 May, 2004.
19a. “Islamic Perspectives on Poverty Alleviation” (Longer version).
19b. Islamic Perspectives on Poverty Alleviation: (Shorter version).
‫ام ادي ا! م‬
B2. ECONOMIC SYSTEM OF ISLAM
‫ن ادی‬+‫ ا‬GV
‫! م و‬9 1.
th
1.
“The Economic Problem of Man and Islam” – keynote address to the 20 Convention
of the Muslim Students Association in Bloomington, Indiana, on 30 May 1982 – published in
vol. 6 (1984), No. 4 of the Quarterly Islamic Order issued from Karachi.
!‫ اﻝم ادى ا‬N‫ﺕ‬7I‫ة ا! و ﺕ‬$‫داﻝاﻝ‬.2
2
“The Islamic Welfare Function and its Implications for the Economic System of Islam”
– a paper which needs to be revised and updated before it is sent to some journal for
publication.
‫اﻝﺝ اﻝ م ادى ﺝی‬.3
3. “The Need for a New Economic System,” Review of Islamic Economics, 1/1991, pp. 9-47;
reproduced in Tim Niblock and Rodney Wilson, The Political Economy of the Middle East
(Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 1999), Vol.3 (Islamic Economics), pp.76-114).
‫اﻝم ادى ا! م‬.4
4. “The Economic System of Islam” – a lecture delivered on 23 July 1991 at the International
Seminar on Teaching Islamic Economics held in Dhaka, Bangladesh, under the auspices of the
Islamic Development Bank, Islamic Foundation (Government of Bangladesh) and the Barakah
Bank.
?
!9‫ اﻝر ا‬4
‫أ!ﻝ‬$‫ اﻝ‬5
5. “Islamic View of Capitalism”, a paper written for the forthcoming Encyclopedia of Islamic
Economics
6.
“What is an Islamic Economy?”
‫ادی اﻝ‬
B3. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
!‫ ا‬3‫ﻝ‬/‫ء اﻝ‬2 ‫ ﻝ‬.‫ا ﺕ‬$! ‫ان ا! و ا‬7‫اﻝ ادی اﻝ‬.1
1. “Economic Development in Muslim Countries: A Strategy for Development in the Light of
Islamic Teachings,” a paper presented at the Seminar on Islamic Economics held in Cairo from 6-9
September 1988 under the auspices of the International Institute of Islamic Thought, Washington,
D. C., and the Al-Azhar University, Cairo. The paper
was published in the collection of
Conference papers under the title:
10
$‫ﺹ‬/‫! ? ? اد اﻝ‬9‫ ا‬$G<‫م اﻝ‬N!‫ث وة إ‬,‫ أ‬.
by the International Institute of Islamic Thought, 1992, pp. 476-534
‫اﻝ‬/‫ اﻝ و اﻝ‬Y
‫ ﻝ‬.‫اﺕ‬$!‫ ا‬: ‫! م و اﻝ ادی‬9‫ا‬.2
2. “Islam and Economic Development: Is it possible to have Adjustment with Growth as well as
Justice?” a lecture given before the graduate students of the Harvard Law School, Tuesday, 21
March, 1989.
‫ ﺥون‬4, Z‫< اﻝری‬+ ‫! م واﻝ ادی ? إ[ر‬9‫ ا‬.3
3. “Islam and Economic Development: A Discussion within the Framework of Ibn Khaldun’s
Philosophy of History”, key-note address delivered at the Harvard University Forum on “Islamic
st
Finance into the 21 Century”, held on 9-10 October 1998, and published in the Proceedings of
the Forum (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 1999).
N/‫ ان ی‬.‫ اﻝروس اﻝ ی‬:‫ اد اﻝي‬.4
4a. Preface for the Persian translation of Islamic and Economic Development (A7 above).
4b. “Development Economics: Lessons that Remain to be Learned”, Revised and enlarged version
of 4a above published in Islamic Studies (Islamabad), Winter 2003, pp. 639-650.
5. “The Malaise the Present-Day Muslim World: Its Causes and Cure in the light of Ibn Khaldun’s
Theory of Development”, a paper presented at the Conference on “The Muslim Ummah and the
Cultural and Developmental Crisis” held at the University of Cairo on 6-9 December, 2004.
6. Ibn Khaldun: His Socio-Economic and Political Dynamics )A paper written for the Encyclopedia
of Islamic Economics).
7. “Ibn Khaldun’s Theory of Development: Does it Help Explain the Low Performance of the
Present-Day Muslim World?” The Journal of Socio-Economics, 2008.
!‫ ا‬/‫ی‬$V‫
ت اﻝﻝ اﻝ‬/‫اﻝ‬
B4. ISLAMIC FINANCE (MONEY, BANKING, AND MONETARY POLICY)
?
!‫? ? إ[ر إ‬$‫اﻝم اﻝي واﻝ‬.1
1. “Money and Banking in an Islamic Framework” – in M. Ariff, ed. (Jeddah: International Centre
for Research in Islamic Economics, King Abdul Aziz University, 1982), pp. 145-186. The Arabic
translation of this paper was published in the Journal of Research in Islamic Economics, Winter
1984.
!‫! اﻝی اد ا‬+‫اﻝ‬.2
2. “Monetary Policy in an Islamic Economy,” in Ziauddin Ahmad, et. al.(eds.), Money and Banking
in Islam (Islamabad: Institute of Policy Studies), 1983, pp. 27-68.
‫ن‬+‫آ‬7‫ء اﻝ<*ة اد اﻝ‬U‫ ا ! ﺡل اﻝ‬$G<‫^ اﻝ‬.
$‫ی‬$‫] ﺕ‬/‫ﺕ‬.3
3. “Comments on the Council of Islamic Ideology Report on Elimination of Interest” in ibid., pp.
212-223.
‫ ا! م‬,$‫ اﻝ‬/7[.a4
11
4a. “The Nature of Riba in Islam”, Hamdard Islamicus, Spring 1984, pp. 3-24.
4b. “The Nature of Riba in Islam”, Revised and Enlarged Version of 4a above, The Journal of
Islamic Economics and Finance (Bangladesh) Vol. 2, No. 1, January-June 2006, pp. 7-25.
‫ت‬2‫ا‬$‫_ ا‬/, 3‫ ﺕی‬: ‫ ا! م‬,$‫
اﻝ‬$‫ﺡ‬.5
5. “The Prohibition of Riba in Islam: An Evaluation of Some Objections”, in the American Journal of
Islamic Social Sciences, August 1984, pp. 23-40.
!‫رﺹ اد ا‬7‫دور اﻝ‬.6
6. “The Role of the Stock Exchange in an Islamic Economy”, comments on the paper of Dr.
Mokhtar Metawally, Journal of Research in Islamic Economics, Summer 1985, pp. 75-81.
‫ة اوﻝ؟‬I'‫ اﻝ‬/, ‫! م ! ذا‬9‫? إﻝ ا‬$‫ اﻝم اﻝ‬6‫ﺕی‬.7
7. “Islamization of Banking in Pakistan: After the First Step – Forward or Backward? Impact
International, 25 April – 8 May 1986, pp. 13-14.
‫ م ى دل‬. 8
8. “Towards a Just Monetary System”, an interview with the author about his book, published in
Arabia, November 1985, pp. 65-6.
!‫ م ﻝ ا‬.9
9. “Towards an Islamic Financial System” – a paper presented to the International Seminar on
Islamic Economics held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 6-9 July 1987 – published in the Journal of
Islamic Economics (Malaysia), July 1983, pp. 1-30, and also in the Mindanao Law Journal, March
and October 1988, pp. 124-38 and 1-15 respectively.
!‫ ا!`ر اﻝ'ص اﻝول ا‬Y.V‫ ﺕ‬.10
10. “Promoting Private Investment in Muslim Countries”, a paper presented on behalf of SAMA at
the third meeting of the Governors of Central Banks the meeting of the Monetary Authorities of
Muslim Countries, 1-2 September 1980
‫ﻝ‬/‫ ا!اق اﻝ‬3N!‫ وا‬Y+‫ اﻝ‬,‫ر‬A‫اﻝ‬.11
11. “Speculation in the International Commodity and Stock Markets”, paper prepared for the
Hay’at Kubār al-‘Ulamā’ (Council of Senior ‘Ulamā’ of Saudi Arabia), upon their request made to
SAMA, September 1982
!‫ ا‬G, ‫ت ا!! م‬7I‫_ اﻝ‬/,.12
12. “Some Pre-requisites for the Establishment of an Islamic Banking System,” published in Islamic
Economic System and the Position of Income Tax in the Shari’ah: Collection of the Articles of
Eminent Islamic ‘Ulama’ and Scholars (Karachi: Chamber of Commerce and Industry, n.d.), pp. 958.
?
!‫ ت ? !ق ﻝ? إ‬/‫دوات واﻝ‬Q‫ا‬.13
13. “The Mechanics and Operations of an Islamic Financial Market,” comments on Dr. Hashim al-
12
Sabbagh’s paper at the Seminar on Developing a System of Islamic Financial Instruments in Kuala
Lumpur, 28 April – 5 May 1986 – published in the Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance (Karachi),
5:3, 1988, pp. 31-6.
‫ـ ؟‬,$‫ اﻝ‬c‫م ا‬$ّ‫ ﻝذا ﺡ‬.14
14.“A Matter of Interest: The Rationale of Islamic Anti-Interest Stance”, Ahlan wa Sahlan, October
1992, pp.38-41. The Arabic translation of this paper was published under the title "‫ﺮﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺮﺑـﺎ؟‬‫ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﺣ‬
“ on pp.99-101 of the March 1993 issue. A revised and updated version of this paper was
published again under the title, “Prohibition of Interest: Does it Make Sense?” in Ahlan wa Sahlan,
February, 2001, (pp.30-34 (English) and pp. 40-42 (Arabic).
‫ون *ة ؟‬, 6/‫ری ﺕ‬.‫ك ﺕ‬, ‫ ﺕر م‬4G‫ ی‬6‫ه‬.15
15. “Banks without Interest: Is it Conceivable?” – a paper prepared for the Ministry of Finance and
National Economy, Saudi Arabia, 23 July 1986. The revised and expanded version of this paper
was published in Ahlan wa Sahlan, August 1993, pp. 11-14 (English), and September 1993; pp. 4043 (Arabic). A revised and updated version of this paper was published again in both English and
Arabic in Ahlan wa Sahlan in March 2001, pp.12-15 (English), pp.32-34 (Arabic).
,‫ر‬A‫وﻝ ﺹﺡ اﻝل اﻝ اﺕ< ت اﻝ‬B+
.16
16. “Liability of the Sahib al-Mal in Mudarabah Agreements”, detailed answer given to a question
posed by the Federal Shari‘ah Court, Islamabad, August 1987.
‫ء اﻝ<*ة ا! م و ﺕ] اهاف ادی واﺝ‬U‫اﻝ‬.17
17. “The Abolition of Interest in Islam and the Realization of Socio-Economic Goals,” – a lecture
given at the Harvard Law School in response to their invitation (one hour lecture followed by a
discussion of about an hour and a half), Wednesday, 22 March, 1989.
!‫ اﻝر ا‬4
6*+
‫ و‬,$.‫ی و ﺕ‬$: ‫ر‬/!‫ى ا‬+, ‫ﺝ‬B‫ا
ت اﻝ‬e‫@ اﻝق واﻝ‬,‫ر‬.18
18. “Indexation: Theory, Experience and Issues from the Islamic Perspective” – comments on the
paper of Dr. M. A. Mannan presented at the IRTI Workshop on “The Sharī‘ah and Indexation” held
in Jeddah from 25-29 April 1987.
F*‫ ورا‬4
G‫ واﻝ‬F‫ أها‬: !‫اﻝم اﻝﻝ ا‬.18
19. “The Islamic Financial System: Its Goals and Rationale,” Al-Khairia (magazine of the King Faysal
Foundation), June 1990, pp. 5 and 8.
‫ء‬,$‫ اﻝ‬4
$`‫اء اآ‬$<‫ اﻝ‬6U+‫ ﺕ‬f$‫ﺹ‬/‫ اﻝ‬f*<‫اﻝ‬: f*<‫ اﻝ‬$‫ی‬$7‫ ﻝ‬7‫وف اﻝواﻝ‬$/
‫ اﻝآر‬N! ‫د اﻝوى اﻝ‬$‫ اﻝ‬. 20
3‫اﻝی‬
20. “Reply to Dr. Ma‘rūf Dawālībīs Arguments in Favour of Interest: Modern interest is More
Exploitative than Ancient Interest, published in Majallah al-Nur, Dhu al-Qi‘dah 1410, pp. 18-23.
?
!9‫ك ا ! اﻝم اﻝﻝ? ا‬7‫ي و اﻝ‬e‫آ‬$‫ اﻝ‬g7‫ اﻝ‬4, /‫اﻝ‬.21
21. “The Relationship between the Central Bank and the Islamic Banks in an Islamic Financial
System”, a paper presented to the Discussion Forum organized by the Higher Advisory Council for
the Implementation of the Shari’ah in Kuwait, 6-8 February 1993 (15-17 Shaban 1413).
+‫ى ا! اﻝم اﻝ‬e‫آ‬$‫ اﻝ‬g7‫اهاف وادوات اﻝ‬.22
22. “Goals and Instruments of the Central Bank in the Islamization of the Financial System”, paper
13
No. 1 submitted to the Higher Advisory Council for the Implementation of the Islamic Shari’ah in
Kuwait, 30 June 1993 (10 Muharram 1414).
‫ی‬G‫ ! اﻝم اﻝﻝ اﻝ‬4
‫ اﻝ واﺹ ح ا ﻝ ز‬G7V‫اﻝ‬.23
23. Paper No. 2 submitted to the Higher Advisory Council for the Implementation of the Islamic
Shari’ah in Kuwait, 30 June 1993, (10 Muharram 1414).
+‫ ﻝ‬130 3‫ﺝ اﻝن ر‬, ‫ل‬/‫ اﻝ‬1968 +‫ ﻝ‬32 3‫ا اﻝن ر‬$,H $ ‫ اﻝآر‬N‫ﺡ‬$‫ی ت اﻝ ا‬/‫اﻝ‬.24
‫ ف ا ! اﻝم اﻝﻝ‬N, $‫ اﻝ‬N‫ی واﻝ‬G‫ى اﻝ‬e‫آ‬$‫ اﻝ‬g7‫ﻝ‬, ‫ اﻝ'ص‬1977
24. Amendments proposed by Dr. M. Umer Chapra (Paper No. 3) to Law No. 32 of 1968 (as
revised by Law 130 of 1977) related to the Central Bank of Kuwait and the Banking Profession with
the Objective of Islamizing the Financial System.
!‫ ا‬$U‫ك ا! اﻝول اﻝ‬7‫اﻝور اﻝ‬.25
25. “The Role of Islamic Banks in Non-Muslim Countries”, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, July
1992, pp. 295-97
!‫ ادارة اﻝی اد ا‬26
26. “Monetary Management in an Islamic Economy, Islamic Economic Studies (IRTI, Jeddah),
December, 1996, pp. 1-34.
‫ﻝ‬/‫ اﻝین اﻝ‬GV
‫ ا! م و‬27
27. “Islam and the International Debt Problem”, lecture given at the King Faysal Foundation on 10
June 1991 under the auspices of the King Faysal Centre for Research and Islamic Studies,
published in the Journal of Islamic Studies (Oxford), July 1992, pp.214-32.
N‫ ﺡﻝ‬F/,$V‫ اﻝ‬i
‫ ﻝ ی‬F‫_ اﻝ*] ذات ا ﻝ‬/,: ‫ ا*ن‬F I,.28
28. “The Credit Card: Some Relevant Facts to Help Determine its Shar‘ī Position – a paper
presented on 20 Dhu al-Qa’dah 1417 (27 April, 1997) to Hay’at Kubār al-‘Ulamā’ (the Council of
Senior ‘Ulamā’ of Saudi Arabia) to guide them in their discussions on the subject.
Y ‫ اﻝ'ل و اﻝا‬: F
!‫ ا‬F$‫اﻝ‬.29
29. “Islamic Banking: The Dream and the Reality”, a paper presented to the International
Conference on Islamic Banking and Finance held in Casablanca, Morocco, on 5-8 May 1998; under
the auspices of IRTI/IDB and ASMFCI; and also the Shari‘ah Appellate Bench of the Supreme Court
of Pakistan in Karachi during the author’s testimony before the Bench on 17-19 March 1999. This
paper has been published in the December 1999 (pp.69-87) issue of Hamdard Islamicus. The
Arabic translation of the paper has also been published by IRTI/IDB in the proceedings of the
Seminar.
‫ ا! م‬,$‫ اﻝ‬3‫ی‬$‫ وراء ﺕ‬6/‫اﻝ‬: ‫ ؟‬,$‫م ا! م اﻝ‬$‫ﻝ ذا ﺡ‬.30
30. “Why has Islam Prohibited Interest?: Rationale behind the Prohibition of Interest in Islam” – a
paper prepared in April 1999 at the request of the Sharī’ah Appellate Bench of the Supreme Court
of Pakistan. This is a significantly updated and enlarged version of (14). The paper was published
in the Review of Islamic Economics, 9/2000, pp.5-20.
14
6‫ ﻝی‬F
!‫ ا!ﻝ ا‬3/
.31
th
31. “Major Modes of Islamic Finance” – a paper prepared for presentation at the 6 Intensive
Orientation Course on “Islamic Economics, Banking and Finance”, held at the Islamic Foundation,
Leicester, U.K. on 17-21 September 1998; and also submitted to the Appellate Bench of the
Supreme Court of Pakistan during the author’s testimony before the Bench on 17-19 March 1999.
?‫ﻝ‬/‫ﺹ ح اﻝم اﻝي اﻝ‬9 ‫دﻝ‬7‫ر اﻝ‬GQ‫ا‬.32
32. “Alternative Visions of International Monetary Reform”, a paper presented to the Fourth
International Islamic Economics Conference held at the Loughborough University on 13-15 August
2000. It was published in the Proceedings of the Conference edited by Munawar Iqbal and David
Llewellyn,
Islamic Banking and Finance: New Perspectives on Profit-Sharing and Risk
(Chettenhem, UK: Edward Elgar, 2002), pp.219-240.
‫ـ‬7!Q‫ی" ? ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ا‬,$‫ اﻝ‬$l !9‫ك ا‬7‫ع " اﻝ‬2
‫ب‬G‫ ﻝ‬.33
33. Introduction to the Book, La Banca Islamica Sin Intereses: Elementos Basicos by Alejandro V.
Lorca Corrons and Olivia Orozco De La Torre (Madrid: Agencia Espanola De Cooperacion
International, 1999).
!9‫ك ا‬7‫ اﻝ‬e‫ی‬e/‫ ﺕ‬34
34. “Strengthening Islamic Banks”, a paper prepared for presentation at the Seminar held in
Khartoum on 24-26 April 2001).
$'‫ﻝ‬m, m‫آر اﺡ‬m‫ واﻝ‬6m
‫ا‬e‫ اﻝ‬im!‫آر ی‬m‫ اﻝ‬i‫ﻝ‬nm‫ﻝ ﺕ‬mH $m mN‫وﺝ‬،‫اق اﻝﻝ‬m!Q‫ك وا‬m7‫د واﻝ‬m‫ب اﻝ‬mG‫ ﻝ‬.35
?‫دا‬+‫ اﻝ‬e‫ی‬e/‫ اﻝ‬7 ‫واﻝآر‬
35.
“Introduction” to the Arabic book entitled Money and Banking and Financial Markets: a
Comprehensive View (2001)
by Professors Yusuf al-Zamil, Ahmad Balkhair, and ‘Abd al-Aziz al-Sudani
‫! م‬9‫ وا‬4
‫اﻝ‬.36
36. “Insurance and Islam”, – a paper prepared for a Training Programme on Islamic Finance to be
held in Durban, South Africa, on 17-19 August 2001 under the auspices of the Islamic Da’wah
Movement and the IDB.
/ ‫! م اﻝ<*ة‬9‫م ا‬$‫ ﺡ‬6‫ ه‬37.
37. “Has Islam Really Prohibited Interest?” A paper published in Ahlan wa Sahlan (Arabic:
December 2001; and English: February 2002).
‫ ﻝ![ اﻝﻝ‬6‫ی‬, ‫ م‬: ?
!9‫? ا‬$‫اﻝم اﻝ‬38.
38. Islamic Banking: An Alternative Model for Financial Intermediation” (A paper presented at a
Seminar held in Rome on 19 December 2002).
/
?‫ ه‬6‫ ه‬:‫ اﻝ<*ة‬2‫ر‬/
A .39
39a.“The Case Against Interest: Is it Compelling”, a paper written for presentation at the
International Conference on Islamic Banking and Finance to be held in Brunei on 5-7 January
2004, published in the Conference’s proceedings.
39b. “The Case Against Interest: Is it Compelling?” Revised and enlarged version of 39a above,
Thunderbird International Business Review, March/April 2007, pp.161-186.
15
‫ة‬+‫ت اﻝ‬+!B‫ی واﻝ‬$‫ دور اﻝ‬:?‫ار اﻝﻝ‬$!‫ ا‬40
40. “Financial Stability: The Role of Paradigm and Support Institutions”, a paper presented at the
International Conference on Islamic Banking in Jakarta (Indonesia) on 30 September – 2 October
2003 under the auspices of the Central Bank of Indonesia and the IDB.
41. “Islamic Financial System” The Muslim Almanac.
42. “Challenges Facing the Islamic Financial Industry”, Handbook of Islamic Economics and
Finance, ed., Profs. Kabir Hasan and Merwyn Lewis (Cheltenham, UK, and Northampton, MA,
USA: Edward Elgar, 2007), 325-357.
43. “International Financial Stability: The Role of Islamic Finance”, Policy Perspectives (Journal of
the Institute of Policy Studies, Islamabad, Vol. 4, July-December, 2007, No. 2, pp. 91-113.
44. “Some Issues about Leasing”.
45. “Concept Paper on setting up a Shari‘ah Board to Standardize the Islamic Modes of Finance
presented to IFSB Board of Governor on behalf of the IDB.
44. “Islamic Banking in the Prevailing International Financial Perspective”, a paper presented at a
conference organized by the Islamic University of Rotterdam and the Rotterdam Chamber of
Commerce, Netherlands, on 19 November 2007.
45. Some Issues about Leasing.
46 “Concept Paper on Setting up a Shari‘ah Board to Standardize the Islamic Modes of Finance”
presented to the IFSB Board of Governors on behalf of the IDB.
/‫اﻝﻝ اﻝ‬
B5. PUBLIC FINANCE
‫ ذی ض‬$‫آ‬H .‫ ﺕ] د‬- F‫ی‬.‫ ز‬4, ‫
آب ا
ال ﻝ‬.1
1. Introduction to Kitab al-Amwal of Hamid Ibn Zanjawiyyah, ed. Shakir Dhayb Fayyād (Riyadh:
Markaz al-Malik Faysal li al- Buhūth wa al-Dirāsāt al-Islāmiyyah, 1986).
!‫ اد ا‬7* ‫ا‬$A‫ی اﻝ‬$ .2
2. “Towards a Theory of Taxation in Islamic Economics” – comments on the paper of Dr. Monzer
Kahf presented at the Seminar on Fiscal Policy and Development Planning in Islam, Islamabad, July
1986.
‫ن‬+‫آ‬7‫ ! ! ﻝ دﻝ اﻝ‬.3
3. “Towards an Equitable Fiscal Policy in Pakistan,” a paper presented to the Second All-Pakistan
Chartered Accountants Conference on 11 November, 1988, and published in The Pakistan
Accountant, Journal of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan, 1:1989, pp. 45-68.
‫ اﻝارد ادی‬6UV‫آة ﺕ‬e‫ اﻝ‬$‫ب – اﺙ‬G‫ ﻝ‬.4
4. “The Effect of Zakat on the Allocation and Distribution of Resources” – an introduction written
for the book named above by Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Suhaybani, published in 1990.
!‫ اد ا‬4
‫ى‬$‫اﺡ أﺥ‬
B6. OTHER ASPECTS OF ISLAMIC ECONOMICS
‫ر ا! م‬.r!‫ا‬.1
1. "Tenancy in Islam," detailed answers written in response to the questions posed by the Federal
Shari‘ah Court, Islamabad, December 1986.
N
&'‫ و آ< اﻝ‬+‫آ‬7‫داء اد اﻝ‬+‫اﻝ`ب اﻝ‬.2
16
2. "Black Holes in the Pakistan Economy and How to Get Rid of Them" - a lecture delivered at the
University of Karachi in August 1998 and then again a few days later at the meeting organized by
the Faran Club International.
‫ ﺥون‬4, Z‫< اﻝری‬+ ‫ء‬2 ‫ن‬+‫آ‬7‫ اﺹ ﺡ ﻝ‬s
$, .3
3. "An Agenda for Reform in Pakistan (in the light of Ibn Khaldun's Philosophy of History)" - a
lecture delivered at a function organized by the Faran Club on 27 June 1999.
?
!9‫ه ? اﻝم ا‬+‫آت اﻝ‬$V‫@ اﻝآ ﻝ‬,‫ا‬A‫ ? اﻝ‬4/<‫ اﻝ‬t‫ی ﺡی ﻝ‬$ .4
4. “Stakeholders’ Model of Cooperate Governance in the Islamic System”, comments on the
th
paper of this title presented by Zamir Iqbal and Abbas Mirakhor at the 5 International Islamic
Economics Conference held in Bahrain on 7–9 October 2003
17
‫ اد‬4 ‫ج – ت‬
C. OTHER PAPERS
‫ن‬+‫آ‬7‫ اﻝ‬g7‫ اﻝ‬$/! ‫ﻝ أداة‬/.1
1. “Effectiveness of Bank Rate Instrument in Pakistan,” The Pakistan Development Review, Spring
1962.
‫ اﻝرف‬IV‫اﻝ اﻝ! أ‬.2
2. “Seasonal Variations in Scheduled Banks’ Activity,” The Pakistan Development Review, Autumn
1962.
‫م‬1960/ 1959 ‫م اﻝ‬1952 \ 1951 4
‫ة‬$<‫ن اﻝ‬+‫آ‬7‫ اﻝ‬3'A‫س اﻝ‬.3
3. “A Measure of Inflation in Pakistan, 1951/52 – 1959/60,” Pakistan Economic Journal, March
1962.
‫ن‬+‫آ‬7‫ر اﻝ‬/!‫ار ا‬$!‫! اﻝی وا‬+‫اﻝ‬.4
4. “Monetary Policy and a Stable Price Level in Pakistan,” Pakistan Economic Journal, March, 1963.
‫ن – درا! ر‬+‫آ‬7‫ و اﻝ‬N‫@ ا ﻝ‬I'‫اﻝ‬.5
5. “Planning in India and Pakistan – a Comparative Study,” Pakistan Commerce and Industry,
October-November 1962.
‫ن‬+‫آ‬7‫ اﻝ‬3'A‫درﺝ اﻝ‬.6
6. “The Degree of Inflation in Pakistan,” Finance and Industry, January 1963.
4‫ی‬$V/‫ن اﻝاﺡ و اﻝ‬$‫ اﻝ‬47!‫دور اﻝ‬.7
st
7. “The Role of Accountants in the 21 Century”, a key-note lecture delivered at the Pakistan
Accountants’ Annual Conference held at the Intercontinental Hotel, Riyadh, on Sunday, 26
November 1995.
18
‫ آ‬/‫اﺝ‬$
- ‫د‬
D. BOOK REVIEWS
‫ى‬7‫ اﻝ‬x‫درا!ت ? اﻝی‬.1
1.M.M. Azami, Studies in Early Hadith Literature (Beirut: Al-Maktab al-Islami, 1968), in AlMadinah (Jeddah)
!‫ ا‬s‫ی‬e
: ‫اﺥ ق و اد‬.2
2. S.N.H. Naqvi Ethics and Economics - an Islamic Synthesis, (Leicester, UK: The Islamic
Foundation, 1981), in The Muslim World Book Review, Autumn 1981, pp. 21-26.
!‫ اد ا‬$‫ﺹ‬/‫ دب اﻝ‬Q‫اض ا‬$/!‫ا‬.3
3. M. N. Siddiqi, Muslim Economic Thinking - A Survey of Contemporary Literature, (Leicester, UK:
The Islamic Foundation, 1981), in The Muslim World Book Review, Spring 1981, p.45-6.
‫م‬1840 - 1760 $
: ‫أ!ﻝ‬$‫>ور أ ! اﻝ‬.‫اﻝ‬.4
4. Peter Gran, Islamic Roots of Capitalism: Egypt 1760-1840,( Austin: University of Texas Press,
1979), in The Muslim World Book Review, Summer 1983, p. 21
!‫< اﻝم ادي ا‬z‫ درا! ﺕ ﻝ‬: !9‫اد ا‬.5
5. Monzer Kahf, The Islamic Economy: An Analytical Study of the Functioning of the Islamic
Economic System, (Plainfield, IN: The Muslim Students’ Association of the US and Canada, n.d.), in
The Journal of Research in Islamic Economics, vol. 1, No. 2, 1984, pp. 83-5.
‫ان‬$‫ی] ا ﻝ اﻝ‬$I‫اﻝ‬.6
6. Khurram Murad, Way to the Qur’an, in Impact International.
,$U‫رة اﻝ‬A‫ ؟ اﻝیت اﻝ! ? اﻝ‬2000 ‫ إﻝ م‬6! 6‫ه‬.7
7. J.G. de Beus, Shall We Make the Year 2000? Decisive Challenges to the Western Civilization
(London: Sidqwick and Jackson, 1982), in The Impact International, 27 December 1985– 9 January
1986, pp. 13-14.
‫م‬2024 ‫م‬/‫ات ﻝ‬B7‫ اﻝ‬.8
8. Norman Macrae, The 2024 Report (London: Sidqwick and Jackson, 1984), in The Impact
International, 27 December 1985 – 9 January 1986, pp. 13-14.
!9‫ا ا‬.‫! وا ﻝرا!ت اﻝی اﻝ‬9‫ی ا‬N‫اﻝ‬.9
9. Ozay Mehmet, Islamic Identity and Development Studies of the Islamic Periphery (London:
Routledge, 1990), in the Journal of Islamic Studies (Oxford), January 1992, pp. 135-7.
?
!9‫ ادي ا‬$G<‫ر اﻝ‬I‫ درا! >ة ﻝ‬10.
10. Yassine Essid, A Critique of the Origins of Islamic Economic Thought, (Leiden: Brill, 1995) in The
Journal of Islamic Studies, January 1998, pp. 110-12.
19
!‫ی وا‬#$‫ ا‬: ‫ ات اﺱﻡ‬.11
11. Paul Mills and John Presley, Islamic Finance: Theory and Practice, London: Macmillan Press,
1999), in The Islamic Economic Studies 1&2 (7), October 1999 and April 2000, pp.137-39.
‫ﻥ' ﻡ* ا)ﺡ' ا اآل‬,-‫ ا‬.$‫ ا‬/‫ ﺕری‬.12
12. M.M. Al-Azami, The History of the Qur’anic Text from Revelation to Completion, (Leicester, UK:
UK Islamic Academy, 2003), in Ahlan wa Sahlan, September 2004, pp.6-10.
'‫
اد اورﺏ‬: '9 " 3‫اغ ا‬4‫ء "ا‬6‫ ﻡ‬: '‫ ادي اﺱﻡ‬34‫ ا‬.13
13. S.M. Ghazanfar (ed.) Medieval Islamic Economic Thought: Filling the “Great Gap” in European
Economics, Foreword by Todd Lowry (London and New York: Routledge Curzon, 2003), archived
at http://www.eh.net/bookreviews/title.php.
‫! م‬9‫] ا‬7I‫ ت ادی ? ﺕ‬A/‫ اﻝ‬: ‫وة اﻝدی‬$`‫! م واﻝ‬9‫ ا‬14.
14. Timur Kuran, Islam and Mammon: The Economic Predicaments of Islamism (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press, 2004), to be published in the Journal of Islamic Studies (Oxford).
15. Munawar Iqbal and Rodney Wilson, eds., Islamic Perspectives on Wealth Creation (Edinburgh:
Edinburgh University Press, 2006)
20
*‫ا‬$.‫ اﻝ‬7I
‫
ت‬
E. NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
The above list does not include the several articles published by the author in various newspapers.
21