١٣م ﻋﺒﺪاﶈﻤﻮد ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﺮﲪﻦ –– اﳌﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ-١ Altimir,1984, Bhagwati 1988, Fieldes 1989, Cardoso and Helwegge 1992, and Thomas 1987. اﳊﺒﻴﺐﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ (Hicks) (Burki and Ul Haq) -- Hicks, 1979 Hicks and Streeten 1979, Hicks 1979 Streeten, 1981ﳏﺒﻮب اﳊﻖ Burki and Ui Haq اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج واﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ واﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت-٢ PCY (The World Tables) (Wheeler) Wheeler, 1980 (Hicks)RGPCY -- Morris) Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) (Knowles) Larson and Wilford, 1975, Morris, 1979, Wheeler, 1980, Ram, 1982, Tilak, 1992, Simonis, 1991, McGillivray, 1991. Morris, 1979 Azariadis and Drazen, 1990Wheeler, 1980 Knowles, 1993 Knowles, 1993 AGE INFT PRIM INVES XMY XMY pcy = f (age ,inf t , prim, inves, xmy ) + u pcy age inft prim inves xmy u The World BankWorld Tables Time Series Analysis - Pooled Time Series- Cross Section Analysis -- اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج اﳌﻘﺪرة-٣ دوال اﳓﺪار اﻟﺪول اﳌﻔﺮدة-١/٣ pcy j = α j + β j age j + γ j inf t j + δ j prim j + ω j inves j + η j xmy j + u j ; j = 1, 2,...,10 β j ,δ j ,ω j , ηj > 0 γj <0 Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) Feasible Generalized Least Squares(FGLS) d -2 R xmy inves 0 . 352 ( 4.387) −0 . 065 (1.351) −0 . 299 (1.720) 0 . 301 (1.294) 0963 0 . 464 ( 2.009) 0 . 063 ( 0.471) 0925 0 . 073 ( 0.457) 0 . 241 ( 2.620) 2418* 0951 1552 0967 1651 1239 age −0.375 ( 3.797 ) −0 . 364 ( 2.594) 0 . 424 ( 3.381) 5.731 ( 4 .091) 0 . 973 ( 2.783) −21. 614 ( 5.543) 5 . 772 ( 7.591) 0 . 524 (1.957) 8 . 818 (5.041) −33. 843 ( 3.934) 0 . 162 ( 0.562) 3 . 125 (1.977) −7 . 682 (1.022 ) prim inft Regression and Time Series Analysis (RATS) d -2 R xmy inves prim age −0 . 897 ( 4.791) 1. 964 ( 3.845) 2 . 801 ( 0.999) 54 . 416 −239 . 908 (9.890) (7.277) inft 1943* 0982 0 . 038 ( 4.796) −0 . 290 ( 4.785) 1925* 0946 1. 790 (5.270) −0 . 185 (1.630) −5. 629 ( 3.315) 9 . 373 ( 4.553) 0 . 060 ( 0.330) −0 . 240 (1.875) 0 . 296 ( 0.461) −0 . 067 ( 0.367) 0 . 001 ( 0.006) 0 . 621 ( 2.758) −0 . 524 ( 3.047) −0 . 372 (1.524) −0 . 168 ( 2.557) 0 . 065 ( 2.182) 0 . 002 ( 0.014) 0 . 169 ( 3.060) −0 . 333 (1.472) 0 . 089 ( 2.804) 0 . 380 (1.501) −0 . 212 (1.573) −0 . 109 (1105 . ) −0 . 025 ( 0.311) 1. 299 ( 7.633) 10 . 330 (5.672) −42 . 073 ( 6.656) 1. 040 (1.440) 6 . 772 ( 2.202) −23. 764 (1.663) 0 . 341 ( 0.249) 22 . 111 ( 0.646) −3. 741 ( 0.545) −0 . 447 ( 0.387) 1. 032 ( 0.524) 4 . 324 ( 0.330) −0 . 604 (1.747) 21. 002 ( 4.839) 7 . 494 (1.652) 3071. 422 ( 4.751) 0 . 766 (1.901) 13. 071 ( 2.999) 18 . 947 ( 2.484) −131. 736 ( 2.672 ) 0 . 498 (1.787) −15. 598 ( 2.540) −36 . 782 219 . 198 ( 2.697 ) ( 2.715) 0 . 860 (1.829) 3 . 057 (1.440) −8 . 639 ( 0.875) 1625 0958 2521 0914 2119* 0903 1802 0940 2602* 0961 1393* 0851 1928* 0837 1970 0495 2030* 0363 0 . 094 ( 0.648) 0 . 170 (1.287) −0 . 157 ( 0.751) 9 . 978 (1.557) 16 . 232 (1.714) −105. 642 (1.588) 2377* 0677 0 . 007 ( 0.188) −0 . 063 ( 0.679) 11. 621 ( 4.038) 20 . 382 ( 3.991) −131. 604 ( 3.914) 1571* 0532 0 . 502 ( 4.241) 6 . 756 ( 2.414) 13. 487 ( 2.406) −77 . 435 ( 2.224) 2620* 0921 2068* 0892 −0 . 217 (1.616) 0 . 078 (1.573) 0 . 120 ( 0.101) 0 . 862 (8.439) −2 . 305 (1.858) 11. 641 (13.580) 63. 419 (11.757) −294 . 756 (13.314) 0 . 023 ( 0.385) 0 . 133 (1.571) 0 . 398 (1.477) 1. 942 ( 6.300) 15. 417 ( 7.228) −67 . 888 ( 6.740) dt 2 R اﳊﺒﻴﺐ Individual Effects Time Effects (Pooled Estimation) ﻤﻊ اﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ا-٢/٣ pcy ij = α ij + β ij age ij + γ ij inf t ij + δ ij prim ij + ωij inves ij + ηij xmy ij + u ij ; i = 1970,1971,...,1990; j = 1,2 ,...,19 pcy = −7.063+ 3.227 age − 0.223 inf t + 0.085 prim ij ij ij ij ( 2.637 ) (5.714 ) (1.305) ( 0.770) + 0.258 inves ij + 0.142 xmy ij ; (2.021) 2 R = 0.482 (1.691) ∧ σ = 0.738 ∧ σ - (Larson and Wilford) Specification Error dumoil darabdasaf pcy = −1.909 + 2.622 age − 0.570 inf t + 0.016 prim − 0.077 inves ij ij ij ij ij ( 0.711) ( 4.383) ( 3.602 ) ( 0.151) ( 0.636) + 0.108 xmy ij + 0.612 dumoil ij − 0.199 dasaf ij + 0.493 darab ij (1.390) 2 R = 0.588 ( 6.041) (1.905) (5.214 ) ∧ σ = 0.658 Larson and Wilford,1975 F p F Fixed Effects Random Effects Larson and Wilford, 1975 (The Fixed Effects Model) ﳕﺎذج اﳌﺆﺛﺮات اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ-١/٢/٣ Covariance Model The Within Estimator 19 pcy = ∑ α j D j + β age + γ inf t + δ prim + ω inves + η xmy + u; 1 j = 1, 2, …, 19 pcyij = 0.536 ageij − 0.570 inf tij + 0.169 primij + 0.418 invesij + 0.024 xmyij ; (1.487) 2 R = 0.374 (4.839) (2.482) (8.650) (0.452) ∧ σ = 0.206 Greene, 1993Hsiao, 1986 pcy ij = 1845 age ij − 0.408 inf t ij + 0155 primij + 0.067 invesij + 0.025 xmy ij ; . . (7.471) 2 R = 0.374 (2.120) ( 2.220) ∧ σ = 0.206 (2.581) ∧ p =0.823 (28.101) (0.650) (The Random Effects Model) ﳕﺎذج اﳌﺆﺛﺮات اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻴﺔ-٢/٢/٣ Parametric shift The Error Components Model αj; j =12, ,...,19 pcy ij = 4.483 + 0.376 age ij − 0.542 inf t ij + 0.187 prim ij + 0.371 inves ij + ( 2.294 ) ( 0.999 ) ( 4.960) ( 2.705) ( 7.269 ) 0.050 xmy ij + 1165 . dumoil + 0.733 dasaf ij + 1.051 darab ij ij ( 2.839 ) (0.947 ) ( 3.951) ( 4.204 ) ∧ 2 σ = 0.212 R = 0.453 pcy ij = − 6.830 + 0.407 age ij − 0.323 inf t ij + 0.138 prim ij + 0.063 inves ij (1123 . ) ( 0.801) (1.861) ( 2.102 ) ( 2.715) + 0.017 xmy ij + 2.817 dumoil ij + 3.033 dasaf ij + 2.580 darab ij ( 0.473) 2 R = 0.872 ( 3.502 ) ∧ σ = 0.658 ( 4.147 ) ( 3.679 ) ∧ p = 0.823 (30.187) اﳋﺎﲤﺔ - ’‘- - - اﳌﺮاﺟﻊ اﳌﺮاﺟﻊ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ: أوﻻ - ﻓﺎﻳﺰ إﺑﺮاﻫﻴﻢ،اﳊﺒﻴﺐ ،١ ﻋﺎﺑﺪﻳﻦ أﲪﺪ،ﺳﻼﻣﺔ -٢ ﳏﺒﻮب،اﳊﻖ اﳌﺮاﺟﻊ اﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ: ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ Altimir, O. “Poverty, Income Distribution and Child Welfare in Latin America”, World Development vol 12, 3 (1984), pp 26182 Azariadis, C. and A. Drazen “Threshold Externalities in Economic Development”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol 105 (1990), pp 50126 Bhagwatti, J “Poverty and Public Policy”, World Development, vol 16, 5(1988), pp 539-55 Burki, S. J. and M. Ul Haq, “Meeting Basic Needs An Overview”, World Development, vol 9, (1981), pp 16782 Cardoso, E. and A.Helwegge, “Below the Line Poverty in Latin America”, World Development, vol 20, 1 (1992), pp 1937 Fields, G. “Changes in Poverty and Inequality in Developing Countries”, The World Bank Research Observer, vol 4, 2 (1989), pp 167-87 Greene, W. H. “Econometric Analysis”, 2nd ed Macmillan, New York 1993 Hicks, N. L. “Growth vs Basic Needs Is There a Tradeoff?”, World Development, vol. 7, (1979), pp 985-4 Hicks, N. L. and P. Streeten, “Indicators of Development The Search for a Basic Needs Yardstick”, World Development, vol 7 (1979), pp 567-80 Hsiao, C. “Analysis of Panel Data”, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1986 Knowles, S. “The Evolution of Basic Needs and Human Development”, Rivista Internazionale di Scienze Economiche e Commerciali, vol 40, 6-7 (1993), pp 513-42 Larson, D. A. and W. T. Wilford “The Physical Quality of Life Index A Useful Social Indicator?”, World Development, vol. 7, 6 (1975), pp 58184 McGillivray, M. “The Human Development Index Yet Another Redundant Composite Development Indicator?”, World Development vol. 19, 10 (1991), pp 1461-68 Morris, M. D. “Measuring the Condition of the World’s Poor The Physical Quality of Life Index”, Pergamon Press, USA, 1979 Ram, R. “International Inequality in the Basic Needs Indicator”, Journal of Development Economics, vol 10 (1982), pp 113-7 Simonis, U. E. “Least Developed CountriesNewly Defined”, Intereconomics (1991), pp. 230-47 Streeten, P . “First Things First Meeting Basic Human Needs in the Developing Countries”, Oxford University Press 1981 _________ “Basic Needs Some Unsettled Questions”, World Development, vol 12, 9 (1984), pp 973-78 Thomas, V. “Differences in Income and Poverty within Brazil”, World Development, vol. 15, 2 (1987), pp 263-73 Wheeler, D. “Basic Needs Fulfillment and Economic Growth A Simultaneous Model”, Journal of Development Economics, vol. 7, (1980), pp 43551 Tilak, J. B. G. “From Economic Growth to Human development A Commentary on Recent Indexes of Development”, International Journal of Social Economics, vol 19, 2 (1992), pp 31-42 اﳌﻠﺤــﻖ : دول اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ : دول اﳋﻠﻴﺞ اﻟﻌﺮﰊ:آﺳﻴﺎ :دول ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ آﺳﻴﻮﻳﺔ أﺧﺮى : دول ﻏﺮب آﺳﻴﻮﻳﺔ : دول ﺷﺮق آﺳﻴﻮﻳﺔ : ( دول ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ )ﴰﺎل إﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ:أﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ : (دول أﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى)ﺟﻨﻮب اﻟﺼﺤﺮاء Basic Needs and Income Level in Muslim Countries ABD ALMAHMOUD M ABD ALRAHMAN Professor Department of Economics King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ABSTRACT. Would Muslim countries’ interest in satisfying the basic needs of their citizens have a negative impact on income level, as asserted by critics of Basic Needs approach? This paper addresses the question empirically by selecting a sample of 19 Muslim countries and taking for the years 1970 – 90 a set of social indicators related to fulfillment of basic needs, which including life expectancy at birth, infant mortality and primary education Included also were some economic indicators such as investment to income ratio and the volume of external trade. Several models were used, including single country time-series and pooled regressions. The overall conclusion of our econometric analysis is that fulfillment of basic needs has no clear negative impact on per capita income level. The best variables explaining what level were infant mortality and primary education (among the social variables) and investment (among the economic variables). These conclusions underscore the conten-tion of no conflict between rapid economic growth and need fulfillment, and support an earlier conclusion of Dr. Al-Habeeb for Pakistan and Morocco.
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