٥ﻡ ∗ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﳏﻤﺪ ﳒﺎﺓ ﺍﷲ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻲ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺳﺎﱂ ﺑﺎﻗﻌﺮ:ﺗﺮﲨﺔ :ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ∗ ﲤﻬﻴﺪ١/١ ٥ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺡ٢/١ ٧ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ١/٢ ٩ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﳝﺔ٢/٢ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﻭﳎﺎﻟﻪ: ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻳﺔ٣/٢ ١١ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻭﺿﺔ٤/٢ ١٣ ١٥ Musgrave and Musgrave, p, 78 ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﻨﺔ- ٥/٢ Samuelson, p. 1223 Tanzi, p. 13 ١٧ ﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ-٦/٢ ١٩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺑﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ٧/٢ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ١/٣ ٢١ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ١/٤ ٢٣ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﺠﺰ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ٢/٤ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ٣/٤ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻋﺲ٤/٤ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ، ﺍﻻﻓﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ٥/٤ Musgrave and Musgrave, p, 49 ٢٥ ٢٧ ﺣﻮﺍﻓﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ١/٥ ٢٩ ﺍﳊﺎﻓﺰ ﻟﻼﺩﺧﺎﺭ٢/٥ Tussing (1975), p. 140; Perlman (1976), p. 210 & 215; Mckenzie & Tullock (1975), p. 186; Okun (1975), pp. 69-97; Phelps (1965), pp. 55-65. ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ١/٦ ٣١ Wolf, pp, 151-177 ٣٣ ﺃﻭﻟﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ٢/٦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ١/٧ ٣٥ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ:ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ()ﺍﺑﻦ ﺃﻣﲑ ﺍﳊﺎﺝ ﺗﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺱ ﺃﲪﺪ،ﺑﻦ ﺗﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺗﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺗﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ،ﺍﺑﻦ ﺧﻠﺪﻭﻥ ﻋﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺃﻣﲔ،ﺍﺑﻦ ﻋﺎﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺍﺀ ﺇﲰﺎﻋﻴﻞ،ﺍﺑﻦ ﻛﺜﲑ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﻋﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ،ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ ﺳﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺚ ﺃﺑﻮ ﻋﺒﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳﻢ ﺑﻦ ﺳﻼﻡ ﻳﻌﻘﻮﺏ ﺑﻦ ﺍﺳﺤﻖ،ﺃﺑﻮ ﻋﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺍﳊﺴﲔ،ﺃﺑﻮ ﻳﻌﻠﻲ ﻳﻌﻘﻮﺏ ﺑﻦ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ،ﺃﺑﻮ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺣﻨﺒﻞ ﺳﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ،ﺍﻵﻣﺪﻱ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺇﲰﺎﻋﻴﻞ،ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻦ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ،ﺍﻟﺒﻐﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺑﻦ ﳛﲕ ﺑﻦ ﺟﺎﺑﺮ،ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺫﺭﻱ ﺇﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﳊﺮﻣﲔ،ﺍﳉﻮﻳﲏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﻱ،ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﺷﺎﻩ ﻭﱄ ﺍﷲ،ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻠﻮﻱ ﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ،ﻛﺸﻲ ﴰﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ،ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺧﺴﻲ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﺳﺤﻖ،ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻃﱯ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺣﺎﻣﺪ،ﺍﻟﻐﺰﺍﱄ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺣﺎﻣﺪ،ﺍﻟﻐﺰﺍﱄ ﺃﺑﻮ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﷲ،ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻃﱯ ﻋﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺑﻜﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺴﻌﻮﺩ،ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺳﺎﱐ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﳊﻲ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ،ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﱐ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ،ﺍﳌﺎﻭﺭﺩﻱ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ،ﺍﳌﺎﻭﺭﺩﻱ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺯﻛﺮﻳﺎ ﳛﲕ ﺑﻦ ﺷﺮﻑ،ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ ﳛﲕ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺁﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺷﻲ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ،ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ: ﺎﺛﺎﻧﻴ Hasanuzzaman, S., The Economic Functions of the Early Islamic State, Karachi: International Islamic Publishers, 1981. McKenzie, Richard B. and Gordon, Tullock, The New World of Economics: Explorations into Human Experience, London: Richard D. Irwin Inc., 1975. Musgrave, Richard A. and Musgrave, Peggy B., Public Finance in Theory and Practice, New York: McGraw Hill Book Co., 1984. Okun, Arthur M., Equality and Efficiency: The Big Trade Off, 1975. Perlman, Richard, The Economics of Poverty, McGraw Hill Book Co., 1976. Phelps, Edmund S. (ed), Private Wants and Public Needs, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1965. Samuelson, Paul A., The Collected Scientific Papers of Paul A. Samuelson, edited by Joseph E. Stiglitz. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., 1966. Tanzi, Vito, Public Expenditure and Public Debt: An International and Historical Perspective. in: John Bristow and Declan :HeDongh, (eds.). Public Expenditure-The Key Issues, Dublin: The Institute of Public Administration, 1986. Tusing A., Dale, Poverty in a Daul Economy, New York. St. Martin Press, 1975. Wolf, Jr, Charles, Markets or Governments Choosing Between Imperfect Alternations. The Rand Corporation, 1989. ٣٧ The Concept of Public Expenditure in a Modern Islamic State MUHAMMAD NEJATULLAH SIDDIQI Centre for Research in Islamic Economics, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ABSTRACT. Public expenditure reflects the objectives of Islamic state. Among these the most important in economic matters are three: guarantee of a minimum living standard for every individual, reducing inequalities, and comprehensive development. Several other subsidiary objectives can be derived from the above e.g. full employment and stability. Public expenditure in an Islamic state can be classified according to the Shari'ah basis of the relevant functions. Firstly there are functions specified by texts of Qur'an and Sunnah, so the related expenditures will always be there e.g. law and order, communicating the message of Allah and needful fulfilment. Second are functions derived from Shari'ah texts through analogical reasoning, etc (especially those involving collective duties (fard Kifaya). These differ from time to time. Examples of the ones implied today are: preservation of the ecology and capital formation. Lastly there are functions assigned to state by the people through a consultative process (Shura). The paper also discusses equitable distribution, the benefits of public expenditure and the possible negative effects of these expenditures on incentives to work and incentive to save, and how the problem can be handled in Islamic framework.
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