Developing Uniform Financial Statements to Enhance
Performance Measurement in Not-for-Profit Organizations:
An Empirical Study
Heba Hazem ElSherif
Teaching Assistant, Accounting Department
Faculty of Commerce
Cairo University
Abstract
The paper's main objective is to develop the form and content of the financial
statements that are prepared by Not-for-Profit (NFP) organizations by applying the
standards set by FASB, for the presentation of financial statements, and directed to
these organizations. Developing the financial statements of NFP organizations would
facilitate comparisons among them and thus would enhance the measurement of their
performance. The researcher applied the study on the Egyptian charitable
organizations where a questionnaire was constructed and distributed over a sample of
charitable organizations in Giza governorate. Results showed that the majority of
respondents agreed that complying with FASB standards would develop the financial
statements of NFP organizations. The results also showed that the compliance with
the FASB standards would increase the understandability of donors to the financial
statements that the charitable organizations prepare. In addition, the compliance of the
FASB standards would enhance the measurement of the performance of charitable
organizations. Finally, the size and kind of activity of a NFP organization might have
an effect on the degree of compliance of this organization to FASB standards. The
researcher concluded that NFP organizations, specifically charitable organizations, are
in a great need for complying with a defined set of standards when preparing their
financial statements.
Keywords: Not-for-Profit organizations, financial statements, FASB, performance
measurement.
1. Introduction
There are several important reasons to examine the value of accounting data to
financial statement users generally and donors specifically. The first is the size and
economic importance of the NFP sector. Second, donations are considered the main
source of funds in NFP organizations. Accountants in NFP organizations should
understand whether and how accounting reports influence the giving decisions of
donors. Third, standard setters are interested in providing the most useful information
to financial statement users in both profit and NFP sectors; therefore, accounting
researchers need to examine the usefulness of accounting reports in NFP
organizations. Finally; fundraisers should be interested in how accountability can be
used to inform potential donors about the ways the organizations put the contributed
funds to work (Parsons, 2003).
Given the growing competition for donations, accountability is becoming increasingly
important to donors who must decide how to allocate their donations between
organizations working toward the same general goals. Donors, faced with multiple
requests for support, may need to discriminate among organizations. Making financial
statements more informative, and more uniform in their format and content,
specifically among NFP organizations with similar activities, might improve these
organizations' performance measurement and thus facilitate the decision making of
donors by making the financial statements more comparable.
Regarding profit organizations, they have no problem in presenting their financial
statements with a uniform format as they are obliged to do so according to the FASB
statement no.159 "The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial
Liabilities". This statement establishes presentation and disclosure requirements
designed to facilitate comparisons between entities that choose different measurement
attributes for similar types of assets and liabilities. (FASB Statement No. 159, 2007).
FASB statement No.117 "Financial Statements of Not-for-Profit Organizations"
establishes standards for general-purpose external financial statements provided by a
NFP organization. It specifies that those statements include a statement of financial
position, a statement of activities, and a statement of cash flows. NFP organizations
currently provide financial statements that differ in their form and content. For
example, most hospitals, trade associations, and membership organizations provide a
statement of financial position and a statement of activities that report their financial
position and results of operations for the organization as a whole. Some NFP
organizations have begun reporting cash flow information, but most do not (FASB
Statement No. 117, 1993).
It has also been noticed that certain NFP organizations are asked to present more
financial information in their financial statements than others. FASB Statement
No.117 requires that voluntary health and welfare organizations should provide a
statement that reports expenses by their functional and natural classifications in a
2
matrix format. The rest of NFP organizations are encouraged, but not required, to
present this statement (FASB Statement 117, 2, 26, 64). The statement of functional
expenses may be useful in associating expenses with service efforts and
accomplishments of NFP organizations.
Financial reporting should provide information about the performance of an
organization during a period. NFP organizations generally have no single indicator of
performance comparable to a business enterprises’ profit. Thus, other measures of
performance usually are needed. Parsons (2003) suggested that the efficiency of
operations and the financial stability of the organization are the most important tools
used by donors faced with a giving decision in order to measure performance.
Weisbrod and Dominguez (1986) reported that the quantity of information available
to donors influences donations. Tinkelman (1999) suggested that the importance of
accounting information is dependent on the quality of the information provided.
Information about an organization's service efforts and accomplishments is useful to
resource providers and others in assessing the performance of a NFP organization and
in making resource allocation decisions. This is mainly because the accomplishments
of NFP organizations generally cannot be measured in terms of sales, profit, or return
on investment. In addition, resource providers often are not in a position to have direct
knowledge of the goods or services provided when they also are not users or
beneficiaries of those goods and services (Concept Statement No.4, 51, 1980).
While the focus and application of the balanced scorecard has been in the for-profit
sector, the opportunity for the scorecard to improve the management of the NFP
sector is even greater (Moore, 2003). This is most likely the case since NFP
organizations are truly mission-driven and should be measured on how effectively and
efficiently they serve their constituents. While many such organizations had strategy
and mission statements before the balanced scorecard arrived, few had performance
measurement systems to reveal whether or not the strategy was succeeding (Niven,
2002).
This paper examined the current financial reporting practices of NFP organizations
with the objective of enhancing the performance measurement of these organizations
by using a uniform format for the financial statements presented. The uniformity of
financial statements, presented by NFP organizations of similar activities, might
facilitate comparability between these statements and make measuring performance
an easier and more effective task. The main objective is the enhancement of the
measurement of performance of NFP organizations by improving the form and
content of the financial statements prepared by these organizations. By doing so,
donors would more easily decide which NFP organization is worth of their donations.
In addition; this could rationalize the process of reallocation of resources by deciding
which NFP organizations need these resources and which ones could depend solely on
the donations given to them.
3
The main objective was followed by a set of three sub-objectives; assessing the
application of the standards set by FASB exclusively to NFP organizations in order to
uniform the format of the financial statements prepared by these organizations,
evaluating the effect of the compliance of NFP organizations on the enhancement of
the measurement of performance of these organizations, suggesting some measures of
performance that could be suitable in measuring the performance of NFP
organizations.
The study proceeds as follows. Section 2 reviews related literature and highlights the
research gap. Section 3 presents the research hypotheses. Section 4 describes the
research method and sample selection. Section 5 presents the statistical analysis and
results. Section 6 concludes.
2. Literature Review
A number of studies discussed some of the issues related to the presentation of
financial statements in NFP organizations. Gordon and Khumawala (1999) examined
the extent to which donors use financial statements when making a donation decision.
They found that the information presented in the financial statements should include
the particular strategies the NFP organizations use to achieve their charitable
purposes, service efforts and accomplishments, and the geographic areas served.
Marudas (2001) investigated the impact of financial disclosures on the donation
decision made by private donors. These financial disclosures were tested and they
included mainly price (which means total expenses divided by program expenses),
and years of available assets (which equals fund balance divided by [total expenses
minus fundraising expenses]). In addition to these two variables, a number of control
variables existed which included fundraising expense, government support, program
service revenue, and age. The results showed that private donations are significantly
negatively related to price and program service revenue, while it is positively related
to years of available assets, government support, fundraising expense, and age.
Parsons (2001) examined the effect of including voluntary nonfinancial disclosures,
specifically SEA, on donations. The results showed that including voluntary
disclosures such as SEA would not likely result in more contributions where the lack
of significance was attributed to the small sample size and called for further research
in this area. Mook et al. (2003) found that integrated social accounting could provide
valuable information about an organization which included showing to donors and
policy makers the value of investing in NFP organizations. Krishnan et al. (2006)
examined the likelihood that a charitable NFP organization might manipulate certain
information reported to the financial statements’ users. They found that managerial
compensation was positively associated with zero fundraising expenses. Krishnan et
al. (2006) suggested that the use of an outside accountant and changes in accounting
rules would decrease this practice. Behn et al. (2007) showed that NFP organizations
that had more debt, received more of their revenue from contributions, were larger in
size, were classified in the Higher Education category, and had higher compensation
4
expense ratio were more likely to voluntarily provide their audited financial
statements. However, NFP organizations that had lobbying expenses were less likely
to provide their audited financial statements.
A number of studies discussed several measures of performance that can be used by
donors to measure and evaluate the performance of NFP organizations. For example,
Abdelkhalek (1993) examined the main problems that made it difficult to evaluate the
performance of public NFP organizations. Results indicated that the main problems
facing the measurement of effectiveness might be the nonexistence of clear goals for
the organization as well as the nonexistence of clear measures for these goals. Results
also showed that the reports of public NFP organizations lack any data related to
measuring efficiency or effectiveness. Ozcan and McCue (1996) focused on
measuring the overall performance of NFP organizations, specifically hospitals. They
found that ratio analysis had been commonly used to measure performance, yet it was
characterized by being subjective. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was used to
overcome the weakness of ratio analysis. Krishnan et al. (2002) found that NFP
managers understated the program service ratio and understated the fundraising ratio
in order to appear more operationally efficient to potential donors. The results also
showed that smaller NFP organizations that were more reliant on donations revenue
manipulated their operating ratios to a greater extent. . Kober and Eggleton (2006)
suggested that quality of life could be used as a measure of performance for NFP
organizations’ programs. Purbey et al. (2006) proposed a framework to measure the
performance of healthcare organizations. They reviewed various well-known
performance measurement frameworks available for the service sector and they
categorized performance measurement parameters into three categories namely
efficiency, effectiveness and flexibility.
Some studies emphasized the need for more standardization in the form and content
of financial statements of NFP organizations in order to be able to make comparisons
among them using performance measures. For example, Bafaqeer (2003) examined
the applicability of developing the financial statements of NFP charitable
organizations in Yemen in accordance with FASB requirements. The results indicated
that the key element for the development of these financial statements is the
distinction between restricted and unrestricted funds, the statement of activities is one
of the most important financial statements that are needed for the charitable
organizations in Yemen, the necessity of disclosing the SEA of these organizations in
order to create clear impressions about the activities performed by them, and that the
best measure of performance for the charitable organizations is the multiple sources of
funding, followed by the growth in funding sources, and finally the self-reliance of
the organization on its resources.
3. Research Hypotheses
Six hypotheses where tested throughout this study. The research hypotheses were as
follows:
5
H1: Compliance with the requirements of FASB would develop the financial
statements prepared by NFP organizations.
H2: Compliance with the requirements of FASB would increase the understanding of
the users to the financial statements of NFP organizations.
H3: Better understanding of the financial statements of NFP organizations would
enhance their usefulness to users especially donors.
H4: Compliance with the requirements of FASB would enhance the measurement of
NFP organizations' performance.
H5: The size of a NFP organization affects the degree of compliance of the NFP
organization with FASB standards.
H6: The kind of activity of a NFP organization affects the degree of compliance of the
NFP organization with FASB standards.
4. Research Method
A survey was conducted to test the research hypotheses empirically. A questionnaire
was used to collect the data, and the data obtained from the questionnaire was used to
test the hypotheses of the study descriptively and statistically. The population of the
study was the Egyptian charitable organizations in Egypt. Due to the lack of the
availability of data regarding the names and locations of these organizations in all of
the Egyptian governorates, the researcher has limited the survey to Giza governorate.
Based on the statistics prepared by the Ministry of Social Solidarity regarding the
number of charitable organizations located in Giza governorate for the year 2008, the
population of this study was 2728 charitable organizations. According to the sampling
equation used, a simple random sample of 235 charitable organizations was chosen
from the population. From the 235 questionnaires distributed, 200 were collected, and
only two were rejected leaving 198 to be analyzed.
A pilot study was conducted by distributing the initial questions of the questionnaire
to the financial controllers of the department of financial monitoring on charitable
organizations in both the ministry of social solidarity and the central auditing
organization. The main duty of the financial controllers is to monitor the financial
statements prepared by charitable organizations and to ensure that these financial
statements include all of the financial information that allows users to evaluate the
charitable organizations' performance without being misled. The researcher used the
responses of the financial controllers to modify the questions.
The questionnaire, in its final form, addressed the financial treasurer or the chief
executive officer of the charitable organizations. The researcher was advised by the
financial controllers of the department of financial monitoring on charitable
organizations in the ministry of social solidarity to address these specific positions
6
since they were more able to visualize the effect of the financial statements'
development upon the charitable organizations as a whole, especially for small and
medium-sized charitable organizations, in addition to their knowledge of the contents
of the financial statements prepared by their organizations.
5. Statistical Analysis and Results
For testing the relationship between two variables, where one variable is quantitative
and the other is qualitative, nonparametric techniques were used. Pearson's Chi
Square (X2) test is the most important and most widely used member of the
nonparametric family of statistical tests. Chi Square is employed to test the difference
between an actual sample and another hypothetical or previously established
distribution such as that which may be expected due to chance or probability. Chi
Square can also be used to test differences between two or more actual samples. Chi
square test was used to validate the first, fifth and sixth hypotheses.
Testing the First Hypothesis:
Chi square tests were conducted to test the relation between the two variables of the
hypothesis. The chi square test would show a strong relation between the two
variables if the asymptotic significance is less than 0.05. The results of the chi square
test showed that the asymptotic significance approached zero which indicated that "at
95% level confidence, there is a significant relationship between the degree of
compliance with the FASB Standards for NFP Organizations and the Financial
Statements of NFP Organizations".
For testing the direction and the strength of the relation between the two variables, the
Contingency Coefficient was used. The Contingency Coefficient is a non parametric
test which basically scales the chi-square statistic to a value between 0 (no
association) and 1 (maximum association). The results showed a significant moderate
direct relation between the two variables. Table (1) shows the results of the
contingency coefficient test (See Appendix).
Testing the Second Hypothesis:
Spearman's Correlation analysis, a non-parametric test, was conducted to test the
direction of the relationship between the two variables. Table (2) shows the results of
the correlation analysis (See Appendix). For the correlation analysis, on a scale from 1 to 1, the direction and the strength of the relation was measured where the relation
is assumed to be weak if the Spearman's correlation coefficient is from 0.1 to 0.3,
moderate from 0.3 to 0.7, and strong if more than that. The sign gives the direction of
the relation, if positive, the relation is direct and if negative the relation is inverse.
The correlation coefficient approached 0.7 which indicated that "there is a significant
positive and strong relationship between the degree of compliance with the
7
requirements of FASB and the degree of understanding of the users of the financial
statements to these financial statements".
Testing the Third Hypothesis:
Correlation analysis was conducted to test the direction of the relationship between
the two variables. Table (3) shows the results of the correlation analysis (See
Appendix). The correlation coefficient was 0.655 which indicated that "there is a
strong positive relationship between FASB Standards for NFP Organizations and
Performance Measurement of NFPs".
Testing the Fourth Hypothesis:
Correlation analysis was conducted to test the direction of the relationship between
the two variables. Table (4) shows the results of the correlation analysis (See
Appendix). The correlation coefficient was 0.503 which indicated that "there is
significant positive and moderate relationship between the degree of compliance with
the requirements of FASB and the enhancement of the measurement of performance".
Testing the Fifth Hypothesis:
Cross tabulation was first performed to link the descriptive analysis of the variables
of the hypothesis; Size of NFP Organization and Degree of Compliance with FASB
Standards for NFP Organizations. Table (5) shows the cross tabulation statistics (See
Appendix). For testing the fifth hypothesis, Pearson chi square was used to test the
relation between the independent and dependent variables while Spearman's
correlation was used to determine the strength and direction of this relationship. The
chi square test would show a strong relation between the two variables if the
asymptotic significance is less than 0.05. The asymptotic significance for the fifth
hypothesis was 0.05 which indicated that "at 95% level confidence, there is a
significant relationship between FASB Standards for NFP Organizations and Size of
NFP Organization. Table (6) shows the results of the correlation analysis (See
Appendix). From the correlation analysis, the correlation coefficient was 0.449 which
could be considered a moderate positive relationship between the two variables.
Testing the Sixth Hypothesis:
The sixth hypothesis states that "The kind of activity of a NFP organization affects
the degree of compliance of the NFP organization with FASB standards". Cross
tabulation was first performed to link the descriptive analysis of the variables of the
hypothesis; kind of activity of NFP organization and degree of compliance with
FASB standards for NFP organizations. Table (7) shows the cross tabulation statistics
(See Appendix). The chi square test showed an asymptotic significance of 0.003
which indicated "at 95% level confidence, there is a significant relationship between
the kind of activity of a NFP Organization and the degree of its compliance with the
FASB Standards for NFP Organizations ". For testing the direction and the strength
8
of the relation between the two variables, the Contingency Coefficient was used. The
Contingency Coefficient is a non-parametric test which basically scales the chi-square
statistic to a value between 0 (no association) and 1 (maximum association). The
results showed a significant moderate direct relation between the two variables. Table
(8) shows the results of the contingency coefficient test (See Appendix).
Table (9) shows a summary of the results of the Pearson chi square tests for the first,
fifth, and sixth hypotheses (See Appendix).
The results of the statistical analysis showed that the degree of compliance with the
FASB standards concerning NFP organizations increases as the size of the charitable
organization increases. In other words, larger charitable organizations are more
willing to comply with the standards of FASB, and to present more financial
information than smaller ones. This means that larger charitable organizations would
be capable of following the format of the financial statements specified by FASB
which will allow donors to easily measure and compare their performance. The
results also suggested that the degree of compliance with the FASB standards would
differ according to the kind of activity performed by the charitable organizations.
Charitable organizations that are involved in a number of activities have a higher
degree of compliance to the FASB standards than those that are involved with a
single activity.
The results indicated that there was a moderate positive relationship between the
compliance with FASB standards and the development of the financial statements of
NFP organizations. In other words, the development of the financial statements is
linked to the NFP organizations' implementation of the standard format suggested by
FASB which could make the financial statements easily understood as well as being
comparable. This result is supported by the results found by Connolly and Hyndman
(2000) who suggested that following the publications that addressed the financial
statements of charities would increase the quality of the published financial
statements by increasing standardization, consistency and decreasing any accounting
diversity. They emphasized that the inconsistency in the financial statements of
charities would make it difficult for the users to understand as well as use them and
sometimes it might mislead the users.
The results of testing the second and third hypotheses indicated that the compliance
with the FASB standards would increase the understanding of donors to the financial
statements that the charitable organizations prepare. Consequently, when donors are
capable of understanding the financial statements, they can make the best use of it in
evaluating and measuring the performance of these charitable organizations. The
results suggest that increasing the amount of useful information that is included in the
financial statements and presenting reports that include nonfinancial information
about the service efforts and accomplishments of the charitable organizations, would
help donors measure the performance of these organizations and easily decide which
ones are worth of receiving donations. This result can be supported by the results of
9
previous literature like Parsons (2003) who found that the accounting data in financial
reports helped donors in evaluating the performance of NFP organizations. It can also
be supported by Parsons (2001) who found that potential donors and donors who have
previously donated to the NFP organizations are likely to donate if more financial
information were included in the financial statements.
However, Parsons found that disclosing the service efforts and accomplishments of
the NFP organization would not lead to increasing donations. This result contradict
with the results of this research as the majority of the respondents of the questionnaire
agreed that disclosing the service efforts and accomplishments of the charitable
organization would enhance the understandability and the performance measurement
of the financial statements and thus could facilitate the donation decision made by
donors. This result of Parsons (2001) also contradicts the results found by Bafaqeer
(2003) who found that it is necessary to disclose the past achievements of the
associations to create a clear impression about the activities performed by such
associations. The results of the study made by Baber et al. (2001) could be linked to
the results of this study where it suggested that it is essential to understand the
strategies of charitable organizations before evaluating or comparing their financial
statements.
The results of the study also showed that the compliance of the FASB standards
would enhance the measurement of the performance of charitable organizations.
Abdelkhalek (1993) reported that public NFP organizations lacked any data related to
the measurement of performance, specifically efficiency and effectiveness. Parsons
(2003) found that the accounting data in the financial statements of NFP
organizations assisted donors in evaluating their performance. The researcher
suggested a number of performance measures, that were that might be suitable to the
unique nature of charitable organizations and found that the most agreed upon
measures were the variety of the sources of ‎funding for a NFP organization and ‎the
increase in the number of ‎beneficiaries of a NFP ‎organization.
Authors of previous literature suggested a number of other measures for NFP
organizations. Bafaqeer (2003) found that the best measure of performance would be
the multiple sources of funding, followed by the growth of funding sources, and
finally the self reliance of the associations on their resources. Parsons (2003) found
that donors were more interested in accounting measures that showed how NFP
organizations operate specifically efficiency, effectiveness, & financial stability.
Trussel and Parsons (2003) direct donations are directly related to efficiency,
financial stability, quantity of information, and quality of information. Kober and
Eggleton (2006) found that the quality of life is one important measure of a NFP
organization's performance or outcomes; however, it should be accompanied by other
measures to perform a comprehensive measurement of a NFP organization. Manville
(2006) found that the balanced scorecard could be used as a measure of performance
but could take time to be implemented within small and medium NFP organizations.
01
Tinkelman and Mankaney (2007) found that the administrative efficiency could affect
donations if the NFP organization was primarily donation dependent.
6. Conclusion
NFP organizations, specifically charitable organizations, are in a great need for
complying with a defined set of standards when preparing their financial statements.
The main reason for this conclusion is the huge role that NFP organizations play in
the Egyptian society nowadays, and consequently the large amount of money that
inflows and outflows from these organizations. The donors for these organizations
deserve to be informed of all the financial information they need to judge these
organizations and measure the degree of success of the programs of the organizations
in achieving their goals, which is mainly serving the society. FASB standards directed
for NFP organizations could be considered the most suitable set of standards that NFP
organizations could follow in preparing their financial statements. These standards
are like rules that could contribute to the increased standardization of the form and
content of the financial statements. This standardization guarantees that the financial
statements would be easily understood, more useful, more comparable by all users
especially donors. If the financial statements of NFP organizations possessed all the
preceding characteristics, the measurement of their performance would be truly
facilitated and enhanced.
It is worth mentioning that the generalization of the results could be limited as a result
of two factors. The first factor is the relatively small sample size compared to the
study population. The second factor is that the study was limited to the Giza
governorate of all the Egyptian governorates due to the lack of the availability of data
for the other governorates. In addition, testing the hypotheses was made through the
sub research models, the independent and dependent variables of each hypothesis,
and not the general research model.
The researcher recommends the use of FASB standards in the preparation of the
financial statements by the Egyptian NFP organizations, taking into consideration the
specific nature of the Egyptian environment. In addition, the use of the measures of
performance suggested in the questionnaire to measure the performance of NFP
organizations would be value relevant. Moreover, more attention should be devoted
to the rapid and direct effect of presenting the NFP organizations' service efforts and
accomplishments to the users of the financial statements especially donors.
Future research could target implementing FASB standards in the Egyptian NFP
organizations, tracking the effect of publishing bulletins about SEA on increasing
donations to NFP organizations, and identifying the accounting manipulations that
NFP organizations could make to affect donors' donations' decisions.
00
Appendix
Table (1): Results of the contingency coefficient Test
Value
Approx.
Sig.
Nominal by Nominal Contingency
Coefficient
.580
.000
N of Valid Cases
198
Table (2): Results of the correlation analysis of the Second Hypothesis
Spearman's
rho
FASB
Standards for
NFP
Organizations
FASB Standards
for
NFP
Organizations
Understandability
of
Users
to
financial
Statements
of
NFPs
Correlation
Coefficient
1
.694
Sig. (1-tailed)
.
0
198
198
N
02
Table (3): Results of the Correlation Analysis of the Third Hypothesis
Spearman's rho
Usefulne
ss
of
Financial
statemen
ts
to
Users
Usefulness
of
Financial
statements to Users
Understandability of
Users to financial
Statements of NFPs
Correlation
Coefficient
1
.655
Sig.
tailed)
.
0
198
198
N
(1-
Table (4): Results of the correlation analysis of the Fourth Hypothesis
Spearman's
rho
FASB
Standards for
NFP
Organizations
Correlation
Coefficient
FASB
Standards for
NFP
Organizations
Performance
Measurement of NFPs
1
.503
.
0
198
198
Sig. (1-tailed)
N
03
Table (5): The Cross tabulation Statistics of the Fifth Hypothesis
Size of NFP Organization
From
10
FASB Standards
for
NFP
Organizations
Total
From
21
to 20
to
40
From
41 to
60
From
61 to
80
More
than
80
Less
than
10
99
Total
Agree
57
8
1
0
0
4
0
70
Neither
Agree
Nor
Disagree
35
11
2
0
4
13
1
66
Disagree
21
1
0
1
4
35
0
62
113
20
3
1
8
52
1
198
Table (6): Results of the correlation analysis
Q1The
number
of
FASB Standards employees in
for
NFP your
Organizations
organization
is in which
range?‎
Spearman's rho FASB Standards for Correlation
NFP Organizations
Coefficient
1.000
.449
Sig. (1-tailed)
.
.000
N
198
198
04
Table (7): The Cross tabulation Statistics of the Sixth Hypothesis
Type of Activity of NFP Organization
FASB
Standards
for NFP
Organizat
ions
Familyrelated
activities
Activiti
es that
aim at
providi
ng
social
aid
Civil
society
Other
Activitie
s
A
group
of the
previou
s
activiti
es
Cultural
and
Religiou
s
activities
Total
Agree
4
2
11
0
4
49
70
Neither
Agree
Nor
Disagree
2
2
7
1
7
47
66
Disagree
4
1
3
0
21
33
62
Total
10
5
21
1
32
129
198
Table (8): Results of the contingency coefficient Test
Nominal
Nominal
by Contingency
Coefficient
N of Valid Cases
Value
Approx.
Sig.
.345
.003
198
05
Table (9): Results of the Chi Square Tests
Value
Degrees
Freedom
of
Asymptotic
Significance
(2-sided)
Pearson Chi
Hypothesis
Square
for
First
1.004E2
42
0.000
Pearson Chi Square for Fifth
Hypothesis
1.531E2
126
0.05
Pearson Chi Square for Sixth
Hypothesis
1.503E2
105
0.003
06
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Arabic references:
‫ "اطار هحاسبى لقياس وتقىين األداء فى الوؤسساث والجوعياث الخيريت بالجوهىريت اليونيت‬،) 3002( ‫سالن بافقير‬
.‫ جاهعت عين شوس‬،‫ كليت التجارة‬، ‫ رسالت هاجستير‬، ")‫(هع دراست تطبيقيت‬
‫ استخذام النوىرج األهثل للرقابت لتقيين أداء الىحذاث العاهت غير الهادفت للربح‬،)3992( ‫طارق عبذ الخالق‬
.‫ جاهعت القاهرة‬،‫ كليت التجارة‬،‫ رسالت هاجستير‬، )‫(دراست تطبيقيت‬
08