Learning Objectives (1&2)
By the end of the session, students should be able to:
1) Identify anatomical position seated, standing, prone, supine.
2) Pronounce, define and be able to use directional and surface
anatomical terms to refer to head and neck anatomy.
3) Recognize planes of section.
4) Identify and describe characteristics of cells
5) Identify and describe characteristics of tissues
6) Locate and identify the regions of the head and neck.
7) Locate and identify anatomical landmarks on a diagram and
on a patient.
8) Discuss normal anatomical variation and how it applies to
different structures of the head and neck.
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Extra and Intra Oral Exam
Oral Exam Video: http://www.dentistry.umn.edu/dentalce/oral-cancer-video/index.htm
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3
Head and Neck and Oral Cavity
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Structure and Function
Anatomy = to dissect or cut apart
Describes the structures of the body:
– what they are made of
– where they are located
– and their physical associations with
other structures
Physiology = the study of
nature
Describes the processes or
functions of living things (or
how the structures work)
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Physiology
From: Silverthorn
Human
Physiology an
Integrated
Approach
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Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
2 Cells are made up of
molecules.
Atoms
1 Atoms combine to
form molecules.
3 Tissues consist of
similar types of cells.
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Heart
Cardiovascular
system
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
4 Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues.
Blood
vessels
Blood
vessel
(organ)
6 The human organism
is made up of many
organ systems.
5 Organ systems consist of
different organs that
work together closely.
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Figure 1.1
Cells
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Structure-Function of Cells
Epithelial Tissue
• Covers and protects exposed surfaces
• Lines internal passageways and chambers
• Produces glandular secretions
Connective Tissue
• Fills internal spaces
• Provides structural support
• Stores energy
Fibers
Matrix
Ground substance
Muscular Tissue
• Contracts to produce active movement
Nuclei
Skeletal muscle tissue is usually attached
to the skeleton, directly or indirectly, and its
contractions move or stabilize the position of
bones or internal organs.
Nucleus
Muscle cell
Cardiac muscle tissue is found only in the
heart, where its coordinated contractions
propel blood through the blood vessels.
Smooth muscle tissue can be found in the
walls of blood vessels, within glands, and
along the respiratory , circulatory, digestive,
and reproductive tracts.
Nervous Tissue
• Conducts electrical impulses
• Carries information
Neurons
Glia
Organs and Organ Systems
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Anatomical Terms
Anatomical Position
•
•
•
•
•
In anatomic position, the body is standing
erect.
The arms are at the sides with the palms
and toes directed forward and the eyes
looking forward.
This position is assumed even when the
body is supine (on the back) or prone (on
the front) or sitting in a dental chair.
Anatomical position is used as the
reference position.
Where is the heart?
Anatomical Terms
Landmarks around the body create a map
for orientation
Map is based on Latin or Greek words used
by ancient anatomists
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Directional Terms
Summary &
examples are
in Table 1-3
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Practice
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Surface Anatomy Terms
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Practice: http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/webanatomy/intro_topics/intro_body_regions_2_s.htm
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Planes of Section
Three planes exists in
space: X, Y and Z.
Two are parallel to
the long axis of the
body:
Sagittal – parallel to long
axis, divides the body
into right and left parts
– midsagittal is plane that
lies on the midline
Frontal or coronal –
parallel to long axis,
divides the body into
anterior and posterior
parts
Transverse or horizontal
(cross section) –
perpendicular to long
axis, divides the body
into superior and inferior
parts
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Anatomic Nomenclature
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What do you see when you cut the human body along the
3 planes?
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Cut along each of the 3 planes and draw A & B
A
B
5 layer vanilla cake with apricot
filling between each layer, vanilla
icing on the top and sides
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3 Planes of Section Through Organ
• Longitudinal: cut along
the length of an organ
• Cross/Transverse: cut
at right angle to length
of the organ
• Oblique: cut at any but
a right angle
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Perspective
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Types of Movement
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Flexion: bending
Extension: straightening
Abduction: movement away from midline
Adduction: movement toward the midline
Pronation: rotation of the forearm with palms
down
Supination: rotation of the forearm with palms up
Rotation: movement of a structure about the
long axis
Elevate – Depress
Protract – Retract
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Fill in the Blank
1. The _____ (front) part of the patient’s nose is showing sun damage at
its bridge.
2. The patient’s pharyngeal tissue that is _____ (farther away from
median plane) to the right palatine tonsil needs to have a follow-up
examination at next week’s appointment due to its moderate
lymphadenopathy and redness.
3. The patient has a hematoma on the _____ (area that faces away from
head and toward feet) part of his chin in the mental region, probably
due to trauma from soccer.
4. The biopsy of the lesion taken from the marginal gingiva of the
permanent mandibular right central incisor shows hyperplasia in the
_____ (section through median plane) section of the epithelium of
the gingival tissue.
5. The patient’s permanent maxillary right canine is showing _____ (inner
side of hollow structure) resorption as noted on by its pinker color.
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Fill in the Blank
6. Due to crossover-innervation from _____ (opposite) mandible, the
patient needed a bilateral incisive block to achieve pain control
before the procedure.
7. The _____ (farther away from median plane) surface of the patient’s
primary mandibular right first molar has increased gingivitis due to
her poor level of home care.
8. The _____ (structures located towards surface) part of the patient’s
right labial commissure of his lips is showing signs of xerostomia.
9. The _____ (pointed end of conical structure) of the patient’s tongue
has been burned while eating 2 days ago as reported by the
patient.
10. The _____ (structures on same side) submandibular lymph nodes that
drain the patient’s permanent left mandibular third molar are tender
when palpated.
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