Swanton, John R.
1946 The Indians of the
Southeastern United States.
Bureau of American
Ethnology Bulletin 137,
Smithsonian Institution, U.S.
Government
Printing Office,
Washington.
ARROWS1
Algonquian
Powhatan.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Pages: 687, 702, 748, 783 and
Plate: 93
e.g., Strachey (1849:109-110)
Roanoac.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category, Meaning.
Page:646
Caddoan
Caddo.
Use.
Page: 737
e.g., Margry (1875-1886, v.3:442443)
Iroquoian
Cherokee.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 573, 691-692, 714
e.g., Adair (1775:456-457) and
Timberlake (Williams 1927:85)
Nottoway.
Use.
Page: 573
1
Synonymy: arrowhead, point, projectile, or knife
Page: 1
e.g., Byrd (Bassett 1909:150)
Tuscarora.
Meaning.
Pages: 751-752
e.g., Bassett (1901:290-292)
Muskogean
Ais.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Pages: 763-764
e.g., Dickenson (1803:52-54)
Alabama.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category, Meaning.
Page: 544, 575, 724
Apalachee.
Use.
Pages: 34, 580-581
e.g., Desoto expedition, Garcilaso
(1723:73, 96-97)
Chickasaw.
Use.
Pages: 576, 580
e.g., Desoto expedition, Garcilaso
(1723:166) and Ranjel (Bourne
1904, v.2:127, 134)
Choctaw.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Page: 795
e.g., Bossu (1768, v.2:96-98)
Creek.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Pages: 571, 574-575, 684, 693-694
e.g., Desoto expedition, Garcilaso
(1723:408-409, 425, 433-434)
Page: 2
contents of the "Temple of
Talomeco"
also later e.g., Bartram (1792:174)
and Speck (1909:110)
Cusabo.
Use.
Page: 572
e.g., Swanton (1922:74)
Guale.
Use.
Page: 713
Natchez.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category, Meaning.
Pages: 575-576, 613, 699, 717
e.g., Le Page du Pratz (1758,
v.1:300-301, v.2:56, 167-168)
Oconee.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category, Meaning.
Pages: 766-767
e.g., Pareja (1613:123-133)
Seminole.
Use.
Page: 574
e.g., MacCauley (1887:517)
Timucua.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category, Meaning.
Pages: 692-693, 761 and Plates: 81,
87
e.g., Le Moyne (1875:4)
Siouan
Quapaw.
Use.
Page:737
e.g., Margry (1875-1886, v.3:442443)
Page: 3
Tunican
Avoyel.
Use, Meaning.
Page: 94
Chakchiuma.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category, Meaning.
Page: 729
e.g., Dumont (1753, v.1:246-247)
Chitimacha.
Use, Meaning.
Pages: 737, 781
e.g., Swanton (1911:345, 347)
Yazoo.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category, Meaning.
Page: 729
e.g., Dumont (1753, v.1:246-247)
Uchean
Yuchi.
Use, Meaning.
Pages: 573-574
e.g., Speck (1909:21-22)
ATLATLS2
Muskogean
Mobile.
Use.
Pages: 582, 584, 809
e.g., Narvaez expedition, Cabeza
de Vaca and Garcilaso
Tunican
Chawasha.
Use.
2
Synonymy: spear-throwers
Page: 4
Pages: 59, 108, 809
e.g., DeSoto expedition, Elvas
AWLS
Muskogean
Alabama.
Use.
Page: 496
Creek.
Use.
Page: 515
Uchean
Yuchi.
Use.
Page: 454
e.g., Speck (1909:36)
AXES3
Algonquian
Powhatan.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Page: 783
e.g., Strachey (1849:108-109)
Iroquoian
Cherokee.
Use, Social Category.
Page: 691 and Plate: 9
Muskogean
Chickasaw.
Use, Social Category.
Page: 544
e.g., Adair (1775:419)
3
Synonymy: adzes, celts, hatchets, and tomahawks
Page: 5
Creek.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 567-568, 693-694
e.g., Desoto expedition, Garcilaso
(1723:129-134)
contents of the "Temple of
Talomeco"
Natchez.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 544-545, 699
e.g., Le Page du Pratz (1758,
v.2:166)
Seminole.
Use, Social Category.
Plates: 31.2, 60
BATONS4
Algonquian
Powhatan.
Use, Ritual.
Page: 567, 687, 730
e.g., Barlowe (Burrage 1906:238;
Hariot 1893:36), Percy (Tyler
1907:14, 16), and Strachey
(1849:52)
Iroquoian
Cherokee.
Use, Social Category.
Page: 715
Susquehannock.
Use.
Page: 568
e.g., Percy (Tyler 1907:49)
4
Synonymy: "battle-axe," club, mace, "swingle," "sword," and truncheon
Page: 6
Tuscarora.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Page: 757
e.g., Lawson (1860:68-71)
Muskogean
Creek.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category, Meaning.
Pages: 566-567, 693-694, 696
e.g., Desoto expedition, Garcilaso
(1723:129-134), contents of the
"Temple of Talomeco"
Natchez.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Pages: 699-700, 728
e.g., Swanton (1911:138-157)
Timucua.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Pages: 692-693, 762 and Plates: 53,
82
e.g., Le Moyne (1875:13)
Siouan
Waxhaw.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Page: 757
e.g., Lawson (1860:68-71)
BREAST PLATES
Algonquian
Roanoac.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 519-520, 589 and Plate: 68
e.g., Barlowe (Burrage 1906:232;
Hariot 1893:pl.7)
Page: 7
Muskogean
Chickasaw.
Use.
Page: 479
e.g., Adair (1775:82-83)
Creek.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 588, 616
e.g., Desoto expedition, Ranjel
(Bourne 1904, v.2:101), contents of
the "Temple of Talomeco"; also
later e.g., Adair (1775:30-31)
Seminole.
Use, Social Category.
Page: 520
e.g., MacCauley (1887:488)
Timucua.
Use.
Page: 589
e.g., Laudonniere expedition, Le
Moyne
CONCH SHELLS
Iroquoian
Cherokee.
Use.
Page: 484
e.g., Adair (1775:170)
Muskogean
Chickasaw.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 478-479, 484
e.g., Adair (1775:82-83, 170)
Creek.
Use, Social Category,
Ritual.
Page: 8
Pages: 484, 616
e.g., Adair (1775:25, 170)
Natchez.
Use, Social Category.
Page: 486
e.g., Le Page du Pratz (1758,
v.2:195-196) and Dumont (1753,
v.1:94-95)
Timucua.
Use, Ritual.
Page: 628 and Plates: 51, 87, 98
e.g., Desoto Expedition, Garcilaso
(1723:45)
COPPER
Algonquian
Powhatan.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Pages: 492-494, 510-511, 643, 645,
671, 701, 719
e.g., Arber (1884:l-li), Capt. John
Smith (Tyler 1907:49), and
Strachey (1849:25, 27, 67, 89, 130)
Chickahominy.
Use, Social Category.
Page: 646
Roanoac.
Use, Social Category.
Page: 519
e.g., Hariot (1893:pl.7)
Iroquoian
Nottoway.
Use.
Pages: 491-492
e.g., Barlowe (Burrage 1906:232233, 255)
Page: 9
Tuscarora.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 510, 521
e.g., Lederer (Alvord 1912:162)
Muskogean
Alabama.
Use.
Page: 496
Creek.
Use.
Page: 490
e.g., Desoto expedition, Elvas
(Robertson 1933:109) and
Garcilaso (1723:141, 187)
Seminole.
Use, Social Category.
Page: 520
e.g., MacCauley (1887:488)
Taensa.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 649-650
Timucua.
Use.
Pages: 491, 511
e.g., Ribault (French 1875:178)
Siouan
Secotan.
Use, Social Category.
Page: 516
e.g., Hariot (1893)
Tunican
Chitimacha.
Use, Social Category.
Page: 522
e.g., Gatschet (1861:5-6)
Uchean
Page: 10
Yuchi.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 490, 492, 497
e.g., Speck (1909:36-37)
COPPER CELTS
Muskogean
Creek.
Use.
Pages: 490, 544, 564
e.g., DeSoto expedition, Garcilaso
(1723:130-137), contents of the
"Temple of Talomeco"
COPPER HEAD PLATES
Algonquian
Pamunkey.
Use.
Page: 494
e.g., Capt. John Smith (Arber
1884:1).
CRYSTALS
Algonquian
Powhatan.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Pages: 745-746
e.g., Beverley (1705, v.3:46-47)
Muskogean
Creek.
Use, Meaning.
Page: 774
Taensa.
Use.
Page: 11
Page: 618
e.g., Thwaites (1897-1901,
v.68:122-125)
contents of the "Taensa temple," or
charnel house
Siouan
Cheraw.
Use.
Pages: 484, 739
e.g., Lederer (Alvord 1912:170171)
EAR ORNAMENTS5
Algonquian
Powhatan.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 511, 645 and Plate: 41
e.g., Strachey (1849:67); Percy and
Capt. John Smith (Tyler 1907:12,
14, 99); and, Beverly (1705, v.3:4,
pl.2)
Shawnee.
Use, Social Category.
Page: 513
e.g., Timberlake (Williams
1927:75-76)
Iroquoian
Cherokee.
Use, Social Category.
Page: 513 and Plate: 9
e.g., Bartram (1792:499) and
Timberlake (Williams 1927:75-76)
Tuscarora.
Use, Social Category.
Page: 510
e.g., Lederer (Alvord 1912:162)
5
Synonymy: ear-bobs, -buttons, -plugs, -rings, and -spools
Page: 12
Muskogean
Alabama.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 513-514
Bayogoula.
Use, Social Category.
Page: 514
e.g., Swanton (1911:55-56, 276)
Chickasaw.
Use, Social Category.
Page: 513
e.g., Adair (1775:179-180)
Creek.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 512-513 and Plates: 29, 31
e.g., Bartram (1792:499)
Kosati.
Use, Social Category.
Plate: 26
Natchez.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Pages: 514, 699
e.g., Le Page du Pratz (1758,
v.2:190, 200)
Seminole.
Use, Social Category.
Page: 514 and Plate: 46.2
e.g., MacCauley (1887:489)
Timucua.
Use, Social Category.
Page: 511
e.g., Le Moyne (1875:14) and
Ribault (French 1875:178)
Tunican
Page: 13
Chitimacha.
Use.
Page: 514
e.g., Gatschet (1861:5-6)
FANS
Algonquian
Powhatan.
Use, Social Category.
Plate: 41
Muskogean
Taensa.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 649-650
Timucua.
Use, Ritual.
Plates: 53, 55
FLUTES6
Algonquian
Powhatan.
Use, Ritual.
Page: 747
Rapahannock.
Use.
Page: 629
e.g., Percy and Capt. John Smith
(Tyler 1907:14, 107) and Strachey
(1849:79)
Muskogean
Chickasaw.
Use, Meaning.
Pages: 628-629
6
Synonym: fifes, flageolets, panpipes, and recorders
Page: 14
e.g., Desoto expedition, Garcilaso
(1723:166); also later e.g., Romans
(1775:62)
Natchez.
Use, Ritual, Meaning.
Page: 547
Seminole.
Use.
Page: 629
e.g., Bartram (1792:503)
Timucua.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category, and Meaning.
Pages: 628-629
e.g., Cabeza de Vaca (Bandelier
1905:21);
also e.g., Desoto expedition,
Garcilaso (1723:45), Ranjel
(Bourne 1904, v.2:72-73), and
Elvas (Robertson 1933:58); later
e.g., Le Moyne (1875:3, 13)
GOLD
Iroquoian
Cherokee.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 113, 522
e.g., Bartram (1792:501)
Muskogean
Apalachee.
Use.
Pages: 34, 90
Calusa.
Use.
Pages: 34-35, 59, 494, 504
e.g., Fontaneda (1866) and
Swanton (1922:349, 391)
Page: 15
Chitimacha.
Use, Social Category.
Page: 515
e.g., Gatschet (1883:5-6)
Creek.
Use, Social Category.
Page: 522
e.g., Bartram (1792:501)
Timucua.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Pages: 494, 518, 520, 523-524,
599, 629
e.g., Ribault (French 1875:178) and
Le Moyne (1875:13-14)
GORGETS7
Algonquian
Roanoac.
Use, Social Category
Page: 491
e.g., Barlowe (Burrage 1906:232233) and Hariot (1893:pl.7)
Shawnee.
Use, Social Category.
Plate: 47.2
e.g., Catlin
Caddoan
Caddo.
Use.
Page: 486
e.g., Casanas (1927), Pearce and
Jackson (1912), and Swanton
(1942:145)
Iroquoian
7
Synonymy: breast ornaments
Page: 16
Cherokee.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 520 and Plates: 9, 10
e.g., Bartram (1792), crescent form
Muskogean
Alabama.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 496, 520
crescent form
Chickasaw.
Use, Social Category.
Page: 519
e.g., Bartram (1792), crescent form
Choctaw.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 496, 520 and Plate: 20.2
e.g., Bartram (1792), crescent form
Creek.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 519, 520 and Plates: 32, 33
e.g., Bartram (1792), crescent form
Kosati.
Use, Social Category.
Plate: 26
Natchez.
Use, Meaning.
Pages: 486, 520
e.g., Dumont (1753, v.1:94-95) and
Le Moyne (1875:8)
Seminole.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 520-521 and Plate: 43, 44,
45.1, 46.2
e.g., MacCauley (1887:488-489),
crescent form
Timucua.
Use.
Page: 17
Pages: 519, 520 and Plate: 53
e.g., Swanton (1922:351)
Tunican
Chitimacha.
Use.
Page: 520
e.g., Swanton (1911:345), crescent
form
GRAPHITE
Siouan
Keyauwee.
Use.
Page: 530
e.g., Lawson (1860:88, 312-313)
and Rights (1931:415)
HEADDRESSES8
Algonquian
Chickahominy.
Use, Social Category.
Page: 646
Powhatan.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 477, 509, 643 and Plates:
41, 93
e.g., Strachey (1849:56-57, 68, 91)
and Capt. John Smith (Tyler
1907:51)
Shawnee.
Use, Social Category.
Plate: 47.2
Iroquoian
8
Synonymy: bonnets, caps, crowns, "crownetts," hats, headbands, headgear, head ornaments, and
"wreathes"
Page: 18
Cherokee.
Use, Social Category.
Plates: 11.1, 12.2
Muskogean
Alabama.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 508, 510
e.g., Desoto Expedition, Ranjel
(Bourne 1904, v.2:120)
Chickasaw.
Use.
Page: 696
e.g., Desoto Expedition, Garcilaso
(1723:17-18)
Choctaw.
Use, Social Category.
Plate: 19
Coca.
Use, Social Category.
Page: 508
e.g., Desoto expedition, Elvas
(Robertson 1933:115)
Coweta.
Use, Social Category.
Plate: 35.1
Creek.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 478-479, 490, 508-510 and
Plates: 31.1, 32, 33, 34.2, 36, 37,
58
e.g., Bartram (1792:499-502) and
Adair (1775:9, 82-83)
Kosati.
Use, Social Category.
Plate: 26
Page: 19
Seminole.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 497, 509 and Plates: 31.2,
43, 44, 45, 46, 47.1
e.g., Bartram (1792:499-502)
Natchez.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Page: 509 and Plate: 75
e.g., Le Page du Pratz (1758,
v.2:191, 201)
Timucua.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Plates: 42, 53, 82
Siouan
Monacan.
Use.
Page: 509
e.g., Bushnell (1930:9-10)
Secotan.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 508-509
e.g., Hariot (1893:pl.4)
Uchean
Yuchi.
Use, Social Category.
Page: 497
e.g., Speck (1909:36-37)
IMAGES9
Algonquian
Powhatan.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
9
Synonymy: dolls, effigies, figures, figurines, idols, statues, and statuettes
Page: 20
Pages: 613-615, 687, 719, 743-746
and Plates: 92, 93
e.g., Strachey (1849:83, 89, 90),
Capt. John Smith (Tyler 1907:109,
114), and Beverley (1705, v.3:2831, 46)
Roanoac.
Use, Social Category,
Meaning.
Pages: 614, 742
e.g., Barlowe (Burrage 1906:236)
Muskogean
Acolapissa.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Pages: 613, 619, 780 and Plate: 62
e.g., Bushnell (1927:3, pl.1) and
Margry (1875-1886, v.4:467-469)
Asao.
Use, Meaning.
Page: 617
e.g., San Miguel (Garcia 1902:196)
Atasi.
Use, Meaning.
Page: 616
e.g., Bartram (1791:454)
Bayogoula.
Use.
Pages: 618-619
e.g., Margry (1875-1886, v.4:169172)
Choctaw.
Use, Ritual, Meaning.
Pages: 613, 726
e.g., Adair (1775:193)
Coweta.
Use, Social Category,
Ritual, Meaning.
Page: 21
Page: 616
Creek.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category, Meaning.
Pages: 544, 571, 613-614, 616-617
e.g., Desoto expedition, Garcilaso
(1723:130-137, 433-434, 425),
contents of the "Temple of
Talomeco"; also later e.g., Adair
(1775:25, 30-31, 419)
Guale.
Use, Ritual.
Page: 791
e.g., San Miguel (Garcia 1902:196197)
Houma.
Use.
Pages: 617-618
e.g., Charlevoix, Gravier, and
Ribault (French 1851:173-174;
Shea 1861:143-144; Thwaites
1897-1901, v.65:145-149)
Natchez.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category, Meaning.
Pages: 489, 613, 779 and Plate: 63
e.g., Le Page du Pratz (1758,
v.3:17-18), Margry (1875-1886,
v.1:602), Ribault (French
1851:160-161), and Thwaites
(1897-1901, v.68:122-123)
Taensa.
Use.
Page: 618
Timucua.
Use, Ritual.
Plate: 97
Yapon.
Use, Ritual.
Page: 22
Pages: 791
e.g., San Miguel (Garcia 1902:196197)
Siouan
Duhare.
Use, Social Category,
Ritual, Meaning
Pages: 615-616, 647, 758-759
e.g., Peter Martyr (Anghierra 1912,
v.2:261-262)
Secotan.
Use, Ritual.
Page: 614
e.g., Hariot (1893:38, pls.18, 21)
Tunican
Chitimacha.
Use.
Page: 619
e.g., Gatschet (1883:6-7)
Tunica.
Use, Meaning.
Pages: 617-618, 780
e.g., La Harpe and La Source
(Margry 1875-1886, v.6:247; Shea
1861:81; Swanton 1911:318)
INCISED TABLETS
Muskogean
Houma.
Use, Ritual, Meaning,
Social Category.
Page: 734
e.g., Dumont (1753, v.1:184)
Natchez.
Use, Ritual, Meaning,
Social Category.
Pages: 701, 734
Page: 23
e.g., Dumont (1753, v.1:184)
MARBLES
Muskogean
Chickasaw.
Use.
Page: 684
Choctaw.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Pages: 684-685
e.g., Romans (1775:81)
Creek.
Use, Ritual.
Page: 684
MICA
Siouan
Santee.
Use.
Page: 739
e.g., Ecija (Lowery, ms., n.d.)
NEEDLES
Muskogean
Chickasaw.
Use.
Page: 513
e.g., Adair (1775:179-180)
OCHER10
Iroquoian
Cherokee.
Use.
Page: 528
10
Synonymy: hematite, vermillion, cinnabar, iron-oxide, ferruginous-oxide
Page: 24
e.g., Bartram (1791:501)
Muskogean
Chickasaw.
Use, Meaning.
Pages: 528-529
e.g., Adair (1775:171)
Creek.
Use.
Page: 528
e.g., Bartram (1791:501)
Natchez.
Use.
Pages: 531, 608
e.g., Le Page du Pratz (1758,
v.2:179, 183-184); also later e.g.,
Swanton (1911:62)
Seminole.
Use.
Page: 528
e.g., Bartram (1791:501)
Timucua.
Use.
Page: 528
e.g., Desoto expedition
Siouan
Cheraw.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 484, 530, 739
e.g., Lederer (Alvord 1912:158,
170-171) and Lawson (1860:312313)
PEBBLES11
Muskogean
11
Synonym: gravels or "small stones"
Page: 25
Creek.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Pages: 523, 684-685
e.g., Swanton (1942:175)
Natchez.
Use, Ritual.
Pages: 627, 797
e.g., Dumont (1753, v.1:193-195);
Le Page du Pratz (1758, v.1:108);
Swanton (1911:178-180); and,
Thwaites (1897-1901, v.68:150157)
Siouan
Occaneechi.
Use, Ritual.
Page: 610
e.g., Lederer (Alvord 1912:142143)
PENDANTS
Muskogean
Creek.
Use, Social Category.
Plate: 33
Uchean
Yuchi.
Use.
Page: 497
e.g. Speck (1909:36-37, 51)
PIPES
Algonquian
Powhatan.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Pages: 545, 719
Page: 26
e.g., Michel (1916:130) and
Strachey (1849:89)
Iroquoian
Cherokee.
Use, Social Category,
Meaning.
Pages: 542-543, 546 and Plates: 9,
11.1
e.g., Adair (1775:423-424) and
Timberlake (Williams 1927:39)
Muskogean
Chickasaw.
Use.
Page: 546
e.g., Swanton (1918:67)
Choctaw.
Use.
Page: 546
e.g., Swanton (1918:67)
Creek.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category, Meaning.
Pages: 542, 547, 694, 696, and
Plate: 58
e.g., Swan (1855:692)
Natchez.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category, Meaning.
Pages: 547, 728 and Plate: 84
e.g., Dumont (1753, v.1:190-191)
and Swanton (1911:138-157)
Timucua.
Use, Ritual.
Page: 792 and Plate: 106
e.g., Le Moyne (1875:8-9)
Siouan
Page: 27
Congaree.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 545-546
e.g., Catesby (1743, v.2:xi) and
Lawson (1860)
Monacan.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 545-546
Quapaw.
Use.
Page: 546
e.g., Swanton (1918:67)
Wateree.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 545-546
PLATES12
Algonquian
Powhatan.
Use.
Page: 493
e.g., Strachey (1849:27) copper
plates
Iroquoian
Nottoway.
Use.
Pages: 491-492
e.g., Lane (Burrage 1906:255),
copper plates on houses
Muskogean
Tukabahchee.
Use, Meaning, Ritual.
Page: 185, 774-775
e.g., Swanton (n.d.), copper/brass
"Tukabahchee plates".
12
Synonymy: mirrors
Page: 28
Natchez.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 649-650
RATTLES
Algonquian
Potomac.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Pages: 783-784
e.g., Capt. John Smith (Arber
1884:cix-cx)
Powhatan.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Pages: 746-748, 783 and Plates: 93,
96
e.g., Capt. John Smith (Arber
1884:cxiv; Beverley 1705, v.3:5354; Tyler 1907:110-11) and
Strachey (1849:108-109)
Iroquoian
Tuscarora.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Pages: 757, 785-786
e.g., Lawson (1860:85, 68-71, 347363)
Muskogean
Chickasaw.
Use.
Page: 627
e.g., Adair (1775:116), Bartam
(1792:243, 502), Le Page du Pratz
(1758, v.1:106-110), Penicaut
(Margry 1875-1886, v.5:388-390)
Page: 29
Creek.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Page: 627, 782, 793
e.g., Adair (1775:116), Bartam
(1792:243, 502), Le Page du Pratz
(1758, v.1:106-110), Penicaut
(Margry 1875-1886, v.5:388-390),
and Romans (1775:95)
Jeaga.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Pages: 763-765
e.g., Dickenson (1803:33-36, 5254)
Natchez.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category, Meaning.
Pages: 627-628, 699, 796-797 and
Plate: 103
e.g., Dumont (1753, v.1:193-195),
Le Page du Pratz (1758, v.1:108),
and Swanton (1911:178-179)
Pascagoula.
Use.
Page: 627
e.g., Adair (1775:116), Bartam
(1792:243, 502), Le Page du Pratz
(1758, v.1:106-110), Penicaut
(Margry 1875-1886, v.5:388-390)
Timucua.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Pages: 692-693
Siouan
Waxhaw.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Pages: 627, 757
e.g., Lawson (1860:68-71, 98, 286)
Page: 30
Tunican
Chitimacha.
Use.
Page: 627
e.g., Adair (1775:116), Bartam
(1792:243, 502), Le Page du Pratz
(1758, v.1:106-110), Penicaut
(Margry 1875-1886, v.5:388-390)
SCRATCHERS
Iroquoian
Cherokee.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Page: 768
e.g., Mooney (1932:83-88)
Tuscarora.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Pages: 785-786
e.g., Lawson (1860:85, 347-363)
Muskogean
Chickasaw.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Pages: 790-791
e.g., Catesby (1731-1743)
Choctaw.
Use, Social Category.
Page: 716
Creek.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category, Meaning.
Pages: 564, 715, 732, 782
e.g., Adair (1775:120), Swan
(1855:274), and Swanton
(1928:338-357)
Page: 31
Siouan
Catawba.
Use.
Page: 564
e.g., Lawson (1860:76, 363)
SHARK TEETH
Tunican
Atakapa.
Use.
Page: 737
e.g., Dyer (1917:6-7)
SHELLS13
Caddoan
Caddo.
Use.
Page: 486
e.g., Casanas (1927), Pearce and
Jackson (1912), and Swanton
(1942:145)
Iroquoian
Cherokee.
Use.
Page: 484
e.g., Adair (1775:170)
Tuscarora.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Page: 786
e.g., Lawson (1860:85, 347-363)
Muskogean
Chickasaw.
Use, Social Category.
13
any type of bi-/univalve shell, including marine, fresh-water aquatic, or terrestrial
Page: 32
Pages: 484, 519
e.g., Adair (1775:170)
Creek.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 484, 519
e.g., Adair (1775:170) and Bartram
(1792)
Jeaga.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Pages: 764-765
Dickenson (1803:33-36)
Natchez.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Pages: 519, 796-797
e.g., Dumont (1753, v.1:95),
Swanton (1911:178-179)
Oconee.
Use, Ritual, Meaning.
Pages: 766
e.g., Pareja (1613:123-133)
Timucua.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Page: 792
e.g., Le Moyne (1875:8-9)
Siouan
Catawba.
Use.
Pages: 484, 739
e.g., Lederer (Alvord 1912:171)
Cheraw.
Use.
Page: 739
e.g., Lederer (Alvord 1912:170)
Page: 33
Monacan.
Use.
Page: 483
e.g., Michel (1916:134)
Tunican
Yazoo.
Use.
Page: 738
SILVER
Iroquoian
Cherokee.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Pages: 495, 512-513, 515, 520, 522
e.g., Adair (1775:178-180),
Bartram (1792:501), and
Timberlake (Williams 1927:75-76)
Muskogean
Alabama.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category, Meaning.
Pages: 495-497, 510, 513-515, 520,
522
Chickasaw.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Pages: 495, 513
e.g., Adair (1775:179-180)
Choctaw.
Use.
Page: 495
Creek.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 495, 515, 520, 522
e.g., Adair (1775:178-180) and
Bartram (1792:501)
Page: 34
Natchez.
Use, Meaning.
Page: 520
Seminole.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 495, 497, 520-523, 525
e.g., MacCauley (1887:488-489)
Timucua.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Pages: 495, 520, 599, 629
e.g., Le Moyne (1875:2, 8, 13-14)
Tunican
Chitimacha.
Use, Social Category.
Page: 515
e.g., Gatschet (1883:5-6)
Uchean
Yuchi.
Use, Social Category.
Page: 497
e.g., Speck (1909:36-37)
SPEARS14
Algonquian
Accomack.
Use.
Page: 582
e.g., Capt. John Smith (Tyler
1907:103) and Strachey (1849:75)
Caddoan
Tula.
Use.
14
Synonymy: javelin, lance, and pike
Page: 35
Page: 583
e.g., Desoto expedition, Elvas
(Robertson 1933:196)
Muskogean
Alabama.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category, Meaning.
Page: 583
Chickasaw.
Use, Social Category.
Page: 583
e.g., Adair (1775:415)
Creek.
Use.
Pages: 571, 582-583, 693-694
e.g., Desoto expedition, Garcilaso
(1723:131, 408-409), copper
spearheads, contents of the
"Temple of Talomeco"
Natchez.
Use, Social Category,
Ritual, Meaning.
Page: 583
hunting songs
Timucua.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Page: 583 and Plates: 42, 51, 82, 85
e.g., Ribault (French 1875:174)
Uchean
Yuchi.
Use.
Page: 582
e.g., Speck (1909:24-25)
STAFFS
Muskogean
Page: 36
Choctaw.
Use.
Plate: 19
e.g., Bushnell
Jeaga.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Pages: 763-764
e.g., Dickenson (1803:52-54)
Timucua.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Plate: 85
Tunican
Tunica.
Use, Social Category.
Plates: 48, 85
e.g., Bushnell
SUCKING/BLOWING TUBES
Algonquian
Potomac.
Use, Ritual.
Pages: 783-784
Powhatan.
Use, Ritual.
Page: 783
e.g., Hariot (1893:42)
Iroquoian
Cherokee.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Page: 768
e.g., Mooney (1932:83-88)
Page: 37
Tuscarora.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Pages: 785-786
e.g., Lawson (1860:85, 347-363)
Muskogean
Creek.
Use, Ritual.
Page: 782
Choctaw.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Page: 795
e.g., Bossu (1768, v.2:96-98),
Cushman (1899:367-368), and
Swanton (1918:61-62)
Natchez.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category, Meaning.
Page: 797-798
e.g., Le Page du Pratz (1758,
v.1:211-212) and Le Petit
(Thwaites 1897-1901, v.68:150157)
Seminole.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Page: 793
Timucua.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Page: 792
e.g., Le Moyne (1875:8-9)
TINKLERS
Muskogean
Creek.
Use, Social Category.
Page: 38
Page: 627
Timucua.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 523-524, 599
TROPHIES
Algonquian
Powhatan.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category, Meaning.
Page: 689
e.g., Lawson (1860), various
human body parts that taken as
trophies in war
Caddoan
Tula.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Page: 583
Muskogean
Chickasaw.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category, Meaning.
Page: 696
Creek.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category.
Page: 696
Timucua.
Use, Ritual, Social
Category, Meaning.
Pages: 695-696
TURTLE/TORTOISE15 SHELL
Muskogean
15
Synonymy: terrapin
Page: 39
Creek.
Use, Social Category.
Pages: 523, 627
e.g., Romans (1775:95)
WANDS
Algonquian
Powhatan.
Use, Ritual.
Plate: 93
Muskogean
Natchez.
Use, Ritual.
Plate: 105
e.g., Le Page du Pratz
Seminole.
Use, Social Category.
Plate: 31.2
Page: 40