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A.6
Active Materials
by Guruswami Ravichandran
The author gratefully acknowledges the Army Research Office and the National Science Foundation
for their support, which provided the stimulus for his
research in the area of active materials. He thanks
his colleague Professor K. Bhattacharya for stimulating discussions and continued collaboration. He
also thanks his collaborators at Caltech in this area,
E. Burcsu, D. Shilo, R. Zhang, C. Franck, and S. Kramer
for their contributions to his understanding of the
subject.
A.7
Biological Soft Tissues
by Jay D. Humphrey
I wish to thank Professor W. N. Sharpe (Johns Hopkins University) for inviting this review, for I feel that
the experimental mechanics community has much to
contribute to the continuing advancement of biomechanics. It is also a pleasure to acknowledge a few
of the many agencies that support biomechanics research in general and my study of this fascinating
field in particular: the American Heart Association,
the National Institutes of Health, the National Science
Foundation, the Texas Advanced Technology Program,
and the Whitaker Foundation.
B.12 Bonded Electrical Resistance Strain Gages
by Robert B. Watson
The inestimable technical contributions, editorial comments and suggestions, and encouragement by Dr.
C. C. Perry are gratefully acknowledged. Support from
Vishay Micro-Measurements with resources and kind
permission for use of literature is greatly appreciated.
A special thanks is extended to Dr. Felix Zandman for
many spirited and helpful discussions concerning the
fundamental nature of strain gage performance. An irredeemable debt of gratitude is owed to Dr. Daniel Post
for introducing the author to strain gages, and to Mr. Jim
Dorsey for mentoring the author in strain gage technology.
B.14 Optical Fiber Strain Gages
by Chris S. Baldwin
The author would like to thank Omnisens for providing permission to use graphics and information
Acknowl.
Acknowledgements
regarding Brillouin measurement techniques. The author would also like to thank all the scientists and
engineers pursuing fiber optic sensing. Since the writing of this chapter, new fiber optic strain measurement
techniques have been developed and publicized. Continual improvements and developments of fiber optic
sensing techniques will allow for the expanded use of
the technology in many application areas in the near
future.
B.17 Atomic Force Microscopy in Solid Mechanics
by Ioannis Chasiotis
The author would like to thank his graduate students
who have co-authored the referenced publications, and
Mr. Scott Maclaren for providing some AFM micrographs for this Chapter. The support by the Air
Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) through
grant F49620-03-1-0080 with Dr. B. L. Lee as the program manager, and by the National Science Foundation
(NSF) under grant CMS-0515111 is acknowledged for
part of the work of this author, which is referenced in
this Chapter.
C.20 Digital Image Correlation for Shape
and Deformation Measurements
by Michael A. Sutton
The author would like to thank Dr. Hubert Schreier,
Dr. Stephen R. McNeill, Dr. Junhui Yan and Dr. Dorian Garcia for their assistance in completing this
manuscript. In addition, the support of (a) Dr. Charles E.
Harris, Dr. Robert S. Piascik and Dr. James C. Newman,
Jr. at NASA Langley Research Center, (b) Dr. Oscar
Dillon, Dr. Clifford Astill, and Dr. Albert S. Kobayashi,
former NSF Solid Mechanics and Materials Program
Directors, (c) Dr. Julius Dasch at NASA Headquarters, (d) Dr. Bruce LaMattina at the Army Research
Office, (e) Dr. Kumar Jatta at the Air Force Research
Laboratory, (f) Dr. Kenneth Chong through NSF CMS0201345, and (g) the late Dr. Bruce Fink at the Army
Research Laboratory is gratefully acknowledged. Also,
the support provided by Correlated Solutions, Incorporated through granting access to their commercial
software for our internal use is deeply appreciated.
Through the unwavering technical and financial assistance of all these individuals and organizations, the
potential of image correlation methods is now being
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Acknowledgements
Acknowl.
realized. Finally, the support of my advisor, Prof. Emeritus Charles E. Taylor, and his wife, Nikki Taylor, as
well as the support of my wife, Elizabeth Ann Severns, and my children, Michelle Mary Katherine Sutton
Spigner and Elizabeth Marie Rosalie Sutton, require
special mention, for it is with their continual support
over the past three decades that this work has been possible.
C.21 Geometric Moiré
by Bongtae Han, Daniel Post
We acknowledge and thank Prof. Peter G. Ifju for his
contributions to [1.1, 2], and Dr. C.-W. Han for the research published in his Ph. D. Thesis [1.3] and related
technical papers [1.13–15].
C.26 Thermoelastic Stress Analysis
by Richard J. Greene, Eann A. Patterson,
Robert E. Rowlands
The authors wish to thank Ms S. J. Lin and Professor
Y. M. Shkel, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI,
B. Boyce and J. Lesniak of Stress Photonics, Inc., Madison, WI, and Dr. S. Quinn, University of Southampton,
UK for informative discussions, the US Air Force Research Laboratory, QinetiQ Plc., Rolls-Royce Plc., The
University of Sheffield for the release of experimental data, the Society of Experimental Mechanics for
permission to reproduce Table 26.1 and Elsevier for
permission to reproduce Fig. 26.6.
C.28 X-Ray Stress Analysis
by Jonathan D. Almer, Robert A. Winholtz
C.24 Holography
by Ryszard J. Pryputniewicz
This work was supported by the NEST Program at
WPI-ME/CHSLT. The author gratefully acknowledges
support from all sponsors and thanks them for their permissions to present the results of their projects in this
chapter.
C.25 Photoelasticity
The authors wish to gratefully acknowledge the late
Professor Jerome B. Cohen and his significant contributions to their experience in this field. They further
wish to thank Drs. D. Haeffner and J. Bernier, and
Prof. C. Noyan for assistance with the manuscript and
helpful discussions. One of the authors (JA) acknowledges support of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office
of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under contract DE-AC02-06CH11357.
by Krishnamurthi Ramesh
The author wishes to acknowledge Macmillan Publishers (Fig. 25.2), Tata McGraw Hill (Fig. 25.8), Elsevier
limited (Fig. 25.13), ASME (Fig. 25.14) and Blackwell
publishing (Figs. 25.32a and b) for their consent to reproduce the figures that have been published in their
journals/books and Stress photonics for Figs. 25.32c
and d from their product brochure. Excerpts of the book
Digital photoelasticity - Advanced techniques and applications are included in this chapter with the kind
permission of Springer, Berlin. The author also acknowledges IIT Madras for having given permission
to use selected animations developed for the e-Book
on Experimental Stress Analysis to be provided in the
accompanying CD of this Handbook.
Part of the results reported in this chapter are
obtained from several projects funded by the Structures Panel of Aeronautical Research and Development
Board of India while the author was a faculty at IIT
Kanpur and the IITM-ISRO cell projects while at IIT
Madras. Last but not the least, the author wishes to acknowledge the Society for Experimental Mechanics and
Springer for having given permission to reproduce the
figures from their books and journals.
D.32 Implantable Biomedical Devices
and Biologically Inspired Materials
by Hugh Bruck
The writing of this chapter was made possible through
a Fulbright Scholar award administered by the US–
Israel Educational Foundation, and the National Science
Foundation through grant EEC0315425 and the Office of Naval Research award number N000140710391.
Contributions were also made by Michael Peterson of
the University of Maine, James J. Evans of the University of Reading, Dan Cole of the University of
Maryland, Eric Brown of Los Alamos National Laboratory, Jane Grande-Allen of Rice University, Arkady
Voloshin of Lehigh University, Krishnaswamy RaviChandar of the University of Texas-Austin, and Debra
Wright-Charlesworth of Michigan Technological University.
D.35 Structural Testing Applications
by Ashok Kumar Ghosh
I would like to thank a team of investigators, William
E. Luecke, J. David McColskey, Chris McCowan, Tom
Siewert, Stephen Banovic, Tim Foecke, Richard Fields,
Acknowledgements
buquerque, NM for Contributing Case study 3 and
sharing their experience during the development of
a lightweight automobile airbag from inception through
innovation to engineering development. This case study
also illustrates the close ties between structural testing and numerical simulation and the importance of
engineering economics in the overall development of
a marketable product. They have demonstrated the
power of simulation. In the absence of standardized
test specifications, they formulated their own test procedures and validated with simulated output.
I would like to thank the reviewers and proofreaders Dr. Maggie Griffin and Holy Chamberlin. I would
like to thank my wife, Pritha, for her understanding,
encouragement, and patience during the preparation of
this book chapter.
Acknowl.
and Frank Gayle from the National Institute of Standard
and Technology (NIST), Washington, DC for contributing case study 1 to this chapter on structural testing.
This forensic investigation illustrates how structural
testing can be very challenging and how the information generated from these tests can play a crucial role in
the overall goal of investigating the sequence of events
that caused the fall of the World Trade Center buildings. Any structural failure is a very quick phenomenon
where a sequence of events takes place. When a number of loading environment is involved, the problem
can be very complex. William and his team have performed a systematic investigation to overcome these
challenges.
I would like to thank Kenneth W. Gwinn and
James M. Nelsen of Sandia National Laboratories, Al-
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