Online Appendix 1. Excluded studies
Article title:
Skin barrier function in infancy: a systematic review
Journal:
Archives of Dermatological Research
Authors:
Laine Ludriksone*, Natalie Garcia Bartels*, Varvara Kanti,
Ulrike Blume-Peytavi, Jan Kottner
* Both authors contributed equally to this paper.
Corresponding author:
Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. Natalie Garcia Bartels, M.D.
Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Department of Dermatology and Allergy
Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science
Email: [email protected]
1
Online Appendix 1. Excluded studies
Author (year)
Reasons
Adam, Schnetz et al. (2009) [1]
Subjects afflicted by skin diseases included
Ågren, Strömberg et al. (1997) [2]
TEWL values with a corresponding body-temperature ≥ 37.0 C
Baig-Lewis, Berry et al. (2009) [3]
Subjects aged > 24 months included
Bell, Neidich et al. (1979) [4]
Preterms included
Berg, Milligan et al. (1994) [5]
No reporting of age
Braun-Falco and Korting (1986) [6]
Review
Campbell (1987) [7]
No clear reporting of age
Campbell, Seymour et al. (1987) [8]
No clear reporting of age
Chu, Bhagat et al. (2011) [9]
Insufficient data, only a conference abstract available
Chu, Mack et al. (2010) [10]
Insufficient data, only a conference abstract available
Coret, Kurtz et al. (2009) [11]
Insufficient data, only a conference abstract available
Davis, Leyden et al. (1989) [12]
No TEWL/skin surface pH baseline values reported
Dizon, Galzote et al. (2010) [13]
No clear reporting of measured skin area
Doyle, Irvine et al. (2011) [14]
Insufficient data, only a conference abstract available
Flohr, England et al. (2010) [15]
Number of subjects not afflicted by skin diseases not reported
Flohr, Logan et al. (2011) [16]
Insufficient data, only a conference abstract available
Flohr, Logan et al. (2011) [17]
Insufficient data, only a conference abstract available
Fluhr, Baudouin et al. (2013) [18]
Insufficient data, only a conference abstract available
Fluhr, Pfisterer et al. (2000) [19]
Subjects aged > 24 months included
Gfatter, Hackl et al. (1997) [20]
Preterms included
Gioia and Celleno (2002) [21]
Description of theoretical model
Hammarlund, Nilsson et al. (1979) [22]
Mean TEWL of 3 different skin sites reported
Hammarlund, Nilsson et al. (1980) [23]
Mean TEWL of 3 different skin sites reported
Hammarlund and Sedin (1982) [24]
Mean TEWL of 3 different skin sites reported
Hammarlund and Sedin (1983) [25]
No primary data for TEWL or pH reported
Hammarlund, Sedin et al. (1982) [26]
Mean TEWL of 3 different skin sites reported
Hammarlund, Sedin et al. (1983) [27]
Mean TEWL of 3 different skin sites reported
Hammarlund, Stromberg et al. (1986) [28]
No primary data for TEWL or pH reported
Hammerlund and Sedin (1979) [29](18)
Mean TEWL of 3 different skin sites reported
Harpin and Rutter (1982) [30]
Sample size not clearly reported for the different age groups
Hoppe, Kopplow et al. (1977) [31]
Subjects aged > 24 months included
Ikezawa, Yamaguchi et al. (2008) [32]
Review
Kahn, Rebuffat et al. (1987) [33]
Preterms included
Kataoka, Yoshida et al. (2010) [34]
Insufficient data, only a conference abstract available
Kelleher, Galvin et al. (2013) [35]
Insufficient data, only a conference abstract available
King, Balaji et al. (2013) [36]
Review
Kjartansson, Arsan et al. (1995) [37]
Mean TEWL of 3 different skin sites reported
Knor, Meholjic-Fetahovic et al. (2011) [38]
Subjects aged > 24 months included
Lavender, Bedwell et al. (2013) [39]
Mean TEWL of 3 different skin sites reported
Lee, Chuang et al. (2006) [40]
Subjects aged > 24 months included
Logan, Flohr et al. (2011) [41]
Insufficient data, only a conference abstract available
Lowe, Tang et al. (2012) [42]
No TEWL/skin surface pH baseline values reported
2
Online Appendix 1. Excluded studies
Lund, Nonato et al. (1997) [43]
Preterms included
Man, Xin et al. (2009) [44]
Subjects aged > 24 months included
McCarthy, Irvine et al. (2011) [45]
Insufficient data, only a conference abstract available
Mochizuki, Tadaki et al. (2009) [46]
Subjects aged > 24 months included
O'Carroll, Gallagher et al. (2010) [47]
Insufficient data, only a conference abstract available
Odio, Streicher-Scott et al. (2001) [49]
Subjects aged > 24 months included
O'Goshi, Okada et al. (2002) [48]
Subjects aged > 24 months included
Oh, Williams et al. (1976) [50]
Fulltext not available
Pierard, Arrese et al. (1994) [51]
General health- and cutaneous status unclear
Rone, Bare et al. (1997) [52]
Insufficient data, only an abstract available
Roul-Bouriat and Taieb (1998) [53]
No TEWL/skin surface pH baseline values reported
Rutter (1985) [54]
Review
Sauer, Dane et al. (1984) [55]
Preterms included
Sedin, Hammarlund et al. (1981) [56]
No clear reporting of measured skin area
Sedin, Hammarlund et al. (1983) [57]
Review
Sedin, Hammarlund et al. (1983) [58]
Review
Simpson, Trookman et al. (2010) [59]
Insufficient data, only a conference abstract available
Sjors, Hammarlund et al. (1997) [60]
Mean TEWL of 3 different skin sites reported
Sparavigna, Setaro et al. (1999) [61]
Subjects aged > 24 months included
Stornowski (1983) [62]
Preterms included
Stornowski and Hornchen (1981) [63]
Preterms included
Stornowski, Wicher et al. (1984) [64]
Preterms included
Stromberg, Oberg et al. (1983) [65]
Body temperature 36.9 C
Takahashi, Matsui et al. (2009) [66]
Insufficient data, only a conference abstract available
Thijs, Massawe et al. (1996) [67]
Mean TEWL of 3 different skin sites reported
Visscher, Odio et al. (2009) [68]
Diseased infants included
Visscher, Taylor et al. (2012) [69]
Diseased infants included
Visscher, Maganti et al. (1999) [70]
No skin surface pH/TEWL baseline values reported
Voegeli, Rawlings et al. (2009) [71]
Subjects aged > 24 months included
Walters, Stamatas et al. (2012) [72]
Insufficient data, only a conference abstract available
Wananukul and Praisuwanna (2001) [73]
Insufficient data, only a conference abstract available
Wilson and Maibach (1980) [74]
Mean TEWL of 3 different skin sites reported
Xhauflaire-Uhoda, Henry et al. (2009) [75]
No skin surface pH/TEWL baseline values reported
3
Online Appendix 1. Excluded studies
1. Adam R, Schnetz B, Mathey P, Pericoi M, De Prost Y (2009) Clinical demonstration of skin
mildness and suitability for sensitive infant skin of a new baby wipe. Pediatric
Dermatology 26 (5):506-513
2. Ågren J, Strömberg B, Sedin G (1997) Evaporation rate and skin blood flow in full term
infants nursed in a warm environment before and after feeding cold water. Acta
Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics 86 (10):1085-1089
3. Baig-Lewis SF, Berry TM, Rendell ME, Denny MA, Brown PA, Simpson BM, Tofte SJ,
Hanifin JM, Simpson EL (2009) The role of infant skin care in atopic dermatitis
development. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 129:S52
4. Bell EF, Neidich GA, Cashore WJ, Oh W (1979) Combined effect of radiant warmer and
phototherapy on insensible water loss in low-birth-weight infants. J Pediatr 94
(5):810-813
5. Berg RW, Milligan MC, Sarbaugh FC (1994) Association of skin wetness and pH with
diaper dermatitis. Pediatric Dermatology 11 (1):18-20
6. Braun-Falco O, Korting HC (1986) [Normal pH value of human skin]. Hautarzt 37 (3):126129
7. Campbell RL (1987) Clinical tests with improved disposable diapers. Pediatrician 14 Suppl
1:34-38
8. Campbell RL, Seymour JL, Stone LC, Milligan MC (1987) Clinical studies with disposable
diapers containing absorbent gelling materials: Evaluation of effects on infant skin
condition. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 17 (6):978-987
9. Chu M, Bhagat K, Ma L, Mac KMC, Kollias N (2011) Assessment of infant skin
development in three regions: New Jersey, Mumbai, and Beijing. Journal of the
American Academy of Dermatology 1):AB130
10. Chu M, Mack M, Tierney N, Ruvolo E, Stamatas G, Kollias N, Martin K, Bhagat K, Ma L
(2010) Infant skin is similar in New Jersey and Mumbai and markedly different in
Beijing in winter. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 130:S43
11. Coret C, Kurtz ES, Iarkowski LE, Pillai S, Walczak VR (2009) Evaluation of a novel, mild
cleansing system for tolerance in infants and newborns. Journal of the American
Academy of Dermatology 1):AB151
12. Davis JA, Leyden JJ, Grove GL, Raynor WJ (1989) Comparison of disposable diapers
with fluff absorbent and fluff plus absorbent polymers: Effects on skin hydration, skin
pH, and diaper dermatitis. Pediatric Dermatology 6 (2):102-108
13. Dizon MV, Galzote C, Estanislao R, Mathew N, Sarkar R (2010) Tolerance of baby
cleansers in infants: A randomized controlled trial. Indian Pediatrics 47 (11):959-963
14. Doyle RP, Irvine AD, O'Hourihane JB (2011) Evolution of skin barrier function in the first
year of life. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1):AB34
15. Flohr C, England K, Radulovic S, McLean WHI, Campbell LE, Barker J, Perkin M, Lack G
(2010) Filaggrin loss-of-function mutations are associated with early-onset eczema,
eczema severity and transepidermal water loss at 3 months of age. British Journal of
Dermatology 163 (6):1333-1336
16. Flohr C, Logan K, Marrs T, Campbell L, Radulovic S, McLean I, Barker J, Lack G, Perkin
M (2011) Filaggrin loss-of-function mutations and clinical eczema are associated with
food sensitization at three months of age. Journal of Investigative Dermatology
131:S33
17. Flohr C, Logan K, Marrs T, Radulovic S, Barker J, McLean I, Lack G, Perkin M (2011)
Filaggrin loss-of-function mutations are associated with early onset eczema, eczema
severity, and transepidermal water loss at three months of age. Clinical and
Experimental Allergy 41 (12):1825
18. Fluhr J, Baudouin C, De Belilovsky C, Hachem JP, Lachmann N, Msika P, Darlenski R
(2013) Skin physiology and surface isotropy investigations in young children of
different age groups compared to adults. Journal of the American Academy of
Dermatology 1):AB177
19. Fluhr JW, Pfisterer S, Gloor M (2000) Direct comparison of skin physiology in children
and adults with bioengineering methods. Pediatric Dermatology 17 (6):436-439
4
Online Appendix 1. Excluded studies
20. Gfatter R, Hackl P, Braun F (1997) Effects of soap and detergents on skin surface pH,
stratum corneum hydration and fat content in infants. Dermatology 195 (3):258-262
21. Gioia F, Celleno L (2002) The dynamics of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) from
hydrated skin. Skin Research & Technology 8 (3):178-186
22. Hammarlund K, Nilsson GE, Oberg PA, Sedin G (1979) Transepidermal water loss in
newborn infants. II. Relation to activity and body temperature. Acta Paediatrica
Scandinavica 68 (3):371-376
23. Hammarlund K, Nilsson GE, Oberg PA, Sedin G (1980) Transepidermal water loss in
newborn infants. V. Evaporation from the skin and heat exchange during the first
hours of life. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 69 (3):385-392
24. Hammarlund K, Sedin G (1982) Transepidermal water loss in newborn infants. VI. Heat
exchange with the environment in relation to gestational age. Acta Paediatrica
Scandinavica 71 (2):191-196
25. Hammarlund K, Sedin G (1983) Water evaporation and heat-exchange with the
environment in newborn-infants. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica:32-35
26. Hammarlund K, Sedin G, Stromberg B (1982) Transepidermal water loss in newborn
infants. VII. Relation to post-natal age in very pre-term and full-term appropriate for
gestational age infants. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 71 (3):369-374
27. Hammarlund K, Sedin G, Stromberg B (1983) Transepidermal water loss in newborn
infants. VIII. Relation to gestational age and post-natal age in appropriate and small
for gestational age infants. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 72 (5):721-728
28. Hammarlund K, Stromberg B, Sedin G (1986) Heat loss from the skin of preterm and
fullterm newborn infants during the first weeks after birth. Biol Neonate 50 (1):1-10
29. Hammerlund K, Sedin G (1979) Transepidermal water loss in newborn infants. III.
Relation to gestational age. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 68 (6):795-801
30. Harpin VA, Rutter N (1982) Development of emotional sweating in the newborn-infant.
Archives of Disease in Childhood 57 (9):691-695
31. Hoppe UA, Kopplow HJ, Kreysel HW (1977) PH changes on infant skin following
application of sunscreening emulsions. A quantitative evaluation. [German]
Quantitative Auswertung Von Ph Anderungen Der Kinderhaut Nach Applikation Von
Sonnenschutzemulsionen. Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists of Japan 28
(3):103-113
32. Ikezawa Z, Yamaguchi J, Kirino M, Matsukura S, Ikezawa Y, Kambara T, Aihara M
(2008) A role of Staphyococcus aureus, nerve growth factor and semaphorin 3A, an
axon guidance molecule, in pathogenesis and treatment of atopic dermatitis.
[Japanese]. Skin Research 7 (SUPPL. 10):24-32
33. Kahn A, Rebuffat E, Blum D, Sottiaux M, Van de Merckt C, Dramaix M, Montauk L (1987)
Transepidermal water loss during sleep in infants. Sleep 10 (2):111-115
34. Kataoka Y, Yoshida N, Nishino H, Maeda N, Sarumaru T, Kijima A, Matusi S, Saeki H,
Murota H, Katayama I (2010) Can skin care from neonatal period prevent the onset of
atopic dermatitis? Allergo Journal 19 (5):338-339
35. Kelleher MM, Galvin AD, Murray D, Irvine AD, Hourihane JO, Team B (2013) Early life
transepidermal water loss (TEWL) values can predate atopic dermatitis at six and
twelve months in asymptomatic infants: Results from the baseline study. Journal of
Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1):AB102
36. King A, Balaji S, Keswani SG (2013) Biology and Function of Fetal and Pediatric Skin.
Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America 21 (1):1-6
37. Kjartansson S, Arsan S, Hammarlund K, Sjors G, Sedin G (1995) Water loss from the
skin of term and preterm infants nursed under a radiant heater. Pediatr Res 37
(2):233-238
38. Knor T, Meholjic-Fetahovic A, Mehmedagic A (2011) Stratum Corneum Hydration and
Skin Surface pH in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis. Acta Dermatovenerologica
Croatica 19 (4):242-247
39. Lavender T, Bedwell C, Roberts SA, Hart A, Turner MA, Carter LA, Cork MJ (2013)
Randomized, Controlled Trial Evaluating a Baby Wash Product on Skin Barrier
5
Online Appendix 1. Excluded studies
Function in Healthy, Term Neonates. JOGNN - Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and
Neonatal Nursing 42 (2):203-214
40. Lee CH, Chuang HY, Shih CC, Jong SB, Chang CH, Yu HS (2006) Transepidermal water
loss, serum IgE and beta-endorphin as important and independent biological markers
for development of itch intensity in atopic dermatitis. British Journal of Dermatology
154 (6):1100-1107
41. Logan K, Flohr C, Lack G, Perkin M (2011) The EAT Study - Early introduction of
allergenic foods to induce tolerance in infants. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 41
(12):1859-1860
42. Lowe AJ, Tang ML, Dharmage SC, Varigos G, Forster D, Gurrin LC, Robertson CF,
Abramson MJ, Allen KJ, Su J (2012) A phase I study of daily treatment with a
ceramide-dominant triple lipid mixture commencing in neonates. BMC dermatology
12:3
43. Lund CH, Nonato LB, Kuller JM, Franck LS, Cullander C, Durand DJ (1997) Disruption of
barrier function in neonatal skin associated with adhesive removal. Journal of
Pediatrics 131 (3):367-372
44. Man MQ, Xin SJ, Song SP, Cho SY, Zhang XJ, Tu CX, Feingold KR, Elias PM (2009)
Variation of skin surface pH, sebum content and stratum corneum hydration with age
and gender in a large chinese population. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology 22
(4):190-199
45. McCarthy C, Irvine A, Murray D, Hourihane JO (2011) A longitudinal cohort study of
transepidermal water loss in the first six months of life as a predictor of atopic
dermatitis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1):AB35
46. Mochizuki H, Tadaki H, Takami S, Muramatsu R, Hagiwara S, Mizuno T, Arakawa H
(2009) Evaluation of out-in skin transparency using a colorimeter and food dye in
patients with atopic dermatitis. British Journal of Dermatology 160 (5):972-979.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09036.x
47. O'Carroll M, Gallagher A, Murray D, Murphy B, A DI, J OBH (2010) Correlation of
neonatal skin barrier function with family atopy profile. Journal of Allergy and Clinical
Immunology 1):AB92
48. O'Goshi KI, Okada M, Iguchi M, Tagami H (2002) The predilection sites for chronic atopic
dermatitis do not show any special functional uniqueness of the stratum corneum:
Measurements of the water barrier function, hydration state, skin surface lipids,
corneocyte size and pH in patients and normal individuals. Exogenous Dermatology 1
(4):195-202
49. Odio M, Streicher-Scott J, Hansen RC (2001) Disposable baby wipes: efficacy and skin
mildness. Dermatology nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association 13 (2):107-112,
117-108, 121
50. Oh W, Williams PR, Yao AC, Lind J (1976) The effect of phototherapy on insensible
water loss and peripheral blood flow. Birth defects original article series 12 (2):114121
51. Pierard GE, Arrese JE, Dowlati A, Daskaleros PA, Rodriguez C (1994) Effects of
softened and unsoftened fabrics on infant skin. International Journal of Dermatology
33 (2):138-141
52. Rone JM, Bare DE, Pickens WL, Visscher MO, Hoath SB (1997) Acid mantle
development in the newborn infant. [dagger] 1020. Pediatr Res 41 (S4):172-172
53. Roul-Bouriat S, Taieb A (1998) Buttock care in infants. [French] Les soins due siege chez
le nourrisson. Journal de Pediatrie et de Puericulture 11 (7):405-409
54. Rutter N (1985) The evaporimeter and emotional sweating in the neonate. Clin Perinatol
12 (1):63-77
55. Sauer PJJ, Dane HJ, Visser HKA (1984) Influence of variations in the ambient humidity
on insensible water loss and thermoneutral environment of low birth weight infants.
Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 73 (5):615-619
56. Sedin G, Hammarlund K, Nilsson GE, Oberg PA, Stromberg B (1981) Water transport
through the skin of newborn-infants. Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences 86 (1):27-31
6
Online Appendix 1. Excluded studies
57. Sedin G, Hammarlund K, Stromberg B (1983) Insensible water loss through the skin in
the newborn infant. [German] Die insensiblen Wasserverluste durch die Haut des
Neugeborenen. Kinderarztliche Praxis 51 (10):455-458
58. Sedin G, Hammarlund K, Stromberg B (1983) Transepidermal water loss in full-term and
pre-term infants. Acta paediatrica Scandinavica Supplement. 305:27-31
59. Simpson EL, Trookman N, Gottschalk RW (2010) A novel body wash and moisturizer
with filaggrin breakdown products improves hydration and skin barrier function in
infants and toddlers at risk for atopic dermatitis. Dermatitis 21 (6):352
60. Sjors G, Hammarlund K, Sedin G (1997) Thermal balance in term and preterm newborn
infants nursed in an incubator equipped with a radiant heat source. Acta Paediatrica,
International Journal of Paediatrics 86 (4):403-409
61. Sparavigna A, Setaro M, Gualandri V (1999) Cutaneous pH in children affected by atopic
dermatitis and in healthy children: A multicenter study. Skin Research and
Technology 5 (4):221-227
62. Stornowski C (1983) Water loss from the skin of preterm and newborn infants under
phototherapy with standard-blue-light. [German]. Monatsschrift fur Kinderheilkunde.
131 (7) (pp 448-450), 1983. Date of Publication: 1983.,
63. Stornowski C, Hornchen H (1981) Transepidermal water loss in preterm and newborn
infants (author's transl). [German] Transepidermaler Wasserverlust bei Fruh- und
Neugeborenen. Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde : Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft
fur Kinderheilkunde 129 (4):239-244
64. Stornowski C, Wicher W, Hornchen H (1984) [Water loss through the skin and rectal
temperature under phototherapy with a doped halide radiating lamp]. Klinische
Padiatrie 196 (6):375-377
65. Stromberg B, Oberg PA, Sedin G (1983) transepidermal water loss in newborn infants. X.
Effects of central cold-stimulation on evaporation rate and skin blood flow. Acta
Paediatrica Scandinavica 72 (5):735-739
66. Takahashi A, Matsui S, Kitaba S, Murota H, Katayama I (2009) The effect of moisturizer
intervention for newborns with atopic disposition. Allergy: European Journal of Allergy
and Clinical Immunology 64:325
67. Thijs HFH, Massawe AW, Okken A, Coenraads PJ, Muskiet FAJ, Huisman M, Boersma
ER (1996) Measurement of transepidermal water loss in Tanzanian cot-nursed
neonates and its relation to postnatal weight loss. Acta Paediatrica, International
Journal of Paediatrics 85 (3):356-360
68. Visscher M, Odio M, Taylor T, White T, Sargent S, Sluder L, Smith L, Flower T, Mason B,
Rider M, Huebner A, Bondurant P (2009) Skin care in the NICU patient: Effects of
wipes versus cloth and water on stratum corneum integrity. Neonatology 96 (4):226234
69. Visscher M, Taylor T, Wickett R, Narendran V (2012) Factors influencing stratum
corneum integrity and maturation in neonates. International Journal of Cosmetic
Science 34 (4):386
70. Visscher MO, Maganti S, Munson KA, Bare DE, Hoath SB (1999) Early adaptation of
human skin following birth: A biophysical assessment. Skin Research and
Technology 5 (4):213-220
71. Voegeli R, Rawlings AV, Breternitz M, Doppler S, Schreier T, Fluhr JW (2009) Increased
stratum corneum serine protease activity in acute eczematous atopic skin. British
Journal of Dermatology 161 (1):70-77. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09142.x
72. Walters R, Stamatas G, Mack MC, Chu M (2012) Baby skin surface area expansion and
possible relation to skin barrier integrity. Journal of the American Academy of
Dermatology 1):AB161
73. Wananukul S, Praisuwanna P (2001) Transepidermal water loss during conventional
phototherapy in nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia term infants. Journal of the Medical
Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet 84 Suppl 1:S46-50
74. Wilson DR, Maibach HI (1980) Transepidermal water loss in vivo. Premature and term
infants. Biology of the Neonate 37 (3-4):180-185
7
Online Appendix 1. Excluded studies
75. Xhauflaire-Uhoda E, Henry F, Pierard-Franchimont C, Pierard GE (2009) Electrometric
assessment of the effect of a zinc oxide paste in diaper dermatitis. International
Journal of Cosmetic Science 31 (5):369-374
8