Online Resource 3. Characteristics of included studies
Article title:
Transepidermal water loss in young and aged healthy humans:
a systematic review and meta-analysis
Journal name:
Archives of Dermatological Research
Authors:
Jan Kottner, Andrea Lichterfeld, Ulrike Blume-Peytavi
Corresponding author:
Jan Kottner
Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Department of Dermatology and Allergy
Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science
Tel +49 (0)30 450 518 218
Fax +49 (0)30 450 518 952
Email: jan.kottner@charite
1
Online Resource 3. Characteristics of included studies
Sample
Author (year)
Kligman (1979)
[73]
Faergemann et
al. (1983) [42]
Tagami,
Yoshikuni
(1985) [136]
Blichmann,
Serup (1987)
[17]
Lammintausta
et al. (1987) [81]
Lotte et al.
(1987) [95]
Berardesca,
Maibach
(1988b) [11]
Berardesca,
Maibach
(1988a) [10]
Blichmann,
Serup (1988)
[16]
Study ID
Country
1
USA
2
199
Season
Measurement conditions and
procedures
n
Mean age
(SD) in years
Female
(n)
Skin type,
ethnic origin
Other
characteristics
?
9
12
22.5
73.5
?
?
Healthy volunteers
?
USA
?
10
21.5
0
?
Healthy volunteers
?
Japan
?
4
29.5
0
?
Healthy volunteers
Room temperature: 22°C
Relative humidity: 35-50%
Room temperature: 22 to 23°C
Relative humidity: 18 to 28%
No skin care products 12 h before
measurements, no hand washing
before measurements
Comments
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
3
Denmark
Winter
10
32.5
7
?
Healthy volunteers,
only subject without
evidence of
psychological stress
174
USA
?
7
38.0
7
Skin type I-IV,
Caucasian
Healthy volunteers
?
-
192
USA
?
8
28.0 (SD 2.0)
0
Caucasian
Healthy volunteers
Room temperature: 20°C (SD 1)
-
153
USA
?
Healthy volunteers
?
-
166
USA
?
Healthy volunteers
?
-
4
Denmark
Spring
Goh et al.
(1988) [53]
179
Singapore
?
Lammintausta
et al. (1988) [82]
187
USA
?
Rougier et al.
(1988) [120]
5
France
?
9
30.6
7
27.8
9
30.6
10
29.9
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
White
0
Hispanic
White
0
Black
10
38.5
7
?
Healthy volunteers
27
28.0
10
Asian
11
28.2
5
Indian
Healthy volunteers
without skin
diseases
23
45.0
23
?
Healthy volunteers
75
27.7
15
7
72.5
0
?
Healthy volunteers
Room temperature: 22 to 24°C
Relative humidity: 28 to 39%
No skin care products 12 h before
measurements, no hand washing
last our before measurements,
subject without psychological
stress, 4 medical doctors, 6
secretaries
Room temperature: 22°C
Relative humidity: 42%
Acclimatization 10 minutes
No use of soap on the test area
during the study
Room temperature:20°C
Relative humidity: 70%
Subject physically inactive
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
2
Online Resource 3. Characteristics of included studies
Thune et al.
(1988) [140]
Antoine et al.
(1989) [2]
6
Norway
?
15
81.0
?
?
“Without skin
symptoms”
Room temperature: 20°C
Relative humidity: 50%
-
92
Belgium
?
5
24.5
3
?
Healthy volunteers
?
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Pinnagoda et al.
(1989a) [110]
9
Netherlands
Spring
27
41.5
10
?
No history of
dermatological
diseases
?
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Pinnagoda et al.
(1989b) [112]
170
Netherlands
Spring
33
33.0
16
?
No history of skin
diseases
Room temperature: 19 to 21°C
Acclimatization 15 minutes
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Pinnagoda et al.
(1989c) [111]
172
Netherlands
Spring
44
34.5
20
?
Room temperature: 20°C
Acclimatization 15 minutes
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Roskos, Guy
(1989) [119]
10
USA
Summer
23
7.7 (SD 13.2)
?
Caucasian
Thune (1989)
[139]
157
Norway
?
10
23
15
17
73.8 (SD 4.5)
29.0
81.0
36.0
?
?
Subjects with normal
skin
Tupker et al.
(1989a) [145]
11
Netherlands
Spring
33
33.0
16
?
Without any skin
conditions in their
medical history
Tupker et al.
(1989b) [144]
12
Netherlands
?
37
34.0
20
?
Free of skin disease
164
USA
?
17
44.0
11
?
?
182
USA
?
10
43.0
6
?
?
Agner, Serup
(1990c) [1]
176
Denmark
Winter
20
32.5
10
?
Healthy volunteers
Berardesca et
al. (1990) [9]
203
USA
?
11
33.0
?
?
Healthy volunteers
Cua et al.
(1990) [27]
13
USA
?
14
15
7
26.8
74.5
25.9
7
7
Caucasian
No signs of skin
disease
Cua, Wilhelm et
al. (1990) [26]
169
USA
?
8
74.6
15
Caucasian
Healthy volunteers
Van der Valk et
al. (1989a) [147]
Van der Valk,
Maibach
(1989b) [148]
Healthy volunteers
with no previous or
existing history of
skin diseases
No history of
dermatological
diseases
Room temperature: 23°C (SD 2)
Relative humidity: 30 to 50%
Skin temperature: < 33°C
Room temperature: 19-20°C
No ointment on the test area before
measurements
Room temperature: 20°C
Relative humidity: 45% (SD 5)
Acclimatization 5 to 10 minutes
Room temperature: 20°C
Relative humidity: 45% (SD 5)
Acclimatization 5 to 10 minutes
Room temperature: 16 to 21°C
Relative humidity: 56 to 64%
Room temperature: 17, 20-22°C
Relative humidity: 59-67%
Room temperature: 20 to 22°C
Relative humidity: 25 to 35%
Skin temperature on the test area:
29.5-31°C
Room temperature: 19 to 21°C
Relative humidity: 40 to 50%
Skin temperature on the test area:
30°C Acclimatization 30 minutes
Room temperature: 18 to 23°C
Relative humidity: 40 to 57%
Room temperature: 20 to 24°C
Relative humidity: 40 to 49%
Mean age recalculated
based on Figure 1
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
-
3
Online Resource 3. Characteristics of included studies
Elsner et al.
(1990a) [40]
14
Elsner et al.
(1990b) [39]
155
Elsner et al.
(1990c) [38]
158
USA
Lo et al. (1990)
[89]
15
Tupker et al.
(1990a) [146]
USA
USA
?
10
32.3 (SD 2.0)
10
62.6 (SD 2.9)
34
33.4
?
20
?
Premenopausal
Postmenopausal
Premenopausal
44
?
Postmenopausal
Room temperature: 19 to 23°C
Relative humidity: 48% to 57%
Acclimatization 15 minutes
Room temperature: 19 to 23°C
Relative humidity: 48% to 57%
Acclimatization 15 minutes
physiological inactive
Room temperature: 19 to 23°C
Relative humidity: 48% to 57%
Acclimatization 15 minutes
physiological inactive
Acclimatization 30 minutes prior
testing
Room temperature: 20°C
Relative humidity: 40%(SD 10)
Acclimatization 15 minutes
Room temperature: 20°C (SD 2)
Relative humidity: 40 to 65%
Acclimatization 15 minutes
Room temperature: 20°C (SD 2)
Relative humidity: 45 to 65%
Acclimatization 15 minutes
-
-
10
62.4
?
15
64.9
15
?
Healthy females,
Postmenopausal
USA
?
7
24.0
?
?
Healthy human
subjects
16
Netherlands
?
35
30.0
17
?
Healthy volunteers
Wilhelm, K. et
al. (1990a) [160]
17
USA
?
18
29.0
18
Caucasian
Healthy volunteers
Wilhelm,
Maibach (1990)
[159]
159
USA
?
10
35.5
10
Caucasian
Healthy volunteers
Berardesca et
al. (1991) [8]
156
USA
?
15
12
12
46.7
49.8
48.8
?
Black
White
Hispanic
?
Room temperature: 18-21°C
Relative humidity: 50 to 70%
-
-
-
Doucet et al.
(1991) [35]
18
France
?
16
26.0
?
?
Healthy volunteers
Room temperature: 22°C
Relative humidity: 54 %
Acclimatization 15 minutes physical
inactive
Schulz et al.
(1991) [126]
106
Germany
?
10
53.0
?
?
-
?
Wilhelm, D. et
al. (1991) [156]
19
USA
?
Wilhelm, K.P. et
al. (1991) [157]
22
?
?
10
36.5
10
14
26.7 (SD 2.8)
7
15
70.5 (SD 13.8)
Room temperature: 20°C
Relative humidity: 50 to 60%
Acclimatization 15 minutes
Room temperature: 20°C (SD 2)
Relative humidity: 40 to 65%
Subjects rested 20 to 30 minutes
before measurements
Apparently healthy skin sites were
evaluated
?
Healthy volunteers
?
Free of active skin
diseases
Before measurements the skin was
cleaned with a soft tissue with
dehydrated diethyl ether.
Room temperature: 17.5°C (SD 0.5)
Relative humidity: 47 (SD 5)
8
Loden (1992)
[91]
96
Sweden
?
7
38.0
?
?
Healthy volunteers
without clinical signs
of dermatological
diseases or dry skin
Panisset et al.
(1992) [107]
24
France
?
14
31.0
6
?
Healthy volunteers
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
-
-
-
4
Online Resource 3. Characteristics of included studies
7
Kompaore et al.
(1993) [78]
194
France
?
8
27.5
6
0
African
2
Caucasian
0
Asian
Healthy volunteers
Oestmann et al.
(1993) [105]
27
Netherlands
?
21
34.0
11
II and III
“Without skin
disease”
Wilhelm et al.
(1993) [158]
186
USA/
Germany
?
10
33.0
?
Caucasian
Healthy volunteers
Hartmann et al.
(1994) [57]
93
Germany
Autumn/
Winter/
Spring
56
35.3
23
?
Healthy volunteers
Treffel et al.
(1994) [142]
107
France
?
33
32.6
33
?
Healthy volunteers
Barel, Clarys
(1995) [5]
30
Belgium
?
1216
24.0
?
?
Volunteers with
normal capacitance
hydration values
Berardesca et
al. (1995) [13]
108
Italy
?
10
35.0
?
?
Healthy volunteers
Conti et al.
(1995) [25]
197
Italy
Winter
24
76.0
14
?
Healthy volunteers
Effendy et al.
(1995a) [36]
31
Germany
?
40
40.0
20
?
Healthy volunteers
Room temperature: 21°C (SD 1)
Relative humidity: 35-45%
Acclimatization 30 minutes sitting on
an armchair with forearms
uncovered
Room temperature: 20 to 22.5°C
Relative humidity: 44 to 56%
Subjects rested 30 minutes before
measurements
Room temperature: 20°C (SD 2)
Relative humidity: 40 to 65%
Subjects rested 15 minutes before
measurements
Room temperature: 21 to 24°C
Relative humidity: 39 to 46%
Subjects rested 15 minutes before
measurements
Volunteers with atopic were
excluded
Room temperature: 20°C
Subjects rested 20 minutes before
measurements
Room temperature: 20°C (SD 2)
Relative humidity: 45% (SD 5)
Subjects rested 30 minutes before
measurements
No skin care products 12 h before
measurements
Room temperature: 20°C
Relative humidity: 65%
Room temperature: 21-22°C
Relative humidity: 45 to 50%
Subjects rested 10 minutes before
measurements
No skin care products or other
topical agents 12 h before
measurements
Room temperature: 21 to 24°C
Relative humidity: 30 to 45%
Subjects rested 20 minutes before
measurements
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
-
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
-
-
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
-
-
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
5
Online Resource 3. Characteristics of included studies
Ghadially et al.
(1995) [52]
15
33
USA
?
?
Healthy volunteers,
Free of metabolic
diseases,
No taking of
corticosteroids,
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs,
Oral hypoglycemic
agents
30.0
?
6
80.0
Lavrijsen et al.
(1995) [83]
35
Netherlands
?
6
37.0
5
?
Healthy volunteers
Nicander et al.
(1995) [103]
36
Sweden
Winter
12
43.5
6
Caucasian
Healthy volunteers
Pierard et al.
(1995a) [109]
109
Belgium
?
79
49.0
79
Caucasian
Skin Type III
Healthy volunteers
Reed et al.
(1995) [116]
38
USA
?
30.0
?
6
8
Snater et al.
(1995) [131]
39
Netherlands
Treffel, Gabard
(1995) [141]
28
Switzerland
Kalia et al.
(1996) [67]
40
Loden (1996)
[92]
Löffler et al.
(1996) [93]
Schlüter-Wigger
(1996) [125]
Asian
Caucasian
Winter
9
31.5
Summer
4
28.3 (SD 6.0)
Winter
5
36.8 (SD 6.0)
USA
?
3
189
Sweden
Winter
41
Germany
43
Switzerland
Healthy volunteers
with no history of
skin disease and
atopic dermatitis
Room temperature: 20-22°C
Relative humidity: 42 to 49%
Atmospheric pressure: 9.4-12.6
mmHg
-
Room temperature: 21°C
Relative humidity: 34 to 38%
Room temperature: 21.8°C (SD 0.6)
Relative humidity: 13 to 24%
Volunteers worked at the dental
school or neighbouring university
hospital
Subjects with known skin diseases
or allergies are excluded
Room temperature: 20°C (SD 1)
Relative humidity: 51% (SD 3)
Subjects rested 30 minutes before
measurements
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Comparison of race, sex and skin
type
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Room temperature: 20 to 22°C
Relative humidity: 38 to 42%
Volunteers without signs or history of
skin disease
Room temperature: 22°C (SD 1)
Relative humidity: 45% (SD 5)
Subjects rested 20 minutes before
measurements
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
?
?
Healthy volunteers
?
Caucasian
Healthy volunteers
28.0
1
?
Healthy volunteers,
No history of skin
disease
No use of skin care products on the
day before measurements
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
48
37.0
?
?
Healthy volunteers
No use of cosmetic products
-
?
40
40.0
20
?
No skin diseases
-
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
?
20
25.7 (SD 4.8)
14
?
Healthy volunteers
without any skin
diseases
No use of skin care products on
backs
-
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
6
Online Resource 3. Characteristics of included studies
19
Engelke et al.
(1997) [41]
46
Germany
Winter
?
11
Fartasch et al.
(1997) [43]
Gfesser et al.
(1997) [51]
162
20
Germany
Germany
?
?
3
?
No skin diseases,
No history of atopic
eczema,
Free of sun-induced
damage on the
lower legs
No skin care products 2 weeks
before measurements
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges,
Two groups- old and
young
?
Healthy volunteers
with no history of
atopic dermatitis or
other skin diseases
Room temperature:20-22°C
Relative humidity: 30 to 45%
Acclimatisation 30 minutes before
measurements
Skin temperature between 28.330.9°C
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
?
Non atopic, healthy
volunteers without
evidence of atopy in
personal or family
history
Room temperature: 20°C
Relative humidity: 40%
No drugs or skin care products
during the measurement period
-
?
Healthy volunteers,
Dry skin on the
lower arm
27.5
>60.0
36.0
3
12
26.0
8
13
26.0
13
6
31.0
6
Lintner et al.
(1997) [88]
47
Loden (1997)
[90]
102
Sweden
Autumn
13
41.0
10
?
Healthy volunteers
Tanaka et al.
(1997) [137]
45
Japan
Winter
12
30.0 (SD 1.0)
8
?
Healthy volunteers
Wigger-Alberti
(1997) [155]
168
Switzerland
?
20
25.7
14
?
Healthy volunteers
without any skin
diseases
Berardesca et
al. (1998) [12]
10
Caucasian
110
USA
?
8
Black
France
?
10
42.3
8
Kolbe, Kligman
(1998) [77]
140
USA
?
Schwindt et al.
(1998) [127]
161
USA
?
57
48.0
7
27.7
10
69.8
?
No skin care products 2 weeks
before measurements ;
15 min. after washing but not
treading was measured
Subjects were allowed to wash
normally
No use of any skin care products
No talking an noise in the room
during measurements
Room temperature: 18-20°C
Relative humidity: 20 to 30%
Volunteers were allowed to bath as
usual, but no direct application of
detergents, moisturizers or
emollients on the test area
Room temperature:19-21°C
Relative humidity: 50 to 60%
Acclimatisation 20 minutes before
measurements
57
?
Healthy volunteers
Environmental chamber
temperature: 20°C
Relative humidity: 40%
Acclimatisation 30 minutes before
measurements
?
Caucasian
Healthy volunteers
?
-
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
-
-
-
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
-
7
Online Resource 3. Characteristics of included studies
Seidenari et al.
(1998) [128]
48
Italy
?
26
35.6 (SD1.1)
26
Caucasian
Volunteers with selfperceived sensitive
skin and first 14
days of menstrual
cycle
Welzel et al.
(1998) [154]
227
Germany
?
20
31.0
10
?
Healthy volunteers
Benfeldt et al.
(1999) [7]
228
Denmark
?
18
28.0 (SD 3.0)
7
?
Healthy volunteers
with no allergic to
aspirin or local
anaesthesia,
No medication use
Berry et al.
(1999) [14]
183
France
Winter
17
40.0
17
Caucasian
Healthy volunteers
Le Flur et al.
(1999) [84]
181
Austria
Winter
253
35.8
253
Caucasian
Healthy volunteers
without skin
diseases
Black et al
(2000) [15]
99
Spain
Winter/
Spring/
Summer
24
24.1
24
Skin Type II-III
Chilcott, Farrar
(2000) [22]
103
UK
?
17
23.7
9
?
De Paepe et al.
(2000) [32]
98
Belgium
?
15
22.0
15
White
Fuchs et al.
(2000) [47]
55
Germany
?
17
42.5
?
?
Gehring, Gloor
(2000) [50]
63
Germany
?
40
36.9
34
?
Room with constant temperature
and humidity
Room temperature:18-20°C
Relative humidity: 50 to 55%
Acclimatisation 15 minutes before
measurements
Room temperature: 23.6°C (SD 1.1)
Relative humidity: 43% (SD 10)
No use of any topical formulations to
the left forearm during the study
period
Room temperature: 22-24°C
Relative humidity: 40 to 60%
No use of any cosmetic products
Room temperature: 23.5°C (SD 0.3)
Relative humidity: 48.7% (SD 2.1)
No use of any cosmetics or soaps
12h before measurements
Matched control group
was used, but no
demographics reported
-
-
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
-
Healthy volunteers
with normal skin
Room temperature: 23.3°C
Relative humidity: 37%
No use of any skin care products for
at least 24h before measurements
No washing of the test areas on the
evaluation day
-
Healthy volunteers
with no signs of skin
pathology
Climatic chamber
Room temperature: 21°C
Relative humidity: 40%
Acclimatisation 30 minutes before
measurements
All subjects are “right handed”
-
?
-
Room temperature: 22°C
Relative humidity: 40 to 50%
Acclimatisation 30 minutes before
measurements
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Exclusion criteria: acute skin
conditions, skin product use on the
test areas within the last 3 weeks,
pregnant women, nursing mothers
-
Healthy volunteers
with normal skin
Healthy volunteers,
Free of eczema,
No history of atopic
dermatitis or
respiratory atopy
Healthy volunteers
8
Online Resource 3. Characteristics of included studies
Kalia et al.
(2000) [66]
56
Switzerland
?
13
31.5
7
?
Healthy volunteers
without history of
dermatological
diseases
?
Room temperature: 22.5°C
Relative humidity: 44.6%
Acclimatisation 30 minutes before
measurements
Room temperature: 18.6°C (SD 0.6)
Relative humidity: 59% (SD 2.6)
Acclimatisation 30 minutes before
measurements
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Lopez et al.
(2000) [94]
97
Austria
?
5
29.0
5
Skin Type II-III
Healthy volunteers
Zhai et al.
(2000) [167]
104
USA
?
12
43.3
7
Caucasian
Healthy volunteers
Barel et al.
(2001) [6]
100
Belgium
?
50
26.0
50
Caucasian
Healthy volunteers
Room temperature: 20°C (SD 2)
Relative humidity: 45%(SD 5)
Acclimatisation 20 minutes before
measurements
-
?
Healthy volunteers
without signs of
photo damage of the
forearms
Environmental chamber
Temperature: 21°C
Relative humidity: 40%
Acclimatisation 20 minutes before
measurements
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
?
Healthy volunteers
without skin disease
and no history of
atopic dermatitis
Room temperature: 23-25°C
Relative humidity: 55-61%
Acclimatisation 30 minutes before
measurements
To bathe daily was allowed, but not
to wash the forearms
-
Kolbe et al.
(2001) [76]
Yoshizawa et al.
(2001) [166]
Egawa et al.
(2002) [37]
Hachem et al.
(2002) [55]
62
138
135
67
Germany
USA
Japan
Belgium
?
?
?
?
14
3
12
19
38.5
53.7
33.0
38.0
14
2
8
19
?
Healthy volunteers
without any
indications of
cutaneous pathology
?
Healthy volunteers,
2 groups
A: nurses working in
the operation room
B: employed in the
Room temperature: 24-25°C
Relative humidity: 10%
No use of make up on the day of the
measurements
1 h before measurements volunteers
washed their test sites with soap
free of moisturizer
Room temperature: 20°C
Relative humidity: 40-50%
Acclimatisation 15-20 minutes
before measurements
Measurements performed on
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
-
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
-
9
Online Resource 3. Characteristics of included studies
administrative sector
of the same hospital
Hun Huh et al.
(2002) [58]
136
Korea
Winter
14
35.0
14
42
32.2
10
?
Volunteers without
dermatological
problems
Summer
Kikuchi et al.
(2002) [69]
224
Japan
39
44.0
39
Japanese
Healthy volunteers
Winter
Said et al.
(2002) [122]
61
Sweden
?
13
28.7
9
?
Healthy volunteers
SchliemannWillers et al.
(2002) [124]
137
Germany
Winter
20
24.5
13
Caucasian
Healthy volunteers
without any skin
disease
Tagami et al.
(2002) [135]
195
Japan
?
21
51.5
?
?
Healthy volunteers
Kikuchi et al.
(2003) [68]
95
Japan
Winter
16
21.0
16
Asian
Healthy volunteers
Kobayashi et al.
(2003) [74]
198
Japan
?
30
24.0
8
?
Healthy volunteers
Monday afternoon
Nurses had a free weekend and not
performed any scrubbing-up
procedure for 48 h
No use of any moisturizing cream on
their hands 2 weeks prior
Volunteers with a history of atopic
dermatitis or present skin diseases
were excluded
Room temperature: 20-22°C
Relative humidity: 30-32%
Acclimatisation 30 minutes before
measurements
Room temperature: 21°C (SD 1)
Relative humidity: 50% (SD 3)
Acclimatisation 30 minutes before
measurements
2 groups: pre- and postmenopausal
females
Room temperature: 20-23°C
Acclimatisation 10 minutes before
measurements
No washing with soap, using
detergents, applying cosmetics or
topical drugs on test side on
experiment day
Room temperature: 20-22°C
Relative humidity: 32-45%
No bathing and no use of skin care
products on the test area;
No use of sun beds and solar
radiation
Climate chamber:
Room temperature: 21°C
Relative humidity: 50%
Room temperature: 21°C (SD 1)
Relative humidity: 50% (SD 3)
Acclimatisation 30 minutes before
measurements
Subjects with atopic dermatitis, acne
or other skin dermatoses were
excluded
No use of moisturizing cream on the
morning before the measurements
Room temperature: 21°C
Relative humidity: 50 %
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
-
-
-
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
-
-
10
Online Resource 3. Characteristics of included studies
Welzel et al.
(2003) [153]
65
Germany
?
15
25.5
15
?
Healthy volunteers
-
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Room temperature: 20-22°C
Relative humidity: 35-45%
Volunteers lay face down on an
examination bed during the
measurements
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Room temperature: 21°C
Relative humidity: 50%
-
Gebhard et al.
(2004) [49]
69
Germany
?
36
41.0
21
?
Healthy volunteers
without acute
dermatoses and
without history of
atopic eczema
Kobayashi,
Tagami (2004b)
[75]
196
Japan
Winter
303
49.0
303
Asian
Healthy volunteers
Koopmann et al.
(2004) [79]
Rodrigues et al.
(2004) [117]
Savic et al.
(2004) [123]
118
119
132
Netherlands
Portugal
Serbia
?
?
30
30.6
19
20
20.2
10
30
23.4
30
Winter
20
24.2
?
Healthy volunteers
worked as hospital
administrative
workers or students
?
Healthy volunteers
with a similar body
masses and the
absence of any
history of skin or
cardiovascular and
respiratory diseases
?
Healthy volunteers
without any history
or clinical signs of
dermatological
diseases and normal
to moderately dry
skin
20
Smith et al.
(2004) [130]
190
UK
?
19
42.0
14
?
Bornkessel et
al. (2005) [18]
75
Germany
?
30
29.1
19
Caucasian
Room temperature: 20-22°C
Relative humidity: 50-60%
Acclimatisation 20 minutes before
measurements with rolled-up
sleeves
No use of soap or moisturizers on
the test area
Room temperature: 21°C (SD 1)
Relative humidity: 40 to 60%
Acclimatisation 20 minutes before
measurements
Volunteers remained seating during
the experiments
Exclusion criteria are systemic
diseases, regular medication,
smoking and drinking alcohol
Absolute restriction of alcohol and
coffee was imposed 6 h before
testing
Room temperature: 21°C (SD 1)
Relative humidity: 45% (SD 5)
Acclimatisation 30 minutes before
measurements
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
-
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges,
Group 1 and 2 and
group 3 and 4 are
summarized
?
Room temperature: 21-24°C
Relative humidity: 34-48%
Acclimatisation 10 minutes before
measurements
-
Healthy volunteers,
Self-reported
sensitive an
problematic skin
Room temperature: 20-22°C
Relative humidity: 30-40%
Acclimatisation 15 minutes before
measurements
-
11
Online Resource 3. Characteristics of included studies
Chou et al.
(2005) [23]
184
Taiwan
?
12
25.3
7
?
Healthy volunteers
with no skin
diseases on their
forearms
De Paepe et al.
(2005) [34]
83
Belgium
Autumn
16
26.0
16
Skin type II-III
Healthy volunteers
without skin
diseases
Jacobi et al.
(2005) [61]
117
France
?
12
24.3
6
Skin type II-III
Healthy volunteers
Room temperature: 24.9°C (SD 1.5)
Relative humidity: 48.8% (SD 4.1)
Acclimatisation 30 minutes before
measurements
No Smoking and alcohol
Room temperature: 20.9°C (SD 0.6)
Relative humidity: 52.9% (SD 2.2)
Acclimatisation 30 minutes before
measurements with both forearms
uncovered and placed upwards on
the arm rests at an angle of 90°
Room temperature: 24°C
Relative humidity: 65%
Acclimatisation 15 minutes before
measurements
No use of any cosmetic products on
the test area 1 week before
measurements
Room temperature: 19-24.3°C
Relative humidity: 30%
Acclimatisation 30 minutes before
measurements
No sun expose, no sun cream for 3
days prior the measurements
No contact with detergents 1 day
prior measurements
No smoke, coffee, cola 1h before
measurements
Room temperature: 21°C (SD 1)
Relative humidity: 50% (SD 5),
Acclimatisation 30 minutes before
measurements
-
-
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Li et al.(2005)
[86]
70
Netherlands
?
12
31.0
?
?
Healthy volunteers,
No history of skin
diseases or
allergies,
No pre-existing skin
lesions on test areas
Muggli (2005)
[102]
151
Switzerland
?
20
44.0
?
?
Healthy volunteers
with self-assessed
dry and rough skin
Test area: No sign of dermal lesions,
No use of topical drugs,
creams/lotions or cosmetics on or
near the test area prior and during
the study
-
-
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Nielsen et al.
(2005) [104]
73
Denmark
?
11
43.6
6
Caucasian
Healthy volunteers,
No were medicated
1 month before or
during the study,
No pregnant or
lactating
Rosado et al.
(2005) [118]
129
Portugal
?
15
27.2
?
?
Healthy volunteers
?
-
Shah et al.
(2005) [129]
178
USA
Winter
9
41.5
4
?
Healthy volunteers
with no history of
skin disorders
Room temperature: 20-21°C
Relative humidity: 40-48%
-
12
Online Resource 3. Characteristics of included studies
Waller et al.
(2005) [151]
218
USA
?
6
55.2
?
Caucasian
Healthy volunteers
with no evidence of
skin lesions in the
test area
Warren et al.
(2005) [152]
72
USA
?
42
26.9
42
?
Healthy volunteers,
Regular menstrual
cycle,
Not pregnant,
No evidence for use
of medication,
No active
vulvar/vaginal
disease
Brandner et al.
(2006) [19]
76
Germany
?
16
34.7
7
?
Healthy volunteers
Dal`Belo et al.
(2006) [28]
144
Brazil
?
20
32.5
20
Skin Type II-III
Healthy volunteers
De Jongh et al.
(2006a) [29]
215
Netherlands
?
17
24.4
13
?
Healthy volunteers
with no visible skin
abnormalities
Room temperature: 20-22°C
Relative humidity: 55-60%
Acclimatisation 30 minutes before
measurements
No use of cosmetics at test sites
Room temperature: 21-23°C
Relative humidity: 41-58%
Volunteers wear standard cotton
panties,
They use an oil-free-based personal
cleansing body wash,
No body cleansing 2 h before
measurements,
No drinking of any caffeinated
beverage on the day of
measurements,
Measurements 6-8 days after
menses, hair of labia majora was
clipped using scissors
Room temperature: 22-24°C
Relative humidity: 40-50%,
Minimal air movement, no direct
exposure to light,
No use of cosmetic products on the
test area
Room temperature: 20°C (SD 2)
Relative humidity: 45-60%,
Acclimatisation 30 minutes before
measurements
Exclusion criteria were any
dermatitis, skin or allergic diseases,
smokers, previous treatment of
forearms` skin with cosmetic
formulations
During the test period subjects wash
normally but no use of any skin care
products
Room temperature: 20-22°C
Relative humidity: 50-60%,
Acclimatisation 20 minutes before
measurements with their sleeves
rolled up
-
-
Mean age recalculated
based on medians
Mean age recalculated
based on medians
Mean age recalculated
based on medians
13
Online Resource 3. Characteristics of included studies
De Jongh et al.
(2006b) [30]
212
Netherlands
?
20
24.4
13
?
Healthy nonsmoking volunteers
with no visible skin
abnormalities and
no history of skin
diseases
Fluhr et al.
(2006) [44]
133
USA
?
11
34.0
6
?
Healthy volunteers
Jakasa et al.
(2006a) [62]
217
Netherlands
Summer
20
32.0
9
?
Healthy control
volunteers
Caucasian
Healthy volunteers
without any visible
skin damage and no
history of past or
present AD and
other dermatological
diseases
11
?
Healthy volunteers
with no history of
previous or current
diseases
0
Asian
Non-smoking,
healthy volunteers
0
Asian
Non-smoking,
healthy volunteers,
Students
Jakasa et al.
(2006b) [63]
Pedersen,
Jemec
(2006) [108]
Sunwoo et al.
(2006a) [134]
Sunwoo et al.
(2006b) [133]
78
128
204
205
USA
Denmark
Japan
Japan
?
?
20
32.0
16
44.5
8
21.7
Winter
Winter
8
71.1
16
22.6
9
Room temperature: 20-22°C
Relative humidity: 50-60%,
Acclimatisation 20 minutes before
measurements with their sleeves
rolled up
No use of soap or moisturizers on
the test areas
No sunbathe or use tanning bed 2
month before and during
measurements
Acclimatisation 15 minutes before
measurements in a climatecontrolled room
Room temperature: 20-22°C
Relative humidity: 50-60%,
Acclimatisation 20 minutes before
measurements with sleeves rolled
up
No use of soap, moisturizers or any
other cosmetics or creams on the
test area 48h prior and during the
study
Room temperature: 20-22°C
Relative humidity: 50-60%,
Acclimatisation 20 minutes before
measurements
No use of soap, moisturizers or any
other cosmetics or creams on the
test area 48h prior and during the
study
Acclimatisation 5-10 minutes before
measurements
No skin treading 2-3 h before
measurements
Room temperature: 25°C (SD 0.1)
Relative humidity: 10-50%,
Acclimatisation 50 minutes before
measurements in a sitting position
than the subjects moved in the testroom for 180 minutes
Room temperature: 25°C (SD 0.1)
Relative humidity: 10-50%,
Acclimatisation 50 minutes before
measurements in a sitting position
than the subjects moved in the testroom for 120 minutes
Mean age recalculated
based on medians
-
-
-
-
-
-
14
Online Resource 3. Characteristics of included studies
Breternitz et al.
(2007) [20]
79
Germany
Winter
12
26.0
6
?
Healthy volunteers
with no history of
previous or on-going
skin diseases
Jung et al.
(2007) [65]
111
Korea
?
12
58.0
?
Asian
Healthy volunteers
10
29.8 (SD 3.9)
?
?
-
Marrakchi,
Maibach (2007)
[98]
51
USA
?
10
Ortonne,
Queille-Roussel
(2007) [106]
77
France
Autumn
20
73.6 (SD 17.4)
33.0
20
Caucasian
Skin Type II-III
Healthy volunteers
with a history of skin
damage with
environmental
agents
Pratchyapruit et
al. (2007) [114]
193
Japan
Summer
22
27.0 (SD 6.0)
15
Asian
Healthy volunteers
Voegeli et al.
(2007) [149]
139
Germany
Winter
14
37.6
7
Caucasian
Skin Type II-III
Healthy volunteers
Cheng et al.
(2008) [21]
150
China
?
30
29.0
30
?
Healthy volunteers
Room temperature: 20°C (SD 1)
Relative humidity: 40% (SD 8)
Acclimatisation 15-20 minutes
before measurements
Excluded are subjects with systemic
diseases, allergic contact dermatitis
against adhesive band-aid or history
of AD
Room temperature: 21.6°C (SD 0.6)
Relative humidity: 50.2% (SD 6.9)
Room temperature: 20.3°C (SD 2.3)
Relative humidity: 52.6% (SD 3.8)
Measurement area wiped with
ethanol 1 hour before measurement
Room temperature: 22.1 (SD 2.3)°C
Relative humidity: 46.5 (SD 5.5)%
Measurement area wiped with
ethanol 1 hour before measurement
Room temperature: 21-24°C
Relative humidity: 40-60%
Room temperature: 21°C
Relative humidity: 50%,
Acclimatisation minimum 15 minutes
before measurements
All subjects washed their face with a
liquid soap 20 min before
measurements
Volunteers were acclimatized in an
environmental room under standard
conditions; no topical drugs or
cosmetics for at least 12 h before
measurements
Room temperature: 22°C (SD 1)
Relative humidity: 50% (SD 5)
Acclimatisation minimum 30 minutes
before measurements
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
15
Online Resource 3. Characteristics of included studies
De Paepe et al.
(2008) [31]
147
Germany
?
40
29.0
40
Caucasian
Healthy volunteers
Harmsze et al.
(2008) [56]
148
Netherlands
?
8
35.1
?
?
Healthy volunteers
Johnsen et al.
(2008) [64]
90
Canada
?
1
30.0
1
Caucasian
Healthy volunteer
with normal looking
skin
Lim et al. (2008)
[87]
149
Korea
?
15
27.5
0
Asian
Healthy volunteers
Room temperature: 20.3°C (SD 0.8)
Relative humidity: 48.3% (SD 4.7)
Acclimatisation 30 minutes before
measurements with uncovered
forearms
No use of any skin care products
Test area keep dry
No sunlight expose or sun beds
Room temperature: 21°C (SD 2)
Acclimatisation 10 minutes before
measurements
Room temperature: 21°C
Relative humidity was continuously
measured
Acclimatisation 15 minutes before
measurements
Room temperature: 20-22°C
Relative humidity: 40-45%
Acclimatisation 30 minutes before
measurements
No drug intake 4 weeks before
measurements and no sun exposure
on the test area 3 month before
study
Room temperature: 20-22°C
Relative humidity: 30-40%,
Acclimatisation minimum 20 minutes
before measurements
Air convection, noise and talking
during the recordings were restricted
No use of moisturizer on the test
areas but usual cleaning products
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
-
-
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Puch et al.
(2008) [115]
81
France
?
72
29.4
72
Skin Type I-III
Free living healthy
volunteers with no
signs of skin
diseases
Russell et al.
(2008) [121]
220
UK
?
18
32.5
15
?
Healthy volunteers
with no history of
dermatological
disease
Room temperature: 21.9°C (SD 1.5)
Relative humidity: 38.2% (SD 9.4)
Acclimatisation 15 minutes before
measurements
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Healthy volunteers
Room temperature: 21°C (SD 1)
Relative humidity: 50% (SD 10)
Acclimatisation 20 minutes before
measurements
All subjects came from Pentapharm
No use of any cosmetic products 12
h before measurements
-
Voegeli et al.
(2008) [150]
116
UK
?
10
37.5
4
Caucasian,
Skin Type II-III
-
16
Online Resource 3. Characteristics of included studies
XhauflaireUhoda et al.
(2008) [163]
113
Belgium
Winter
27
33.0 (SD 7.2)
?
?
Healthy volunteers
146
Germany
-
Room temperature: 20.9°C
Relative humidity: 51%
Autumn
De Paepe et al.
(2009) [33]
Room temperature: 21°C (SD 1)
Relative humidity: 46% (SD 4)
Acclimatisation minimum 30 minutes
before measurements
16
25.0
16
Skin Type II-III
Healthy volunteers
with no skin
pathologies
Winter
Room temperature: 20.6°C
Relative humidity: 47.8%
Acclimatisation 30 minutes before
measurements
No use of any skin care products
Washing with soap only 24 h before
measurements
Rinsing only with pure water
Room temperature: 21°C (SD 2)
Relative humidity: 50% (SD 1)
Acclimatisation 30 minutes before
measurements, facial and body sites
kept uncovered
No use of any skin care products
and make up 12 h before
measurements
For gaily hygiene, they were given a
gently cleanser
-
Gardinier et al.
(2009) [48]
142
Austria
Spring
9
35.0
9
Caucasian
Healthy volunteers
Koskela et al.
(2009) [80]
114
Finland
?
15
62.0
8
Caucasian
Healthy volunteers
?
Mean age extracted
from table 2
-
-
Mayes et al.
(2009) [99]
123
China
?
28
61.0
28
Asian
Healthy volunteers
with no active skin
conditions, not
pregnant, had no
cuts, lacerations,
bruises on the face
and neck
Tetteh et al.
(2009) [138]
206
USA
?
34
23.0
22
?
Healthy volunteers
Skin Type I-V
Healthy volunteers
with visible signs of
aging in the backs of
the hands
Williams et al.
(2009) [161]
122
UK
?
15
46.5
12
Room temperature: 22.3°C
Relative humidity: 26.6%
Acclimatisation 20 to 30 minutes
before measurements
Measurements in an air-conditioned
room under standardized conditions
Acclimatisation 30 minutes before
measurements
No use of any skin care products 12
h before measurements
-
-
-
17
Online Resource 3. Characteristics of included studies
Measurements under standardized
conditions
Room temperature: 20°C
No use of moisturizers before
measurements
Room temperature: 22°C
Relative humidity: 60%
Room temperature: 22°C (SD 2)
Relative humidity: 50% (SD 5)
Acclimatisation 20 minutes before
measurements
Subjects with systematic diseases,
allergic contact dermatitis against
adhesive tape or a history of atopic
dermatitis were excluded.
Room temperature: 20-22°C
Relative humidity: 30-40%
Acclimatisation 15 minutes before
measurements
Winker et al.
(2009) [162]
180
Austria
?
483
40.1
91
?
Workers from the
building industry and
the timber industry
Atrux-Tallau et
al. (2010) [3]
214
France
?
28
26.0
?
?
Healthy volunteers
Baek et al.
(2010) [4]
89
Korea
?
103
38.0 (SD 11.0)
103
Asian
Healthy volunteers
Guida et al.
(2010) [54]
115
Italy
?
20
41.0
12
?
Normal weight
volunteers
USA
Winter to
summer
95
53.1
95
99
52.2
99
Skin type I-III
Healthy volunteers
?
-
Healthy volunteers
with periocular
wrinkles
Exclusion criteria: other medical or
surgical treatments in the test area,
hypersensitivity to nifedipin,
pregnancy or breastfeeding, drug
addiction, alcohol abuse
-
Room temperature: 21°C
Relative humidity: 45%
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Room temperature: 22.5°C (SD 0.7)
Relative humidity: 51% (SD 4.5)
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
No applying any topical formulations
to the test areas, no sunbathing, no
exfoliation or beauty treatments
No sporting activities, bathing or
showering 2-3 h before
measurements
Subjects rested 20 minutes before
measurements
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
No sun exposure 24 hours before
measurements
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Hillebrand, Fu
et al. (2010) [46]
209
Innocenti et al.
(2010) [60]
82
Italy
?
64
43.7
64
Caucasian
Machado et al.
(2010) [97]
52
UK
?
90
40.0
?
?
Mac-Mary et al.
(2010) [96]
225
France
?
10
63.6
8
Skin type II-IV
“No history of
dermatological
disease”
Volunteers, which
exposed to a higher
proportion of glassfiltered UV radiation
on one side of their
face
Tsang, Guy
(2010) [143]
59
UK
?
6
28.0
6
?
Healthy volunteers
No history of skin
diseases,
No current
dermatological
conditions
Yang et al.
(2010) [165]
211
China
?
38
47.5
38
?
Healthy volunteers
with moderate photo
damage
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
-
-
18
Online Resource 3. Characteristics of included studies
Chu, Kollias
(2011) [24]
219
USA
Winter
24
15
40
35
70.0
42.5
24
15
40
35
Caucasian
African
Caucasian
African
Healthy volunteers
with normal skin
Fluhr et al.
(2011) [45]
201
Germany
?
7
42.4
3
Skin Type II-III
Kikuchi et al.
(2011) [70]
86
Japan
?
18
24.0
9
?
Klang et al.
(2011) [71]
222
Austria
Spring
26
36.5
15
Skin Type I-IV
Healthy volunteers
with no skin
diseases or allergies
Lee et al. (2011)
[85]
216
Korea
?
15
29.4
10
?
Healthy volunteers
Mohammed et
al. (2011a) [100]
88
UK
?
22
39.0
9
?
Healthy volunteers
Mohmmed et al.
(2011b) [101]
221
UK
Winter
24
26.0
24
Caucasian
Healthy volunteers
Pinto et al.
(2011) [113]
53
Portugal
?
33
43.1
33
?
5 subjects with selfperceived sensitive
skin
Steiner et al.
(2011) [132]
Yamamoto et al.
(2011) [164]
226
87
UK
Japan
Summer
?
17
37.0
12
44
24.3
27
47
45.5
29
29
63.4
29
?
?
Healthy volunteers
Healthy volunteers
Members of the
study-department
Healthy volunteers
?
Room temperature: 20.7°C (SD 0.3)
Relative humidity: 49% (SD 0.1)
Acclimatisation 30 minutes before
measurements
Room temperature: 21°C (SD1)
Relative humidity: 50% (SD 3)
Acclimatisation 15 minutes before
measurements
Subjects lay on bed exposing the
test areas
Room temperature: 24°C (SD 1)
Relative humidity: 50% (SD 4)
Acclimatisation minimum 15 minutes
before measurements
No use of skin care products 12 h
before measurements
No excessive consumption of coffee,
tea or alcohol
Room temperature: 24°C (SD4)
Relative humidity: 40 -45%
Room temperature: 20°C (SD 1)
Relative humidity: 45% (SD 1)
Acclimatisation minimum 15 minutes
before measurements
Room temperature: 20°C (SD 1)
Relative humidity: 45% (SD 5)
Acclimatisation minimum 15 minutes
before measurements
Room temperature: 22.5°C (SD 0,5)
Relative humidity: 56% (SD 5)
Acclimatisation minimum 15 to 20
minutes before measurements
No use of moisturizers 12 h before
measurements
Measurements in an environmental
chamber: Room temperature: 23°C
Relative humidity: 45%
Volunteers were divided into decade
age groups
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
-
-
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
-
Mean age recalculated
based on ranges
19
Online Resource 3. Characteristics of included studies
Iizaka et al.
(2012) [59]
125
Japan
Autumn
90
82.5
70
?
Volunteers at risk of
malnutrition
Kleesz et al.
(2012) [72]
54
Germany
?
125
41.3
14
?
-
Room temperature: 24.3°C (SD 1.7)
Relative humidity: 37.6% (SD 8.2)
Acclimatisation 20 minutes before
measurements by rest on their beds
without clothes
Room temperature: 21°C
Relative humidity: 43%
Adaptation period: 15 min.
Volunteers worked in the bakeries or
pastry businesses
Mean age from table 1
-
20
Online Resource 3. Characteristics of included studies
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30