San Fernando Valley State College
BJJ3LIOGRAPHIC MATERIALS USED BY
II
GRADUATE DEGREE CANDIDA'l'ES IN HEALTH
IN THEIR THESIS RESEARCH
A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the
requirements for the degree of Master of Science i.n
Health Science
by
Joan Stevenson Ash
January, 1972
The thesis of Joan Stevenson Ash is approved.:
San Fernando Valley
State College
January, 1972
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
DEDICATION . . .
v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
vi
. ABSTRACT . . . .
vii
CHAPTER
I.
l
INTRODUCTION
2
Statement of the Problem .
Importance of the Problem
II .
..
Scope and Limi tati ons . .
4
Defini tions of Terms Used
5
REVIEW OF
THE
LITERATURE .
•
Me thod and Previous Findings .
IV.
8
8
15
The Problem
III .
3
METHODS . . .
20
Purpose
20
The Sample .
21
Comp ilation of Lists . .
21
Coding the Data . .
22
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
23
Background .
23
The Lis t s .
25
The Que stions
26
•
Compari son with Findings of Others.
iii
28
v.
Additional Information
29
Swmnary .
31
SUMMARY
AND
32
CONCLUSIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
35
APPENDIX
41
iv
DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to my husband Paul, who so
willingly gave his help, time, and encouragement when he could
,have been working on his own dissertation.
v
ACKN"OWLEDGMENTS
The author would like to thank everyone who assisted in the
preparation of this thesis.
Glass,
my
Special thanks are exteno.ed to Lennin
Co:mn;.ittee Chairman, and to the other members of
Connnittee, Seymour Eiseman and Norman Tanis.
Jack Jaffee, and
my
my
To Debbie Joyce,
understanding supervisors in the San Fernando
Valley State College Librar;y"_, I extend
my
sincere appreciation.
I
would like also to thank the staffs of the Countwny Med.ical Library
'at Harvard University and the University Library at the University
:of California at Berkeley for their kind assistance.
vi
I
I
I
I
ABSTRACT
BIBLIOGRAPHIC MATERIALS USED BY GRADUATE DEGREE CANDIDATES
IN HEALTH IN THEIR THESIS RESEARCH
by
Joan Stevenson Ash
Mas ter of Science in Health Science
January , 1972
This study was conducted to identify the nature of materials
used by graduate degree candidate s in health science and public
health in their thes i s research in order to identify their library
needs .
A total of 2 , 972 ci tations from the b ibliographies of 34
master' s and doc toral theses from San Fernando Valley State College ,
the University of California at Los Angele s , the Univers i ty of
California at Berkeley , and Harvard University were analyzed.
A list of heavily-used books and periodicals in health
science and public health was generated by including title s mentioned
two or more time s in the b ibliographies , checking and veri fying
;, them, and arranging them in priority order according to the number
of time s they were c i ted .
Three questions were studied employing the citation analys i s
; method:
what i s the mos t-used form of b ibliographic materials?
recent publications more important than older ones?
vii
are
do scient i fic
.
societies produce the most - used publications?
.,
It was found that of all of the citations utili zed , 51 percent
were to j ournals .
Sixty percent of the c i tations were to material
published after 1960 , and therefore considered recent .
Societal
p ublications received 8 percent more citations than any other type
of resource .
Thus , all questions were answered in the affirmative .
When compared wi th the findings of others , these figures were between
those given for the soc ial sciences and the natural sciences , somewhat closer to the former .
Differences between the mas ters and doctoral theses were
measured using the chi-square tes t .
Differences were noted between
the type of degree sought and date and between the type of degree
sough t and number of j ournals cited .
Chi -square test s of indepen-
dence were also used to s tudy the relationship between date of
publi cation and form employed .
Differences were found between the
1900-1940 date period and the number of j ournals cited .
I.
'
viii
! .
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
�.e masters degree program offered by the Health Science
Department at San l''ernand.o Valley State College was initiated in
the fall semester o:f
1965.
At that time all rr.aster's degree candi­
dates -vrere required to write a thesis in partial fulfillment of thelr
Although a candidate can now opt to take a
degree requirements.
comprehensive exalllination in lieu of a thesis,
As of June,
are still being written every year.
twent:\r-four theses had been acceptecl.
questionnaire,
techniques,
field study,
a number of theses
1971 ,
a total of
Whether these theses employed
epidemiological or other research
all candidates have revie�ored the literature in their
area of study.
Also in
1965 ,
Science Department,
partly through the aid of members of the Health
the San Fernando Valley State College Libra17 was
able to purchase the Los Angeles City Health Department collection
when that department merged vrith the Los Angeles County Health
Department.
4, 000
With this purchase,
bound periodical volUIIlcs,
current serials,
an<l
9, 500
the library acquired
1.75
c1.rrrent periodicals,
pamphlets.
Since then,
attempted to maintain and update the collection.
approxi.mately
2,500
12 , 000
10, 000
500
other
the Library bas
It now has
books in health and health-related areas,
volumes in the area of public health specifically,
scribes to
85
books,
periodicals in the health,
fields.
l
and sub­
medical and biological
2
The portion of the l ibrary collection under di scussion exists
primarily for the use of the s tudents in the Health Science Department .
It i s hoped that i t has been developed to the point where i t s
depth i s sufficient for use by mas ter s degree candidates writing
theses as well as for the undergraduate s tudents who are wrj.ting term
papers .
Whether and to what extent i t has reached that point is an
importan t consideration for these s tudents , for the faculty teaching
them, and for the librarians serving them.
The present s tudy will
firs t develop a l i s t of highly important b ibliographic materials in
health science and public health b ased·on what has been used in the
past by thesis s tudent s .
This study will then investigate what kinds
of materials are mos t used by such s tudents .
Data on the currency ,
the form, and the ori gin of the mos t used materials will be gathered
in order to ascertain the following concerning library use by these
i
s tudents :
i s literature published within the past five to ten years
used most often?
are j ournal articles used more than any other form?
are the mos t used materials published primarily by scientific
societies?
The as sump tion is that the s tudent uses what he needs
and that his library, if i t i s to serve him, should have what he
needs.
When the library needs of these s tudent s have been thus
identified, the ade�uacy of the San Fernando Valley State College
Library to fulfill these needs will then be s tudied .
STATEMENT OF
THE
PROBLEM
The purpose of thi s study was to review and evaluate the
materials used by graduate degree candidates in health science and
' public health at San Fernando Valley State College , U . C . L . A . ,
3
Harvard, and Berkeley .
IMPORTANCE OF THE PROBLEM
With the growth of interest in health problems in the Uni ted
States has come a parallel increase of interest in biomedical
l iterature and l ibrary facilities.
A vas t s tudy of health science
, libraries has been init iated by the Medi cal Library As sociation in
conjunction with the Ameri can Hospital Association, the American
Medical Association , and Dr . Frank L . Schick of the University of
Wis consin .
The s tudy, supported by a National Library of Medicine
grant , has attempted thus far to identify health sc iences ins titutions and their libraries , gather s tati s tical data about the
libraries , and develop a continuing data-gathering and analysi s
procedure for such s tat i s tics ( 10 ) .
Such QUantitative information i s necessary and highly useful ,
but only if used in conj unction wi th Quali tative measures .
A common
method of Quali ty measurement is checking a collection agains t �
l i s t of important and necessary books and j ournals .
Several lists
have been developed for small general medical l ibraries , the mos t
recent being the Stearns and Ratcliff l i s t (41).
No l i s t has been
developed for the special area of publi c health and health science .
' The need for such a l i s t and for other information about the Quali ty
of a collection in thi s subj ect has been felt at the San Fernando
Valley State College and mos t likely elsewhere as well .
The present
s tudy will generate such a list.
The mas ter s degree program in Community Health Education in
the Health Science Department at San Fernando Valley State College
4
was recently accredited by the American Public Health Association.
1969, the Physical Therapy Program was accredited by the American
Medical Association and the American Physical Therapy Association.
j The undergraduate Environmental Health Program has been accredited
, by the California State Department of Health, and the Clinical
Laboratory Technology program by the California State Department of
Public Health.
The department is accredited by the State Department
of Education to provide academic preparation in School Health.
Undoubtedly, other program options will be similarly accredited in
the future.
The accreditation and reaccreditation processes involve
a study of library facilities.
at that time.
The present study should be helpful
In addition, it will have broader implications than
on-campus use in that the methods used and the list generated may
be of interest to other colleges or universities with programs in
community health.
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
Scope
This study of the types of materials used by graduate degree
candidates in community health in their thesis research will provide
an indication of what materials are needed by libraries serving this
type of student.
It will offer one means for evaluating present
library holdings and will offer suggestions for future collection
development as well.
Limitations
The citation analysis method to be used is only one of many
available which could have been used to study patterns in the use of
In
5
r1 the
literature.
This particular method does allow for precise
l identification of individual titles, however.
Another limitation
I is that written material forms only one source for outside informa­
l
'
tion aside from the author's own investigations.
Information sources
au¢h �a ve�bal communication, except those cited, will not be
· examined in this study.
Also, only citations given in the student's
bibliography will be considered.
These usually form but a small
: part of the body of literature examined by the student.
The
! assumption must be that they are the sources he found most valuable.
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED
' Basic Core Library List
This is a compilation of titles identified as belonging to a
small core of literature in a particular field which can be considered
essential for any library attempting to cover that field.
For
example, the Commission on Undergraduate Education in the Biological
Sciences has compiled a list entitled "Basic Library List for the
Biological Sciences" (9) which identifies approximately 800 books
and 100 journals belonging to an important core of materials.
Bibliographic Thesis
For the purposes of this�udy, this term will include only
those theses which have used no other method for gathering information than straight literature searching.
For instance, a thesis
written from an historical point of view might fit into this
category.
Book or Monograph
These terms will be used interchangeably to designate "a work,
6
collection, or other writing that is not a serial" (2:345) or
journal.
The above American Library Association definition will be
further limited by including only works of twenty pages or over.
Citation Analysis
This term will be used to describe the method whereby the
references given in bibliographies are broken down into their components (i. e. author, title, publisher, date ) and these components
are categorized into type of author, publisher, etc. , and then
counted or correlated.
Ralph R. Shaw refers to the enumerating
process as "reference counting" (39:6 )-�
Document
Federal and state published items, local health departments
·items, including reports, and materials under twenty pages long,
regardless of their origin, will be considered documents.
Epidemiological Thesis
This term will refer to theses whose authors have primarily
used epidemiological methods for gathering data.
The epidemiologic
method has been defined as:
The employment of all available pertinent methods
and tools toward the goal of ascertaining the
distribution and dynamics of disease and synthe­
sizing the derived information to acquire under­
standing of disease processes. These tools are
threefold. In general terms they comprise clinical,
laboratory, and field observations (38:2).
Health Sciences
This term will include all disciplines related to man's
physical well-being.
Although peripherally related, psychology and
sociology will not be included.
7
Journal or Periodical
These terms will be used interchangeably to mean:
A serial appearing or intended to appear indefinitely
at regular or stated intervals, generally more fre­
quently than annually, each issue of which normally
contains separate articles, stories, or other writings
(2: 31�5).
Serial
This is a more general term than journal meaning:
A publication issued in successive parts bearing
numerical or chronological designations and intended
to be continued indefinitely. Serials include
periodicals, newspapers, annuals ( reports, yearbooks,
etc. ), the journals, memoirs, proceedings, etc. , of
societies, and numbered monographic series (2:346).
Standard List
This term will be used to mean a compilation of titles of
works considered of high quality which has been published and is
widely used.
It can be a "basic library list" but it can also be
aimed at a wider audience and include more than a few basic titles.
Trade Publisher
This term will be used to refer to commercial profit-making
publishers.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF
THE
LITERATURE
Bibliographic searches through relevant indexes indicate that
no papers
·
l
concerning the publication patterns of public health
l iterature or the use of thi s l itera ture in libraries have been
writ ten and published ,
The following review will concentrate ,
therefore , on previous s tudies illus trating the value of the me thods
of reference counting and ci tation analysis and on previous findings
, of s tudie s using these methods .
The problem of selecting b ooks for
a l ibrary and of measuring the �uali ty of selection will also be
examined from the point of view of previous research,
METHOD
AND
PREVIOUS FINDINGS
The use of reference counting andcitation analysis fell into
; low e s teem during the early 1960's be cause i t was fel t that direct
answers were unob ta�nable from them ( 3 9:6 ) .
Preferred me thods were
1 ) interviews and surveys to determine information prac tices and
attitude s , 2 ) the diary method and other types of re cord keeping by
the user , 3 ) analysi s of reference �uestions , 4 ) case s tudies , and
5 ) operations research ( 24:17 ) .
Reference counting and citation
analysi s have enabled researchers to dis cover a great deal about
connnunication among scientis ts , however , and are beginning to be
used and respected again after nearly a decade of little use.
The
mos t important charac teris tic in favor of these two methods i s that
they are " unob trusive measures . "
8
9
There is little danger that the responses are
distorted to fit the predispositions of the
questioner or the ideals of the respondent (as
may happen in questionnaire or interview studies);
and no danger that the natural behavior is distorted
by the presence of an observer (as in some observa­
tion techniques) (36:1).
They are also the only methods which allow the investigator to
formulate a list of often-cited works at the same time he studies
communication patterns (39:7).
Obsolescence
The factor most often studied by means of reference counting
and citation analysis is the obsolescence rate of the literature in
different subject areas.
As far back as 1931 a study by Jenkins
indicated that 82% of the citations in the medical journals considered were to items published within the previous ten years.
A
study done a year later showed that 55% of the citations in the
medical journals under consideration were to papers published within
the former 5 years and 75% in the former 10 years (25, 40).
Still
another study of the biomedical literature, published in 1937, showed
; that 52% of the citations were to materials published within the
previous 5 years.
A 1938 study revealed a 46% figure for bio­
chemistry journals published within the previous 5 years and 59%
within the previous 10 years (23, 20).
With regard to science literature in general, Derek de Solla
Price, in his classic 1963 volume, Little Science, Big Science,
stated that half of any science literature cited will be less than
five years old (37:75).
His estimate, then, agreed with previous
findings on the medical literature.
In the same year Cole published
-,
,_. - --- �·C
10.
a paper using the term "median age, " which he defined as "the rate
at which usage falls as age increases
•
•
•
half-life of radioactive materials" ( 8: 5 ) .
a period analogous to the
His study, done on
petroleum literature, revealed a median age of 3 years.
His
formula for arriving at that figure was used in 1967 by Meadows
on the literature of astronomy.
The decay half-life for that sub­
ject was found to be 5.4 years, indicating that the astronomy
literature ages at about the same rate as medical literature but
slower than petroleum literature (33:30).
Completed studies of the literature of the social sciences
using the citation analysis techniQues have indicated that citations
in these areas tend to refer to older materials than those in the
natural sciences (31, 36).
Public health, including the areas of
health education, maternal and child welfare, school health,
community health education, health administration, epidemiology,
community mental health, and public health nursing would be expected
to draw from the literature of medicine, education, business
administration, sociology, and psychology.
Whether the obsolescence
of literature in public health parallels more closely the rate in
the sciences or the social sciences will be considered in the present
study.
Core Materials
Reference counting and citation analysis have shown that in
any subject discipline there will be a "core" of journals cited much
more often than others.
The rate of importance, measured by the
number of citations to a title, drops off rapidly after that.
This
11
fact was first recognized in 1927, when Gross and Gross in their
classic study indicated that five chemistry journals received 50%
of the citations studied (18).
In the field of biochemistry, 50%
of the references in one study were to 10 journals.
biomedical area, studied in 1937, 50%
of
In the general
references referred
to
6
journals.
Derek de Solla Price has stated that although 30,000 journals
existed in 1963, half the reading during that year could have been
expected to have been in the 170 most popular items (37:75).
A 1969 report on the use of scientific literature generated
5 lists of journals, each by a different method ( i. e. citation
analysis of journal articles bibliographies, interlibrary loan
requests to a science library, number of libraries owning the
journal, etc. ).
The authors stated "there are only a dozen titles
conunon to all five lists" (49:172),
These would be considered core
journals.
In the same year a study of the geology literature produced
a list of 94 serials that accounted for 49% of the worldwide
published geological literature cited in the Bibliography and Index
of Geology (13).
This finding, vastly different from those previously :
mentioned, indicates that great differences can exist among
disciplines.
Form of the Literature
Another trend in scientific literature studied by some
!
researchers using citation analysis is the type or form of the most
' heavily used materials.
The earliest paper mentioning form seems to
12
1 be
1
-
- --- -
-- ---- ----
-- ··---------------·- - - -
Fussler's, published in 1949 .
--------- ---· ·
·
· -----
---
- ---
- -
In his study of chemistry and
I physics literature, he found that 90% of the citations studied were
I
to journals, 6ojo were to monographs, and 4% to other forms of litera-
ture ( 14 ) ,
Very different results were produced by a study of literature
in connnunications research.
Journal citatlons accounted for 43% of
all citations, book citations for 31%, and other forms for 26ojo
( 36:1 8 ) .
Once again, the difference may lie in the fact that one
study was of the natural sciences and one the social sciences.
Citation Indexes
The importance of citations has been emphasized recently by
the birth of a monumental new reference tool utilizing them:
Science Citation Index.
the
The SCI appears in three sections, one of
which, the Source Index, lists journal articles used as sources·.
Each source article contributes citations from its bibliography to
the Citation Index.
A subject index, the Permuterm Subject Index,
comprises the third section.
The Citation Index, then, lists all
works cited during the period covered.
An author can look up his
name in this section and see who has referred to him.
Some "maintain
that citation indexes are a useful instrument for selecting personnel''
( 144:140 ).
By revealing the interconnections of the scientific
literature so clearly, this sort of index is of great interest to
those who study the scholarly community at work ( 51:322 ) .
It can
also be used to search for possible relevant material, as a
supplement to the ordinary abstracts ( 51:322 ) .
The SCI has been
used directly in several reference counting studies, reviewed by
13
Vickery ( 49 : 171 ) .
Informal Communication
Scientific communication systems may be divided into informal
and formal factions, the latter alone having been considered up to
this point.
"Information first flows through the informal domain and
then, following some development, to the formal domain, where it
becomes genuinely public and archiva1' ( 15:1170 ) .
Study has shown
that "only slightly more than one meeting presentation in 20 deemed
worthy of publication by its author apparently will not achieve some
form of.
•
. publication" ( 6:30 ) .
The purpose of informal exchange
seems to be the overcoming of the time gap before publication.
One researcher has divided oral communication into informal and
formal, telephone calls falling into the former category and
scientific meetings into the latter ( 3 5 : 113 5 ).
Most have considered
all oral communication as informal, however, and have placed it with
preprints and reprints into that category.
These forms of communi­
cation pass to and from scientists working in the same area who.find
they can keep more up to date through these means.
"Such groups
constitute an invisible college, in the same sense as did those first
unofficial pioneers who later banded together to found the Royal
Society in 1660" ( 37 : 85 ).
Authors do not seem to hesitate to cite such informal sources.
"The conventional footnote:
'Mephistopheles ( private communication ) , '
indicating the importance of a whisper in the ear at a crucial
moment, is often more honorific than the citation of a printed paper
and is a courtesy that should always be accorded" ( 51:320 ) .
14
Citation analysis can aid greatly both in identifying "invisible
colleges" and in establishing just how important informal communi­
cation really is.
Citation Studies of Theses
Despite the fact that large numbers of studies using
reference counting and citation analysis have been done on
obsolescence of scientific literature, core publications, pre­
dominent forms, and methods of informal communication, very few
studies using these methods have investigated citations from theses
or dissertations.
Theses have an advantage over other citation
sources in that most theses written at a particular institution
are probably written with the aid of that colle�'s library.
There­
fore, an analysis of the citations and a check of them against
library holdings might be considered an ideal way to evaluate the
library.
William Emerson did such an evaluation of the Engineering
·· Library at Columbia University in New York City.
His major hypo-
thesis was that "recent material of a serial nature in the English
language" (12:4 5 5 ) is most often used by scientific personnel.
total of 761 citations from 23 dissertations were studied.
A
The
results indicated that 70% of the citations were to serials and
30% to monographs.
As to type of publisher, trade publications
turned out to be the most used of the monographs and society publications of the serials.
German was the second largest language
cited, lagging far behind English.
Less than half cf the citations
were to materials published within 5 years.
The study confirmed
positively all of its hypotheses but the one concerning
date.
This
I
I
I,
I
15
--
-
-
-
-
.
� ;a�t th�� ��:�e: ��ste�d of journals were
may b e attributed to t e
used as the sources.
Emerson checked citations against the holdings
at Columbia University to see how often the students had to go else­
where for materials ( 12 ) .
Another study considered theses in several different subject
areas from four universities.
The theses were categorized as to
method used ( historical or experimental ) and the citations were
checked against the library holdings at the university where the
dissertation was done.
The results showed that a greater number and
greater proportion of rarely used titles and titles not in the
library were cited in the historical than in experimental research
( 42 ) .
THE
PROBLEM
Book SelecUon
The selection of books for the college or university library
has gone from being the responsibility of the teaching faculty to
that of the librarian.
both, for
it.
This shift has been to the advantage of
is as unfair to the teaching staff to give them this
added responsibility as it is to the librarian not to have it ( 29 ) .
The librarian, then, has inherited the problem of building the
collection with an eye to the future of the institution as well as
the library it serves.
It has been emphasized that "constant
vigilance" (32 : 39 ) is necessary to do this.
Even large research
libraries should not and most often cannot endeavor to buy everything ( 28 ) .
If a library can discover first what its users really
need, it can then translate these needs into wise buying decisions
'··
.......
16
and policies (14 , 30, 43 ) .
The library' s ability to make this
translation is essentially what is measured during the accreditation
process.
Accreditation
Gelfand, in outlining the techniq_ues of library evaluators on
one accreditation team, stated that the three most important factors
are, 1 ) how well the library serves the institution's goals, 2 ) how
the faculty and students feel about the library, and 3 ) the appropri­
ateness ·or the collection for the research being done (16 ) .
factor is studied by looking at documents and reports
college and by talking to administrators.
The first
issued by the
The second is usually
studied by means of interviews and q_uestionnaires.
The ability of
the collection to serve the needs of the college community is usually
investigated by asking the librarians q_uestions on the nature of
tht book collection (34 ) .
The accreditation tearn often studies
library statistics also, particularly the level of expenditures
( 47 : 19 ) .
Sometimes the teams check to see that the library owns
the standard reference works and other materials in the subject area
under consideration.
This can only be done when lists of such
titles are available, however ( 5 : 158).
The library statistics and
standard lists are often used in conjunction with comparative data
from other institutions.
Efforts to set up norms to be used for
comparative purposes have been made in the form of "standards" and
have proven
a
great aid to accreditation procedures ( 27 ) .
Standards for Libraries
Since the publication of the American Library Association' s
17
Standards for College Libraries in 1959 ( 1), the definition of the
term " s tandar<'l.s" has been changing .
The ALA Standards set down
precise minimum figures for budget and s taff .
Such minimal s tandards
have been called " accreditation s tandards" , s ince their primary
!
purpose i s to serve the s:l.te vj.si t team (19).
They usually stress
. quantity rather than quali ty because i t i s not qui te as difficult
to measure the "quantitative supportive characteristics which form
the necessary basi s for quality service" (45 : 331 ) .
They are ,
however , fairly " flexible s tandards , b ased on firm principles"
( 21:1994 ) .
The philosophy at the time.""was "minimum standards , when
they are realistic and not established for promotional use , are an
inportant norm indi cating that falling below thi s level may have
serious consequences" ( 21:1994 ) .
During the pas t five years , trends have been causing some
l ibrarians to question the vaJ.idi ty of the old form of stand.ards (L'.).
Adequacy, they feel , cannot be measured by numbers of books ( 7 ) .
Some have written of the
ALfl..
8t.andards that the guiding statistics
should be those of excellent libraries and not minimum ( 4 ) .
Others
write that the Standards are too high and claim that "le s s than 50%
of all four-year colleges mee t minimum s tandards (3 : 209 ) .
In fact ,
the ACRL Committee on Standards and Accreditation , which drew up
the original standards document , i s now discussing "new directions , "
which involve " guideline s " rather than s tandards ( 46 ) .
Thi s approach
mirrors that of the maj or accrediting agencie s , who feel that the
accredii:,ing team should serve as "consul tants and as expediters in
helping an institution to examine i t self in order to discover its
18
own methods of improving.
. No standard pattern is imposed on the
college, which is being examined; any reliance on specific standards
is avoided" (46 : 2 ) .
This approach is in fact taken by librarians
attempting to formulate standards for the first time for university
libraries:
statistics on
what are
considered the 50 top
university
research libraries are given and other libraries can measure themselves against these figures in a variety of ways, according to
preference ( 11 ) .
In the biomedical area, an extensive set of "Guidelines for
Medical School Libraries" was published in 1965.
The philosophy
expressed by these guidelines was stated succinctly in the
introduction:
Recognizing that the medical schools now existing and
those in the process of being planned will represent
a wide range of needs and requirements depending on
their history, their programs, their aspirations, and
their ob.jectives, the Committee deliberately avoided
wherever possible any references to quantitative
standards. A standard which avows that a medical
school library collection should have 100, 000
volumes has significance only if one can specify
the quality, scope, and other characteristics of
the collection ( 26 : 9 ) .
; Very detailed guidelines on services, extramural relationships,
.
I
; finance and budget, personnel, organizational structure, library
resources and physical facilities were offered.
Quantitative
minimum standards were not included.
The very recent "Standards for Library Services in Health
Care Institutions, " formulated by the Association of Hospital and
; Institution Libraries of the American Library Association state
that quantitative criteria are not included because 1 ) they become
19
I.
I
obsolete very rapidly, and 2 ) the goals of each library are different
( 22:vi ) .
Standards for Public Health Collections
A recent survey by the Standards and Accreditation Committee
of
the
American
Library Association attempted to gather information
from various professlonal accrediting associations on what guidelines for the evaluation of libraries they use.
The American Public
Health Association replied that it would be interested in
suggestions, but apparently no written guidelines are currently
available and used (48).
Quantitative"data is probably not avail-
able on public health collections because such collections are
normally included in either the medical school library or the
general college library.
From the point of view of quality,
checklists seem to be one of the most convenient and valuable
sources for accreditation purposes ( 47 , 17 ) .
Several checklists
of important books and journals have been devised for the use of
evaluating medical libraries, but include only a few public health
titles ( 50, 41 ) .
No published list of core materials in community
health is available.
The present study will attempt to draw up some
general guidelines based on what researchers in public health need
in the library and to compile a checklist in this area.
CHAPTER III
METHODS
This study of the bibliographic citations in theses written
. by graduate students in community health utilized the methods of
reference counting and citation analysis.
times one source is cited.
The former enumerates the
It places the sources in a priority
order according to the number of times they are mentioned.
1
In
citation analysis, each element of a citation is coded and informa­
tion about each category is gathered aNd analyzed.
A key-sort
system was used for the storage and retrieval of the information to
be analyzed.
PURPOSE
Reference counting was used to generate a list of heavily­
used library materials in health science,
Citation analysis was
used to describe what kinds of materials were most used by the
graduate students in community health whose theses were included
in the study.
The following questions concerning the citations
under investigation vrere considered:
1)
Is literature published
within the previous five years used more often by these graduate
degree candidates than older materials?
2)
Are journals· used more
often than monographs or other forms of written information?
3 ) Are
more of the cited materials published by scientific societies or by
other types of publishers?
20
21
[
I
THE
SAMPLE
It was decided to collect theses from U . C . L .A . , Berkeley,
I
I and Harvard, as well as San Fernando Valley State College , because
l
\
of their varied geographical si tuations , the high reputations of
their Schools of Public Health,
1
base .
and the
need for an expanded data
The librarie s at these institutions were vi sited and the
individual theses chosen according to date and ti tle .
publi shed after 1966 were chosen .
1
Only theses
The fields of study to be included
were l imi ted to those covered in the San Fernando Valley State
College the ses:
school health , community health education,
epidemiology, international health , environmental health , and
occupational health .
Doctoral as well as masters theses were
included for comparative pu rpose s because Harvard and Berkeley
do not re�uire maste�s theses of their students .
of mas ters and doc toral theses were chosen .
An e�ual number
Ti tle pages and
bibliographies were duplicated once the thesis was ob tained .
COMPILATION OF THE LISTS
All of the citations were categorized according to form .
When a ti tle was mentioned two or more time s , it �uali fied for
inclusion in a lis t .
One l i s t for journals and serials and another
for books and documents was derive d .
checked for proper spelling and entry .
All titles of journals were
For monographs, references
to chapters in books were placed under the entry for the book .
book titles were checked before inclusion in the lis t .
ti tle s were so noted .
All
Unverified
The two lis ts were arranged separately in
priority order according to the number of time s title s were cited .
22
CODING OF TKE DATA
Each of the the ses was coded as to name of the school , degree
obj ective of the author , number of citations in the bibliography,
field of study, and me thod of study .
i
Each citation in the
bibliography was placed into categories according to form ( book ,
j ournal, the s i s , document , serial, unpublished ) , date , country of
ori gin ( U . S. , Great Britain , other ) , and type of publi sher ( trade ,
society, government , unpubli shed ) .
the complete coding guide .
See Table V in the Appendix for
The coded information was transferred
to key-sort cards , whi ch were then manipulated manually .
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This s tudy of the b ibliographies of 34 theses in health
science and public health was
done in two
parts.
In
the first
part , l i s ts of books and journals cited two or more time s , arranged
in priori ty order , were compiled .
In the second part , information
concerning all of the citations was gathered .
asked about the data:
materials ci ted?
older works?
Three QUestions were
Are more journals than other types of
Are recent publicatiens cited more often than
Are societal publications used more often than those
publi shed in other ways?
These QUestions were answered by counting
the number of citat ions in each category.
For further information
about the kinds of publications used, data concerning 1 ) the
differences between the mas ters and doctoral bibliographies , 2) the
connec tion between date of publi cation and form of the material ,
and 3 ) the relation between the number of citations in the biblio­
graphy and the field in which the thesis was writ ten was analyzed
using the chi - sQuare test .
BACKGROUND
The number of bibliographies from each of the four schools
which contributed theses and the degrees for which the theses were
written are indicated in Table I .
An analysis of the number of theses in each field of study,
the method of inves t i gation used, and the degree for which the theses
were written is given in Table II .
23
24
f
I�
!
TABLE I
SCHOOLS AND DEGREES FOR WHICH THESES WERE DONE
Masters
Doctoral
Total
10
0
10
UCLA
7
5
12
Harvard
0
6
6
Berkeley
0
6
6
17
17
34
_ _
--_
_
_ _ _
_ _ _ _ School
San Fernando Vall e y
State College
__
__
__
_
__
Total
TABLE II""
BREAKDOWN OF THESES BY DEGREE AIM, FIELD OF STUDY,
AND METHOD OF INVESTIGATION
Field of Study
School Health
Environmental Health
Epidemiology
Community Health Education
Occupational Health
International Health
Total
Deeiree
Doctoral
Total
6
1
2
5
2
1
1
3
3
7
2
1
7
4
5
12
17
17
34
0
8
1
7
1
2
12
1
1
1
2
20
2
8
2
17
17
Masters
4
2
Method of Investigation
Bibliographic
Field Study
Curriculum Development
Questionnaire
Other
Total
Counts of citations according to form, date , and type of
publi sher are shown in Table III .
25
FORM, DATE ,
TABLE III
TYPE OF PUBLISHER CITED
AND
Number of Citations
Form of Publications
Percent
844
1 , 504
43
265
97
219
Books
Journals
Theses
Documents
Serials
Unpubli shed
total
28%
51
l
9
3
7
_
2 , 972
99%
1 , 164
1 , 725
4 o%
6 o%
2 , 889
lOOojo
Date of Publications
Pre -1960
Post-1960
·''
total
Type of Publi sher
1 , 033
1 , 272
518
Trade
Soc i e ty
Other
2 , 823
total
THE
lOOojo
LISTS
Tables VI and VII (Appendix ) list , respectively, the books
and j ournals most used by the authors of the theses s tudied .
The
title s represent important works in school health, environmental
health, epidemiology, communi ty health education, occupational health,
and international health .
Theses in the fields of nutrition , com-
munity mental heal t h , and health admini s tration were not included in
thi s s tudy .
The large s t numbers of theses were in the area of
communi ty heal th education and school health .
Therefore , an
emphas i s on these areas would be expected in the j ournal and book
'·
.-
26
r
I
j lists .
I
1
l
The theses included 844 citations to books , 97 of which were
These 97 are listed in Table VI { Appendix )
c ited more than once .
in priority order according to t he number of times t hey were cited .
, Wi thin each group , t hey
are arranged alphabe tically.
Table VII (Appendix ) l i s t s 131 titles of j ournals which were
c i ted more than once .
1 , 504 .
The total number of j ournal citations was
The arrangement of thi s list is the same as that for books ,
as i s the dis tribution of t he sub j ect areas mos t heavily represented .
Few title s in forms other t haw'books or j ournals were c i ted
more than once .
A small number of U. S . government documents which
were mentioned two or more times have been included in t he book
l is t .
One newspaper , the San Franci sco Chronicle , has been included
in the j ournal list .
It was cited heavily by the authors of the
Berkeley these s .
THE
QUESTIONS
The first of the three ques tions asked whether and to what
extent j ournals were ci ted more often t han other types of materials .
As indicated in Table III , 51 percent of the citations were t o
j ournals .
The 1 , 5 04 j ournal citations were t o 482 different titles .
A total of 131 of these 482 titles were c i ted more than once .
A
closer look at the number of citat i ons given each of these 131
t i tles disclosed t hat 76 percent of all of the j ournal citations
were to t hese 131 .
Fifty percent (752 citations ) of the total
number of ci tations were to just 3 0 of t hese 131 title s .
the first 3 0 titles l i s ted in Table VII ( Appendix ) .
These are
They make up a
27
" core" of highly important t i tles .
Aside from j ournals , it is note­
wort hy that 624 citations not included in either the book or j ournal
category made up a full 20 percent of the total .
Unpublished
materials alone received 7 percent of the total .
The second q_ues tion concerned the dates of publication .
The
c i tations were divided into pre -1960 and post-1960 publications .
Because only t heses wri t ten after 1966 were included in the study,
t hi s divi sion gives a rough estimate of what was publi shed wi thin
5 to 10 years prior to t he writing of the theses .
The count , shown
in Table III, placed 1 , 164 citat ions in t he pre-1960 category and
1 , 725 in the pos t-1960 group .
materials and non-dated items .
It did not include unpublished
A full 60 percent of the citations
were to the newer materials .
The t hird q_ues tion asked whether societal publications
rece ived more citations t han publications from other sources .
i
A
count , also given in Table III , indi cated that 1 , 033 citat i ons were
, t o trade publications , 1 , 272 to societal publicat ions and 518 to
; other source s like government publications or unpublished materials .
In t he case of j ournals , t he publisher of each of the 482 different
titles was checked in a reference source when it was not obvious .
Not included in t he count were citat ions which failed t o indi cate
publi sher .
Societal publications accounted for 8 percent more
citations than did trade publications .
In summary , t he answer to all three ques tions was affirma­
t ive .
Journals , recent public ations , and societal publications were
t he mos t heavily used typ e s of material s .
28
I
COMPARISONS WITH THE FINDINGS OF. OTHERS
Table IV summari zes previous findings and j uxtaposes them
1 with the findings of the present study .
I
I
1
!
All of the previ ous studies
are discussed in greater detail in Chapter II.
TABLE IV
PREVIOUS AND PRESENT FINDINGS IN CITATION STUDIES
ABOUT FORM, DATE, AND CORE MATERIALS
Name of Researcher
Percentages of Ci tations
Other
Journals
Books
Subject
Form
Fussler (14 )
Parker (36 )
Emerson (12 )
Science
Communications
Engineering
Pre sent Study
Health
,,
90%
43
70
6%
31
30
4%
26
51
28
20
Previous 5
Years
Date
Jenkins (25 )
Hunt (23 )
Sherwood (40 )
Henkle (20 )
Pri ce (37 )
Meadows (33 )
Emerson (12 )
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Biochemi stry
Science
As tronomy
Engineering
Pre sent Study
Health
52%
55
46
50
50
les s than
50
Previous 10
Average
Years
82%
67%
75
59
65
52
60
No. of Journals
% of Ci tations Receiving Them
Core Materials
Gross & Gross ( 18 )
Henkle (20 )
Hunt (23 )
Fenner (13 )
Chemis try
Biochemis try
Biomedical
Geology
50%
50
50
49
5
10
6
94
Present Study
Health
50
30
29
I
I
I
·
l
Findings concerning form have generally agreed that mos t
c i tations are to j ournals .
The exac t percentages vary from 43
percent in a social s cience area to 90 percent in general science,
The findings of the present study fall in be tween, closer to the
percent in communi cations than to that in ei ther science or engi neering .
It i s unfortunate that Emerson gave no figlll'e for "other"
forms , but again the present s tudy found far more materials in thi s
category than did the science s tudy, and a few les s than did the
social science study .
The averages of the 5 and 10 year figures in the date
section of Table IV were taken because the present study sought
only that figlll'e .
The figure found agrees quite well wi th the
averages for both medicine and b iochemi s try .
The i dentification of core materials has produced very varied
figlll'e s .
Between 5 and 94 j ournals have received half of the
citat ions in different s tudies .
The present study , which identified
30 j ournals receiving 50 percent of the references , gave a somewhat
higher figure than the chemis try , b iochemis try , and biomedical
s tudi e s , but a much lower figure than the geology study .
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Differences in Masters and Doctoral Theses
Table VIII (Appendix ) give s information about the dates of
materials ci ted by both mas ters and doctoral candidates.
Chi -
square tests were performed on data i n each date category t o see
whe ther the number of theses in the mas ters or doctoral areas was
different with regard to the number of citations .
Differences were
..
30
found in the 1950-1960 and 1961-1965 date categories .
The data
sugges t s that there were particularly large numbers of doc toral
theses citing a particularly large number of c i tations in these date
Yates' correc tion was not done on e i ther test , however,
categories .
; and the 1950-1960 category test was only signifi cant at the 10 per­
cent level, so nei ther result was highly valid .
Included in Table VIII are the number of mas ters and doctoral
theses cit ing Bri t i sh publications .
No differences were found .
Raw
data on citations to U . S . publications and to "other" origi.ns did
not sugge s t differences .
Thus , that data was not tested .
Table IX (Appendix ) presents information
form of references c i ted and the number of mas te1Js
theses doing the c i ting .
category .
collected about the
and
doctoral
Differences were found in the j ournal
The chi - square seems high enough so that even had Yates'
corre c tion been used, a difference would have been found .
There
_
: appears to be a particularly high number of doc toral theses citing
a particularly high number of j ournals .
Relationship Be tween Date and Form
Table
X
(Appendix ) shows the number of c i tations to books
and j ournals in each date period .
A chi -square test was done on
the overall number of book c i tations and no difference was found .
Chi -squares were performed on each date category for j ournals .
Differences were found in the 1900-1940 category only .
There appear
to be a particularly high number of ci tations to j ournal articles in
thi s date period, but the difference is not very s trong even when
Yates' correc t ion was not used .
31
Number of Citations and Method of Inve stigation
Table
X
also indi cates that no difference was found be tween
these two group s .
SUMMARY
2 , 972 c i tations from 34 theses wri t ten by masters and
. doc toral candi date s in health at four different insti tutions were
s tudi ed .
Two l i s t s of material s c i ted two or more times , one of
97 books , the other of 131 j ournals , were generated and are in
Tables VI and VII (Appendix ) .
All of the c i tations were studied to
see whether j ournals , recent publi cations , and socie tal p ublications
were the mos t used types of material s .
were .
Result s showed that they
Addi tional information was gathered concerning the differences
between the mas ter's and doc toral theses , the relation between date
and form, and the connection between number of c i tations in the
these s and the method of investigation use d .
Chi -s�uare tests
showed differences be tween 1 ) degree sought and 1950-1960 and 1961 1965 date categories , 2 ) the number of j ournals ci ted and degree
sough t , and 3 ) the 1900-1940 date period and number of j ournal
c i tations .
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
This study analyzed 2 , 972 c itations from the b ibliographies
of 34 mas ter's and doctoral the ses in health science and publi c
health from San Fernando Valley State College , the Universi ty of
California at Los Angele s , the Univers i ty of California at Berkeley,
and Harvard Univers i ty .
The purpose was to reveal the nature of
the materials used by the se student s in an attemp t to identify
library needs in health science and public health .
The s tudy
1 ) generated lists of the most heavily used, and therefore mos t
important , books and periodicals i n public health , and 2 ) inve s t i ­
gated the que stion as t o whe ther j ournals , recent publications , and
socie tal publications were the types of materials mos t used by the
authors of the these s .
The book and j ournal lists are included in Tables VI and
VII (Appendix ) .
Of the 2 , 972 total c i tations , the maj ori ty were to
j ournals , which received
51
percent of the reference s .
A full 28
percent of the citations analyzed were to books ahd 20 percent were
to the ses , document s , serials , and unpublished materials .
j ournals were c i ted by doctoral than by mas ter's candidates .
More
A
comparison of these figures and those provided by researchers in
other sub j ect areas · us ing the s imilar methods revealed that the
health li terature with re spect to form i s more related to communi­
cations l i terature than i t i s like science or engineering literature .
A high percentage of non-book non- j ournal materials were c i ted in
32
,,
.-
33
both community heal th and communications .
Perhaps the patterns in
these two fields are s imilar because both include some aspects of
the sciences , some of the social s cience s , and both are " emerging"
discipline s , i . e . , intere s t in both is growing rapidly .
Re s ul t s ind l c a ted
th
at mos t
or the c i t a t i on s , 60
were to literature published after 1960 .
percent ,
More j ournals than other
forms published early in the century were cite d .
These ci tations
were probably to " classi c " pap ers describ ing early important
contrib utions .
There seems to be a gap in usage
1m t i l
1950 .
Doctoral candidates s eem to c i te a higher numb er of materials
publi shed after 1950 to 1960 .
Publi cations produced by sc ientific and learned societies
accounted for 8 percent more of the citations than those produced
by trade publi shers .
Thi s may be because their publications are
generally considered more pre s tigious and scholarly .
Thes i s 1rriters ,
l ikely to b e concerned about thi s , would tend to ci te such publications more heavily than other types .
IMPLICATIONS FOR LIBRARIES
Che cklists of Core Material s
The book and journal l i s t s i n the Appendix can be easily
checked against the holdings of any l ibrary, e specially i f the
first halve s , representing the mos t important title s , are examined .
For example , they were evaluated agains t the holdings of the San
Fernando Valley State Colle ge Library , and i t was found that the
Library has 83 percent of all of the j ournals l i sted and 72 percent
of the books .
The Library has all but one of the firs t 30 journals
l i s ted and ident ified as " core" t i tles .
Other libraries or
accredi ting teams migh t wish to adap t these l i s t s to their parti ­
cular curricular intere s ts and do a similar check .
Guidelines
From the re sults of this s tudy , the following guideline s
are sugge s ted for future purchasing of library materials in the
area of health science and public heal th .
When deciding on future
purchases , cons ideration should be given to older journal volume s .
They may be useful , especially for doctoral re search .
in collecting should be placed on journals .
The s tre s s
Whenever possible ,
current materials in forms other than books or journals should be
sough t , since graduate student s tend to use them .
When deciding
about a purchase , the type of publisher :;;hould be cons idered,
especially if i t i s a scienti fic society .
In conclusion , communication patterns in the area of health
science and public health seem to differ somewhat from those in
other di sciplines .
However, with regard to the heavy use of current
publi c ations and the journal form, the findings of the present study
agree with former s tudies of scientific and peripherally-scientific
communication trends .
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.
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2.
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North American Tex t , Chicago : A . L .A
•
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3-
Bailey, George M . "The Role of the Standards , " Drexel Library
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4.
Brown, Helen M . "The Standards and the College Library in
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·
5.
Burns , Norman . "Accredi ting Procedures with Spec ial Reference
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37
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11
Fussler, H . H . "Characteristics of the Research Li terature
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11
15 .
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Gosnell , Charle s F . " Values and Dangers o f Standard Book and
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Gross , P . L . K . and E . M . Gross . " College Libraries and
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" Guidelines for Junior and Community College Library Learning
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Hirsch , Felix E . "New College Library Standards , "
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22 .
Hospital Library Standards Commi t tee , Association of Hospi tal
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Standards for Library Services in Health Care Ins titutions ,
Chicago : ALA , (1970 ) , 2 5 pp .
23 .
Hunt , J . W . "Periodicals for the Small Biomedical and Clinical
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in International Conference on Scientifi c Information,
v . 1 , p . 37 .
Library
i
24 .
International Conference on Scientific Information, Washington,
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National Academy of Science s - -National Research Council
( 1959 ) , 2 v .
25 .
Jenkins , R . L . "Periodi cals for Medical Libraries , " American
Medical Associa-t ion . Journal , 97 (1931 ) , 608-610 . Ab s tract
in International Conference on Scientific Informa tion, v . 1 ,
p. 3 .
26 .
Joint Commit tee of the Association of American Medi cal Colleges
and the Medical Library Association . " Guideline s for
Medi cal School Librarie s , " Journal of Medical Education ,
4 o. (1965 ) , 5 -64 .
27 .
Jone s , F . Taylor . " The Regional Accredi ting Association and
the Standard for College Librari es , " College and Research
Librarie s , 22 (1961 ) , 271-274 .
28 .
Kraft , Margi t . "An Argument for Selec tivity in the Acq_ui s ition
of Materials for Re search Libraries , " Library Quarterly ,
37 (1967 ) , 284-296 .
29 .
Lane , D . 0 . " Selection of Academi c Library Material s , A
Li terature Survey, " College and Research Librarie s , 29.
(1968 ) , 364-372 .
30 .
Ludington , Flora B . "Evaluating the Adeq_uacy of the Book
Collec tions , " College and Research Librarie s , l . (1940 ) ,
3 05-313 .
31 .
MacRae , Duncan, Jr . " Growth and Decay Curve s in Scientific
Citations , " American Sociologi cal Review, 10 ; (1960 ) ,
631-63 5 .
32 .
McCrum, Blanche P . "Book Selection in Relation to the Optimum
Size of a College Library , " College and Research Librarie s ,
11 . (1950 ) , 138-142 .
33 .
Meadows , A . J . " The Ci tation Character i s t i c s of Astronomical
Research Literature , " Journal of Documentation , 23 .
(1967 ) ' 28-3 3 .
34 .
Middle States Association of College s and Secondary Schools .
Commi s s ion on Institutions of Higher Learning . "What to
Consider in Evaluating the Library, " Library Journal ,
83 . (1958 ) ' 1656-1658 .
35.
Orr , Richard H . and Vern M . Pings . "Document Re trieval : The
National Biomedical Library System and Interlibrary Loans , "
Federat ion Proceedings , 23 . (1964 ) , 1155 -1163 .
39
36 .
Parker , Edwj_n B . , e t al . " Bibliographic Ci tations as
Unob trusive Measure s of Scientific Information , "
Unpubli shed report , Stanford, Calif . : Institute for
Communication Re search , Stanford University . ( October ,
1967 ) , 125 pp . (processed ) .
37 .
Price , Kerek J . de Solla . Li ttle Science , Big Science , New
York : Columbia University Pre s s . (1963 ) , 119 pp .
38,
Sartwell , Philip E . , ed . Maxcy-Rosemau Preventive Medicine
and Public Health , 9th ed . , New York : Appleton , ( 1965 ) ,
1070 pp .
39,
Shaw, Ralph R . Pilot Study on the Use of Scientific Literature
by Scient i s t s , Metuchen, N . J . : Scarecrow Reprint . ( 1971 ,
1956 ) , 1 3 9 pp .
40 .
Sherwood, K . K . "Relative Value of Medical Magazine s , 11
Northwe s t Medicine , 31 ( 1932 ) , 273 -276 . Ab s tract in
International Conference on Scientific Information , v . 1 ,
p. 3
•
!
41 .
Stearns , Norman S . and Wendy W . Rat cliff . "An Integrated Health
Science Core Library for Physi cians , Nurses and Allied
Health Practioners in Communi ty Hosp i tals , " New England
Journal of Medicine , 283 , (1970 ) , 1489-1498 .
42 .
Stevens , R . E . " The Use of Library Material s in Doctoral
Re search , A Study of the Effect of Difference s in Re search
Methods , " Library Quarterly, 23 (1953 ) , 33 -41 .
43 .
Stieg, Lewi s . "A Techniq_ue for Evaluating the College Library
Book Collection, " Library Quarterly, 13 . (1943 ) , 34 -44 .
44 .
Tagliacozzo , R . " Citations and Ci ta t ion Indexes : A Review, "
Methods of Information in Medicine , 6 . (1967 ) , 136-142 .
45 .
Tanis , Norman E . and Milton Powers . "Profiles of Practice in
the Public Junior College Library, " College and Research
Librarie s , 28_ ( 1967 ) , 331-336 .
46 .
Tanis , Norman E . , Chairman , ACRL Commi ttee on Standards and
Accreditation . " Study Draft on New Directions . "
Unpublished position paper , Chi cago : ALA.- (1970 ) , 6 pp .
47 .
Tauber , Maurice F . " Survey Methods in Approaching Library
Problems , " Library Trends , 13 : (1964 ) , 1 5 -3 0 .
48.
Troupin, Jame s L . , Director o f Profe s sional Education , American
Public Health Association . Let ter to Norman E . Tani s ,
Chairman, Standards and Accredi tation Committee , American
Library Association . ( Oc tober 5 , 1970 ) .
'•'
. .....
1 49.
r
I
I
I
I
I
-
�;
-
40
.
; ;�;���icals , " Journal · - 1,:.
·
the Use o
Vickery, B . C . " Indicators
of Librarianship , 1 . ( 1969 ) , 170-182 .
50 .
Yas t , Helen T . " 90 Reconnnended Journals for the Hospi tal ' s
Health Science Library, " Hospi tals , 41 ( 1967 ) , 5 9-62 .
51 .
Ziman , J. M. " Information, Connnunication, Knowledge , " Nature ,
224 ( 1969 ) , 3 1 8- 3 24 .
I!.
I
I
.APPENDIX
NUMBER:
AUTHOR:
1
2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 5 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 3 5
FORM:
BOOKS
tJOURNAL� !THESES! !DOCUMENTS � ISERIALE
UBLISHED
OTB:ER
PAMPHLETS
total
total
total
total
1961-1965
1900-19 0
DATE :
total
total
1966-1971
">.
total
COUNTRY:
f u.s.-r GCBRIT. ,
rl
I
otal
total
total
PUBLISHER:
total
total
total
I TRADE l lSOciETY I GOVT.AGENCY- -, -®. j
total
total
total
total
TABLE V: CODING GUIDE APPLIED TO THE BIBLIOGRAPHIES
OF EACH OF THE 34 HEALTH TB:ESES STUDIED
+­
I\)
, -
!
I
TABLE VI
BOOKS CITED TWO OR MORE TIMES IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHIES
OF 3 4 HEALTH THESES, ARRANGED BY NUMBER
OF TIMES CITED
Books and Authors
Number of
Times Cited
Stern , A . C . , ed . , Air Pollution, 2nd e d . N . Y . ,
Academic , 1968
Dixon , W . J . and F . J . Massey, Jr . Introduction to
Stati s tical Analysi s . 2nd ed . N . Y . , McGraw
Hill , 1957
Johns , Edward B . , Wilfred Sutton , and Lloyd Web s ter .
Health for Effec tive Living . N . Y . , McGraw Hill ,
1962
Shos tak , Arthur B . and William Gombere; , eds . Blue
Collar World . N . J . , Prentice Hall , 1964
Bloom, Benj amin S . , ed . Taxonomy of Educational Goals ;
the Classification of Educational Goals . N. J . ,
Longmans , Green, 1956Knutson , Andie L . The Individual Society and Health
Behavior . N . Y . , Rus sell Sage Foundation, 1965
Oberteuffer , Delbert , and Mary K . Beyrer . School Health
Education . N . Y . , Harper and Row, 196
The Individual , Sex and Society . Ed . by Carlfred B .
Broderick and Je s sie Bernard . Baltimore , Johns
Hopkins Pre s s , 1969
Re search Me thods in Social Relations , by Claire Sell ti z .
N . Y . , Hol t , Rinehart and Wins ton , 1959*School Health Education Study . Health Education : a
Concep tual Approach to Curriculum Design . St . Paul ,
Minne sota , 3M Education Press , 1968
Shimm, Melvin G . , e d . Population Control . New York ,
Oceana, 1961
United States . Bureau of the Census . 1960 Census of
Housing . Wash . , D . C . : U . S . Govt . Printing Office ,
1961
Wintrobe , Maxwell Myer , ed . Clini cal Hematology;
Philadelphia, Lea and Febiger , 1946
Anthropome tric Survey of Turkey, Greece , and Italy; by
H . T. E . Hertzberg and others . N . Y . , Macmillan,
1963
Buras , Oscar K . The Mental Measurements Yearbook . N . Y . ,
The Gryphone Pre s s
California . University. Univers i ty at Los Angeles .
Health Sciences Computing Facility . W . J . Dixon , e d .
BMD: Biomedical Computer Programs . Berkeley,
University of Cali fornia Press , 1967
7
6
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
44
Number of
Times Cited
Books and Authors
Conference on Re search in Family Planning . N. Y . ,
1960 . Research in Family Planning . C . V . Ki ser ,
ed . Prince ton , N . J . , Princeton University
Press , 1962
Fodor , John T . and Gus T . Dalis . Health Instruction :
Theory and Appli ca t i on . Philadelphi a , Lea and
Febiger , 1966
*Gartly, Jaco E . , Ed . Patients , Physicians , and
Illne s s . Glencoe , Illinois , Free Pre s s , 1958
Haag , Je ssie Helen, School Health Program, N . Y . ,
Hol t , Rinehart and Winston , 1965
Hardin , Garre t , ed . Population , Evolutiol) and Birth
Control . San Franci sco , W . H . Freeman , 1969
:*Hause r , H . , ed. The Pop ulat i on Dilemma . The American
Assembly, 19 3
Himes , Norman E . The Medical Hi story .of Contraception .
N . Y . , Gamut Pre s s , 1963
:*Kelley, V . c . , ed . Brenneman-Kelley Practice of
1
Pediatrics . Hagerstown, Md . , W . F . Prior , 1965
King , Stanley H . Perceptions of Illne ss and Medical
Prac tice . New York , Russel Sage Foundation , 1962
Kalthoff
and Elving , eds . Treatise on Analytical
,
Chemi s try, vol . 1 , p t . 1 . N. Y . , Interscience ,
1959
Krech , D . , e t al . Individual in Society . New York ,
McGraw Hill , 19 2
Malinvaud, E . Stati stical Methods of Econome trics .
Chicago , Rand McNally, 1966
Mausner , Bernard and Ellen S . Platt . Behavioral Aspects
of Smoking : A Conference Repor t . N. Y . , Socie ty
of Public Health Educators , 1966
Parsons , Talcott and Edward A . Shills . Toward a General
Theory of Act ion . N . Y . , Harper, 1962
Siegel , S . Nonparametric Stati stics for the Behavioral
Science s . N . Y . , McGraw Hill, 1956
Solleder , Marion K . , Comp . Evaluation Ins truments in
Health Education . Washington , D . C . , American
Association for Health , Phys ical Education and
Recreation, 1965
Symposium on Iron in Clini cal Medic ine , University of
California School of Medicine , 1957 . Iron in
Clinical Medicine . Berkeley, University of California Press , 1958
Anderson , Carl Leonard . Health Princ iples and Prac tice ,
St . Loui s , C . V . Mosby, 1967
Atti tude., Ego Involvement and Change
Ed . by C . W .
Sherif and Muzafer Sherif . N . Y . , John Wiley, 1967
Byrd, Oliver E . School Health Adminis tration . Philadelphia , Saunders , 1964
·
•
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
45
II
Number of
Books and Authors
Time
s Cited
_____________________________________________
Con fe r en c e on Ana ly s e s o f Con c e p t Le a r ni n g , Ma di s on ,
Wi se . , 196 5 . Analyses of Concep t Learning .
2
N . Y . , Academic , 1966
! Coleman, J . S . The Adole scent Society: Social Li fe
of the Teenager and Its Impact on. Education . N . Y . ,
2
Free Pre s s , 1962
Comb s , Arthur and Donald Snygg , Individual Behavior - ­
A Perceptual Approach t o Behavior . N . Y . , Harper ,
2
1 959
;*Family Life Education; a Communi ty Responsibility .
Proceedings of a symposium . Toronto , The Anglican
2
Church of Canada , 1967
Farber , Seymour M . , ed . Sex Education and the Teen­
2
ae;er . Berkeley, Diablo Press , 1967
Fishe r , Ronald Aylmer . Smokinc;, the Cancer Contro­
2
versy . Edinb urgh , Oliver and Boyd; 1959
Fodor , John T. The Le gal Basis for School Health
Education in California . Los Angeles , Brews ter
2
Publications , 1962
Freedman, R . , Whelp ton , P . K . , and Campbell , A . A ,
Family Planning, Sterili ty and Population Growth .
2
New York, McGraw Hill , 1959
Furst , Edward J. Constructing Evaluation Instruments .
2
New York, David McKay, 1964
Gage , N . L . , e d . Handbook of Research on Teaching .
2
Chicago , Rand McNally, 1963
Glaser , Robert , ed . Teaching Machines and Programmed
Learning . Washington , D . C . , National Education
2
Association, 1965
Grabill , W . H . , e t al . The Fertility of American Women .
2
N . Y . , John Wiley, 195
Grout , Ruth E . Health Teaching in Schools . Philadelphia,
2
Saunders , 19 3
Guilford , J . P . Fundamental Stati s ti c s in Psychology and
2
Education, 4 th ed . N . Y . , McGraw Hil l , 1965
Handbook of Chemi s try and Phys ics , Cleveland, Chemical
2
Rubber Co . , 1964
Hanlon, J . J . Principles of Public Health Administration,
2
3rd ed . St . Loui s , C . V . Mosby, 1960
Harvard Univers i ty . Univers i ty Health Service s . College
Health Adminis tration . Dana L . Farnsworth , ed .
2
N . Y . , Appleton- Century-Crofts , 1964
Hollingshead, August B . and F . C . Redlich . Social Class
2
and Mental Illne s s . N . Y . , Wiley, 1958
Hollingshead, August de Belmont , Two Factors Index of
2
Social Posi tion . New Haven, Author , 1957
I
46
r
i
1
Books and Authors
Number of
Times Cited
Indiana . Univers i ty . Ins ti tute for Sex Research .
Sexual Behavior in the Human Female . By Alfred
C . Kinsey and others . Philadelphia, Saunders , 1953
1
1 Iron Metabolism, an International SJ�posium.
By C . V .
Moore , N . Y . , Springer-Verlag , 1964
Irwin , Le slie W . , e t al . Health in Elementary Schools ,
2nd ed . St . Loui s , C . V . Mosby, 1966
Ivy, A . c . , e t al . Pep t i c Ulcer . Philadelphia ,
Blakis ton, 1950
Johns ton , John . Econometric Me thods . N . Y . , McGraw
Hill , 1963
Katz , Alfred H . and Jean Spencer Felton, eds . Health
and the Communi ty . N . Y . , Free Pre s s , 1965
Kluckhohn, Clyde , et al . , ed . Personality in Nature ,
Socie ty, and Cul ture , 2nd ed . N . Y . , Knop f , 1956
Lange , Phil C . , ed . National Society •for the Study of
Education . Yearb ook . Chi cago , University of
Chicago Pre s s , 1967
Larson, P . S . , e t al . Tobacco--Experimental and Clini cal
Studies . Baltimore , Williams and Wilkins , 1961
Lind�ui s t , Evert Franklin, ed . Educational Measurement .
Washington, D . c . , American Council on Education,
1 954
Lindzey, Gardner , ed . Handbook of Social Psychology .
2 vols . Reading , Mass . , Addi son-Wesley, 1959
Lordahl , D . S . Modern Statistics for Behavioral
Science s . N . Y . , Ronald Pre s s , 1967
' *Major , R . M. , ed . The Clas sic Descriptions of Disease .
,
Springfield, Ill., C . C . Thomas , 1959
: *Millstone , Dorothy L . , e d . Family Planning , Population
Problems , and the Secondary School Curriculum .
N . Y . , Planned Parenthood, World Population, 1966
Mus tard, Harry S . , and Erne s t L . Stebb ins . An Introduction to Public Health . N . Y . , Harper and Row,
1963
Nunnally, Jr . , Jum C . Popular Concep tions of' Mental
Heal th . N . Y . , Hol t , Rinehart and Winston , 1961
Nyswander , Dorothy Bird . Solving School Health Problems .
N . Y . , The Commonwealth Fund, 1942
*Ob e s i ty and Health . U . S . Department of Health Education
and Welfare , U . S . Public Health Service , N . D .
O ' Donnell , John and John C . Ball , eds . Narcotic Addic tion .
N . Y . , Harper and Row, 1966
Rainwater , L . And the Poor Get Children . Chi cago,
Quadrangle Book, 1960
Roe thli sberger , F . J . and William J . Dickson . Management
and the Worker . Cambridge , Mass . , Harvard UP , 1 964
.
I
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
·
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
47
Books and Authors
Number of
Times Cited
Ruch , Floyd L. Psychology and Life . Chicago , Scott,
Fore sman , and Co . , 1967
Samp son, E . E . , e d . Approache s , Contexts , and
Problems of Social P sychology . Englewood Cliffs .
N . J . , Prentice Hall , 1964
Scott , M . Gladys and Esther French . Measurement and
Evaluat ion in Physi cal Educat ion . Dub uque , Iowa ,
William C . Brown Co . , 1959
Shaw, M . and J . Wright . Scale s for the Measurement
of Attitudes . N . Y . , McGraw Hill , 1967
Stouffer, S . A . Social Re search to Te st Ideas :
Selected Writings of Samual A . Stouffer . N . Y . ,
Free Press , 1962
Snede cor, G . W . and W . G . Cochran , Statistical Me thods .
.
Ame s , Iowa , Iowa State University Pre s s , 1967
! *Sutton, Wilfred G . and Ruth Rich . Synthesi s of Research
in Selected Areas of Health Instruc tion . Washington,
D . C . , School Health Education Study, 1963
Taba, Hilda . Curri culum Development; Theory and Practice .
;
N . Y . , HarcoUrt , Brace and World, 1962
Machine s and Programmed Learning . A Source
*Teaching
1
Book . Washington , D . C . , National Education
Assocation
Thorndike , Robert L . and Eli zabeth Hagen . Measurement
and Evaluation in Psychology and Education . N . Y . ,
John Wiley and Sons , 1967
' Tiryakian , E . A . , ed , Sociological Theory , Value s , and
Sociocultural Change . N . Y . , Free Press , 1963
Turner , Claire Elsmere , e t al . School Health and Health
Education , St . Loui s , C . V . Mosby, 1961
Warner, W , Lloyd and Paul Lunt , Social Life o:f a Modern
Community . N . Haven, Yale University Pre s s , 1950
Weinberg , G . H . and John A . Stati stic s , An Intuitive
Approach . Belmont , Brooks/ Cole Publishing Co . , 1969
Wes toff , C . F . , et al . Family Growth in Metropolitan
America . Prince ton, N . J . , Prince ton University
Pre s s , 1961
*Whelp ton, P . A . Fertility and Family Planning in the
Uni ted States . Princeton, N . J . , Princeton
Universi ty Pre s s , 1966
*Wilhelms , Fred T . Evaluation as Feedback and Guide .
Washington, D . c . , National Education Association,
1�7
Willgoose , Carl E . Evaluation in Health Education and
Phys ical Education . N . Y . , McGraw Hill , 1961
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
·
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
48
r
j
I!1·, Wood , Dorothy Adkins . Tes t Construction .
Ohio, Charle s E . Merril , 1961
Number of
Times Cited
Books and Authors
1
Columbus ,
World Health Organization Monograph Serie s . Air
Pollution . Series No . 46 , Geneva , author�961
*Could not be verified .
2
2
TABLE VII
JOUHNALS CITED TWO OR MORE TIMES IN THE
BIBLIOGRAPHIES OF 34 HEALTH THESES
Number of
Times Cited
Journal Title
Ameri can Journal o:f Public Health
77
Journal of School Health
Archives of Environmental Health
Ameri can Medical Association . Journal
Bri tish Journal of Preventative and Social Medicine
Pediatrics
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Ameri can Die tetic Association . Journal
Bri tish Medical Journal
Lance t
Journal of Occupational Medicine
! New England Journal of Medicine
American Journal of Diseases of Children
Ameri can Industrial Hygiene Association . Journal
American Journal of the Medical Sciences
Annal s of Internal Medicine
Journal of Nutrition
International Journal of Industrial Medicine and
Survey
Journal of Chronic Di seases
Journal of Pediatrics
i Science
Ameri can Review o f Respiratory Diseases
Health Education Monographs
American College Health Association . Journal
Annals of Human Genetics
Research Quarterly
Public Health Reports
.1 Family Coordinator ( Formerly Family Life Coordinator )
*California School Health
Journal of Educational P sychology
Journal of Health , Physi cal Education and Recreation
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
American Sociological Review
Nursing Outlook
Brit i sh Journal of Industrial Medicine
Educational Technology
Journal of Health and Social Behavior ( Formerly Journal
of Health and Human Behavior )
Nursing Re search
American Journal of Nursing
Archives of Industrial Health Journal
California Medicine
Canadian Medical Association . Journal
.-"
1
�ro
66
52
40
34
32
31
28
28
22
22
20
19
18
18
17
16
16
15
15
14
14
13
13
13
12
11
10
10
10
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
7
7
7
7
Journal Title
Gastroenterology
International Journal of Health Education
Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine
Journal of Marriage and the Family ( Formerly Marriage
and Family Living )
Safe t y Monographs for Colleges and Univers i ti e s
World Health Organization Bulletin
Mental Hygiene
Pos tGraduate Medic ine
Royal Soc i e ty of Tropical Medic ine and Hygiene .
Transactions
San Franci sco Chronicle
Accident Facts
Ameri can College Health Association . Journal
( Formerly Student Medicine )
· Ameri can Journal · of Ophthalmology
mneri can Statistical Association . Journal
Cancer
Journal of Social I s sues
PTA Magazine
Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol
Scienti fic American
Ameri can Journal of Sociology
Archives of Diseases in Childhood
Canadian Journal of Public Health
Children
Circulation : the Journal of the Ameri can Heart
Assoc iation
Federati on Proceedings
Hospi tals
Journal of Chemi cal Education
National Cance r Institute . Journal
Social Work (u. s . )
Acta Medica Scandinavica
Audiovisual Instruction
Blood , the Journal of Hematology
Educa tional Research Bulletin
Environmental Scienc e and Technolo gy
Gut
India News
Journal of Abnormal P sychology
Journal of Hygiene
Journal of Social Psychology
Laryngoscope
Modern Hospital
Nat ional Elementary Principal
Nature
· '
51
Journal Ti tle
New York Academy of Sciences . Annals
Pediatric Clinics of North America
Public Opinion Quarterly
Royal Society of Medic ine . Proceedings
Sigh t -Saving Review
Sociometry
World Health Organization Chronicle
Acta Ophthalmologica
Acta Peadiatrica
Ameri can Association of Industrial Nurses Journal
knerican Chemi cal Soci ety . Journal
Ameri can Industrial Hygiene Association . Journal
Ameri can Journal of Carfiology
Ameri can Journal of Epidemiology
Ameri can Journal of Surgery
Annal s of Occupational Hygiene
*Archives of Industrial Medicine and Occupational
Medicine
Archives of Internal Medi cine
Audiovi sual Commun ications Review
Briti sh Journal of Nutri tion
California . Divi s ion of Indus trial Safety . California
Safe ty News
Clini cal Pediatrics
Demography
Econome trica . Journal of the Econometric Soc iety
Educational and Psychologi cal Measurement
Good Housekeeping
Health Educators and Work
Health Physi c s
Indus trial and Engineering Chemi s try
Journal of Bacteriology
Journal of Comparative and Phys iologi cal Psychology
Journal of Experimental Psychology
Journal of Mental Deficiency Research
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
Journal of Soc i al Psychology
Journal of Teacher Educati on
Medical Clini cs of North America
Modern Medicine
*Ob stetr i c s Gynaecology of the Brit i sh Commonwealth
Publi c Health Monographs
Quarterly Journal of Medicine
. Rehab il i tation Li terature
; Social Science Research Counci l . Bulletin
, Royal Stati s tical Society . London . Journal
Number of
Times Cited
3
3
3
3
3'
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
,..,
c:.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
52
Journal Title
Sociology
Studie s in Family Planning
Traffic Quarterly
Tubercle
*Title s could not be verifie d .
Number of
Times Cited
2
2
2
2
··--- · ··-· · · ·-
No . o f
Ci tations
Date
-
No . The s e s
Doc t oral
Masters
Degrees of
Free do:r:J.
Te s t
Value
Chi - Sq_uare
1900-1940
2
5 - 99 .
3
l
14
2
0-10
20- 3 0
40- 50+
7
9
l
3
8
6
2
4 . 61
**5 . 23
0-10
20- 3 0
40- 50+
10
5
2
6
2
9
2
5 . 99
*6 . 74
0-10
20- 3 0
40- 50+
9
6
2
7
6
4
2
5 . 99
0
l-5
10-15+
3
ll
1 . 56
1950-1960
1961-196 5
1966-1971
.
Overall
ll
17 . 3
. 917
14 . 447
Country of Ori gin
Grea t Bri tain
0
l -10+
ll
6
6
ll
l
3 . 84
1 . 882
*No t i ndependent at 5% level of s i gnifi cance
**No t i ndependent at 10% level of s i gnifi cance
TABLE VI II RESULTS OF CHI - SQUARE TESTS DONE ON INFOR11ATION ABOUT
DATES AND COUNTRY OF ORIGIN A1TD :tTutlffiER OF HASTERS AJ:ID DOCTORAL THESES CITING THElil
·-" ···- · · · -
-
\.Jl
w
Form
Da te
No . o f Citations
1 - 20
3 0+
De gre e s of
Freedom
Te s t
Value
Chi - Square
Books
1900-194 0
1950-1960
1961 -1965
1966-1971
4 . 722
20
22
22
27
6
ll
11
4
3
7 . 81
15
5
5
9
1
2 . 706
6
9
3
15
1
3 . 84
1 . 22 3
9
8
6
11
1
3 . 84
. 477
10
7
9
7
1
3 . 84
. 041
Journal s
1900 -1940
0-5
. 10+
1950-1960
0-10
20+
1961 -1965
0-10
20+
1966-1971
0 -10
20+
7
Overall for j ournals
No . of Citat ions
Method of Inve s t i gation
Field
Que s t ionnaire ,
St udy Curr ic ulum & Othe r
8
13
0-40
5 0+
7
5
1
**3 . 751
9 . 658
14 . 1
2 .1
3 . 84
**Not independent at 10% level of s i gnifi cance
TAB LE X
RESULTS OF CHI - SQUARE TESTS DONE ON DATE .MTD FORJ.\1 AND
OF CITATIONS AND METHOD OF INVESTIGATION
T!TUMBER
Vl
Vl