780
Appendix A.2
Appendices
Emission factors for particles from uncontrolled metallurgical
processes (abstracted from US EPA, 1972; Bond and Straub, 1972;
and US NTIS, 1979, 1980a, 1980b, 1981, and 1986).
process
aluminum production
aluminum hydroxide
bauxite grinding
crucible furnace
prebake cell
reverberatory furnace
secondary aluminum
smelting
crucible furnace
reverberatory furnace
sweating furnace
gray iron fugitive emissions
cleaning, finishing
cooling
core making, baking
inoculation
magnesium treatment
pouring
sand handling, preparation, mulling
scrap and charge handling
shakeout
gray iron furnaces
cupolas (average)
less than 48 in ID
48-60 in ID
greater than 60 in ID
electric arc
electric induction
reverberatory
EF (kg particles/Mg raw material)
100.00
3.00
0.95
47.00
2.60
0.95
2.15
7.20
8.50
5.00
0.60
1.5-2.5
2.50
2.50
20.00
0.30
16.00
8.55
6.45
9.75
9.45
5.00
0.75
1.00
Appendices
Appendix A.2
781
(continued)
process
iron and steel mills
blast furnaces
cast house (kg/Mg hot metal)
tap hole and trough
slips (kg/slip)
electric arc furnaces (kg/Mg steel)
charging, tapping, slagging
melting and refining (carbon steel)
melting, refining, charging, tapping, slagging
alloy steel
carbon steel
machine scarfing (kg/Mg steel)
miscellaneous (boilers, soaking pits,
slab reheat furnaces, blast furnace gas,
coke oven gas) (kg/ 1000 mJ)
open hearth furnaces (kg/Mg steel)
melting and refining
sintering (kg/Mg finished sinter)
basic oxygen furnaces (kg/Mg steel)
BOF monitor (all sources)
charging, at source
discharging (breaker and hot screens)
hot metal transfer, at source
tapping, at source
top blown melting and refining
windbox leaving grate
teeming (kg/Mg steel)
leaded steel at source
unleaded steel at source
lead products
cable covering
type metal production
EF (kg particles/Mg raw material)
0.15
39.5
0.7
19.0
5.65
25.0
0.05
0.015
10.55
0.25
0.3
3.40
0.095
0.46
14.25
5.56
0.405
0.035
0.30
0.35
melting of red brass ( < 7% zinc )
electric furnaces
crucible or pot furnaces
reverberatory furnaces
rotary furnace
1.50
1.65
8.40
10.60
melting of bronze
crucible furnace
rotary furnace
1.90
15.30
782
Appendix A.2
Appendices
(continued)
process
primary lead smelting
blast furnace
dross reverberatory furnace
fugitive emissions
conveyor loading, car charging (sinter)
dross kettle
ladle operation
lead casting
ore mixing and pelletizing
reverberatory furnace leakage
silver retort building
sinter crushing, screening, discharge
sinter machine leakage
sinter transfer to dump
slag cooling
zinc fuming furnace vents
ore crushing
sintering (updraft)
secondary copper smelting
cupola
insulated copper wire
scrap copper and brass
reverberatory
brass and bronze
copper
rotary, brass and bronze
crucible, pot for brass and bronze
electric arc
copper
brass and bronze
electric induction
copper
brass and bronze
secondary lead
fugitive emissions
casting
smelting
sweating
smelting
blast (cupola)
reverberatory
sweating
EF (kg particles/Mg raw material)
180.50
10.00
0.25
0.24
0.46
0.44
1.13
1.50
0.90
0.75
0.34
0.10
0.24
2.30
1.00
106.50
115
35
18
2.55
150
10.50
2.50
5.50
3.50
10.00
0.44
1.4-7.9
0.8-1.8
96.50
73.50
16-35
Appendices
Appendix A.2
783
(continued)
process
secondary zinc smelting
crushing, screening
electric resistance sweating
galvanizing
kettle sweating
general metallic scrap
residual scrap
muffle distillation, oxidation
muffle sweating
retort and muffle distillation
casting
muffle distillation
pouring
retort distillation, oxidation
retort reduction
reverberatory
general metallic scrap
residual scrap
rotary sweating
sodium carbonate leaching
calcining
crushing, screening
fugitive emissions
casting
crucible melting furnace
crushing, screening
electric induction melting
electric resistance sweating
kettle (pot) melting
kettle (pot) sweating
muffle sweating
retort and muffle distillation
reverberatory melting furnace
reverberatory sweating
rotary sweating
EF (kg particles/Mg raw material)
0.5-3.8
<5
2.50
5.50
12.50
10-20
5.4-16.0
0.1-0.2
22.50
0.2-0.4
10-20
23.50
6.50
16.0
5.5-12.5
44.50
0.5-3.8
0.0075
0.0025
2.13
0.0025
0.25
0.0025
0.28
0.54
1.18
0.0025
0.63
0.45
784
Appendix A.3
Appendices
Emission factors for volatile hydrocarbons from uncontrolled sources
(abstracted from US EPA, 1972 and 1980; Bond and Straub, 1972;
Hoogheem et al., 1979; US NIOSH, 1981; and US NTIS, 1979,
1980a, 1980b, 1981, and 1986).
source
degreasers
all
cold cleaner (0.39 kg/hr m2)
conveyorized
fabric scouring
open top vapor (0.73 kg/hr m2)
nonmethane hydrocarbon vapor emissions
compressor seals
hydrocarbon service
hydrogen service
drains (all)
heavy liquid streams
light liquid/two-phase streams
flanges (all)
gas-vapor
heavy liquid streams
light liquid/two-phase streams
pump seals
heavy liquid streams
light liquid streams
relief valves (all)
gas-vapor streams
heavy liquid streams
light liquid/two-phase streams
valves
gas-vapor streams
heavy liquid streams
light liquid/ two-phase streams
rotogravure printing
dryer exhaust
fugitive
printed product
emission factor, EF
1000 kg/Mg
430 kg/Mg
850 kg/Mg
500 kg/Mg
775 kg/Mg
0.98 lbm/hr
0.10 lbm/hr
0.070 lbm/hr
0.029 lbm/hr
0.085 lbm/hr
0.00058 lbm/hr
0.0005 lbm/hr
0.0007 lbm/hr
0.0005 lbm/hr
0.045 lbm/hr
0.26 lbm/hr
0.19 lbm/hr
0.36 lbm/hr
0.019 lbm/hr
0.013 lbm/hr
0.047 lbm/hr
0.0007 lbm/hr
0.023 lbm/hr
840 kg/Mg
130 kg/Mg
30 kg/Mg
Appendices
Appendix A.3
785
(continued)
source
surface coating
enamel
interior printed panels
basecoat
conventional paint
ultraviolet coating
water borne
ink
conventional paint
ultraviolet coating
water borne
topcoat
conventional paint
ultraviolet coating
water borne
filler
conventional paint
ultraviolet coating
water borne
sealer
conventional paint
ultraviolet coating
water borne
lacquer
paint
plywood veneer dryers
Douglas fir, heartwood
Douglas fir, sapwood
steam fired
gas fired
larch
southern pine
primer (zinc chromate)
varnish and shellac
emission factor, EF
420 kg/Mg
2.4 kg/ 100 m2
0.24 kg/100 m2
0.2 kg/ 100 m2
0.3 kg/ 100 m2
0.1 kg/ 100 m2
0.1 kg/ 100 m2
1.8 kg/ 100 m2
Negligible
0.4 kg/ 100 m2
3.0 kg/ 100 m2
Negligible
0.3 kg/100 m2
0.5 kg/ 100 m2
0
0.2 kg/ 100 m2
770 kg/Mg
560 kg/Mg
6.7 kg/10,000 m2
2.3 kg/ 10,000 m2
38.6 kg/10,000 m2
1.0 kg/ 10,000 m2
15.1 kg/10,000 m2
660 kg/Mg
500 kg/Mg
786
Appendix A.3
Appendices
(continued)
source
emission factor, EF
transfer of hydrocarbons by tank cars and trucks
gasoline in transit (fully loaded)
splash loading-balance service
crude oil
gasoline
JP-4
splash loading-normal service
crude oil
gasoline
JP-4
kerosene
no. 2
no. 6
submerged loading-balance service
crude oil
gasoline
JP-4
submerged loading-normal service
crude oil
gasoline
JP-4
kerosene
no. 2
no. 6
0.001-0.009 kg/m3
0.6 kg/m3
1.0 kg/m3
0.3 kg/m3
0.8 kg/m3
1.4 kg/m3
0.5 kg/m3
0.005 kg/m3
0.004 kg/m3
0.00004 kg/m3
0.6 kg/m3
1.0 kg/m3
0.3 kg/m3
0.4 kg/m3
0.6 kg/m3
0.18 kg/m3
0.002 kg/m3
0.001 kg/m3
0.00001 kg/m3
Solvent emission rate relative to evaporation of carbon tetrachloride.
hydrocarbon (HC)
acetone
benzene
sec-butanol
n-butanol
carbon tetrachloride
cyclohexane
ethers (petroleum)
hexane
methyl ethyl ketone
methylene chloride
mineral spirits
naphtha, coal tar
naphtha, safety (standard)
perchloroethylene
toluene
1,1,1-trichloroethane
trichloroethylene
trichlorotrifluroethane
o-xylene
( HC evaporation rate / CCl4 evaporation rate)
0.91
0.49
0.094
0.035
1.00
0.02
1.00
1.13
0.45
1.47
0.0063
0.015-0.12
0.015-0.12
0.27
0.12
1.39
0.69
2.80
0.055
Appendices
Appendix A.4
787
Emission factors for uncontrolled mineral processes (abstracted from
US EPA, 1972; and US NTIS, 1979, 1980a, 1980b, 1981, and 1986).
process
asphalt concrete
fugitive particles
cold and dried aggregate elevator
screening hot aggregate
unloading aggregate to bins
hot mix dryer drum (particles)
stack gas
aldehydes
1-butanal
formaldehyde
3-methylbutanal
2-methylpropanal
carbon monoxide
particles
polycyclic organic compounds
sulfur dioxide
volatile organic hydrocarbons
brick
curing and firing (fluorides)
gas, oil, or coal-fired kiln
raw material handling (particles)
drying
grinding
storage
EF (kg/Mg raw material)
0.10
0.013
0.05
2.45
0.0012
0.000075
0.008
0.00065
0.019
0.137
0.000013
0.146 times % sulfur
0.1
0.4
35
38
17
ceramic clay (particles)
drying
grinding
storage
35
38
17
clay and fly-ash sintering (particles)
clay mixed with coke
fly ash
natural clay
20
55
6
concrete batching (particles)
loading dry-batch truck
loading mix truck
loading mixer with raw materials
transfer of cement to silos
transfer of sand and aggregate to bins
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.12
0.02
788
Appendix A.4
Appendices
(continued)
process
glass fiber (particles)
forming-wool
flame attenuation
rotary spun
glass furnace-wool
electric
gas-recuperative
gas-regenerative
gas-unit melter
glass furnace-textile
recuperative
regenerative
unit melter
mixing and weighing
oven curing and cooling-textile
oven curing-wool
flame attenuation
rotary spun
rotary spun
cooling-wool
storage bins
unloading and conveying
glass frit smelters
rotary furnace
fluorides
particles
glass manufacture (soda-lime)
particles
EF (kg/Mg raw material)
1
29
0.25
13-15
11
4.5
1
8
3
0.3
0.6
3
4.5
0.65
0.1
1.5
2.5
8
1
gypsum (particles)
calciner
conveying
primary grinder
raw material dryer
45
0.35
0.5
20
lime (particles)
calcining
crushing, primary
rotary kiln
vertical kiln
15.5
100
4
mineral wool (particles)
blow furnace
cooler
cupola
curing oven
reverberatory furnace
8.5
1
11
2
2.5
Appendices
Appendix A.4
789
(continued)
process
phosphate rock processing (particles)
calcining
drying
grinding
open storage piles
transfer and storage
Portland cement (particles)
dry process
dryers, grinders
kilns
wet process
dryers, grinders
kilns
stone quarrying and processing (particles)
crushing
fines mill
primary
recrushing and screening
screening, conveying, and handling
secondary crushing and screening
storage pile losses
tertiary crushing and screening
EF (kg/Mg raw material)
7.7
2.9
0.8
20
1
48
123
16
100
3
0.25
2.5
1
0.75
5
3
790
Appendix A.5
Appendices
Emission factors for uncontrolled chemical processes (abstracted
from US EPA, 1972; and US NTIS, 1979, 1980a, 1980b, 1981, and
1986).
process
ammonium sulfate
fluidized bed dryers
particles
volatile organic hydrocarbons
rotary dryers
particles
volatile organic hydrocarbons
carbon black
oil furnace
CO boiler and incinerator
carbon monoxide
hydrocarbons
hydrogen sulfide
particles
sulfur oxides
flare
carbon monoxide
hydrocarbons
hydrogen sulfide
particles
sulfur oxides
main process vent
carbon monoxide
hydrocarbons
hydrogen sulfide
particles
charcoal (without chemical recovery plant)
acetic acid
carbon monoxide
crude methanol
hydrocarbons (as methane)
particles
paint and varnish manufacture
paint
particles
undefined hydrocarbons
varnish (undefined hydrocarbons)
acrylic
alkyd
bodying oil
oleoresinous
EF (kg/Mg raw material)
109
0.11
23
0.74
0.88
0.99
0.11
1.04
17.5
122
1.85
1
1.35
25
1.4
50
30
3.27
116
160
76
50
200
1 (kg/Mg pigment)
15 (kg/Mg pigment)
10 (kg/Mg pigment)
80 (kg/Mg pigment)
20 (kg/Mg pigment)
75 (kg/Mg pigment)
Appendices
Appendix A.5
791
(continued)
process
plastics manufacturing
polypropylene
particles
propylene gas
polyvinyl chloride
particles
vinyl chloride gas
printing ink (condensed organics)
vehicle cooking
alkyds
general
oils
oleoresinous
synthetic fibers
dacron, oil mist
nylon
hydrocarbons
oil mist
viscose rayon
carbon disulfide
hydrogen sulfide
synthetic rubber
alkanes
dethylheptane
pentane
alkenes
butadiene
butylene
methyl propene
pentadiene
carbonyls
acrolein
acrylonitrile
ethanenitrile
EF (kg/Mg raw material)
1.5
0.35
17.5
8.5
80
60
20
75
3.5
3.5
7.5
27.5
3
0.5
1
20
1.5
7.5
0.5
1.5
8.5
0.5
792
Appendix A.6
Appendices
Emission factors for uncontrolled food processes (abstracted from
US EPA, 1972; and US NTIS, 1979, 1980a, 1980b, 1981, and 1986).
process
coffee roasting
direct-fired
aldehydes
organic acids
particles
indirect-fired
aldehydes
organic acids
particles
instant coffee spray dryer, particles
stoner and cooler, particles
cotton gin, particles
cleaner
miscellaneous
stick and burr machine
unloading fan
feed and grain mills and elevators (particles)
grain processing
barley flour milling
barley or wheat cleaner
corn meal
milo cleaner
soybean
terminal elevators
drying
screening and cleaning
shipping or receiving
transferring, conveying, etc.
fermentation, beer and whiskey
hydrocarbons (whiskey)
particles
drying spent grains
grain handling
meat smoking
aldehydes (HCOH)
carbon monoxide
hydrocarbons (methane)
organic acids (acetic)
particles
EF
0.1 kg/Mg
0.45 kg/Mg
3.8 kg/Mg
0.1
0.45
2.1
0.7
0.7
0.45
13.6
1.36
2.27
kg/Mg
kg/Mg
kg/Mg
kg/Mg
kg/Mg
kg/bale
kg/bale
kg/bale
kg/bale
1.5
0.1
2.5
0.2
305
kg/Mg
kg/Mg
kg/Mg
kg/Mg
kg/Mg
3
2.5
0.5
1
kg/Mg
kg/Mg
kg/Mg
kg/Mg
0.024 kg/Mg
2.5 kg/Mg
1.5 kg/Mg
0.04 kg/Mg
0.3 kg/Mg
0.035 kg/Mg
0.1 kg/Mg
0.15 kg/Mg
Appendices
Appendix A.7
793
Emission factors for indoor processes and activities.
Cigarettes (abstracted from Committee on Indoor Pollution, 1981 and Lofroth et al., 1989):
general
duration (sec)
particles (no./cigarette)
tobacco burned (mg)
mainstream (inhaled)
20
1.05 x 1012
347
sidestream (smoldering)
550
3.5 x 1012
441
mainstream (inhaled)
0.084
18.3
0.24
0.16
0.014
sidestream (smoldering)
0.825
86.3
0.16
7.4
0.051
0.46
10.2
1.27
34.5
0.92
20.8
1.69
44.1
emissions (mg/cigarette)
acrolein
CO
HCN
NH3
NOx
particles
filtered cigarette
nicotine
tar
unfiltered cigarette
nicotine
tar
Gas ranges and kerosene space heaters (g/kcal) (abstracted from Meyer, 1983):
compound
CH20
CO
CO2
NO
NO2
SO2
gas range (2500 kcal/hr)
7.1
890
209,000
31
85
0.8
space heater (2800 kcal/hr)
632
200,000
76
46
Formaldehyde (abstracted from Meyer, 1983):
material
100% cotton drapery fabric
fiberglass ceiling panel
fiberglass insulation
foam backed carpet
hardwood paneling (UF)
latex-backed fabric
nylon upholstery fabric
OF-foam insulation
paper cups and plates
particleboard (std, UF)
plywood (UF-bonded)
emission factor, EF [mg/(m2 day)]
0.2-0.7
2.8
0.45
0.12
1-34
0.19
0.018
1-50
0.33-0.7
2-34
1-34
794
Appendix A.7
Appendices
(continued)
Common household aerosols in 1970 (abstracted from Meyer, 1983):
material
air fresheners
deodorant spray
disinfectant sprays
dust sprays
furniture polish
hairspray
oven cleaners
shaving foam
emission factor, EF (g/month)
28-56
112-140
112
28-56
56
84-112
84
84-112
Small stoves (abstracted from Butcher and Ellenbecker, 1982):
material
anthracite coal
carbon monoxide
particles
bituminous coal
carbon monoxide
particles
wood
carbon monoxide
particles
emission factor, EF (g/kg fuel)
21
0.5
116
10.4
100
1.6-6.4