Table 1.1
Deaths (all ages) in the United States in 1997 (from National Safety Council, 2000).
Deaths due to diseases: (2,168,220 total deaths due to diseases)
total
cause of death
726,974 heart disease
539,577 cancer (approx. 150,000 lung cancer, 85% related to smoking)
364,506 other diseases not listed here
159,791 stroke (estimated)
109,029 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
86,449 pneumonia and influenza
62,636 diabetes mellitus
25,331 nephritis and nephrosis
25,183 chronic liver disease, cirrhosis
22,401 septicemia
16,735 arteriosclerosis
16,516 AIDS (human immunodeficiency virus infection)
13,092 certain conditions originating in prenatal period
Accidental deaths: (95,644 total, 5,100 of which were in the workplace)
total
cause of death
45,798 transportation accidents
motor-vehicle
air and space transport
water transport
railway
other road vehicle
vehicle accidents not elsewhere classifiable
15,447 falls
9,587 poisonings by solids and liquids
drugs, medicaments, and biologicals
alcohol
other solids and liquids
foodstuffs and poisonous plants
5,629 other accidental deaths not listed here
3,561 drowning (excluding water transport drowning)
3,490 fire and flames
3,043 complications, misadventures of surgical, medical care
2,180 inhalation and ingestion of objects other than food
1,316 natural and environmental factors
excessive cold
hunger, thirst, exposure, and neglect
excessive heat
cataclysmic storms, and floods resulting from storms
other injury caused by animal (19 of these from dog bites)
poisoning by toxic reaction to venomous animals and plants
lightning
other natural and environmental factors
cataclysmic earth surface movements and eruptions
1,145 mechanical suffocation
1,095 inhalation and ingestion of food
1,055 machinery
subtotal
subtotal
43,458
734
758
527
220
101
9,099
342
135
11
501
224
182
136
102
68
58
25
20
Chapter 1
total
981
576
488
149
104
0
cause of death
firearm missile
poisonings by gases and vapors
non-motor-vehicle exhaust gas
motor-vehicle exhaust gas
other gases and vapors
electric current
explosive material
cutting or piercing instruments or objects
radiation
subtotal
251
208
117
Deaths other than due to accident or disease: (54,047 total)
total
cause of death
30,535 suicide
firearms
hanging, strangulation, and suffocation
motor-vehicle exhaust gas
jumping from high places
cutting and piercing instruments
other suicides
poisoning by solid and liquid substances
19,491 homicide
3,657 undetermined whether accidentally or purposely inflicted
355 legal intervention
9 operations of war
Table 1.2
subtotal
17,566
5,413
1,367
600
499
1,780
3,310
Motor vehicle deaths and nonfatal injuries in the USA in 1999 (from National Safety
Council, 2000).
type of vehicle accident
vehicle-vehicle
vehicle-fixed object
vehicle-pedestrian
noncollision accident (jackknife, etc.)
vehicle-pedalcycle
vehicle-train
other collision (vehicle-animal, vehicle-buggy, etc.)
total
deaths
(to nearest 100)
18,800
11,100
5,800
4,300
900
300
100
41,300
nonfatal injuries
(to nearest 1000)
1,580,000
330,000
95,000
110,000
70,000
2,000
13,000
2,200,000
Introduction
Table 1.3
3
Worker deaths and injuries in the United States in 1999 with percent change from 1998;
“nil” implies below 0.5% (from National Safety Council, 2000).
industry
construction
transportation
agriculturec
servicesc
manufacturing
government
tradec
miningc
all industry
workersa
(to nearest 1,000)
8,479,000
7,948,000
3,348,000
46,766,000
19,993,000
20,118,000
27,473,000
562,000
134,688,000
deathsa
death ratesb
1,190 ( + 5)
850 (+ 3)
770 (- 4)
640 (+ 2)
600 (- 4)
470 (+ 1)
450 (+ 2)
130 ( - 8)
5,100 (nil)
14.0 (- 1)
10.7 (nil)
22.5 (nil)
1.4 (nil)
3.0 (nil)
2.3 (- 4)
1.6 (nil)
23.1 (nil)
3.78 (nil)
disabling injuries
(to nearest 10,000)
400,000
370,000
150,000
900,000
670,000
580,000
710,000
20,000
3,800,000
Footnotes:
(a) Workers and death rates include persons 16 years or older; deaths include all ages.
(b) Deaths per 100,000 workers in each group.
(c) Agriculture includes forestry and fishing (see National Safety council). Mining includes
quarrying, oil and gas extraction. Trade includes wholesale and retail trade. Services includes
finances, insurance, and real estate.
Table 1.5
Risks of fatality from various activities (from Wilson and Crouch,1987; Lehr, 1992).
action
cancer related to cigarettes (1 pack/day)
all cancers
mountaineering (mountaineers)
motor vehicle accident (total)
police killed line of duty (total)
electrocution
motor vehicle accident (pedestrian)
alcohol, light drinker
4 tablespoons peanut butter/day
death due to home falls
drinking water with EPA limit of chloroform
drinking water with EPA limit of trichloroethylene
annual risk
3.6 x 10-3
2.8 x 10-3
6 x 10-4
2.4 x 10-4
2.2 x 10-4
1.1 x 10-4
4.2 x 10-5
2 x 10-5
8 x 10-6
3.5 x 10-6
6 x 10-7
2 x 10-9
uncertainty
factor of 3
10%
50%
10%
20%
5%
10%
factor of 10
factor of 3
unknown
factor of 10
factor of 10
Chapter 1
Table 1.6
HERP index (abstracted from Ames, Magaw, and Gold, 1987).
daily human exposure
basil (1 g of dried leaf)
beer (12 oz)
chlorinated tap water (1 L)
comfrey herb tea (1 cup)
contaminated well water (1 L) (Silicon Valley, CA)
contaminated well water (1 L) (Woburn, Mass.)
conventional home (14 hr/day)
cooked bacon (100 g)
diet cola (12 oz)
dried squid, broiled in gas oven (54 g)
EDB daily intake (high exposure agricultural worker)
mobile home air (14 hr/day)
mushroom, one raw (15 g)
mustard, brown (5 g)
peanut butter (32 g)
pesticide residue on food (daily diet, average intake)
sake (250 mL)
swimming pool (1 hr, child)
wine (250 mL)
worker average daily intake
dose per day per 70-kg
person
estragole (3.8 mg)
ethyl alcohol (18 mL)
chloroform (83 µg)
symphytine (38 µg)
trichloroethylene (2800 µg)
trichloroethylene (267 µg)
chloroform (12 µg)
tetrachloroethylene (21 µg)
formaldehyde (598 µg)
benzene (155 µg)
dimethylnitrosamine (0.3 µg)
diethylnitrosamine (0.1 µg)
saccharin (95 mg)
dimethylnitrosamine (7.9 µg )
ethylene dibromide (150 mg)
formaldehyde (2.2 mg)
mix of hydrazines
allyl isothiocynanate (4.6 µg )
aflatoxin (0.064 µg)
PCB - polychlorinated
biphneyls (0.2 µg)
DDE - principal metabolite of
DDT (2.2 µg)
ethylene dibromide (0.42 µg)
urethane (43 µg)
chloroform (250 µg)
ethyl alcohol (30 mL)
formaldehyde (6.1 mg)
HERP
(%)
0.1
2.8
0.001
0.03
0.004
0.0004
0.0002
0.0003
0.6
0.004
0.003
0.006
0.06
0.06
140.0
2.1
0.1
0.07
0.03
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.003
0.008
4.7
5.8