Percep*on of Biological Mo*on and Integra*on of Audio-­‐Visual S*muli in Infants at Risk for Au*sm %#$
Hannah Reuman1, Rachael Tillman1, Timothy Kim1, Emily Levy1, Karen Law1, Adam Naples1, Katherine Stavropoulos1, Jennifer Foss-­‐Feig1, So Hyun Kim2, Elizabeth Simmons2, Kelly Powell2, Suzanne Macari2, Frederick Shic2, Katarzyna Chawarska2 & James McPartland1 &$
1 McPartland Lab – Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT 2 Yale Early Social CogniMon Lab (YESCog)-­‐ Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT BACKGROUND #$
Normal Risk Infants (NR) Sensi*vity to BM emerges within the first two days of life (Simion et al., 2008). By eight months, typically-­‐developing (TD) infants demonstrate adult-­‐like paGerns of neural ac*va*on to BM (Hirai & Hiraki, 2005). The percep*on of BM, a precursor for aGribu*ng inten*ons to others, may be atypical in children with au*sm spectrum disorder (ASD; Klin et al., 2009). &%$
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100 trials total: •  25 point-­‐light display walkers moving right •  25 point-­‐light display walkers moving lei •  25 scrambled paGerns moving right •  25 scrambled paGerns moving lei -200 ms
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90 trials total: •  30 audio only (tone) •  30 visual only (blue circle) •  30 audiovisual (tone + blue circle) EEG Data Processing and Analysis •  EEG recorded con*nuously at 500 Hz using 128-­‐
channel Hydrocel + Geodesic Sensor nets. •  ERPs segmented to s*mulus onset, hand-­‐edited for ar*fact, averaged referenced, and baseline corrected. •  Peak amplitude for the N200 was extracted in the Biological Mo*on paradigm and the Audio-­‐Visual Synchrony paradigm. •  Minimum amplitude was analyzed using Repeated Measures ANOVA •  Between-­‐subjects factor: BM and AVS: Risk (HR/NR) •  Within-­‐subjects factor(s): BM: Condi*on (BM/SM) and Hemisphere (LH/RH); AVS: Condi*on (AVS/
SUM) Figure 2: BM and AVS N200. Data were averaged across five electrodes for the BM N200R (right) recording site (76, 77, 83, 84, 90), BM N200L (lei) recording site (65, 66, BM N200L
67, 70, 71), and 7 electrodes for the AVS N200 recording site (69, 70, 74, 75, 82, 83, 89). '##$
Latency (ms) Figure 4: Grand averaged waveforms elicited by a u d i o -­‐ v i s u a l s M m u l i ( A V S ) a n d s u m m e d response to audio only and visual only sMmuli (i.e., audio only + visual only = SUM) in 12 month infants. • 
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At 9 and 12 month *me points, neither HR nor NR infants demonstrated sta*s*cally significant differen*a*on between BM and SM condi*ons (p > .05). At both *me points, NR infants displayed a more nega*ve amplitude to BM rela*ve to SM, indica*ng increased sensi*vity to human movement. HR infants displayed aGenuated amplitudes to BM rela*ve to SM at both *me points, indica*ng hyposensi*vity to BM. At 9 months, NR infants demonstrated significant right lateraliza*on in the BM condi*on, t(11) = -­‐2.413, p = .034. In contrast, HR infants demonstrated significant right lateraliza*on for the SM condi*on, t(9) = -­‐2.576, p = .030. REFERENCES Simion, F., Regolin, L., & Bulf, H. (2008). A predisposi*on for biological mo*on in the newborn baby. Proceedings of the Na2onal Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(2), 809-­‐13. doi:10.1073/pnas.0707021105 Hirai, M. & Hiraki, K. (2005). An event-­‐related poten*als study of biological mo*on percep*on. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res., 22(2), 301-­‐4. Klin, A., Lin, D., Gorrindo, P., Ramsay, G., & Jones, W. (2009). Two-­‐year-­‐olds with au*sm orient to non-­‐social con*ngencies rather than biological mo*on. Nature, 459(7244), 257-­‐61. doi: 10.1038/nature07868 BM N200R
AVS N200
Ozonoff, S., Young, G. S., Carter, A., Messinger, D., Yirmiya, N., Zwaigenbaum, L., … & Stone, W. L. (2011). Recurrence risk for au*sm spectrum disorders: A baby sibling research consor*um study. Pediatrics, 128 (3), e488-­‐e495. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-­‐2825 Figure 5: N200 amplitude elicited by audio-­‐visual sMmuli (AVS) and summed response to audio only + visual only sMmuli (SUM) in 12 month normal risk (NR) and high risk (HR) infants. %$
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CONCLUSIONS •  Neural response to biological mo*on in HR infants between 9 and 12 months is comparable to that of NR infants. •  HR infants may have norma*ve response to BM early in development, with atypical responses to BM emerging later in life. •  At 12 months of age, HR infants fail to demonstrate neural facilita*on of mul*sensory s*muli. •  Early course of ASD may be associated with deficits in sensory processing. •  Atypical neural response in HR infants is task-­‐specific: •  HR infants evidence intact BM processing during the first year of life but show reduced neural facilita*on of mul*sensory informa*on. FUTURE DIRECTIONS • 
Hyde, D., Jones, B., Porter, C., & Flom, R. (2010). Visual s*mula*on enhances auditory processing in 3-­‐month-­‐old infants and adults. Dev Psychobiol, 52(2), 181-­‐9. doi: 10.1002/dev.20417 Brandwein, A., Foxe, J., Russo, N., Altschuler, T., Gomes, H. & Molholm, S. (2010). The development of audiovisual mul*sensory integra*on across childhood and early adolescence: A high-­‐density electrical mapping study. Cerebral Cortex, 21 (5), 1042-­‐1055. doi: 10.1093/cercor/
bhq170 Normal Risk
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Figure 3: Grand averaged waveforms of BM and SM for HR and NR infants at 9 and 12 month Mme points (N200R recording site only). STIMULUS OFFSET
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12 months STIMULUS ONSET
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Figure 1: Experimental Paradigms – Biological MoMon and Audio-­‐Visual Synchrony STIMULUS ONSET
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PARTICIPANTS & METHODS Biological Mo*on Paradigm "%$
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Two experiments assessed electrophysiological brain responses to: (1) BM versus scrambled mo*on (SM) and (2) AVS, in infants from birth to 24 months. Infants with an older sibling diagnosed with ASD were classified as high risk (HR; Ozonoff et al., 2011), whereas infants with no family history of ASD were classified as normal risk (NR). We evaluated the hypotheses that, rela*ve to NR infants, HR infants would display: •  Atypical social percep*on (i.e., hyposensi*vity to BM) •  Atypical sensory percep*on (i.e., weakened neural facilita*on to mul*sensory s*muli) • 
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Current Study • 
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Successful detec*on of temporal con*ngency between auditory and visual events is cri*cal for interpre*ng sensory informa*on. Neural facilita*on of mul*sensory events, indexed by a significantly greater response to mul*sensory s*muli rela*ve to the summed response across unimodal s*muli, has been consistently observed in TD infants, children, adolescents, and adults in electrophysiological studies (Hyde et al., 2010; Brandwein et al., 2011). • 
•  At 12 months, NR infants, but not HR infants, displayed marginal facilita*on of AVS rela*ve to SUM (audio only + visual only), t(3) = -­‐2.35, p = .10. •  HR infants displayed a significantly stronger neural response in the SUM rela*ve to the AVS condi*on, indica*ng an absence of neural facilita*on to bimodal s*muli, t
(6) = 2.76, p = .03. !&$
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Audio-­‐Visual Synchrony: •  Significant Risk by Condi*on interac*on, F(1,9) = 8.63, p = .017. 9 months Audio-­‐Visual Synchrony (AVS) • 
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Amplitude (μV) Biological MoMon (BM)
PRELIMINARY RESULTS • 
Ongoing data collec*on will follow infants through diagnos*c outcomes at 36 months to examine whether HR infants who do and do not develop ASD differ in their response to biological mo*on and/or audio-­‐visual synchrony prior to the age at which they are diagnosed. Future work will inves*gate the developmental unfolding of social and sensory percep*on and how early developmental abnormali*es may influence subsequent development. Acknowledgements: Autism Speaks Translational Postdoctoral Fellowship (Naples), Simons Foundation 94924 (Klin,
Pelphrey, McPartland), NIMH K23MH086785, NIMH R01MH100173, NIMH R01MH100173-02S1, NARSAD Atherton
Young Investigator Award (McPartland), P01 HD003008, Project 1 (Chawarska), R01MH087554 (Chawarska), CTSA
UL1 RR024139 (Shic).