CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE
PARTITIONING THE EFFECTS OF HABITAT FRAGMENTATION ON RODENT
SPECIES RICHNESS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
For the degree of Master of Science in Biology
By
Alex M. Johnson
August, 2014
The thesis of Alexander Johnson is approved:
Dr. Paula Schiffman
Date
Dr. Seth Riley
Date
Dr. Tim Karels, Chair
Date
California State University, Northridge
ii
Acknowledgments
There are many people I would like to thank for their assistance in my project.
First and foremost my advisor, Dr. Tim Karels, guided me in the creation,
implementation, and analysis of my project. His guidance challenged me to expand my
expectations of research and my own capabilities, and for this I am very grateful. Second,
Dr. Paula Schiffman’s wisdom of community ecology, conservation biology, and
Southern California vegetation communities has been invaluable and greatly assisted me
in this project. Third, Dr. Seth Riley and the National Park Service at Santa Monica
Mountains National Recreation Area provided me with GIS spatial data and Shermanlive traps which gave me the materials necessary to implement this project. In addition,
the Malibu Creek State Park and the UCLA La Kretz Center provided me with housing
during my field seasons. My funding was provided by grants from the California State
University Northridge Graduate Thesis Support Program and the Newhall Land &
Farming Company Southern California Ecology Grant.
I would also like to thank Sean Dunagan, a graduate student from Dr. Karels lab,
who spent many hours assisting me in the trapping of small mammals. In addition, both
Patrick VandenBussche and Genie Luzwick assisted me with data collection as well.
Finally, I would like to thank my wonderful wife Stacy, who encouraged me to get my
Masters and stood by me through the last three years of schooling.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Signature Page ............................................................................................................ .... ii
Acknowledgments........................................................................................................... iii
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................v
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ vi
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... vii
Introduction .......................................................................................................................1
Methods...........................................................................................................................10
Results .............................................................................................................................17
Discussion .......................................................................................................................21
Appendix A .....................................................................................................................37
Appendix B .....................................................................................................................38
Appendix C .....................................................................................................................80
Appendix D .....................................................................................................................81
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Description of Environmental Variables ..........................................................14
Table 2: Effects of Environmental Variables on Rodent Species Richness ...................21
v
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Hypothesized Habitat Fragmentation Path Model ..........................................10
Figure 2: Habitat Fragments in Thousand Oaks, California ...........................................15
Figure 3: Habitat Fragment Rodent Species Richness ....................................................18
Figure 4: Habitat Fragmentation Path Model Results.....................................................20
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ABSTRACT
PARTITIONING THE EFFECTS OF HABITAT FRAGMENTATION ON RODENT
SPECIES RICHNESS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
By
Alex Johnson
Master of Science in Biology
Habitat fragmentation plays a major role in species extinction and the loss of
biodiversity around the globe. When fragmentation occurs, the initial loss of overall
habitat alone causes species extirpation. However, species that survive this initial loss and
persist in the remaining small fragments of habitat continue to experience changes that
may lead to their eventual extirpation. Previous research has determined that species
richness in habitat fragments is affected by a number of characteristics. These include
fragment age, size, and isolation, edge effects, vegetation coverage, habitat heterogeneity,
and matrix content. Although most studies focused on one or a few of these
characteristics, multiple characteristics work together to affect species richness, showing
that the effects of habitat fragmentation are complex. The goal of my study was to
partition the complex effects of habitat fragmentation by determining the direct, indirect,
and cumulative effects of multiple habitat fragment characteristics on rodent species
richness.
In 2013, I determined rodent species richness in 25 habitat fragments within a
suburban landscape of Thousand Oaks, California. In addition, I measured the following
characteristics for each fragment: fragment age, area, isolation, shrub coverage, habitat
vii
heterogeneity, perimeter/area ratio, and percent non-urban buffer. Path Analysis was used
to test the hypothesized model which described the direct, indirect, and cumulative effect
of each habitat fragment characteristic on rodent species richness.
Habitat heterogeneity had the greatest direct and total effect on rodent species
richness. In addition, fragment area had the greatest indirect effect on rodent species
richness through its influence on habitat heterogeneity, suggesting that large fragments
containing the greatest diversity of habitats will support the most species. Overall, the
path model explained 67% of the variation in rodent species richness among habitat
fragments. From a conservation and management standpoint my findings suggest that the
most important fragments to protect are the largest and most habitat diverse.
viii
Introduction
Habitat fragmentation plays a major role in species extinction and the loss of
biodiversity around the globe (Wilcox & Murphy 1985; Debinski & Holt 2000; Davis et
al. 2001) through three main processes: (1) overall loss of habitat, (2) continued reduction
in the size of remaining habitat fragments, and (3) continued isolation of remaining
habitat fragments (Burgess & Sharpe 1981; Wilcox & Murphy 1985; Andrén 1994). As
fragments decrease in size and increase in isolation, dispersal of plants and animals is
reduced thus diminishing gene flow and potentially leading to inbreeding depression
(Saunders et al. 1991; Meffe & Carroll 1997). Habitat fragmentation also alters species
interactions and intensifies competition for resources (Davis et al. 2001). All of these
changes associated with habitat fragmentation increase the probability of extirpation
(Morrison et al. 1992).
The main causes of habitat fragmentation include clear-cutting forests and
conversion of land for agriculture and urbanization (Noss & Csuti 1997; Lindemayer &
Fischer 2006). As the human population continues to increase, more land will be altered
for anthropogenic purposes, therefore, it is expected that fragmentation will continue. To
conserve biodiversity in fragmented landscapes it is vital that we understand which
abiotic and biotic changes, associated with habitat fragmentation, are the most
detrimental to plant and animal species.
MacArthur & Wilson (1967) hypothesized that the number of species found on an
island is related to the size of the island and how isolated it is from the mainland as well
as other islands. They hypothesized that area (size) and isolation determine an island’s
rate of species extinction and immigration, which ultimately determine the equilibrium
number of species that an island can support. This concept, known as the Theory of
1
Island Biogeography, was supported by data and was extended to become the conceptual
foundation for researchers studying habitat fragmentation (Darlington 1957; Diamond
1975). Habitat fragments were thought to be similar to islands in that, they are isolated
from larger areas of intact habitat. Once those studying habitat fragmentation adopted this
theory, research began to focus on how the size and isolation of habitat fragments
affected species richness.
The effect of area on species richness is not universal. Numerous studies have
noted a positive relationship when comparing fragment size and species richness (Estrada
et al. 1993; Bellamy et al. 1996; Dunstan & Fox 1996; Bolger et al. 1997; Cornelius et al.
2000; Brotons & Herrando 2001; Fernández-Juricic 2004; Watson et al. 2004; Watling &
Donnelly 2006; Parris 2006), but others have found mixed results depending on the
taxonomic group and type of habitat that was studied (Debinski & Holt 2000). For
example, Debinski & Holt (2000) surveyed habitat fragmentation studies and observed a
positive relationship in only 6 of 14 studies that examined species richness and fragment
size. Moreover, many of the small mammal studies surveyed by Debinski & Holt found
no relationship with habitat area. Watling & Donnelly (2006) also researched the effects
of fragment area on species richness. They looked at a variety of taxa and concluded that
although area explained a majority of the variance in species richness, it was not
consistent between taxa.
Studies examining the effects of habitat fragment isolation on species richness
have also yielded mixed results. Estrada et al. (1993) revealed that increasing isolation
significantly reduced bat species richness in forest fragments surrounded by agriculture.
Ficetola & De Bernardi (2004) compared amphibian communities in 86 different
2
wetlands within a fragmented landscape and determined that the least isolated wetlands
contained the greatest species richness. However, many studies show subtle to no effects
of isolation (Bellamy et al. 1996; Brotons & Herrando 2001; Watson et al. 2004). For
example, Dunstan & Fox (1996) did not detect any effect of isolation on small mammals
in the Australian rainforest. Similarly, Fernández-Juricic (2004) also found no effect of
isolation on bird species richness in Madrid, Spain.
Species richness in fragmented areas is affected by other factors as well, such as
edge effects, vegetation coverage, habitat heterogeneity, and matrix content (Laurance
2008). Habitat fragmentation research focusing on edge effects has increased over the last
twenty-five years. As fragments decrease in size, the edges of fragments, which once
was core habitat, becomes exposed. This new edge habitat experiences decreased
humidity, increased temperature, stronger wind, altered hydrologic and nutrient cycles,
and increased immigration by non-native species (Saunders et al. 1991; Noss & Csuti
1997; Debinski & Holt 2000; Laurance et al. 2002; Collinge 2009). Measuring the depth
into fragments that these changes occur and how these changes affect animal species,
however, can prove difficult. The Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project
(BDFFP) has been studying habitat fragmentation for the last 32 years in the Amazon
basin. Their research on edge effects has brought insight to the distances that edge
disturbances occur into habitat fragments (Laurance et al. 2002). Laurance et al. (2002)
noted that increased wind penetrated up to 400 m into fragments, increased temperatures
60 m into fragments, and lower humidity extended 40 m into fragments. In addition, their
research also determined how organisms respond to these edge disturbances. For plants,
species composition near the edge changed dramatically over time as trees and other
3
shade loving taxa died and were subsequently replaced by shorter, drought resistant ones.
For animals, habitat generalists were either unaffected or were positively affected by
edge effects. Other species, however, were negatively affected by edge effects, especially
species that can only survive in core habitat.
The role that edge effects play in determining species richness in habitat
fragments has not been studied adequately. Larger fragments are likely to have
proportionately less edge habitat and more core habitat than smaller fragments, reducing
edge effects and possibly supporting greater species richness. In addition, the shape of the
fragment may play a role as well. Long and thin fragments will contain more edge habitat
than short and wide fragments even if both fragments are equal in size. One study, by
Helzer & Jelinski (1999), measured edge effects using the perimeter/area (P/A) ratio of a
habitat fragment. They used this to determine if the ratio of perimeter length to overall
fragment area affected the richness of grassland birds. The P/A ratio explained more
variance in bird species richness than area alone. The patches they sampled with large
P/A ratios (patches with more edge habitat) contained fewer species of birds than patches
with small P/A ratios.
Habitat fragmentation also affects the amount and type of vegetation (i.e. grass,
herbs, shrubs and trees) within fragments. Vegetation provides shelter from harsh
environmental conditions, protection from predators, and food for herbivores (Bolen &
Robinson 1995). Human disturbance can decrease vegetation in fragments, especially
around urban areas (Bolger et al. 1997; Sauvajot 1997). Whether through trampling,
creating trails, or fire breaks, the reduction in vegetation adds to the negative impacts of
fragmentation. For example, Bolger et al. (1997) surveyed rodent species in coastal sage
4
scrub habitat fragments and determined that shrub vegetation coverage best predicted
species richness, even more so than fragment size. Likewise, Sauvajot (1997) surveyed
small mammal species in chaparral habitat and found that areas with large amounts of
human disturbance had reduced amounts of chaparral vegetation, which in turn had
reduced species richness.
Habitat fragmentation also influences habitat heterogeneity within fragments.
MacArthur and Wilson (1967) hypothesized that as island area increases, the number of
habitats (i.e., grassland, forest, marsh, etc.) increase as well, thus supporting more
species. Heterogeneous habitats provide greater resource and niche variety, allowing for
more species to coexist than do less heterogeneous habitats (Noss & Csuti 1997).
Boecklen (1986), while studying forest dwelling birds, determined that habitat
heterogeneity predicted species richness more precisely than area. In addition, Fox & Fox
(2000) researched small mammal species richness on habitat fragments and oceanic
islands. They also found that the larger the fragment or oceanic island, the more habitats
it contained. In addition, they concluded that habitat heterogeneity explained 90.1% of
the variation in small mammal species richness. A meta-analysis by Tews et al. (2004)
found similar results, though not as conclusive. They reviewed a number of studies that
compared different habitat heterogeneity variables with animal species richness. Eightyfive percent of the studies had positive relationships between animal species richness and
habitat heterogeneity. The other 15% found negative relationships or no relationship at
all.
The type of matrix surrounding fragments can determine the intensity of edge
effects as well as the ability for animals to disperse between fragments (Collinge 2009).
5
McKinney (2008) reviewed studies comparing levels of urbanization and species
richness. He defined three levels of urbanization; low (<20% impervious surfaces),
moderate (20-50% impervious surfaces), and high (>50% impervious surfaces). Eightytwo percent of the vertebrate studies documented decreases in species richness from low
to moderate urbanization levels and 100% noted decreases from moderate to high
urbanization levels. Likewise, Bock et al. (2002) measured the percentage of suburban
development surrounding grassland sites in the Boulder, Colorado area, and then
quantified the abundance and richness of small mammals. For native small mammals, all
species decreased in abundance when suburban development exceeded 10%.
Urban development includes roads (concrete, asphalt, gravel, or cleared dirt)
which act as barriers for many species, especially small mammals (Oxley et al. 1974;
Forman & Alexander 1998). Oxley et al. (1974) observed the movement of mice across
two-lane country roads and two-lane highways. Only 8 of 254 white-footed mice
(Peromyscus leucopus) crossed the two-lane country roads and none crossed the two-lane
highways. Likewise, Swihart & Slade (1984) found that <6% of cotton mice (Sigmodon
hispidus) and 1% of prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) crossed a 3-m wide unpaved
road. A recent study by Brehme et al. (2013) determined the crossing probability of
rodents on unpaved roads, paved roads, and 2-lane highways. Crossing probability varied
between each of the four rodent species due to different life histories, however, no
rodents were seen crossing two-lane highways. For San Diego pocket mice (Chaetodipus
fallax), crossing probability was 27% for unpaved roads, 9.5% for paved roads, and 0%
for 2-lane highways. For cactus mice (Peromyscus eremicus) crossing probability was
25% for unpaved roads, 0% for paved roads, and 0% for 2-lane highways. For Dulzura
6
kangaroo rats (Dipodomys simulans), crossing probability was 100% for unpaved roads
and 67% for paved roads. Lastly, for deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), crossing
probability was 0% for all unpaved and paved roads.
The developed areas in and around Los Angeles and Ventura County, California
provide an ideal opportunity to investigate the effects of habitat fragmentation on small
mammal species richness in an urban landscape. In those counties, intense development
has isolated small fragments of natural land (1 – 500ha) from the surrounding large
expanses of natural land in the mountains (i.e., Santa Monica Mountains, and Santa
Susana Mountains). Small mammals are a good group of organisms to investigate the
effects of fragmentation since small mammals, especially rodents, avoid crossing roads
and traveling from fragment to fragment (Oxley et al. 1974; Brehme et al. 2013). This
makes them especially vulnerable to habitat fragmentation in urban areas. Furthermore,
rodents play a critical role in ecosystems. Many species create physical shelters which
provide protection for other animals (Quinn & Keeley 2006), aid in dispersal of seeds
(Vander Wall 1997), and provide a resource base for many predators (Quinn & Keeley
2006). If habitat fragmentation diminishes the richness of rodent species it can have a
detrimental effect on the survival of other species both large and small.
In my study, I investigated the relative roles of fragment age, size, and isolation,
shrub coverage, perimeter/area ratio, habitat heterogeneity, and percent non-urban buffer
as environmental variables in determining rodent species richness. A few studies have
investigated the effects of multiple environmental variables on rodent species richness
(Bolger et al. 1997; Fox & Fox 2000) but none have compared the direct and indirect
effects of environmental variables or looked at the cumulative effect of multiple
7
environmental variables on rodent species richness. For example, the area of a fragment
directly affects species richness (Bolger et al. 1997; Schutte 2005), but the area of a
fragment also determines habitat heterogeneity (Fox & Fox 2000), which in turn affects
species richness as well. The area of a fragment may indirectly affect species richness
through habitat heterogeneity. Thus, certain environmental variables may play a larger
indirect role through cause and effect relationships with other environmental variables
rather than directly affecting species richness. It is also important to understand how the
cumulative changes to the environment, due to habitat fragmentation, affect species
richness. In order to determine the role of each environmental variable as well as the
cumulative effect of all these environmental variables, I used path analysis (Kline 2005)
to test a hypothesized causal model (Fig. 1) describing the direct and indirect effects of
habitat fragmentation on rodent species richness.
The majority of habitat fragmentation research uses two statistical analyses to test
the effects of environmental variables on species richness. The first type of analysis
identifies the relational strength between one environmental variable and species richness
using correlation or regression, and the second analysis identifies the relational strength
between two or more environmental variables and species richness using multiple
regression. Although both methods work effectively, they may not accurately describe
the complex effects of habitat fragmentation on species richness. For example, regression
will only allow you to explain how individual environmental variables affect species
richness. Habitat fragmentation involves complex processes and many environmental
variables affect the richness of species in fragments as well as one another. Multiple
regression acknowledges this but cannot address the fact that multiple environmental
8
variables may share collinear relationships with one another. Multiple regression assumes
that independent variables lack collinear relationships (Quinn & Keough 2002) and,
therefore, if collinear relationships exist, results may not accurately describe the
relationships between the independent and dependent variables. In addition, multiple
regression is not capable of testing for indirect effects (Quinn & Keough 2002). Path
Analysis is a more versatile and robust method because it can determine how
environmental variables affect one another by using them as both predictor and response
variables in a causal model allowing one to test for direct and indirect effects as well as
the cumulative effects on species richness.
In the model (Fig. 1), the arrows represent hypothesized direct effects. Likewise,
any two variables not connected by an arrow are expected to have no direct relationship.
Fragment age, area, and isolation, vegetation cover, fragment perimeter/area ratio, and
habitat heterogeneity may all play a role in determining species richness. Therefore, these
variables were hypothesized to have a direct effect on species richness in my model.
Percent non-urban buffer describes the amount of the surrounding matrix not containing
urban development and was predicted to have a direct negative effect on species richness.
Sampling effort was included in my model to account for the differences in sampling
effort among fragments. Arrows connecting two environmental variables represent
hypothesized indirect effects on species richness. I expected that area would have an
indirect effect on species richness through its effect on habitat heterogeneity, shrub
coverage, and perimeter/area ratio. Research has shown that area may directly affect
habitat heterogeneity and vegetation coverage (Bolger et al. 1997) and because the
perimeter/area ratio generally increases as area decreases, I predicted that area would
9
have a direct effect on perimeter/area ratio. The concept behind habitat fragmentation
implies that as time continues, fragments become smaller and more isolated (Collinge
2009). From this, I anticipated that age would have a direct and an indirect effect on
species richness through direct effects on isolation, percent non-urban buffer, and area.
Figure 1: Hypothesized path model describing the effects of habitat fragmentation on rodent species richness.
Environmental variables are listed left of species richness (dependent variable). Arrows in the path model represent
hypothesized causal relationships. Thus, arrows connected to species richness represent hypothesized direct effects.
Arrows not connected directly to species richness represent hypothesized indirect effect on species richness through
causal relationships with other independent variables.
Methods
Study Location
The study area was located in Thousand Oaks, California (34°19’N-118°88’W,
Elevation Range: 77-564m, Average Elevation: 274m), directly north of the Santa
Monica Mountains National Recreation Area and 60 km northwest of Los Angeles. This
region experiences a typical Mediterranean climate with cool, variably wet winters and
hot, dry summers. The average annual precipitation is 455 mm. The dominant vegetation
includes grassland (predominantly non-native annual species), coastal sage scrub
10
(predominately Salvia spp.), chaparral (predominately Adenostoma fasciculatum), and
woodland (predominately Quercus agrifolia). Twenty-five habitat fragments, ranging
from 1 to 500 hectares in size, were examined (Figure 2; Appendix A). Fragments were
selected based on proximity to one another, land ownership, amount of isolation,
vegetation types, and size. Land ownership of the fragments belonged to Conejo Open
Space Conservation Agency (COSCA). Most fragments resided on hill-tops and all
fragments were surrounded by some type of development including roads, houses, golf
courses, parks or other modified areas.
Rodent Sampling
Rodents were trapped in each fragment using Sherman-Live traps (8 cm x 9 cm x 23 cm:
H.B. Sherman Traps, Tallahassee, FL) baited with sweetened horse feed, and cotton for
insulation during the winter months. Traps were placed at 10-m intervals along 240-m
transects, at least 100 m apart from one another. Fragments contained one to four
transects depending on the size. Fragments 0 – 12 ha contained one transect, 12.5 – 75 ha
contained two transects, 76 – 200 ha contained three transects, and 201 – 400 ha
contained four transects. In order to insure that rodents were sampled in all vegetation
types, transects were placed non-randomly in fragments. Appendix B contains tables with
GPS coordinates (UTMs) of transects and traps for each fragment. Traps were pre-baited
(locked closed with bait) for two days before three consecutive nights of trapping. For
trapping sessions, traps were set at dusk and checked at dawn then closed for the
remainder of the day. Captured rodents were identified to species, sexed, and measured
[Weight (WT), body length (BL), tail length (TL), and hind-foot length (HF)]. The
11
measurements were used to differentiate similar rodent species (i.e., Peromyscus spp). In
order to identify recaptures, all individuals were marked with a permanent marker.
Fragments were trapped twice per year: during the wet season (Jan – Apr 2013) and the
dry season (May – Sept. 2013). Only native, nocturnal rodents were used for analysis.
Presence of non-native rodents has been seen to positively correlate with habitat
fragmentation and thus will not follow the theories regarding native mammals and habitat
fragmentation (Bolger et al. 1997). Diurnal species [i.e., California ground squirrel
(Otospermophilus beecheyi), and California vole (Microtus californicus)] were not
considered in this study. Although diurnal rodents play an important role in the
ecosystem they were not adequately sampled.
Environmental Variables
The following environmental variables were measured for each fragment using
Geographic Information System (GIS) software (ArcGIS, Version 10.1, Ornsby et al.
2010): fragment area, isolation, perimeter/area ratio, shrub coverage, habitat
heterogeneity, and percent non-urban buffer. Habitat heterogeneity was calculated by
using spatial data from Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area (SAMO). The
National Recreation Area had categorized the vegetation in and around Thousand Oaks,
California into vegetation alliances (Sawyer et al. 2009) and recorded it in ArcMap GIS
spatial files. The sum of the area that each vegetation alliance covered within a fragment
was calculated to determine the Shannon diversity index for each fragment, which was
used as a measurement of habitat heterogeneity. Some vegetation alliances were
consolidated into broader categories (i.e. Grassland, and Oak Woodland) based on the
12
variety of vegetation in all fragments. A list of each vegetation (habitat) category is
located in Appendix C. Fragment age and sampling effort were determined without using
GIS. Fragment age was calculated by comparing historical aerial photos to determine
when the fragment first became surrounded by development. Table 1 defines each
environmental variable and describes how each was measured.
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Table 1 – Description and method of calculation of each environmental variable used in the path model.
Environmental Variable
AGE
Description
Calculation Method
Time in years since fragmentation.
Historical aerial photos.
Size of Fragment in Hectares (Ha).
Aerial photos in ArcGIS and
ground truthing.
ISOLATION
Distance in meters (m) to the
nearest fragment of any size.
Distance tool in ArcGIS
using Aerial photos.
SHRUB COVER
Percentage of area (Ha) in each
fragment covered with shrubs.
Aerial photos in ArcGIS and
ground truthing.
HABITAT HETEROGENEITY
Shannon’s Diversity Index of
vegetation types within each
fragment.
Santa Monica National
Recreation Area vegetation
Alliance ArcGIS layer and
ground truthing.
PERIMETER/AREA RATIO
Length of the perimeter in meters
(m) divided by the fragment area in
hectares (Ha).
Aerial photos in ArcGIS.
Percentage of 200m buffer, from
fragment edge, consisting of nonurban surfaces (urban: roads,
housing developments, other
impervious surfaces).
Buffer tool in ArcGIS as well
as aerial photos and ground
truthing.
Number of trap-nights at each
fragment.
Traps per fragment ×
Number of nights × Number
of trap sessions
AREA
PERCENT NON-URBAN
BUFFER
SAMPLING EFFORT
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15
Figure 2: Twenty-five habitat fragments in Thousand Oaks, California, 40 miles east of Los Angeles. Fragments ranged from 1 – 500ha in
size. Land ownership belonged to Conejo Open Space Conservation Agency (COSCA). Most Fragments were on hill tops and all
fragments were surrounded by some type of development including roads, houses, golf courses, parks and other modified areas.
Data Analysis
The variables fragment size, isolation, and age were log transformed to meet
univariate normality assumptions. After transformations, fragment age had the most
extreme univariate kurtosis (-1.17) but was below values considered kurtotic (> 7) (Byrne
2009). The overall model had a multivariate kurtosis of -1.68 and a critical ratio (C.R.) of
-0.38 meeting assumptions of multivariate normality (C.R. < 5). Path Analysis, a type of
structural equation modeling (SEM), was used to test the hypothesized causal
relationships between environmental variables and rodent species richness. This analysis
uses multiple linear regressions to calculate standardized partial regression coefficients
(a.k.a. standardized path coefficients, ‘ρ’) for each hypothesized relationship in the model
while holding all other relationships constant. Standardized path coefficients represent
the change in the standard deviation of the response variable for every change of one
standard deviation in the predictor variable (Kline 2005). This analysis differs from
multiple regression, however, in that each variable in path analysis may act as a predictor
and a response variable, allowing the testing of indirect effects. The overall goodness of
fit of the path model was determined using likelihood-ratio tests (Kline 2005).
For each standardized path coefficient, 95% confidence intervals and standard
errors were calculated using 1000 bootstrap estimates. Chi-square statistics were used to
test the significance (α = 0.05) of each individual path coefficient by evaluating the
degree of reduction in model fit when each path coefficient was removed (i.e. fixed at 0)
(Karels et al. 2008; Byrne 2009). All analyses were performed in the program AMOS
(Arbuckle 2005).
16
Results
Rodents Sampled
Over the two trapping periods, a total of 1,389 individuals were captured in 6,311
trap nights in the twenty-five fragments. Seven native nocturnal rodent species were
captured, including the California pocket mouse (Chaetodipus californicus), western
harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys megalotis), deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus),
cactus mouse (Peromyscus eremicus), dusky-footed woodrat (Neotoma fuscipes), desert
woodrat (Neotoma lepida), and agile kangaroo rat (Dipodomys agilis). Only one
nocturnal non-native rodent species, the house mouse (Mus musculus), was trapped
during the study and it was only captured in two fragments. Other non-target species
captured included the California ground squirrel (Otospermophilus beecheyi), eastern fox
squirrel (Sciurus niger), California vole (Microtus californicus), California thrasher
(Toxostoma redivivum), and the California Towhee (Melozone crissalis). Native rodent
species richness ranged from 0 – 7 in the 25 habitat fragments, with only one fragment
supporting all 7 species (Table 2, Figure 4). The majority of the fragments contained 3 - 4
species (n=14) and only two fragments lack any captured rodents. There was a nested
structure of rodent species in each fragment with woodrats (21 fragments) and western
harvest mice (18 fragments) being the most widely distributed, followed by California
pocket mouse (17 fragments), deer mouse (13 fragments), cactus mouse (10 fragments),
and then agile kangaroo rat (2 fragments). Dusky-footed woodrats were the most
distributed species in the southern fragments but were replaced by desert woodrats in the
northern fragments where the vegetation became more xeric.
17
18
Figure 3: Rodent species richness at twenty-five habitat fragments in Thousand Oaks, California, 40 miles east of Los Angeles. Fragments
ranged from 1 – 500ha in size.
Habitat Fragment Model Fit
Fragment shrub cover and habitat heterogeneity had a significant collinear
relationship (r = 0.84, P < 0.001) which may bias estimates of standardized path
coefficients and standard errors (Petraitis et al. 1996). Therefore, the model was
simplified in order to remove this problem. Two simplified models were compared, one
excluding shrub cover (χ2 = 9.77, d.f. = 10, P = 0.46, AIC = 45.8) and one excluding
habitat heterogeneity (χ2 = 12.98, d.f. = 10, P = 0.23, AIC = 49.0) to determine which
model fit the data better. The model excluding shrub cover had a lower AIC and a lower
χ2 and was, therefore, used in all further analysis. Sampling effort was used to account for
the varying number of traps at each fragment; however, it did not significantly improve
model fit and was dropped from further analysis.
The observed data fit the hypothesized causal model (χ2 = 9.77, d.f. = 10, P =
0.46, Figure 4). The environmental variables in the path model explained 66% of the
variance in rodent species richness among habitat fragments and this was highly
significant (P = 0.002). Surprisingly, fragment age, fragment isolation, percentage of
non-urban buffer, fragment size (area), and perimeter/area ratio did not significantly
directly affect species richness. The diversity of habitats in fragments (habitat
heterogeneity) was the only environmental variable that had a significant, direct effect on
species richness (ρ = 0.71, Table 2). The age of the fragments did not have a significant
effect on the number of rodent species (ρ = 0.05) or the size of the fragment (ρ = -0.06).
However, fragment age did have a slightly significant effect on the percentage of nonurban buffer (ρ = -0.35) and a significant effect on isolation (ρ = 0.50). The size of the
fragments (area) had two significant direct effects: one on the diversity
19
Figure 4: Path model describing the effects of habitat fragmentation on rodent species richness. Standardized path
coefficients (with upper and lower 95% confidence intervals in parentheses) are listed for each pathway. Pathways with
solid lines indicate significant relationships, with the thickness of the line representing the P-value (α = 0.05). Dashed
lines indicate pathways with non-significant relationships. The values above each dependent variable represent the
amount of variance explained by the effects of independent variables (with upper and lower 95% confidence intervals
in parentheses).
of habitat in fragments (habitat heterogeneity, ρ = 0.68) and another on the perimeter/area
ratio of fragments (ρ = -0.81). Although the size of the fragment (area) did not directly
influence species richness, it showed a large, positive, indirect effect on species richness
through the diversity of habitats (habitat heterogeneity) and perimeter/area ratio of
fragments (ρ = [0.68 × 0.71] + [-0.81 × -0.03] = .50, Table 3). Combining direct and
indirect effects, the diversity of habitats (habitat heterogeneity) had the largest total effect
on rodent species richness (ρ = [.71 + 0.00] = .71) followed closely by fragment size
(area) (ρ = [.11 + .50] = .61).
20
Table 2: Effects of environmental variables on rodent species richness listed as standardized path coefficients. Indirect
effects are the products of standardized path coefficients between environmental variables. Total effects are the sum of
all direct and indirect effects.
Environmental Variable
Direct Effects
Indirect Effects
Total Effects
Habitat heterogeneity
0.71 (0.01, 1.06)*
------
0.71 (0.07, 1.06)*
Size
0.11 (-0.67, 0.69)
0.50 (-0.05, 0.99)*
0.61 (0.17, 0.81)*
Isolation
-0.15 (-0.53, 0.15)
------
-0.15 (-0.53, 0.15)
Age
0.05 (-0.25, 0.42)
-0.11 (-0.45, 0.15)
-0.06 (-0.39, 0.28)
Perimeter/area
-0.03 (-0.52, 0.44)
------
-0.03 (-0.52, 0.44)
Percent non-urban buffer
-0.01 (-0.34, 0.26)
------
-0.01 (-0.34, 0.26)
* P < 0.05
Discussion
The diversity of habitats in fragments (habitat heterogeneity) and fragment size
were the two greatest predictors of rodent species richness, which is consistent with
theoretical and empirical studies (MacArthur & Wilson 1967; Fox & Fox 2000; Williams
et al. 2002; Tews et al. 2004). Habitat heterogeneity had not only the greatest direct
effect, but also the greatest total effect on rodent species richness. The fragments in my
study containing 6 or 7 species had the greatest habitat diversity (grassland, woodland,
and over six types of shrub habitats, Appendix C), resulting in a Shannon Diversity
Indexes near 2. In contrast, fragments with no rodents (n = 2) contained only grassland
vegetation, resulting in a Shannon Diversity Index of 0. Rodents often specialize on
particular habitats, which likely explain the relational strength between habitat
heterogeneity and rodent species richness. This is seen in other taxa as well for instance,
birds, invertebrates, mammals, reptiles and amphibians also increase in species diversity
with habitat heterogeneity and complexity (Tews et al. 2004).
21
The size of the fragment had the largest indirect effect on rodent species richness
through its influence on habitat heterogeneity. This relationship follows the ‘habitat
heterogeneity hypothesis’ which originated from MacArthur & Wilson (1967); it states
that larger fragments or islands will contain a greater variety of habitats. In my study, the
largest fragments (465 ha, 373 ha, 114 ha) contained the greatest diversity of habitats (H
= 1.79, 2.03, 1.87, Appenix A) and likewise, the smallest fragments (2.4 ha, 2.9 ha) had
low levels of habitat diversity (H = 0.31, 0.07). Surprisingly, area did not display a
significant direct effect on species richness. This differs from multiple studies where area
directly influenced the number of species in fragments (Estrada et al. 1993; Bellamy et al.
1996; Dunstan & Fox 1996; Bolger et al. 1997; Cornelius et al. 2000; Brotons &
Herrando 2001; Fernández-Juricic 2004; Watson et al. 2004; Watling & Donnelly 2006;
Parris 2006). This finding, however, illustrates the benefit of using causal modeling, such
as path analysis, which was able to partition the effects of fragment size. My analysis
does not indicate that fragment size lacks influence on rodent species richness, but rather,
it indicates that area significantly influences rodent species richness and that this
influence is produced through habitat heterogeneity.
The size of the fragment also affected the perimeter/area ratio, demonstrating that
as fragments increase in size, the amount of ‘edge’ perimeter (meters per hectare)
decreases, which was expected. This also indicates that species susceptible to edge effects
would be at greater risk in smaller fragments and at less risk in larger fragments. In my
study, however, perimeter/area ratio did not significantly influence rodent species
richness. It is likely that the species in this study were not sensitive to edge effects. For
instance, Sauvajot (1997) trapped small mammals in chaparral at varying distances from
22
an urban edge in the Santa Monica Mountains. Small mammal species richness and
abundance did not vary with proximity to edge, suggesting that chaparral dominant
rodents are not sensitive to urban edge effects.
Fragment age significantly influenced the distance fragments were isolated from
one another, suggesting that isolation increased over time. When urban habitat
fragmentation occurs, development generally continues for many years, progressively
destroying portions of the remaining natural habitat and further isolating habitat
fragments (Burgess & Sharpe 1981; Wilcox & Murphy 1985; Andrén 1994). Bolger et al.
(1997) also noted this same relationship in San Diego, California. In this study, age also
influenced the amount of non-urban habitat around fragments, albeit slightly. This effect
was negative, indicating that as fragments increase in age, the amount of urban land in
the surrounding area increases. Age had no significant relationship with the size of
fragments, which also supports the findings of Bolger et al. (1997), but differs from the
concept of habitat fragmentation which predicts fragments will decrease in size over time
(Burgess & Sharpe 1981). This result may be due to the randomness of habitat
fragmentation. For instance, fragments are not equal in size when habitat fragmentation
occurs; rather, size is dependent upon the intensity of development. Fragments in close
proximity to greater amounts of urban development will be smaller than those far from
intense urban development. In my study, there was no direct or indirect effect of age on
species richness. In contrast, Bolger et al. (1997) found that fragment age was one of the
best predictors of species richness. It is possible, however, that with a larger sample of
fragments in our area I may have detected an age effect on species richness. Most of the
23
fragments in Thousand Oaks were originally fragmented during the same time period
(1965 – 1990).
Surprisingly, neither the distance between the focal fragment and the nearest
fragment (Isolation), nor the amount of natural land surrounding the focal fragment (%
Non-urban Buffer), significantly influenced the number of rodent species. Isolation did
have a slight, negative impact indicating that, as fragments become more isolated, the
number of species decreases, which is consistent with previous research (Estrada et al.
1993; Francesco Ficetola & De Bernardi 2004). Rodents resist dispersing across roads
(Oxley et al. 1974; Forman & Alexander 1998; Brehme et al. 2013). Brehme et al.
(2013) looked at the movement patterns of four rodent species in San Diego, California.
Of the four species, the two with the lowest probability of crossing roads (Peromyscus
eremicus, Peromyscus maniculatus) were captured in my study, and the other two species
with limited dispersal (Dipodomys simulans and Chaetodipus fallax), are closely related
with two species found in my study (Dipodomys agilis, Chaetodipus californicus). The
lack of movement across roads by rodents is a possible explanation for the absence of
isolation and matrix content significant effects. Neither the distance between fragments
nor the amount of natural land in the surrounding area will have a large influence if
rodents avoid crossing a single road. The majority of the fragments in my study were
completely surrounded by two-lane roads. Thus, it is possible that roads, being barriers to
rodent dispersal, may alone determine if rodent populations are isolated in urban
fragmented lands. These findings also suggest that rodent species richness in urban
fragmented landscapes is determined primarily by the size and habitat heterogeneity of
the fragment.
24
Using path analysis to test the influences of environmental variables on rodent
species richness was an effective approach to dissect the intricate changes caused by
habitat fragmentation. Due to the complexity of path analysis, large sample sizes are
needed to differentiate the direct and indirect effects in the tested model. Although the
sample size used in my study (n=25) was relatively large for this type of research (Bolger
et al. 1997) it is rather small for structural equation modeling. The small sample size in
my study is likely the cause of the wide confidence intervals which were calculated for
each path coefficient in my model. While a larger sample size would probably reduce the
confidence intervals, it is not likely that the path coefficient values would shift
dramatically. Thus, the significance of the determined relationships between
environmental variables and rodent species richness would likely remain consistent.
Other studies have used path analysis with similar sample sizes and model complexity
and have found significant relationships (Prugh & Brashares 2012; Guilherme Becker et
al. 2013). The fact that I found strong relationships between environmental variables and
species richness despite the relatively small sample of fragments and low overall richness
(n=7) increases our confidence in the results.
Future Research
This study was able to tease apart the effects of multiple predictors on species
richness in fragmented areas using path analysis. Through determining direct and indirect
effects it was evident that habitat heterogeneity was more important in determining
species richness than fragment size as well as all other predictors. The future of habitat
fragmentation research would benefit from using structural equation modeling, such as
25
path analysis, to dissect the effects of multiple causal factors on biodiversity and
abundance. For instance, the model created in my study can also be used to determine the
influence of environmental variables on other taxa by replacing rodent species richness
with another study group (i.e., birds). In addition to comparing models between various
taxa, research could also compare models across different biomes to see if the same
influences are observed (i.e. forest habitats or tropical habitats). Rodents local to the
southern California coastline are mainly shrub dominant and may respond differently to
habitat fragmentation than forest or grassland dominant rodent species (Cáceres et al.
2010). Research should also compare fragmented lands created by various anthropogenic
land uses (i.e. agricultural, deforestation, mining). Species have shown differential
responses to fragmentation based on land use and it may prove informative to use causal
models to decipher the most influential factors (Debinski & Holt 2000; Cáceres et al.
2010; Fernández & Simonetti 2012).
Fire and other local disturbances were not adequately researched in my study and
need further analysis. Fires are a common part of the life cycle of many Mediterranean
climate shrubland communities, especially for coastal sage scrub and chaparral
communities. Southern California’s shrubland communities have adapted survival
strategies for fires, however, if fire frequency or severity increases, these vegetation
communities may be replaced by herbaceous vegetation (Keeley 2005; Brehme et al.
2011). Fire frequency has been increasing in southern California, partially due to fire
suppression attempts, inhibiting the recovery of woody shrublands and eventually leading
to replacement by herbaceous vegetation (Wells et al. 2004; Keeley 2005). Due to the
effect of habitat diversity on rodent species richness, the changes caused by increased
26
fires may destroy suitable habitat and be detrimental to the survival of shrub dominant
species (Brehme et al. 2011). In addition to degrading habitat, fires may destroy entire
habitat fragments. In large natural landscapes animals move away from a burned area
until vegetation is restored, however, in fragmented lands animals may have nowhere to
take refuge in the case of a fire, leading to their extirpation.
In addition to fire, local disturbances such as vegetation trampling and trails may
lead to habitat degradation as well. In southern California the impact of human use on
habitat fragments has led to a reduction in shrub coverage (Sauvajot et al. 1998). In my
study, shrub coverage shared a significant relationship with habitat heterogeneity which
ultimately determined rodent species richness, thus, the depletion of shrub coverage by
human use will likely negatively impact rodent species richness. More research needs to
be done in this area to understand the significance of these local disturbances for species
richness in habitat fragments.
Conservation Implications
There are multiple conservation implications of the findings in this study. First,
large fragments, with diverse vegetation communities, are the most important fragments
to conserve in order to protect wildlife diversity in fragmented lands. In my study, all
fragments < 3 hectares contained two or less rodent species and most fragments > 20
hectares contained at least 4 species. In addition, most fragments with a Shannon
diversity of habitat value > 1.5 contained 4 or more rodent species. When a fragment
becomes too small, vegetation coverage decreases, leading to the homogenization of
27
vegetation communities and finally, a reduction in wildlife species (Lindemayer &
Fischer 2006; Fernández & Simonetti 2012). Large fragments, on the other hand, provide
greater vegetation diversity, are less susceptible to frequent human disturbance, and
protect wildlife from edge effects (Bolger et al. 1997; Kelt 2000; Fernández & Simonetti
2012). Fragments that are already small in size or lack habitat diversity are still important
to conserve, however. Measures should be taken to protect these fragments from further
degradation caused by vegetation trampling or other human disturbances (Sauvajot et al.
1998). In addition, shrub cover should be increased in these fragments through restoration
projects in order to provide habitat diversity and increase the survival probability of the
wildlife species living there (Bolger et al. 1997). However, shrub restoration may not be
possible in some fragments (particularly the smallest ones) because of their proximity to
urban areas and the risk that this vegetation poses for the spread of wildfires into urban
areas.
Secondly, limiting isolation between habitat fragments should become a priority
as it is likely the only way to increase species richness in fragments, especially for small
mammals, and to support lasting populations. Due to the avoidance of roads by rodents in
urban landscapes, fragmented populations are cut off from one another. This isolation
inhibits population size and gene flow, and threatens their persistence. Fernández &
Simonetti (2012) suggested that isolated fragments in urban landscapes are not able to
support lasting rodent populations. Roads act as a barrier to other vertebrates as well. For
instance, Riley et al. (2006) noted that freeways near Thousand Oaks, CA restricted the
gene flow of bobcat (Lynx rufus) and coyote (Canis latrans) populations. Creating natural
corridors may be an effective approach to connect fragments, especially across major
28
streets and highways. Although there is still some disagreement surrounding the
advantages and disadvantages of corridors, many studies have seen an increase in the
movement of multiple wildlife taxa in response to corridors (Ng et al. 2004; Lindemayer
& Fischer 2006; Gilbert-Norton et al. 2010; Haddad et al. 2013). For instance,
researchers in Banff National Park noticed that the creation of corridors over highways
provided connectivity between populations of bears (Sawaya et al. 2013). One of the
disadvantages to building corridors, however, is the building costs, which are substantial
and may limit the amount they can be used. Due to that reason, corridors should be
carefully designed so that one, or a few, have the size and structure to provide functional
connectivity for multiple organisms (i.e. mountain lions, bobcat, small mammals, etc.).
Another approach to limiting isolation is to keep natural areas connected when
fragmentation occurs. This is the best way to protect native biodiversity but would also
be challenging and require land use restrictions.
Conclusion
My study was able to unravel the effects of multiple habitat fragment
characteristics on rodent species richness. Using path analysis, I found that habitat
heterogeneity had the greatest direct and total effect and, fragment size had the greatest
indirect effect in determining rodent species richness. These results add to the growing
work on the effects of habitat fragmentation, and provide an avenue for future research
using structural equation modeling to tease apart multiple causal factors. As
anthropogenic land use and alteration continues, it is vital that research focuses on ways
29
to lessen or reverse the negative impacts to native wildlife communities. Conserving
large fragments with diverse vegetation communities and connecting existing habitat
fragments are the best methods to conserve and manage native wildlife in urban
fragmented landscapes.
30
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36
5
5
6
7
Janss Hill
Eagle Hills C
Eagle Hills B
Eagle Hills D
Lynn Hill
Knoll Park Hill
Old Meadows Hill
Gainsborough Hill
Portrero Ridge Hill C
Portrero Ridge Hill A
Rolling Oaks Hill
Sycamore Canyon Hill
Regal Oak Hill
Olsen Hill B
Island Hill
Golf Course Hill
Cal Lutheran Hill
Northwood Hill
Fireworks Hill
Olsen Hill A
Eagle Hills A
Old Conejo Hill
Portrero Ridge Hill B
Westlake Hill
North Ranch Hill
Fragment
Species
Richness
0
0
1
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
37
21.0
35.2
465.2
373.1
9.9
7.4
2.9
2.4
4.9
8.4
16.7
17.6
10.6
11.5
8.4
114.3
3.1
4.6
11.2
11.2
21.8
37.1
19.5
12.7
26.7
Size
23
13
21
29
46
28
13
28
48
23
42
48
13
18
13
13
20
28
23
33
33
38
48
28
13
Age
82
17
37
11
64
39
3
237
611
140
200
19
17
23
19
9
30
17
15
82
15
17
13
14
3
Isolation
0.82
0.84
0.67
0.72
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.08
0.56
0.34
0.42
0.54
0.73
0.76
0.70
0.64
0.77
0.45
0.90
0.93
0.57
0.67
0.55
0.63
0.38
Shrub %
1.54
2.00
1.79
2.03
Habitat
Heterogeneity
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.31
1.20
0.98
1.19
1.21
1.35
1.52
1.51
1.87
1.00
1.01
1.28
1.20
1.15
1.61
1.59
1.41
1.05
129.4
239.1
46.0
47.4
149.7
236.2
380.6
380.0
281.4
139.3
210.2
246.2
224.0
240.1
370.1
76.3
304.9
363.5
135.7
200.9
135.1
171.8
149.9
190.7
183.4
Perimeter/Area
Rodent Species Richness values and untransformed values of each environmental variable for the twenty-five fragments in Thousand Oaks, CA.
0.46
0.43
0.41
0.55
Non-Urban
Buffer %
0.31
0.39
0.57
0.29
0.41
0.28
0.50
0.43
0.48
0.58
0.45
0.59
0.55
0.42
0.43
0.68
0.33
0.47
0.38
0.48
0.52
Appendix A
Appendix B
Trapping Locations and Vegetation Data
The following 41 tables contain UTM locations for each of the trapping locations,
elevation for each transect, and vegetation data for each trapping location. Vegetation
data was not used in the path analysis; rather, it was only used to determine the
relationship between individual rodent species and vegetation species. Traps are
organized into their respective transects and habitat fragments.
Vegetation Data Collection Method
To document the vegetation at each trap site, a variation of the line transect
sampling method was used (Canfield 1941; Jorgensen & Demarais 1999). Along each
240m transect of Sherman-live traps, a 3 m tall pole was placed at the center of each
trapping location (every 10 m). From the top of the pole a 2 m long string was extended
in each of the 4 cardinal directions. The first shrub or tree to intersect the string was
recorded for each direction (N, W, S, and E). Other vegetation (i.e. grass, mustard, bare
ground, forb) was recorded if shrubs and trees were not present. Each 240 m long transect
had 100 recordings of vegetation species (25 N, 25 W, 25 S, and 25 E).
38
39
UTM East
326192
326193
326195
326194
326202
326209
326215
326216
326221
326234
326240
326254
326257
326263
326268
326275
326279
326289
326295
326292
326297
326307
326315
326323
326332
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Cal Lutheran Hill
Transect 1
3788241
UTM North
3788093
3788095
3788104
3788114
3788124
3788127
3788134
3788138
3788148
3788151
3788154
3788159
3788164
3788172
3788181
3788187
3788194
3788199
3788206
3788216
3788225
3788227
3788232
3788237
Deerweed
Veg North
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Encelia
Bare Ground
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Prickly Pear
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
California Buckwheat
Encelia
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Encelia
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Veg South
Coastal Cholla
Coastal Cholla
Coastal Cholla
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Bare Ground
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Prickly Pear
Prickly Pear
Prickly Pear
Encelia
Encelia
Prickly Pear
Encelia
Bare Ground
California Buckwheat
Encelia
California Buckwheat
Veg West
California Buckwheat
Bare Ground
Prickly Pear
Encelia
California Buckwheat
Bare Ground
California Buckwheat
Prickly Pear
Prickly Pear
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Mustard
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Prickly Pear
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Encelia
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
California Buckwheat
Deerweed
Veg East
California Buckwheat
Coastal Cholla
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Prickly Pear
California Buckwheat
Prickly Pear
California Buckwheat
Prickly Pear
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Prickly Pear
Prickly Pear
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Bare
Prickly Pear
Encelia
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Prickly Pear
Elevation: 902ft
40
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 2
UTM East
326272
326258
326250
326240
326231
326222
326213
326204
326194
326187
326179
326171
326163
326155
326147
326140
326132
326126
326123
326125
326118
326113
326107
326101
326093
Cal Lutheran Hill
UTM North
3788299
3788303
3788300
3788298
3788290
3788284
3788283
3788278
3788279
3788273
3788266
3788258
3788255
3788248
3788242
3788234
3788228
3788220
3788211
3788206
3788194
3788187
3788179
3788172
3788162
Veg North
Herb/Bare
California Buckwheat
Mustard
Herb/Bare
Deerweed
California Buckwheat
Bare Ground
Deerweed
Herb/Bare
Bare Ground
Deerweed
Deerweed
Mustard
Herb/Bare
Deerweeed
Herb/Bare
Herb/Bare
Prickly Pear
California Buckwheat
Purple Sage
Herb/Bare
Deerweed
Herb/Bare
Herb/Bare
Deerweed
Veg South
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Sagebrush
Deerweed
Herb/Bare
Bare Ground
California Buckwheat
Mustard
Mustard
Herb/Bare
Herb/Bare
Deerweed
Deerweed
Herb/Bare
California Buckwheat
Herb/Bare
Mustard
Deerweed
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Purple Sage
Herb/Bare
Herb/Bare
California Sagebrush
Deerweed
Veg East
California Buckwheat
Bare Ground
Deerweed
Herb/Bare
Herb/Bare
California Buckwheat
Mustard/Bare
Herb/Bare
Mustard
Herb/Bare
Deerweed
Mustard
Deerweed
Herb/Bare
California Buckwheat
Herb/Bare
Herb/Bare
Deerweed
California Buckwheat
Purple Sage
California Buckwheat
Deerweed
Herb/Bare
Herb/Bare
Herb/Bare
Veg West
California Buckwheat
California Sagebrush
Mustard
California Buckwheat
Herb/Bare
Bare Ground
Mustard/Bare
Mustard
Deerweed
Herb/Bare
Herb/Bare
Deerweed
Deerweed
Mustard
Herb/Bare
Herb/Bare
Herb/Bare
Deerweed
California Buckwheat
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Deerweed
Herb/Bare
California Sagebrush
Deerweed
Elevation: 824ft
41
UTM East
331632
331633
331634
331635
331635
331633
331629
331627
331624
331621
331620
331621
331615
331612
331610
331608
331609
331608
331610
331609
331607
331588
331588
331588
331582
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Eagle Hills A
Transect 1
3787627
3787635
3787644
3787654
3787666
3787673
3787683
3787692
3787702
3787712
3787719
3787731
3787741
3787749
3787758
3787769
3787780
3787783
3787797
3787805
3787808
3787815
3787824
3787832
3787835
UTM North
Mustard
Mustard
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Mustard
Grass
Grass
Thistle
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Purple Sage
Bare/Black Sage
Black Sage
Veg North
Mustard
Mustard
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Mustard
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Thistle
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Black Sage
Black Sage
Bush Mallow
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Purple Sage
Veg South
Mustard
Mustard
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
California Sagebrush
Grass
Grass
Mustard
Thistle
Thistle
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Bare Ground
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
California Buckwheat
Purple Sage
Encelia
Veg East
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Mustard
Grass
Grass
Grass
Thistle
Thistle
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Purple Sage
Veg West
Elevation: 1200ft
42
UTM East
331792
331786
331779
331769
331764
331757
331748
331743
331735
331728
331718
331711
331709
331699
331692
331687
331682
331675
331668
331666
331659
331649
331639
331631
331620
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Eagle Hills A
Transect 2
3788336
3788331
3788321
3788316
3788314
3788316
3788313
3788453
3788444
3788435
3788428
3788422
3788413
3788408
3788401
3788395
3788388
3788382
3788376
3788370
3788358
3788351
3788344
UTM North
3788462
3788455
Veg South
Encelia
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Encelia
Encelia
Forb
Bare Ground
California Sagebrush
Mustard/Bare Ground
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Veg North
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Encelia
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Encelia
Mustard
Forb
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
California Buckwheat
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Califronia Buckwheat
Purple Sage
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Bare Ground
Mustard/Bare Ground
California Sagebrush
Grass
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Veg East
California Buckwheat
Encelia
California Buckwheat
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
California Buckwheat
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Encelia
Encelia
Forb
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Mustard/Bare Ground
Grass
Mustard
California Buckwheat
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Veg West
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Elevation: 1350ft
43
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 1
Eagle Hills B
UTM East
331370
331380
331381
331399
331408
331418
331429
331439
331449
331455
331464
331470
331484
331493
331503
331512
331521
331530
331538
331549
331554
331565
331575
331582
331592
UTM North
3787446
3787438
3787433
3787430
3787426
3787426
3787423
3787423
3787422
3787416
3787412
3787404
3787404
3787401
3787399
3787397
3787394
3787389
3787386
3787383
3787384
3787380
3787377
3787375
3787373
Veg North
Thistle
Grass
Forb
Grass
Thistle
Grass
Thistle/Deer Weed
Grass
Grass
California Sagebrush
Mustard
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Forb
Grass
Mustard
Mustard
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Mustard
Mustard
Veg South
Thistle
Grass
Grass
Thistle/Deer Weed
Thistle
Grass
Grass
Grass
Forb
Grass
Forb
Grass
Thistle/Deer Weed
Grass
Mustard
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Mustard
Grass
Grass/Thistle
Veg East
Thistle
Forb
Grass
Thistle/Deer Weed
Mustard
Grass
Forb
Forb
Grass
California Sagebrush
Mustard
Grass
Forb
Grass
Mustard
Mustard
Grass
Grass
Grass
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Grass
Grass
Veg West
Thistle
Grass
Mustard
Forb
Thistle
Grass
Grass
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Grass
Mustard
Thistle/Deer Weed
Grass
Grass
Forb
Forb
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Mustard
Grass
Grass
Elevation: 1120ft
44
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 1
Eagle Hills C
UTM East
331174
331158
331148
331138
331130
331120
331109
331101
331094
331088
331083
331078
331071
331066
331061
331056
331051
331047
331042
331039
331035
331031
331028
331022
331018
UTM North
3787518
3787510
3787505
3787502
3787499
3787497
3787495
3787491
3787483
3787476
3787467
3787455
3787448
3787439
3787431
3787422
3787412
3787407
3787395
3787385
3787376
3787366
3787358
3787349
3787340
Veg North
Grass/Mustard
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Grass/Mustard
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass/Mustard
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Veg South
Mustard
Grass/Mustard
Grass
Grass
Grass/Mustard
Grass
Mustard
Grass/Mustard
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass/Mustard
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Veg East
Mustard
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Mustard/Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Veg West
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass/Mustard
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Mustard
Mustard/Grass
Grass/Mustard
Mustard/Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass/Mustard
Grass
Grass
Grass/Mustard
Grass
Elevation: 1195ft
45
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 1
UTM East
330677
330671
330662
330653
330647
330640
330633
330624
330616
330607
330598
330591
330582
330572
330563
330554
330544
330534
330526
330513
330511
330495
330487
330477
330471
Eagle Hills D
UTM North
3787809
3787818
3787827
3787829
3787834
3787840
3787844
3787850
3787857
3787863
3787864
3787875
3787879
3787882
3787886
3787889
3787891
3787894
3787896
3787906
3787901
3787896
3787897
3787898
3787898
Veg South
Grass
Forb
Grass
Grass
Mustard
California Sagebrush
Grass
California Sagebrush
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Mustard
Mustard
Forb
Forb
Mustard
Thistle
Thistle
Forb
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Veg North
Grass
Grass
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Sagebrush
Forb
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Thistle
Mustard
Forb
Mustard
Thistle
Forb
Thistle
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Veg East
California Sagebrush
Grass
Grass
Forb
Mustard
Forb
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Mustard
Forb
Mustard
Thistle
Forb
Thistle
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Grass
Grass
Grass
Forb
California Sagebrush
Grass
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Forb
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Mustard
Mustard
Forb
Mustard
Forb
Mustard
Thistle
Thistle
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Veg West
Elevation: 1134ft
46
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 1
UTM East
326492
326492
326483
326481
326477
326475
326470
326473
326476
326483
326487
326488
326490
326494
326496
326497
326498
326495
326492
326490
326490
326489
326488
326489
326488
Fireworks Hill
UTM North
3784373
3784373
3784384
3784394
3784403
3784414
3784422
3784431
3784441
3784451
3784457
3784467
3784476
3784487
3784498
3784505
3784516
3784526
3784536
3784544
3784556
3784565
3784575
3784586
3784596
Veg North
Encelia
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Encelia
California Buckwheat
Bare/Herb
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Black Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Bare/Herb
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Deer Weed
California Sagebrush
Bare/Herb
Purple Sage
California Buckwheat
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Encelia
Veg South
Prickly Pear
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Encelia
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Encelia
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Bare/Herb
Deer Weed
California Buckwheat
Bare/Herb
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Coastal Yucca
Veg East
Coastal Cholla
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
California Buckwheat
California Sagebrush
Coastal Yucca
California Sagebrush
Black Sage
California Sagebrush
California Buckwheat
Bare/Herb
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Bare/Herb
California Sagebrush
Bare/Herb
Deer Weed
California Buckwheat
Bare/Herb
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Veg West
Coastal Cholla
Encelia
California Buckwheat
Encelia
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Sagebrush
Black Sage
Black Sage
Encelia
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Bare/Herb
Bare/Herb
California Sagebrush
California Buckwheat
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Elevation: 872ft
47
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 2
UTM East
326582
326587
326596
326607
326618
326622
326630
326646
326651
326660
326668
326677
326687
326694
326704
326711
326718
326725
326735
326744
326748
326756
326764
326770
326776
Fireworks Hill
UTM North
3784537
3784536
3784533
3784529
3784522
3784518
3784509
3784511
3784508
3784503
3784498
3784490
3784490
3784486
3784481
3784476
3784470
3784461
3784457
3784451
3784445
3784435
3784429
3784425
3784417
Veg North
Purple Sage
Mustard
Grass
Harzardia Goldenbush
Deer Weed
Grass
Grass
Deer Weed
Grass
Oak/Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Bare/Herb
Bare/Herb
Oak/Mustard
Mustard
Bare/Herb
Bare/Herb
Grass
Oak/Mustard
Grass
Veg South
Purple Sage
Mustard
Harzardia Goldenbush
Bare/Herb
Grass
Harzardia Goldenbush
Bare/Herb
Grass
Harzardia Goldenbush
Oak/Grass
Harzardia Goldenbush
Mustard
Bare/Herb
Grass
Grass
Bare/Herb
Grass
Mustard
Oak/Mustard
Bare/Herb
California Sagebrush
Grass
Grass
Oak/Mustard
Oak/Grass
Veg East
Purple Sage
Mustard
Harzardia Goldenbush
Grass
Grass
Harzardia Goldenbush
Grass
Grass
Harzardia Goldenbush
Oak/Grass
Grass
Mustard
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Oak
Oak/Mustard
Mustard
California Sagebrush
Mustard
Mustard
Oak/Mustard
Oak/Grass
Veg West
Purple Sage
Mustard
Harzardia Goldenbush
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Oak/Grass
Grass
Mustard
Grass
Harzardia Goldenbush
Grass
Bare/Herb
Grass
Bare/Herb
Oak/Mustard
Mustard
California Sagebrush
Grass
Grass
Oak/Mustard
Grass
Elevation: 871ft
48
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 1
UTM East
326111
326099
326091
326081
326072
326062
326051
326042
326033
326022
326015
326005
325995
325986
325977
325968
325957
325949
325941
325933
325930
325918
325912
325907
325905
Gainsborough Hill
UTM North
3785394
3785394
3785390
3785388
3785386
3785383
3785380
3785383
3785382
3785382
3785383
3785386
3785386
3785382
3785380
3785380
3785387
3785389
3785398
3785394
3785398
3785405
3785415
3785424
3785434
Veg North
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Sagebrush
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
California Buckwheat
Coastal Cholla
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Encelia
Prickly Pear
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Veg South
Prickly Pear
California Sagebrush
Coastal Cholla
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Encelia
Grass
Encelia
California Sagebrush
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Coastal Cholla
Encelia
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Veg East
Prickly Pear
California Buckwheat
Coastal Cholla
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Bare/Herb
Encelia
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Bare/Herb
Prickly Pear
Encelia
Coastal Yucca
Encelia
Encelia
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Bare/Herb
Veg West
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Coastal Cholla
Encelia
Coastal Cholla
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Coastal Cholla
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Elevation: 830ft
49
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 2
UTM East
325814
325810
325815
325807
325802
325796
325796
325791
325785
325779
325780
325780
325780
325785
325782
325780
325777
325775
325770
325764
325760
325751
325744
325733
325723
Gainsborough Hill
UTM North
3785323
3785316
3785308
3785302
3785291
3785285
3785377
3785268
3785260
3785255
3785244
3785234
3785226
3785216
3785205
3785196
3785185
3785179
3785169
3785159
3785154
3785151
3785143
3785142
3785144
Veg North
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Buckwheat
Bare/Herb
Mustard
Mustard
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Bare/Herb
Mustard
Bare/Herb
Bare/Herb
Mustard
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Mustard
Veg South
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Prickly Pear
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Mustard
California Buckwheat
Mustard
Mustard
California Buckwheat
Mustard
California Buckwheat
Bare/Herb
Mustard
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Mustard
Veg East
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Bare/Herb
California Sagebrush
California Buckwheat
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Bare/Herb
Mustard
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Veg West
California Buckwheat
California Sagebrush
California Buckwheat
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Mustard
Mustard
California Buckwheat
Mustard
Bare/Herb
California Sagebrush
Encelia
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Elevation: 834ft
50
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 1
UTM East
329577
329569
329563
329557
329555
329550
329547
329549
329548
329542
329539
329532
329528
329527
329523
329528
329532
329544
329555
329563
329569
329576
329593
329602
329610
Golf Course Hill
UTM North
3789703
3789709
3789713
3789720
3789732
3789740
3789749
3789757
3789767
3789776
3789786
3789793
3789801
3789807
3789820
3789827
3789828
3789831
3789834
3789838
3789836
3789834
3789841
3789839
3789835
Veg North
Encelia
Bladderpod
California Sagebrush
Rye Grass
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Encelia
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Veg South
Purple Sage
Bare/Herb
Encelia
California Sagebrush
Coastal Yucca
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Encelia
Purple Sage
Coastal Yucca
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Veg East
Coastal Yucca
Encelia
Encelia
Bladderpod
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Bladderpod
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Coastal Yucca
Bare/Herb
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Veg West
Encelia
Encelia
Bladderpod
Coastal Yucca
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Encelia
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Elevation: 1038ft
51
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 1
Hillcrest Hill
UTM East
331396
331378
331371
331365
331363
331356
331360
331357
331341
331336
331333
331326
331321
331313
331307
331302
331297
331294
331290
331284
331276
331268
331259
331252
331248
UTM North
3787150
3787138
3787136
3787130
3787128
3787119
3787104
3787100
3787089
3787094
3787069
3787067
3787060
3787051
3787043
3787032
3787024
3787014
3787003
3786997
3786989
3786987
3786983
3786980
3786973
Veg North
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Oak
Oak
Oak/Willow
Oak/Willow
Oak
Oak
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Coyote Brush
Coyote Brush
Mustard
Coyote Brush
Mustard
Mustard
Coyote Brush
Coyote Brush
Grass
Grass
Grass
Coyote Brush
Grass
Coyote Brush
Veg South
Grass
Grass
Purple Sage
Oak/Willow
Oak/Willow
Oak/Willow
Oak/Willow
Oak
Oak
Grass
Coyote Brush
Coyote Brush
Coyote Brush
Mustard
Coyote Brush
Mustard
Mustard
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Coyote Brush
Grass
Coyote Brush
Coyote Brush
Veg East
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Oak/Willow
Oak/Willow
Oak/Willow
Oak/Willow
Oak
Oak/Thistle
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Coyote Brush
Grass
Mustard
Grass
Mustard
Mustard
Grassland
Coyote Brush
Grass
Coyote Brush
Coyote Brush
Coyote Brush
Coyote Brush
Coyote Brush
Veg West
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Oak/Willow
Oak
Oak/Willow
Oak/Willow
Oak
Oak/Thistle
Coyote Brush
California Sagebrush
Coyote Brush
Coyote Brush
Mustard
Coyote Brush
Mustard
Mustard
Coyote Brush
Coyote Brush
Grass
Grass
Coyote Brush
Coyote Brush
Coyote Brush
Coyote Brush
Elevation: 972ft
52
Hillcrest Hill
Transect 2
Trap
UTM East
1
331836
2
331823
3
331817
4
331815
5
331813
6
331809
7
331806
8
331796
9
331794
10
331789
11
331784
12
331777
13
331772
14
331767
15
331764
16
331754
17
331746
18
331736
19
331728
20
331719
21
331713
22
331699
23
331692
24
331685
25
331678
26
331674
27
331673
UTM North
3784456
3784460
3784468
3784475
3784483
3784493
3784501
3784512
3784518
3784528
3784533
3784544
3784548
3784557
3784567
3784573
3784578
3784583
3784587
3784589
3784594
3784594
3784597
3784600
3784609
3784617
3784620
Veg North
Grassland
Grassland
Black Sage
Encelia
Sugarbush
Encelia
Black Sage
Encelia
Black Sage
Encelia
Purple Sage
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Purple Sage
Encelia
Purple Sage
Encelia
Purple Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Encelia
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Veg South
Encelia
Encelia
Black Sage
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Black Sage
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Purple Sage
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Purple Sage
Encelia
Purple Sage
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Black Sage
Encelia
Encelia
Veg East
Encelia
Mustard
Black Sage
Encelia
Sugarbush
Encelia
Black Sage
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Purple Sage
Encelia
Purple Sage
Encelia
Purple Sage
Encelia
Encelia
Purple Sage
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Black Sage
Veg West
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Black Sage
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Black Sage
Black Sage
Encelia
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Encelia
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Black Sage
Encelia
Encelia
Black Sage
Encelia
Black Sage
Elevation: 1408ft
53
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 3
Hillcrest Hill
UTM East
331648
331641
331641
331649
331648
331648
331650
331638
331632
331628
331624
331616
331608
331597
331575
331593
331590
331579
331564
331556
331553
331545
331538
331531
331528
UTM North
3784369
3784378
3784386
3784397
3784399
3784413
3784434
3784423
3784430
3784439
3784447
3784456
3784460
3784459
3784492
3784450
3784470
3784484
3784496
3784498
3784503
3784508
3784513
3784520
3784530
Veg North
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Scrub Oak
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Scrub Oak
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Scrub Oak
Scrub Oak
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Scrub Oak
Scrub Oak
Scrub Oak
Scrub Oak
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Veg South
Sugar Bush
Sugar Bush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Scrub Oak
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Scrub Oak
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Veg East
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Scrub Oak
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Scrub Oak
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Scrub Oak
Scrub Oak
Scrub Oak
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Veg West
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Scrub Oak
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Elevation: 1356ft
54
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 4
Hillcrest Hill
UTM East
331303
331305
331310
331307
331309
331308
331309
331309
331306
331318
331324
331332
331339
331348
331357
331365
331376
331386
331395
331403
331413
331423
331430
331439
331448
UTM North
3783095
3783096
3783082
3783070
3783063
3783054
3783044
3783034
3783031
3783029
3783022
3783015
3783007
3783001
3782997
3782993
3782993
3782991
3782989
3782987
3782985
3782982
3782975
3782971
3782969
Veg North
Bush Mallow
Bush Mallow
Bush Mallow
Bush Mallow
Bush Mallow
Purple Sage
Bush Mallow
Bush Mallow
Bush Mallow
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Veg South
Bush Mallow
Bush Mallow
Bush Mallow
Bush Mallow
Purple Sage
Grass
Grass
Grass
Bush Mallow
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Veg East
Bush Mallow
Bush Mallow
Bush Mallow
Grass
Bush Mallow
Grass
Bush Mallow
Bush Mallow
Bush Mallow
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Veg West
Bush Mallow
Bush Mallow
Bush Mallow
Bush Mallow
Bush Mallow
Purple Sage
Bush Mallow
Grass
Bush Mallow
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Purple Sage
Elevation: 1172ft
55
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 1
Island Hill
UTM East
333195
333188
333182
333176
333172
333164
333159
333153
333145
333135
333132
333121
333120
333108
333101
333101
333100
333097
333087
333084
333083
333074
333064
333055
333051
UTM North
3781275
3781268
3781264
3781255
3781244
3781238
3781229
3781229
3781224
3781222
3781221
3781215
3781196
3781212
3781206
3781200
3781199
3781195
3781173
3781164
3781157
3781152
3781150
3781148
3781150
Veg North
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Oak
Bare/Herb
Purple Sage
Encelia
Bushmallow
Black Sage
Encelia
Purple Sage
Bush Mallow
Ashy Buckwheat
Encelia
Ashy Buckwheat
Ashy Buckwheat
Black Sage
Black Sage
Ashy Buckwheat
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Ashy Buckwheat
Black Sage
Sumac
Veg South
Bush Mallow
Oak
Sumac
Oak
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Black Sage
Bare/Herb
Bare/Herb
Encelia
Ashy Buckwheat
Ashy Buckwheat
Ashy Buckwheat
Purple Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Ashy Buckwheat
Sumac
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Veg East
Bush Mallow
California Sagebrush
Oak
Oak
Mustard
Purple Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Encelia
Purple Sage
Encelia
Encelia
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Bare/Herb
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Sumac
Veg West
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Bare/Herb
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Encelia
Black Sage
Encelia
Purple Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Ashy Buckwheat
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Ashy Buckwheat
Black Sage
Purple Sage
Elevation: 1227ft
56
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 1
Janss Hill
UTM East
327330
327338
327349
327358
327367
327378
327383
327394
327404
327413
327424
327433
327443
327450
327455
327459
327464
327471
327477
327481
327488
327496
327502
357513
327518
UTM North
3786254
3786255
3786254
3786254
3786248
3786246
3786238
3786235
3786233
3786230
3786226
3786228
3786226
3786219
3786209
3786201
3786195
3786186
3786179
3786170
3786163
3786153
3786150
3786140
3786136
Veg North
Deer Weed
Forb
Deer Weed
Mustard
Forb
Mustard
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Veg South
Grass
Deer Weed
Grass
Grass
Grass
Deer Weed
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Mustard
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Veg East
Deer Weed
Forb
Mustard
Deer Weed
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Deer Weed
Deer Weed
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Veg West
Deer Weed
Deer Weed
Deer Weed
Deer Weed
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Deer Weed
Deer Weed
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Mustard/Grass
Elevation: 893ft
57
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 1
Lynn Hill
UTM East
325429
325433
325434
325439
325445
325453
325462
325464
325467
325473
325477
325484
325485
325488
325491
325494
325498
325500
325503
325506
325509
325515
325517
325523
325530
UTM North
3784115
3784115
3784106
3784097
3784090
3784084
3784079
3784069
3784063
3784056
3784049
3784039
3784027
3784018
3784007
3783997
3783991
3783980
3783970
3783960
3783952
3783942
3783933
3783922
3783917
Veg North
Scrub Oak
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Coyote Brush
Purple Sage
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Mustard
Harzardia Goldenbush
Coyote Brush
Veg South
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Rye Grass
Rye Grass
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Harzardia Goldenbush
Bare/Mustard
Oak
Veg East
Scrub Oak
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Coyote Brush
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Mustard
Coyote Brush
Oak/ Bare
Veg West
Purple Sage
Harzardia Goldenbush
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Mustard
Bare/Mustard
Oak/ Bare
Elevation: 704ft
58
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 1
UTM East
334638
334635
334629
334620
334612
334603
334592
334584
334576
334572
334564
334556
334547
334538
334528
334517
334508
334501
334494
334489
334481
334485
334489
334486
334483
North Ranch Hill
UTM North
3781787
3781777
3781771
3781775
3781781
3781779
3781782
3781787
3781782
3781775
3781767
3781770
3781774
3781778
3781778
3781771
3781768
3781772
3781768
3781759
3781751
3781745
3781734
3781724
3781717
Veg North
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Bush Mallow
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Mexican Elderberry
Thistle
Mustard/Thistle
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard/Thistle
Grass
Purple Sage
Thistle
Forb
Grass
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Veg South
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Thistle
Thistle
Mustard/Thistle
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard/Thistle
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Thistle
Bare/Herb
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Veg East
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Encelia
Purple Sage
Encelia
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Mexican Elderberry
Thistle
Mustard/Thistle
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard/Thistle
Grass
Purple Sage
Thistle
Forb
Grass
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Veg West
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Bush Mallow
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Mexican Elderberry
Thistle
Thistle
Mustard/Thistle
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard/Thistle
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Thistle
Grass
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Elevation: 1150ft
59
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 2
UTM East
334720
334718
334723
334725
334727
334725
334722
334726
334727
334720
334724
334715
334710
334709
334706
334700
334702
334700
334692
334683
334676
334665
334657
334649
334644
North Ranch Hill
UTM North
3782123
3782131
3782139
3782148
3782158
3782168
3782177
3782186
3782194
3782212
3782213
3782220
3782228
3782238
3782249
3782256
3782266
3782274
3782281
3782289
3782286
3782285
3782292
3782298
3782302
Veg North
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Thistle
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Sumac
Black Sage
Sumac
Bush Mallow
Black Sage
Encelia
Bare/Herb
Bush Mallow
Bush Mallow
Sumac
Sumac
Sumac
Sumac
Veg South
Black Sage
Sumac
Black Sage
Sumac
Hazardia Goldenbush
Bare/Herb
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
California Sagebrush
Black Sage
Sumac
Black Sage
Bush Mallow
Black Sage
Bush Mallow
Encelia
Black Sage
Bush Mallow
California Sagebrush
Bare/Herb
Sumac
Purple Sage
Encelia
Veg East
Black Sage
Encelia
Bare/Herb
Sumac
Black Sage
Bare/Herb
Sumac
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Sumac
Bush Mallow
Bare/Herb
Black Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Bush Mallow
Bare/Herb
Purple Sage
Rye Grass
Veg West
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Thistle
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Sumac
Black Sage
Black Sage
Sumac
Purple Sage
Sumac
Black Sage
Bush Mallow
Bush Mallow
Bush Mallow
Sumac
Bare/Herb
Encelia
Elevation: 1316ft
60
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 3
UTM East
333663
333660
333656
333657
333660
333654
333652
333651
333650
333653
333651
333652
333651
333648
333644
333641
333637
333631
333620
333617
333613
333610
333602
333595
333586
North Ranch Hill
UTM North
3781195
3781203
3781208
3781218
3781225
3781237
3781244
3781254
3781261
3781270
3781281
3781290
3781303
3781311
3781319
3781328
3781337
3781344
3781349
3781356
3781365
3781373
3781382
3781390
3781392
Oak
Oak
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Bush Mallow
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Bare/Herb
Black Sage
Sumac
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Sumac
Encelia
Sumac
Encelia
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Veg North
Oak
Bare/Herb
Bare/Herb
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Bush Mallow
Bush Mallow
Black Sage
Bush Mallow
Black Sage
Sumac
Bare/Herb
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Bare/Herb
Black Sage
Black Sage
Encelia
Black Sage
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Veg South
Oak
Bare/Herb
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Black Sage
Bush Mallow
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Mustard
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Sumac
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Ashy Buckwheat
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Veg East
Oak
Oak
Oak
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Bush Mallow
Black Sage
Bare/Herb
Bare/Herb
Black Sage
Bare/Herb
Bare/Herb
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Bush Mallow
Encelia
Coastal Yucca
Black Sage
Bare/Herb
Ashy Buckwheat
Encelia
Encelia
Mustard
Mustard
Veg West
Elevation: 1213ft
61
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 4
UTM East
334617
334630
334638
334649
334658
334667
334679
334689
334698
334707
334716
334724
334735
334744
334755
334763
334772
334782
334791
334799
334806
334815
334824
334831
334835
North Ranch Hill
UTM North
3784178
3784176
3784176
3784178
3784183
3784183
3784185
3784186
3784182
3784181
3784183
3784182
3784184
3784181
3784179
3784179
3784178
3784176
3784175
3784179
3784181
3784182
3784175
3784170
3784163
Veg North
Coyote Brush
Grass
Grass
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Hazardia Goldenbush
California Sagebrush
Hazardia Goldenbush
Grass
Bare/Herb
California Sagebrush
Hazardia Goldenbush
Hazardia Goldenbush
Grass
Hazardia Goldenbush
Hazardia Goldenbush
Hazardia Goldenbush
Grass
Purple Sage
Grass
Grass
Mustard
Grass
Grass
Purple Sage
Veg South
Coyote Brush
Mustard
Coyote Brush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Grass
Coyote Brush
Grass
Oak
Oak
Hazardia Goldenbush
Grass
Grass
Hazardia Goldenbush
Hazardia Goldenbush
Purple Sage
Oak
Scrub Oak
Grass
Mustard
Hazardia Goldenbush
Grass
Hazardia Goldenbush
California Sagebrush
Veg East
Coyote Brush
Hazardia Goldenbush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Hazardia Goldenbush
Grass
California Sagebrush
Oak
California Sagebrush
Hazardia Goldenbush
Mustard
Grass
Hazardia Goldenbush
Hazardia Goldenbush
Hazardia Goldenbush
Oak
Hazardia Goldenbush
Grass
Hazardia Goldenbush
Mustard
Grass
Mustard
Purple Sage
Veg West
Coyote Brush
Hazardia Goldenbush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Grass
Grass
Grass
Oak
California Sagebrush
Grass
Grass
Mustard
Hazardia Goldenbush
Hazardia Goldenbush
Hazardia Goldenbush
Oak/Grass
Hazardia Goldenbush
Grass
Hazardia Goldenbush
Mustard
Grass
Hazardia Goldenbush
Purple Sage
Elevation: 1241ft
62
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 1
Northwood Hill
UTM East
329358
329369
329375
329385
329393
329401
329403
329415
329423
329433
329442
329453
329460
329475
329491
329490
329499
329506
329504
329501
329502
329499
329493
329489
329485
UTM North
3788719
3788723
3788728
3788740
3788744
3788748
3788751
3788758
3788760
3788756
3788753
3788757
3788757
3788758
3788759
3788760
3788758
3788752
3788744
3788732
3788723
3788711
3788702
3788695
3788687
Veg North
Black Sage
Bare/Herb
Black Sage
Black Sage
Encelia
Black Sage
Encelia
Black Sage
Black Sage
Encelia
Black Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Encelia
Bladderpod
Mustard
Encelia
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
California Sagebrush
Veg South
Encelia
Encelia
Bare/Herb
Encelia
Encelia
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Encelia
Encelia
Purple Sage
Encelia
Encelia
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Encelia
Mustard
Encelia
Mustard
Purple Sage
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
California Sagebrush
Veg East
Encelia
Black Sage
Encelia
Bare/Herb
Black Sage
Encelia
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Encelia
Purple Sage
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Mustard
Purple Sage
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
California Sagebrush
Veg West
Bare/Herb
California Yucca
Black Sage
California Yucca
Purple Sage
California Yucca
Black Sage
California Yucca
Encelia
Bladderpod
Bare/Herb
Purple Sage
Encelia
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Elevation: 1142ft
63
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 2
UTM East
329459
329455
329446
329433
329424
329413
329406
329395
329387
329380
329371
329363
329355
329345
329333
329324
329314
329306
329299
329290
329285
329274
329266
329262
329260
Northwood Hill
UTM North
3788375
3788375
3788382
3788377
3788381
3788381
3788384
3788387
3788387
3788391
3788393
3788396
3788401
3788402
3788403
3788401
3788399
3788399
3788404
3788409
3788416
3788421
3788428
3788436
3788445
Veg North
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Black Sage
Bare/herb
Bare/herb
Black Sage
Encelia
Purple Sage
Black Sage
Encelia
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Chamise
Encelia
Bare/herb
Prickly Pear
Encelia
Black Sage
Dead Shrub
Black Sage
Black Sage
Bare/herb
Encelia
Veg South
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Mustard
Bladder Pod
Encelia
Bare/Herb
Encelia
Black Sage
Chamise
Black Sage
Black Sage
Mustard
Black Sage
Black Sage
Encelia
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Encelia
Prickly Pear
Black Sage
California Sagebrush
Bare/Herb
Encelia
California Sagebrush
Veg East
Coyote Brush
California Sagebrush
Black Sage
Black Sage
Bare/herb
Bare/herb
Black Sage
Chamise
Black Sage
Chamise
Black Sage
Mustard
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Encelia
Encelia
California Yucca
Encelia
California Sagebrush
Encelia
California Sagebrush
Veg West
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Encelia
Black Sage
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Chamise
Black Sage
Bare/Herb
Black Sage
California Yucca
Black Sage
Black Sage
Encelia
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Encelia
Prickly Pear
Black Sage
Black Sage
Bare/Herb
Encelia
California Sagebrush
Elevation: 1058ft
64
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 1
UTM East
319792
319798
319808
319815
319822
319823
319827
319829
319830
319837
319843
319850
319862
319867
319871
319875
319878
319880
319883
319883
319881
319885
319893
319901
319912
Old Conejo Hill
UTM North
3785645
3785650
3785648
3785641
3785633
3785625
3785616
3785606
3785598
3785587
3785580
3785579
3785570
3785564
3785555
3785547
3785538
3785530
3785520
3785511
3785502
3785496
3785490
3785485
3785483
Veg North
Prickly Pear
Ashy Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Black Sage
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Ashy Buckwheat
Ashy Buckwheat
Grass
California Buckwheat
Grass
Ashy Buckwheat
Grass
Mustard
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Veg South
Sumac
Black Sage
Prickly Pear
Black Sage
California Buckwheat
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Deer Weed
California Buckwheat
Sumac
Ashy Buckwheat
Ashy Buckwheat
Grass
Mustard
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Veg East
Coastal Yucca
Ashy Buckwheat
Prickly Pear
Black Sage
California Buckwheat
Purple Sage
Ashy Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Grass
Ashy Buckwheat
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Black Sage
Black Sage
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Black Sage
Black Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Sumac
Black Sage
Prickly Pear
Black Sage
Black Sage
California Buckwheat
Ashy Buckwheat
Ashy Buckwheat
Bare/Herb
Sumac
Ashy Buckwheat
Ashy Buckwheat
Grass
Bare/Herb
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Black Sage
Black Sage
Purple Sage
Encelia
Black Sage
Black Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Veg West
Elevation: 914ft
65
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 2
UTM East
319914
319907
319901
319895
319891
319883
319875
319869
319859
319851
319840
319832
319823
319815
319806
319797
319789
319780
319772
319764
319757
319755
319739
319736
319734
Old Conejo Hill
UTM North
3785370
3785376
3785388
3785393
3785402
3785408
3785414
3785420
3785425
3785427
3785426
3785422
3785421
3785419
3785421
3785419
3785422
3785428
3785434
3785439
3785443
3785456
3785452
3785459
3785461
Veg North
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Grass
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Prickly Pear
Black Sage
Black Sage
Prickly Pear
Veg South
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Encelia
Prickly Pear
California Buckwheat
Bare/Herb
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Encelia
California Buckwheat
Grass
California Sagebrush
California Buckwheat
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Black Sage
Black Sage
Coastal Yucca
Grass
Prickly Pear
Black Sage
Black Sage
California Buckwheat
Veg East
California Buckwheat
Encelia
California Buckwheat
Bare/Herb
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Coastal Yucca
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
California Buckwheat
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Black Sage
Black Sage
Coastal Yucca
Black Sage
Prickly Pear
Black Sage
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Veg West
Encelia
Encelia
Ashy Buckwheat
California Sagebrush
Encelia
California Buckwheat
Bare/Herb
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Bare/Herb
California Buckwheat
California Sagebrush
Bare/Herb
California Buckwheat
Deer Weed
California Sagebrush
Black Sage
Black Sage
Prickly Pear
Prickly Pear
Black Sage
Grass
Prickly Pear
Elevation: 893ft
66
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
UTM East
329724
329726
329733
329726
329732
329734
329737
329741
329744
329748
329750
329753
329758
329760
329760
329762
329763
329768
329773
329780
329786
329789
329793
329800
329798
Transect 1
Old Meadows Hill
UTM North
3785978
3785973
3785949
3785944
3785938
3785930
3785920
3785910
3785900
3785891
3785882
3785871
3785859
3785852
3785843
3785833
3785822
3785813
3785806
3785799
3785795
3785781
3785776
3785769
3785764
Veg North
Bush Mallow
Bush Mallow
Bare Ground
Purple Sage
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
California Sagebrush
Encelia
Purple Sage
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Bare Ground
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Veg South
Bare Ground
Bush Mallow
Purple Sage
Bare Ground
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
California Sagebrush
Mustard
Purple Sage
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Veg East
Bush Mallow
Bare Ground
Bare Ground
Bare Ground
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Purple Sage
Mustard
Purple Sage
Mustard/Herb
Bare Ground/Encelia
Mustard/Herb
California Sagebrush
California Buckwheat
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Veg West
Encelia
Bush Mallow
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Encelia
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
Mustard/Herb
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Elevation: 1049ft
67
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 2
UTM East
329950
329947
329947
329944
329947
329956
329950
329943
329933
329927
329914
329906
329895
329883
329878
329870
329863
329855
329852
329844
329837
329827
329817
329812
329802
Old Meadows Hill
UTM North
3785936
3785938
3785954
3785960
3785960
3785969
3785978
3785982
3785985
3785978
3785977
3785984
3785980
3785984
3785980
3785983
3785978
3785986
3785999
3786002
3786007
3786007
3786012
3786009
3786015
Veg South
Oak
Oak
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Coyote Brush
Coyote Brush
Coyote Brush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Mustard
Mustard
Grass
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Bare Ground
Purple Sage
Oak
Oak
Purple Sage
Rye Grass
Rye Grass
Purple Sage
Veg North
Oak
Scrub Oak
Mustard
Coyote Brush
Coyote Brush
Coyote Brush
Mustard
Mustard
Coyote Brush
Coyote Brush
Purple Sage
Coyote Brush
Mustard
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Oak
Oak
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Rye Grass
Veg East
Sumac
Oak
Mustard/Grass
Coyote Brush
Mustard
Mustard
Mustard
Coyote Brush
Coyote Brush
Coyote Brush
Purple Sage
Mustard
Mustard
Grass
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Coyote Brush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Veg West
Willow
Mustard
Mustard
Coyote Brush
Oak
Coyote Brush
Coyote Brush
Coyote Brush
Coyote Brush
Purple Sage
Oak
Mustard
Mustard
Purple Sage
Coyote Brush
California Sagebrush
Rye Grass
Purple Sage
Bare/Mustard
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Rye Grass
Rye Grass
Rye Grass
Purple Sage
Elevation: 924ft
68
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 1
UTM East
328069
328058
328049
328039
328032
328030
328029
328025
328023
328017
328013
328007
328000
327993
327988
327978
327970
327964
327957
327950
327944
327939
327932
327923
327920
Olsen Hills A
UTM North
3789546
3789547
3789539
3789536
3789519
3789516
3789506
3789503
3789493
3789486
3789476
3789467
3789460
3789455
3789448
3789445
3789437
3789427
3789426
3789415
3789408
3789401
3789394
3789389
3789377
Veg North
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Deer Weed
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Buckwheat
California Sagebrush
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Deer Weed
Deer Weed
Bare/Herb
Purple Sage
Deer Weed
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Veg South
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Bare/Herb
Purple Sage
California Buckwheat
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Coastal Yucca
California Buckwheat
Deer Weed
California Buckwheat
Bare/Herb
Bare/Herb
Deer Weed
Bare/Grass
Veg East
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Coastal Yucca
Coastal Yucca
California Sagebrush
California Buckwheat
California Sagebrush
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Bare/Herb
Bare/Herb
Bare/Herb
Coastal Yucca
Encelia
Veg West
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Deer Weed
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
California Buckwheat
California Sagebrush
Coastal Yucca
Bare/Herb
California Buckwheat
Deer Weed
Deer Weed
Bare/Herb
Deer Weed
Purple Sage
Elevation: 993ft
69
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 2
UTM East
327924
327931
327938
327945
327953
327959
327966
327973
327984
327991
327999
328004
328012
328016
328023
328034
328044
328052
328057
328061
328062
328066
328072
328074
328085
Olsen Hills A
UTM North
3789309
3789316
3789327
3789334
3789342
3789349
3789355
3789360
3789365
3789371
3789377
3789384
3789393
3789400
3789403
3789403
3789408
3789412
3789418
3789427
3789432
3789441
3789448
3789449
3789456
Veg North
Black Sage
California Buckwheat
Encelia
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Black Sage
Coastal Yucca
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Prickly Pear
Encelia
California Buckwheat
Prickly Pear
Prickly Pear
Prickly Pear
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Prickly Pear
Prickly Pear
Veg South
Encelia
Coastal Yucca
Encelia
Encelia
California Buckwheat
Encelia
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Encelia
Black Sage
Encelia
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Prickly Pear
Encelia
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Coastal Cholla
Prickly Pear
Prickly Pear
Prickly Pear
Coastal Yucca
Veg East
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Black Sage
Encelia
Coastal Yucca
California Buckwheat
Encelia
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Prickly Pear
Encelia
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Prickly Pear
Prickly Pear
California Buckwheat
Prickly Pear
Prickly Pear
California Buckwheat
Veg West
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Bare Ground
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Encelia
California Buckwheat
Prickly Pear
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Prickly Pear
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Elevation: 1000ft
70
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 1
UTM East
328429
328433
328443
328451
328460
328469
328479
328488
328498
328507
328518
328526
328535
328541
328548
328555
328561
328569
328580
328585
328595
328602
328610
328620
328631
Olsen Hills B
UTM North
3789209
3789207
3789207
3789206
3789207
3789201
3789201
3789199
3789197
3789198
3789195
3789199
3789202
3789208
3789215
3789223
3789227
3789231
3789236
3789245
3789249
3789257
3789255
3789256
3789256
Veg North
Purple Sage
Encelia
Purple Sage
Encelia
California Sagebrush
California Buckwheat
Grass
California Buckwheat
Grass
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Encelia
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Bare/Herb
Mustard
Bare/Herb
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Veg South
Encelia
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Grass
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Mustard
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Grass
California Buckwheat
Mustard
Mustard
California Buckwheat
Bare/Herb
California Buckwheat
Veg East
Encelia
Encelia
Purple Sage
California Buckwheat
Encelia
Encelia
Grass
California Buckwheat
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Buckwheat
Deer Weed
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Mustard
Encelia
California Buckwheat
Bare/Herb
Encelia
Mustard
Mustard
Bare/Herb
Bare/Herb
California Buckwheat
Veg West
Purple Sage
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Bare/Herb
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Encelia
California Buckwheat
Bare/Herb
Bare/Herb
Mustard
California Buckwheat
Bare/Herb
Encelia
Elevation: 994ft
71
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
UTM East
321234
321226
321216
321206
321197
321190
321181
321179
321164
321134
321141
321138
321134
321123
321122
321108
321101
321093
321080
321072
321063
321053
321049
321038
321029
Transect 1
Portrero Hills A
UTM North
3782647
3782646
3782642
3782639
3782637
3782633
3782625
3782624
3782617
3782619
3782613
3782611
3782616
3782620
3782615
3782614
3782609
3782604
3782597
3782596
3782589
3782586
3782576
3782579
3782583
Veg North
Monkey Flower
Purple Sage
Black Sage
Purple Sage
Monkey Flower
Purple Sage
Coyote Brush
Oak
Oak
Monkey Flower
Bare/Herb
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Bare/Herb
Purple Sage
Monkey Flower
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Black Sage
Veg South
Monkey Flower
Monkey Flower
Black Sage
Black Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Rye Grass
Oak
Bare/Herb
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Monkey Flower
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Veg East
Monkey Flower
California Sagebrush
Black Sage
Black Sage
Monkey Flower
Monkey Flower
Monkey Flower
Monkey Flower
Oak
Monkey Flower
Monkey Flower
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Monkey Flower
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Black Sage
Veg West
Sumac
Monkey Flower
Black Sage
Monkey Flower
Monkey Flower
Monkey Flower
California Sagebrush
Rye Grass
Oak
Monkey Flower
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Monkey Flower
Monkey Flower
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Elevation: 898ft
72
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 1
UTM East
319918
319919
319931
319933
319941
319946
319959
319967
319977
319983
319988
319992
320010
320023
320026
320037
320042
320047
320053
320062
320069
320075
320081
320096
320107
Potrero Hills B
UTM North
3782353
3782354
3782354
3782358
3782347
3782348
3782351
3782345
3782343
3782348
3782348
3782347
3782343
3782342
3782343
3782345
3782357
3782365
3782371
3782372
3782381
3782386
3782388
3782394
3782392
Veg North
Sumac
Monkey Flower
Chamise
Monkey Flower
Chamise
Monkey Flower
Black Sage
Black Sage
Chamise
Chamise
Chamise
Chamise
Chamise
Monkey Flower
Chamise
Black Sage
Monkey Flower
Black Sage
Sumac
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Veg South
Sumac
Sumac
Sumac
Chamise
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
California Sagebrush
Monkey Flower
Chamise
Black Sage
Black Sage
Monkey Flower
Black Sage
Chamise
Chamise
California Buckwheat
Black Sage
Black Sage
Chamise
Black Sage
Chamise
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Veg East
Sumac
Sumac
Chamise
Chamise
Chamise
Chamise
Chamise
Coastal Yucca
Black Sage
Chamise
Black Sage
Black Sage
Monkey Flower
Black Sage
Chamise
Black Sage
Sumac
Black Sage
Chamise
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Veg West
Sumac
Sumac
Chamise
Black Sage
Chamise
Chamise
Monkey Flower
Monkey Flower
Black Sage
Chamise
Black Sage
Chamise
Sumac
Black Sage
Chamise
Black Sage
Sumac
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Elevation: 963ft
73
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 2
UTM East
320469
320468
320459
320456
320449
320445
320442
320441
320437
320434
320436
320433
320429
320426
320425
320437
320440
320447
320456
320461
320474
320480
320482
320491
320500
Potrero Hills B
UTM North
3782604
3782594
3782587
3782581
3782571
3782564
3782554
3782551
3782537
3782530
3782527
3782508
3782498
3782490
3782480
3782471
3782476
3782477
3782471
3782469
3782461
3782455
3782442
3782441
3782445
Veg North
Grass
Grass
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Buckwheat
California Sagebrush
Black Sage
Black Sage
California Sagebrush
Monkey Flower
Monkey Flower
Monkey Flower
Rye Grass
Oak
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Mexican Elderberry
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Bare/Herb
Veg South
Grass
Grass
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Black Sage
Black Sage
California Sagebrush
Mexican Elderberry
Monkey Flower
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Oak
Oak
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Coyote Brush
Purple Sage
Veg East
Grass
Grass
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Forb
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Black Sage
Black Sage
California Sagebrush
Monkey Flower
Monkey Flower
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Oak
Oak
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Monkey Flower
Purple Sage
Veg West
Grass
Grass
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Monkey Flower
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Black Sage
Black Sage
California Sagebrush
Black Sage
California Sagebrush
Monkeyflower
California Sagebrush
Oak
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Monkey Flower
Bare/Herb
Elevation: 894ft
74
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 1
UTM
East
320878
320874
320869
320869
320864
320858
320852
320842
320831
320822
320814
320807
320806
320805
320793
320784
320777
320770
320760
320752
320742
320727
320721
320712
320702
Portrero Hills C
UTM North
3782712
3782720
3782729
3782738
3782744
3782752
3782760
3782761
3782761
3782760
3782756
3782760
3782769
3782775
3782787
3782794
3782796
3782796
3782798
3782794
3782793
3782803
3782804
3782802
3782798
Grass
California Sagebrush
Coastal Yucca
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Sumac
Sumac
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Oak
Bare/Herb
Scrub Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Coyote Brush
California Sagebrush
Veg North
Grass
Grass
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Mustard
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Monkey Flower
Scrub Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Veg South
Grass
Grass
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Coyote Brush
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Scrub Oak
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Veg East
Grass
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Buckwheat
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Oak
Bare/Herb
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Veg West
Elevation: 847ft
75
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 1
UTM East
323351
323234
323232
323236
323236
323235
323235
323234
323234
323233
323236
323245
323256
323259
323260
323265
323264
323267
323276
323281
323287
323290
323293
323298
323302
Regal Oaks Hill
UTM North
3783302
3783161
3783168
3783177
3783186
3783198
3783206
3783214
3783225
3783233
3783242
3783246
3783245
3783256
3783260
3783272
3783284
3783287
3783297
3783305
3783317
3783323
3783333
3783341
3783348
Veg North
California Buckwheat
Grass
Oak Woodland
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Bare/Herb
Encelia
Encelia
Encelia
Ceanothus spp.
Chamise
Black Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Oak
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Veg East
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
California Buckwheat
Grass
Grass
Bare/Herb
Encelia
Black Sage
Encelia
Ceanothus spp.
Ceanothus spp.
Black Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Poison Oak
Purple Sage
Bare/Herb
Bare/Herb
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Veg South
Grass
California Buckwheat
Grass
Shrub (Dead)
Grass
Grass
Grass
Forb
California Buckwheat
Black Sage
Bare/Herb
Ceanothus spp.
Ceanothus spp.
Chamise
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Poison Oak
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Bare/Herb
Veg West
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Black Sage
Black Sage
Bare/Herb
Ceanothus spp.
Chamise
Ceanothus spp.
California Sagebrush
Black Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Elevation: 812ft
76
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 1
UTM East
327409
327419
327429
327438
327445
327452
327462
327472
327482
327491
327501
327509
327519
327530
327540
327549
327558
327569
327579
327585
327591
327600
327609
327616
327620
Rolling Oaks Hill
UTM North
3783241
3783239
3783239
3783244
3783251
3783255
3783256
3783256
3783260
3783261
3783262
3783257
3783259
3783261
3783261
3783263
3783262
3783263
3783267
3783271
3783276
3783280
3783285
3783290
3783289
Veg North
Bare/Herb
Mustard
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Sagebrush
Deer Weed
California Buckwheat
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Grass
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Coyote Brush
Veg South
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Buckwheat
Bare/Herb
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Sagebrush
Coastal Cholla
Coastal Cholla
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Sagebrush
California Buckwheat
Grass
Grass
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Veg East
California Sagebrush
Mustard
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
Bare/Herb
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Bare/Herb
California Sagebrush
Bare/Herb
California Buckwheat
Grass
California Sagebrush
Grass
Purple Sage
Grass
Scrub Oak
Veg West
California Sagebrush
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Bare/Herb
Bare/Herb
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Purple Sage
Deer Weed
California Sagebrush
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Sagebrush
Deer Weed
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Sagebrush
California Buckwheat
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Elevation: 851ft
77
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 1
UTM East
330110
330115
330115
330117
330118
330119
330115
330113
330115
330116
330115
330114
330108
330101
330096
330089
330082
330076
330067
330058
330048
330039
330029
330020
330009
Sycamore Canyon Hill
UTM North
3778965
3778970
3778978
3778986
3778996
3779005
3779014
3779027
3779031
3779046
3779053
3779061
3779069
3779076
3779084
3779090
3779097
3779105
3779110
3779113
3779115
3789118
3779118
3779121
3779122
Veg North
Chamise
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Bare/Herb
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Bare/Herb
Chamise
Chamise
Bare/Herb
Chamise
Bare/Herb
Chamise
Chamise
Chamise
Grass
Coastal Yucca
Chamise
Grass
California Buckwheat
Chamise
Veg South
Oak
Hazardia Goldenbush
Purple Sage
Bare/Herb
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Chamise
Coastal Yucca
Coastal Yucca
Bare/Herb
Bare/Herb
Black Sage
Bare/Herb
Chamise
Chamise
Chamise
Chamise
Chamise
Purple Sage
Grass
Bare/Herb
Veg East
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Chamise
Bare/Herb
Mustard
Bare/Herb
Chamise
Black Sage
Sumac
Black Sage
Black Sage
Chamise
Black Sage
Coastal Yucca
Black Sage
Chamise
Bare/Herb
Chamise
Bare/Herb
Chamise
Black Sage
Coastal Yucca
Chamise
Chamise
Grass
Veg West
Oak
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Bare/Herb
Purple Sage
Purple Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Black Sage
Coastal Yucca
Coastal Yucca
Coastal Yucca
Coastal Yucca
Coastal Yucca
Chamise
Chamise
Chamise
Chamise
Bare/Herb
Grass
Bare/Herb
California Buckwheat
Chamise
Elevation: 1121ft
78
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 2
UTM East
329493
329504
329523
329531
329540
329545
329554
329561
329566
329571
329576
329580
329582
329583
329588
329594
329604
329614
329624
329633
329642
329649
329658
329667
329677
Sycamore Canyon Hill
UTM North
3778768
3778792
3778795
3778800
3778807
3778811
3778816
3778823
3778831
3778840
3778848
3778859
3778868
3778878
3778886
3778893
3778893
3778896
3778899
3778904
3778911
3778913
3778915
3778917
3778921
Veg North
Red Shanks
Red Shanks
Chamise
Grass
Sumac
Grass
Chamise
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Buckwheat
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
California Buckwheat
Grass
Veg South
Black Sage
Red Shanks
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Sumac
Grass
Chamise
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Bare/Herb
Grass
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Veg East
Bare/Herb
Red Shanks
Grass
Grass
Sumac
Grass
Sumac
Grass
Chamise
California Sagebrush
Chamise
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Grass
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Veg West
Red Shanks
Red Shanks
California Sagebrush
Grass
Grass
Grass
California Sagebrush
Chamise
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Purple Sage
Deer Weed
Grass
Grass
Grass
Purple Sage
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Elevation: 1179ft
79
UTM East
329242
329248
329258
329268
329275
329279
329283
329291
329295
329305
329306
329305
329287
329293
329296
329299
329306
329313
329320
329327
329334
329344
329349
329354
329359
Trap
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Transect 3
Sycamore Canyon Hill
3778348
3778340
UTM North
3778190
3778193
3778199
3778205
3778210
3778219
3778227
3778234
3778244
3778248
3778256
3778255
3778261
3778268
3778279
3778288
3778294
3778301
3778307
3778314
3778318
3778323
3778332
Grass
Chamise
Deer Weed
Grass
Veg South
Ceanothus
Coastal Yucca
Deer Weed
California Buckwheat
Ceanothus
Deer Weed
Sumac
Chamise
Chamise
Chamise
Grass
Chamise
Chamise
Ceanothus
Chamise
Sumac
Forb
Chamise
California Buckwheat
Black Sage
Sumac
Sumac
Bare/Herb
Veg North
Chamise
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Black Sage
Black Sage
California Buckwheat
Black Sage
Grass
Deer Weed
Chamise
California Buckwheat
Bare/Herb
Chamise
Ceanothus
Chamise
Chamise
California Buckwheat
Grass
California Sagebrush
California Buckwheat
Chamise
Chamise
Grass
Chamise
Veg East
Ceanothus
Chamise
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Chamise
Sumac
Sumac
Chamise
Sumac
Coastal Yucca
Sumac
Chamise
Grass
Grass
Ceanothus
Sumac
Deer
California Buckwheat
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
California Buckwheat
Ceanothus
Coastal Yucca
Grass
Deer Weed
Veg West
Coastal Yucca
Coastal Yucca
California Buckwheat
California Buckwheat
Black Sage
Ceanothus
Black Sage
Chamise
Bare/Herb
Grass
Chamise
California Buckwheat
Bare/Herb
Ceanothus
Grass
Grass
California Sagebrush
California Sagebrush
Deer Weed
Chamise
Sumac
Chamise
Deer Weed
Elevation: 1292ft
Appendix C
Habitat Heterogeneity Categories
The following list of vegetation alliances were used to calculate habitat
heterogeneity. Some vegetation alliances were condensed into more generalized
categories (i.e. Grassland and Oak Woodland).
-
Eriogonum cinereum (Ashy Buckwheat)
Salvia mellifera (Black Sage)
Malacothamnus fasciculatus (Bush Mallow)
Mimulus aurantiacus (Bush Monkey flower)
Erigonum fasciculatum (California Buckwheat)
Encelia farinose (California Encelia)
Artemisia californica (California Sagebrush)
Opuntia littoralis (Coast Prickly Pear)
Baccharis pilularis (Coyote brush)
Lotus scoparius (Deerweed)
Hazardia squarrosus (Hazardia Goldenbush)
Sambucus mexicana (Mexican Elderberry)
Toxicodendron diversilobum (Poison Oak)
Salvia leucophylla (Purple Sage)
Malosma laurina, Rhus inegrifolia, Rhus ovate (Sumac)
Adenostoma fasciculatum (Chamise chaparral)
Ceanothus (Ceanothus)
Adeonstoma sparsifolium (Redshanks)
Quercus berberidifolia (Scrub Oak)
(Grassland/Herbaceous vegetation)
Quercus agrifolia (Oak Woodland)
80
Appendix D
Additional Path Models
The following path models describe the effects of habitat fragmentation on rodent
species diversity and the relative abundance of the dusky-footed woodrat (Neotoma
fuscipes), deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), western harvest mouse
(Reithrodontomys megalotis), and California pocket mouse (Chaetodipus californicus).
Rodent species diversity was calculated using the Shannon Diversity Index. Relative
abundances for each species represented the number of individuals captured in each
fragment divided by the number of trap nights in each fragment.
81
82
Path model describing the effects of habitat fragmentation on rodent species diversity. Standardized path coefficients (with upper and lower 95%
confidence intervals in parentheses) are listed for each pathway. Pathways with solid lines indicate significant relationships, with the thickness of
the line representing the P-value (α = 0.05). Dashed lines indicate pathways with non-significant relationships. The values above each dependent
variable represent the amount of variance explained by the effects of independent variables (with upper and lower 95% confidence intervals in
parentheses).
83
Path model describing the effects of habitat fragmentation on Neotoma fuscipes (Dusky-footed woodrat) relative abundance. Standardized path
coefficients (with upper and lower 95% confidence intervals in parentheses) are listed for each pathway. Pathways with solid lines indicate
significant relationships, with the thickness of the line representing the P-value (α = 0.05). Dashed lines indicate pathways with non-significant
relationships. The values above each dependent variable represent the amount of variance explained by the effects of independent variables (with
upper and lower 95% confidence intervals in parentheses).
84
Path model describing the effects of habitat fragmentation on Peromyscus maniculatus (Deermouse) relative abundance. Standardized path
coefficients (with upper and lower 95% confidence intervals in parentheses) are listed for each pathway. Pathways with solid lines indicate
significant relationships, with the thickness of the line representing the P-value (α = 0.05). Dashed lines indicate pathways with non-significant
relationships. The values above each dependent variable represent the amount of variance explained by the effects of independent variables (with
upper and lower 95% confidence intervals in parentheses).
85
Path model describing the effects of habitat fragmentation on Reithrodontomys megalotis (Western harvest mouse) relative abundance.
Standardized path coefficients (with upper and lower 95% confidence intervals in parentheses) are listed for each pathway. Pathways with solid
lines indicate significant relationships, with the thickness of the line representing the P-value (α = 0.05). Dashed lines indicate pathways with nonsignificant relationships. The values above each dependent variable represent the amount of variance explained by the effects of independent
variables (with upper and lower 95% confidence intervals in parentheses).
86
Path model describing the effects of habitat fragmentation on Chaetopidus californicus (California pocket mouse) relative abundance.
Standardized path coefficients (with upper and lower 95% confidence intervals in parentheses) are listed for each pathway. Pathways with solid
lines indicate significant relationships, with the thickness of the line representing the P-value (α = 0.05). Dashed lines indicate pathways with nonsignificant relationships. The values above each dependent variable represent the amount of variance explained by the effects of independent
variables (with upper and lower 95% confidence intervals in parentheses).