UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL &
MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING.
PROJECT NUMBER: GMN 03/2011.
ENERGY AUDIT OF STUDENT WELFARE AUTHORITY.
By:
KOECH HANNINGTON KIPKORIR.
REG. NO: F18/2020/2005.
OUMA JERRY.
REG. NO: F18/9239/2005.
Supervised by: ENG. G. M. NYORI.
This project report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Science in
Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering.
© June 2011.
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
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DECLARATION.
This project report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
Degree of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering.
Except where indicated and acknowledged, we hereby declare that the research work, findings,
discussions and conclusions of this fifth year project are our original effort and to the best of our
knowledge, have never been presented before anywhere for academic purposes.
KOECH HANNINGTON KIPKORIR.
REG. NO: F18/2020/2005.
Signature………………………………………………………….
OUMA JERRY.
REG. NO: F18/9239/2005.
Signature…………………………………………………………..
Project Supervisor: Eng G. M. Nyori.
Signature……………………………………………………………
Date of Submission…………………………………………….
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DEDICATION.
To our parents for their sacrifice to educate us and for teaching us the values of hard work and
discipline.
To family and good friends. They truly make this all-meaningful. To our fellow students whom we
have had the pleasure of interacting with over the years.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.
The undertaking and completion of this research work was made possible by a number of people to
whom we are profoundly grateful. We are particularly indebted to our supervisor Eng. G. M. Nyori
for his guidance, encouragement and giving proper direction in the course of the research. His
patience, advice and constructive criticism contributed immensely to the successful completion of
this project.
Thanks also go to the staff of Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering for their
in-time support. Special thanks and appreciation to the staff of Student Welfare Authority (S.W.A.)
and Estates Department for allowing us to use their facilities as a subject of our study and for
allowing us to access to information deemed private.
We are eternally grateful to our parents for their support and encouragement, but most
importantly for their prayers. We appreciate and wish to extend our best wishes and gratitude to
our fellow colleagues and friends for their invaluable support and encouragement throughout the
entire period.
Further vote of thanks go to all other people whom we have not mentioned but who in one way or
another contributed to the success of this project.
Lastly but most important we thank GOD for the abilities and opportunity He has bestowed on us
and we give all the glory to Him.
Thank you all and may God bless you.
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ABSTRACT.
The content of this research work is of a case study of an energy audit of The Student Welfare
Authority (S.W.A.) with a view to providing information on all the data on energy usage within the
halls of residence and determining the variables for energy audit. Furthermore this report has been
prepared with a view to facilitate understanding of the energy consumption pattern of the halls of
residence of University of Nairobi under the delegated management of S.W.A. S.W.A. is responsible
for the proper management of catering and provision of quality residential services to the students.
The objectives of the project were;
Unify all the data and determine the variables for energy audit.
Establish various checkpoints in the system.
Visit S.W.A. and collect data to establish energy usage within the halls of residence.
The methodologies utilized in collection of data were:
Interviewing the staff at S.W.A.
Visiting the halls of residence.
Observation and recording of information and data pertaining to electrical equipments.
Consultations with the energy management personnel at K.P.L.C., Stima Plaza;, supervisor and
fellow students.
Reference to textbooks, journals, handbooks, internet and previous related projects.
Analysis of electricity bills.
It was noted from the analysis of the results that at an occupancy rate of 90.5%, specific energy
consumption indices for SWA halls of residence were:
494.44 kWh per student per year at a cost of Kshs 8,420.00(to the nearest cent) per student
per annum (for the academic year 2009/2010). This translates to an average cost of Kshs 17.00
per kWh.
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TABLE OF FIGURES.
Figure 1.1: Power factor vector diagram……………………………………………………………………………………… 7
Figure 1.2: Monthly power consumption in kWh……………………………………………………………………….... 7
Figure 3.1: Monthly variation in kWh for meter number 8081230……………………………………………….. 24
Figure 3.2: Monthly variation in KShs for meter number 8081230……………………………………………….. 24
Figure 3.3: Monthly variation of demand in kVA for meter number 20010039…………………………….. 26
Figure 3.4: Monthly comparison of power consumption in kWh for S.W.A…………………………………… 33
Figure 3.5: Monthly bills for S.W.A. in KShs…………………………………………………………………………………… 33
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TABLES.
Table 1.1: Capacity and occupancy levels per campus……………………................................. 5
Table 1.2: Monthly comparison of cost and power consumption…………………………………… 6
Table 3.1: Monthly bills for C.I1 tariff……………………………………………………………………………. 23
Table 3.2: Monthly bills for S.C./P.Fv. tariff…………………………………………………………………… 25
Table 3.3: Monthly bills for D.C./W. tariff……………………………………………………………………… 27
Table 3.4: Monthly bills for S.C./W. tariff……………………………………………………………………… 28
Table 3.5: Monthly bills for D.C. tariff…………………………………………………………………………… 29
Table 3.6: Monthly bills for S.C. tariff…………………………………………………………………………… 30
Table 3.7: Monthly bills for I.T tariff……………………………………………………………………………… 31
Table 3.8: Annual parameters of power consumption…………………………………………………… 34
Table 4.1: Luminance readings of sample rooms and hostels………………………………………. 37
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NOMENCLATURE AND ABBREVIATIONS.
The following terms and their meanings are used in a standard electricity bill formulated by KENYA
POWER & LIGHTING COMPANY (K.P.L.C.)and approved by ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION.
Consumer: Any person supplied with electrical energy, but excludes a person supplied with
electrical energy for delivery or supply to another person.
Billing Period: The time that elapses between the consecutive issues of bills of power consumed, by
the electricity supply company. Such a period of time hovers around 30 days.
Demand: The maximum electric power drawn by a Consumer in each Billing Period.
Fixed Charge: The standing charge to be made per Billing Period in addition to those charges
accruing in respect of units and, when applicable, Demand supplied.
Power: It is a ratio in decimal form obtained by dividing demand in Kilowatts by demand in Kilovolt
Amperes. It is ascertained using suitable automatic power correction apparatus installed at a cost to
the company.
Tariff: Prices, rates, costs and all other charges including adjustments, formulae and other terms,
conditions and information contained in the Schedule of Tariffs.
Unit: One kilowatt-hour supplied by Kenya Power & Lighting Company.
Meter: Any and every kind of machine, device or instrument used for the measurement of the
quantity of electrical energy, and includes such auxiliary appliances as resistors, shunts, reactance,
current transformers, voltage transformers and time switches, external and necessary to the meter.
Low Rate: Power consumed during the off-peak hours.
High Rate: Power consumed during peak hours.
Identifier: Initials, symbols and abbreviations representing something else.
KW – Kilowatt. It is the working power or actual power that drives the equipment.
KWh – Kilowatt-hour. It is the product of the kilowatts supplied and period (in hours) of supply.
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KVAR – It is the reactive power. The power that magnetic equipments (motors, transformers, etc)
need to provide the magnetizing flux.
KVA – Kilovolt-ampere. It is the apparent power. The vectorial summation of KW and KVAR.
S.C. – Type of tariff applicable to Small Commercial consumers.
C.I1. – Type of tariff applicable to Commercial and Industrial Consumers.
I.T. – Type of tariff applicable to ordinary consumers for interruptible off-peak supplies.
P. F. – Power factor.
K. P. L. C. – Kenya Power Lighting Company.
Frx.Adj. – Foreign Exchange Adjustment.
S.W.A. – Student Welfare Authority.
S.M.U. – Strategic Management Unit.
S.C./P.F.v. – Small Commercial with Power Factor surcharge
D.C.W. – Domestic Commercial with Water Heater.
S.C.W. – Small Commercial with Water Heater.
D.C. – Domestic Consumers.
University – University of Nairobi.
U.o.N – University of Nairobi.
A.D.D – Architecture Design and Development.
K.N.H – Kenyatta National Hospital.
KShs – Kenya shillings.
L.S.H.R.U – Lower State House Road Unit.
T.V – Television.
R.E.P – Rural electrification Programme.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION. .......................................................................................................................................................i
DEDICATION.......................................................................................................................................................... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. ........................................................................................................................................ iii
ABSTRACT. ........................................................................................................................................................... iv
TABLE OF FIGURES. ............................................................................................................................................... v
TABLES. ................................................................................................................................................................ vi
NOMENCLATURE AND ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................................. vii
CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND. ....................................................................................... 1
1.1 ENERGY AUDIT OBJECTIVE............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 INTRODUCTION. ........................................................................................................................................ 1
1.3 BACKGROUND INFORMATION .................................................................................................................. 2
1.3.1 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE SYSTEM ......................................................................................... 3
1.3.2 THE SMUs. .......................................................................................................................................... 3
1.3.3 S.W.A. HALLS OF RESIDENCE PRESENT ENERGY SCENARIO ............................................................... 4
CHAPTER TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW. ............................................................................................................... 8
2.1 ENERGY AUDIT ........................................................................................................................................... 8
2.1.1 CONTENTS OF ENERGY AUDIT ............................................................................................................ 8
CHAPTER THREE – ENERGY AUDIT OF S.W.A. HALLS OF RESIDENCE. ............................................................... 13
3.0 CONTENTS AND DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRICITY BILL ............................................................................ 13
3.1 POWER FACTOR ....................................................................................................................................... 13
3.2 METERING................................................................................................................................................ 14
3.3 NON-FUEL TARRIFS FOR ELECTRICAL ENERGY SUPPLIED BY KPLC .......................................................... 14
3.4 ELECTRICITY BILL. ..................................................................................................................................... 14
3.4.1 LAYOUT AND CONTENTS. ................................................................................................................. 14
3.4.2 MONTHLY BILL DEVELOPMENT ........................................................................................................ 14
3.5. ENERGY AUDIT OF SWA. (NOVEMBER 2009 TO OCTOBER 2010). ......................................................... 17
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3.5.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................... 17
3.6 BILLING ANALYSIS. ................................................................................................................................... 20
3.6.1 Water Pumps and Generators .......................................................................................................... 20
3.6.2 SAMPLE CALCULATIONS OF ELECTRICITY BILLS ................................................................................ 22
3.7 BENCHMARKING AND TECHNICAL CALCULATIONS ................................................................................. 32
3.7.1 kWh consumed per student per year. .............................................................................................. 32
3.7.2 Cost per student per year. ................................................................................................................ 32
3.7.3 Average cost of power consumed per kWh ..................................................................................... 32
CHAPTER FOUR – METHODOLOGY, DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION. ................................................................... 35
4.1 METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................................... 35
4.2 DISCUSSION. .......................................................................................................................................... 35
4.2.1 TREND ANALYSES AND DATABASE. ................................................................................................. 36
4.2.2 PER CAPITA ELECTRICAL CONSUMPTION ........................................................................................ 36
4.2.3 DATA LOGGING. ............................................................................................................................... 36
4.2.4 LIGHTING MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................................ 36
4.2.5 COOKING AND BUSINESSES IN THE HALLS OF RESIDENCE .............................................................. 37
4.2.6 TARRIF RATE OPTIONS. .................................................................................................................... 37
4.2.7 MISCELLANEOUS.............................................................................................................................. 38
4.3 RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................................................. 38
4.3.1 UNDERSTANDING OF PERFORMANCE AND OPPORTUNITIES. ......................................................... 38
4.3.2 FUTURE AND PRO-ACTIVE PLANS. ................................................................................................... 38
4.3.3 AWARENESS AND TRAINING. .......................................................................................................... 38
4.3.4 CORPORATE COMMITMENT ............................................................................................................. 38
4.4 CONCLUSION. ......................................................................................................................................... 39
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CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND.
1.1 ENERGY AUDIT OBJECTIVE.
This energy audit assumes great significance owing to the fact that S.W.A. electricity bill had hit
Kshs 6,975,290.00 per month on average during the academic year 2009/2010 which is the
time-frame on which this project is based. During the same period annual electricity bill
amounted to Kshs 83,703,512.30. which was equivalent to consumption of power of 4,915,250
kWh. This consumption yields an average cost of kWh of power consumed to be Kshs 17.00 (to
the nearest cent)
The Energy Audit of S.W.A. was aimed at getting a detailed idea about the various end use
energy consumption activities and identifying, enumerating and possibly evaluating possible
energy efficiency measures.
Further to the above, the audit was also aimed at availing an opportunity of experiencing
practical problems and difficulties encountered when conducting energy audits. Thus
enthusiasm was necessary in executing this endeavor successfully.
1.2 INTRODUCTION.
A great part of the students’ time at U.o.N. is spent outside the classroom. One of the offices
that exist to support the students in all aspects of their college life especially by providing
programs and services and resources to make their life at U.o.N. successful and fulfilling as
much as possible is S.W.A.
Since the time of recorded human history man has continuously aspired to make work easier
and in the process save energy. To achieve this, the existing and available energy has to be
used in the most prudent manner while simultaneously conserving it.
The basic laws and concepts of thermodynamic engineering do not change and their approach
and understanding is premised on the indisputable fact that:
“Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can be changed from one form to another.”
Rapid population growth and modernization has put a strain on already strained existing
energy resources in developing countries. This has necessitated the need to improve on
efficient use of energy if only to sustain growth and development in all dimensions of the lives
of their citizens.
It can be seen therefore that efficient use of energy while simultaneously conserving it
satisfies human needs in the following ways:
Enhancing safety of energy use.
The existing energy resources will be preserved.
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Economic growth will be assured.
Degradation and pollution of environment will be checked.
Adverse effects and damage to human health will be brought to manageable levels.
Despite modernization, globalization and advancement in technology, the degree to which
energy is conserved or used efficiently is still a challenge to be overcome. This is attributed to:
Insufficient information and ignorance on the benefits and necessity of conserving energy.
Studies on energy management are out of reach for many owing to either steep cost or lean
funding.
Negligence and wanting habits of consumers when it comes to utilizing energy.
1.3 BACKGROUND INFORMATION.
The University of Nairobi, a body corporate established by an Act of Parliament Cap 210 of the
Laws of Kenya, is the pioneer institution of university education in Kenya and the region. The
location of the seven campuses of the university in the capital city and its environs and
facilitating access, has been an asset that has seen the university increasingly become the hub
and citadel of academic activity at all times. The following are the names and respective
locations of the campuses:
College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences situated at Upper Kabete Campus.
College of Architecture and Engineering located at the Main campus.
College of Biological and Physical Sciences situated at Main Campus.
College of Education & External studies situated at Kikuyu Campus.
College of Health Sciences situated at the Kenya National hospital.
College of Humanities and Social Sciences situated at Main campus (Faculty of Arts);
Faculty of Law – Parklands and Faculty of Commerce – Lower Kabete campus.
A great part of the students’ time at U.o.N. is spent outside the classroom. One of the offices
that exist to support the students in all aspects of their college life especially by providing
programs and services and resources to make their life at U.o.N. successful and fulfilling as
much as possible is S.W.A.
The S.W.A. exists to support the academic objectives of the U.o.N. by providing a
comprehensive, competent and responsible catering and accommodation system, which
enables students to pursue their academic objectives in the most enjoyable manner possible.
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S.W.A. is responsible for the proper management of catering and residential services to
students
1.3.1 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE SYSTEM.
S.W.A. has two departments that administer its functions. Residential services are
coordinated by the Halls Department while the Catering Department coordinates the
catering services. To facilitate efficient service delivery, S.W.A. operations are organized
into ten strategic management units (S.M.Us) spread over all campuses. The Main
Campus hosts four S.M.Us while other campuses are an S.M.U. each.
1.3.2 THE SMUs.
1.3.2.1 Lower State House Road SMU.
The unit is situated at Main campus on the lower side of State House Road. It
comprises halls 1, 2, 3, 10, 11 and State House Road hostels. It houses male
students from various colleges.
1.3.2.2 Mamlaka and Prefabs SMU.
The unit is situated at the Main Campus, on the upper side of Mamlaka Road
stretching between Ufungamano House and A.D.D. building. It also borders
Mamlaka Court apartments and Nairobi P.C.’s residence. It comprises Mamlaka
A, Mamlaka B, Prefabs 1-10 and Houses 1-10. Resident students in Mamlaka A
& B are mainly from the School of Engineering, Architecture, Design and
Development. The Prefabs accommodate first year students of various
colleges.
1.3.2.3 Women’s Halls S.M.U.
It is situated at Main Campus and extends from A.D.D to Stella Awinja. It
comprises Halls 12, 13, Stella Awinja and Women’s Hall iconically referred to as
“Box”. The S.M.U. houses mainly female students from various colleges hosted
at Main Campus.
1.3.2.4 Upper State House Road S.M.U.
This unit is situated at Main Campus on the Upper State House Road and
borders Mamlaka Road, Ufungamano House and A.D.D. It comprises halls 4, 5,
6, 7, 8 and 9. It houses students from Faculties of Arts, Engineering, A.D.D. and
Institute of African Studies.
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1.3.2.5 Chiromo S.M.U.
This unit is situated at the Chiromo Campus, a kilometer from Main Campus.
Resident students are mainly senior students of the Faculty of Science and
students taking Pre-Clinical Sciences.
1.3.2.6 Kenyatta Medical S.M.U.
This unit is situated at the Medical School Campus next to Kenyatta National
Hospital Mausoleum, along Ngong Road. It accommodates senior students of
the Faculties of Medicine, Pharmacy, Nursing and Dental Surgery.
1.3.2.7 Upper Kabete S.M.U.
This unit is situated at Upper Kabete Campus, 13 kilometres from Main Campus
along Kapenguria Road, off Waiyaki Way. It comprises Soweto Hall, Mandela,
Tana, Mugabe and Wakulima. It accommodates students of the College of
Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences. It occasionally hosts students from the
Faculty of External Studies, Department of Distance Learning.
1.3.2.8 Lower Kabete S.M.U.
This unit is situated at Lower Kabete Campus, 12 kilometres from the Main
Campus, next to Kenya Institute of Administration. It comprises Kapenguria
Hall, Lodwar, Malindi, Masaku, Narok, Maseno, Sagana, Kajiado, Kiang’ombe,
Jogoo and blocks A-K. It houses students in the Faculties of Law and Commerce.
1.3.2.9 Parklands S.M.U.
This unit is situated at the Parklands Campus, next to Parklands Police Station,
along Ojijo Road. It houses 2nd., 3rd. and 4th year students of the Faculty of Law.
1.3.2.10 Kikuyu Unit S.M.U.
The unit is situated 21 kilometers from Main Campus at Kikuyu Campus, near
Kikuyu town in Kiambu District. It comprises University Hall (Kimberly) and
Pioneer Halls 1-10.
1.3.3 S.W.A. HALLS OF RESIDENCE PRESENT ENERGY SCENARIO.
The energy consumption in halls of residence is mainly in the form of electricity. The
S.W.A. halls of residence have a total connected load of 2,280kW as at October 2010 at a
varying contract demand which on average is 1,534kVA(to the nearest unit). The monthly
recorded demands for the academic year 2009/2010 are as recorded in table……attached
to the appendix. The S.W.A. halls of residence consumed a total of 4,915,250 kWh of
electricity which cost a whooping Kshs 83,703,512.30. The power factor averaged 0.96
which is within the limits required by K.P.L.C. so as not to be penalized for low power
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factor. The implication of low power is given in the next chapter. Tariff options which are
used to determine monthly bills at various metered supply locations and hostels are:
C.I1. – Commercial and Industrial Consumers.
S.C./P.F.v. – Small Commercial with Power Factor surcharge.
D.C.W. – Domestic Commercial with Water Heater.
S.C.W. – Small Commercial with Water Heater.
D.C. – Domestic Consumers.
S.C. – Small Commercial Consumers.
I.T. – Interruptible.
The hostels that fall under tariff plans C.I1 and S.C./P.Fv have their bills made up of two
parts: one part comprising of low rate and high rate consumption both in kWh and the
other part is the demand charge per kVA of demand in a billing period. Low power factors
attract a surcharge. Low rate and High rate are time-dependent components; off-peak
and peak time consumptions respectively.
The following table depicts the capacity and occupancy per campus:
Table 1.1. Maximum and Current Occupancy levels at Campuses.
CAMPUS
Main
Chiromo
Parklands
K.N.H
Upper Kabete
Lower Kabete
Kikuyu
TOTAL
CURRENT CAPACITY
5,678
461
195
460
1,010
1,352
1,236
10,392
MAX CAPACITY
6,062
465
277
475
1,041
1,421
1,451
11,192
From the above table, it can be deduced that the occupancy level is:
The associated power consumed and cost at the above occupancy is shown in Table 1.2.
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Table 1.2 Monthly power consumption and cost.
MONTHLY POWER CONSUMED IN kWh AND COST IN KShs
MONTH
POWER CONSUMED
(kWh)
BILL (KShs)
November
462,474
10,056,115.10
December
421,461
7,797,392.30
January
305,911
6,345,930.10
February
577,542
9,198,205.60
March
342,766
6,634,065.50
April
525,431
9,468,057.60
May
497,554
7,809,819.90
June
311,002
4,388,804.60
July
366,422
5,394,522.10
August
427,274
6,135,357.50
September
418,276
5,882,667.10
October
318,867
4,592,574.80
TOTAL
4,915,250
83,703,512.30
The following figures show monthly variation in power consumed (kWh) and cost (KShs)
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Figure 1.1 Monthly variation of power consumption.
Figure 1.2 Monthly variation of power bill.
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CHAPTER TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW.
2.1 ENERGY AUDIT.
Before committing money to acquire materials and equipments in a given situation, a
feasibility study ought to be conducted to establish efficacy of adopting certain energy-efficient
strategies that will give a desired value for invested funds. A good foundation to such analysis
necessitates an energy audit.
An energy audit is a study of a plant or facility to determine how and where energy is used and
to identify methods for energy savings. It can also be defined as an inspection, survey and
analysis of energy flows for energy conservation in a process, building or system with a view to
reducing energy input into the system without adversely affecting the outputs.
There is now a universal recognition of the fact that new technologies and much greater use of
the existing ones provide the most hopeful prospects for the future. The opportunities lie in
the use of existing renewable energy technologies, enhanced attempts at using energy
efficiently and availing these technologies and options to consumers.
In whichever perspective and among others, energy audit will not fail to involve the following
descriptions and observations on power consumption:
Determination of the patterns or trends and the levels of current energy usage in the facility.
Analysis of the performance of the equipments as appertains to how the equipment utilizes
the power, its efficiency and finding out means of reducing power losses.
Studying, analyzing and establishing staffs’ perceptions and attitudes towards managing the
the cost of energy consumed while carrying out their normal functions.
2.1.1 CONTENTS OF ENERGY AUDIT
Energy audit is classified into three categories namely preliminary, single purpose and
comprehensive audits. Comprehensive audit is widely used since it takes into account
everything that consumes energy in a particular facility, process or system under audit.
Energy audit is usually conducted with the aim of coming up with means and ways of
conserving:
Electricity.
Fuel and
Water.
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However, in this project we set out to analyze consumption of electricity alone in students’
halls of residence.
In order to successfully accomplish this energy audit the following procedures were
adopted and follow-up was made where necessary:
In the first energy audit walk-through survey, the following areas and parameters were
investigated:
History of U.o.N. and S.W.A. since the latter was created by the former.
Previous audits carried out in hostels of residence.
Electricity consumption bills issued by K.P.L.C.
Replacements, repairs and newly installed power utilities.
With the above survey as the basis, a preliminary list of tentative energy conservation
measures were developed.
The list developed above was then analyzed, refined and a final list was recommended for
further analysis for their viability on the bases of their cost, payback period and safety.
2.1.2 TENTATIVE FEATURES OF ENERGY AUDIT REPORT FORMAT.
The format for presentation of energy audit report depends on the auditor on the ground
since there is no universally agreed format for doing so. Thus it is recommended to skim
through several audit reports in order to come up with a hybrid format to be adopted.
Nevertheless, irrespective of the format chosen, audit report contents should contain the
following:
COVER PAGE.
Contains information on:
Name of client or company for which the facility or building is being audited.
Location of the facilities or buildings.
Date of report.
Project officers and designations.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The audit report should begin with the executive summary which enumerates the proposed
avenues by which energy can be conserved and used efficiently. This section especially
provides information for those who are only interested in the bottom line. Accompanying this
section is a small explanation on the proposal and special information of great concern in
their implementation.
All information in the executive summary should be drawn from the detailed information in
the full report. It should contain a brief description of the preliminary audit including:
Name of client.
Location of facilities or buildings audited.
Dates of preliminary audit.
Key systems and equipment studied.
All proposals in this section can be further sub-divided into:
No Cost Proposals
Under this section are those proposals to which no cost is to be incurred in their
implementation.
Medium Cost Proposals
Included in this sub-section are those proposals to which a slight price tag is attached to their
implementation. Their payback period is usually less than one year.
Capital Cost Recommendation
This sub-section is made up of proposals that come with a high price tag compared with the
two above. These proposals may take a long time to break even.
To stand out from the rest of the report, the executive section of the report may be presented
on a colored copy.
ENERGY MANAGEMENT/ACTION PLAN
This section is used by the energy auditor to provide in-depth information to the authorities
charged with the responsibility of ensuring that the proposals are implemented. It provides
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information on how to set up energy management program in a facility. This may require
recruitment of additional staff specializing in energy matters, restructuring of maintenance
department and setting up a database through which energy usage can be monitored
regularly. The information here should be as user friendly as possible.
INTRODUCTION
This section contains brief history of the facility, location, date of set up, it purpose for
existence, source of energy e.t.c.
BILLING ANALYSIS
The information contained in this section include maximum authorized load and load details,
tabulated measurements of different areas (e.g rooms, commonly lit areas-corridors).
For air conditioning purposes, the number of people per room is also contained in this part.
The analysis of electricity bills is also presented in this section. General raw data tables,
efficiency curves and the facilities’ monthly energy monthly bills can be supplied as the
appendix.
THE TECHNICAL SUPPLEMENT
Calculation of Standard Values
Under this sub-section are standard values of such parameters as operating hours, average
cost of electricity, off-peak and peak cost and consumption of electricity among others. All
assumptions taken into consideration in the project are fully described here. Every value
calculated in this sub-section is assigned an identifier that remains constant throughout the
project.
Analysis of Recommendations
The proposed recommendations are analyzed in terms of energy requirement, power
Consumed and budget which lays down the cost of implementation. All equations used
Are clearly elaborated alongside assumptions.
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RECOMMENDATIONS
This section describes in detail each recommendation that was earlier given in executive
Summary. Each recommended measure starts with a table that summarily gives information
on the implementation cost, power consumed, savings on cost and payback period. This is
followed by a brief narrative with background information on the proposal and how it should
be implemented. The final section of each proposed measure is dedicated to mathematics of
the measure and the methodology by which the proposal was arrived at. Sample calculations
and equations are shown.
APPENDIX
This is used for lengthy data tables on past year’s energy bills, schematics and layout plan of
the facilities or buildings audited, details of instrumentation used, data plots of performance
of systems or equipment audited, energy efficiency of major equipment compared against
industrial benchmarks, measurement and verification plan for monitoring and verifying
energy savings for each of the recommendation.
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CHAPTER THREE – ENERGY AUDIT OF S.W.A. HALLS OF RESIDENCE.
3.0 CONTENTS AND DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRICITY BILL
3.1 POWER FACTOR
Power factor of an AC electric power system is defined as the ratio of real power flowing to the
load to the apparent power, and is a dimensionless number between 0 and 1. A.C. power flow
has three components: real power (Active power), measured in watts (W); apparent power,
measured in volt-amperes (VA); and reactive power, and measured in reactive volt-amperes
(VAR). Apparent power is a product of current and voltage in the circuit whereas real power is
the capacity of the circuit for performing work in a particular time.
In an electric power system, a load with low power factor draws more current than a load with
a high power for the same amount of useful power transferred. The higher currents increase
the energy loss in the distribution system and require larger wires and other equipment.
Because of the costs of larger equipment and wasted energy, power supplying companies
usually charge a higher cost to industrial or commercial customers where there is a low power
factor. The value recommended by K.P.L.C. lies between 0.90 to 1.00 and any value below 0.9
attracts a penalty calculated as follows:
Power factor penalty = (cost of units consumed + cost of demand in KVA) (2%)
}, where
Cost of units = {(Current - Previous) meter readings} × (Applicable Rate), and
KVA Demand charge = (Consumed demand in KVA) × (Demand charge)
Power factor is recorded by a special apparatus and is diagrammatically represented as:
VA
VAR
Ø
W
Figure 3.1 Power factor vector diagram.
P.F = Cosine Ø =
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3.2 METERING.
K.P.L.C. installs and maintains a meter on a consumer’s facility. The company may also
install several meters to keep a check on energy losses, to determine the voltage at which a
supply of electrical energy shall be provided to consumer’s terminals. Thus a feasibility study
should be carried out to determine the viability of having several meters in a facility.
3.3 NON-FUEL TARRIFS FOR ELECTRICAL ENERGY SUPPLIED BY KPLC.
The tariffs applied by the company for the supplies of electrical energy from the
Interconnected System and also from the Off-Grid systems in each Billing Period are given in
appendix.
3.4 ELECTRICITY BILL.
3.4.1 LAYOUT AND CONTENTS.
Each Billing Period’s electricity bill will furnish the Consumer with the following information:
Contract/account number and consumer’s name and address.
Bill number.
Maximum authorized load in kW.
Dates of issue and when due.
Method of tariff or charge.
Balance brought forward or any deposits.
Current and previous meter readings.
Fixed charge and Demand charge if applicable.
Foreign exchange (Forex) and inflation adjustments.
Fuel costs and E.R.C. and R.E.P. levies.
Value Added Tax.
Power factor penalty for power factor<0.90.
3.4.2 MONTHLY BILL DEVELOPMENT.
Depending on the consumer’s tariff, electricity bill may contain all or some of the
following:
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Balance Brought Forward. (B.B/F).
This is balance accrued from the previous billing period.
Payments. (C/C).
This is payment made by the consumer either in cash or cheque to the electricity supplying
utility.
Fixed Charge. (Fxd.c).
This amount is fixed depending on the units consumed, tariff and when applicable, demand.
High Rate Consumption. (H.R.C.).
This is charged on power consumed during peak hours. It is arrived at as follows:
H.R.C. = {(Current – Previous) high rate readings} × (conversion factor) × (rate/kWh).
Low Rate Consumption. (L.R.C.).
This is charged on power consumed during off-peak hours. It is calculated thus:
L.R.C. = {(Current - previous) low rate meter readings} × (conversion factor) × (rate/kWh).
Fuel Cost Charge (Fl.c.c).
It is calculated in accordance with the following formula, to the nearest cent:
Fl.c.c. = {(High rate + Low rate) consumption} × (Rate of Fl.c.c)÷ 100; where rate of fuel cost
charge is expressed in cents/kWh.
Foreign Exchange Rate Fluctuation Adjustment. (Frx.Adj.)
To the nearest cent it is determined according to the following formula:
Frx.Adj. = {(High rate + Low rate) consumption} × (Rate of Frx. Adj.)÷ 100; where rate of Frx.
Adj. charge is expressed in cents/kWh.
Inflation Adjustment. (InfA).
All prices for electrical energy are liable to automatic adjustment for inflation at the end of
every six month period. It is evaluated according to the following formula:
InfA = {(High rate + Low rate) consumption} × (Rate of InfA.)÷ 100; where rate of InfA. is
expressed in cents/kWh.
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Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) Levy. (ERC.L.)
This is levied at a rate of 3 Kenya cents per kWh and in accordance with the following
formula:
ERC.L. = {(High rate + Low rate) consumption} × (Rate of ERC.L.)÷ 100; where rate of ERC.L. is
expressed in 3 cents/kWh.
Rural Electrification Programme (REP) Levy. (REP.L.).
This is levied at 5% of revenue from unit sales and is determined in accordance with the
following formula:
REP.L. = {(High rate + Low rate) consumption} × (Rate of REP.L.).
Demand Charge. (D.C.)
It is calculated in accordance with the following formula:
D.C. = (Maximum demand in kVA) × (Demand charge rate); where demand charge rate is in
Kshs/kVA.
Power Factor Surcharge. (P.F.S.)
It is calculated using the following formula:
PFS = (H.R.C.+L.R.C.+D.C.)(2%)
}
Value Added Tax. (V.A.T.)
It is charged at a rate of 16% to:
Fixed Charge.
Demand Charge.
Foreign Exchange Fluctuation Adjustment.
Fuel cost.
And calculated using the formula:
V.A.T. = (Fxd.C + H.R.C. + L.R.C. + D.C. + P.F.S. + Frx.Adj. + Fl.C.C + Inf.A) ×(% VAT)
Monthly Bill = (Fxd.C + H.R.C. + L.R.C. + D.C. + P.F.S. + Frx.Adj. + Fl.C.C + Inf.A + VAT +ERC.L +
REP.L).
Net Monthly Payment = Monthly bill + B.B/F – C/C.
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3.5. ENERGY AUDIT OF SWA. (NOVEMBER 2009 TO OCTOBER 2010).
3.5.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.
3.5.1.1 No, Medium and Capital Cost Recommendations.
The facilities present multiple energy saving opportunities with varying degrees of
payback, return on investment and capital outlay. In general it is recommended to
perform high priority low capital improvement measures first. To save on cost and
energy consumed, the following no-cost, medium cost and capital improvement
practices are recommended:
Lighting Management
Finding Description: It was found out that many lights are being left on in vacant
rooms. It was also found out that common areas (read corridors, verandahs, T.V.
rooms and washrooms) lightings are left operational for nearly 24 hours
irrespective of the occupancy or time of the day (daytime or nighttime).
Furthermore during daytime almost all these common areas have sufficient
daylight to warrant switching off of lights at daytime but the lights were found to
be operating.
The existing hostels are not wired for daylight controls or dual switching. In some
instances common areas lights are less than 4 metres from each other generating
unnecessarily high levels of luminance. In the meantime S.W.A. can delamp some
fixtures to achieve desirable level of luminance on a hostel-by-hostel basis.
Tariff Rate Options.
There are a number of utility rate options available for S.W.A.’s hostels as can be
seen in appendix attached of K.P.L.C. tariff schedules. The current rate services
available for hostels are as depicted in appendix. A case in point is to discontinue
meter number 37481 contract and water heaters be stopped and emigrate to
cheaper tarrifs.
Operations and Maintenance Measures.
Many of the operations and maintenance measures can be performed without
additional cost to the S.W.A. and should be implemented immediately. This
include restructuring the roles of custodians, wardens and Maintenance Section
(Electrical Department). The task of replacing a malfunctioning tube should be a
responsibility of Electrical Department of Maintenance Section. In the process, the
time it takes to replace one may drop to 1 day from the current 1 month! The
later has forced students to install cheap power guzzlers of 125W bulbs in their
rooms. The issue of vandalism presents an opportunity of being handled at no
cost.
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Data Logging.
There is no current measurement and verification plan enacted for S.W.A. facilities
as a whole. Though this finding on energy saving, maintenance or reliability, it is
extremely important when it comes to assessing performance. It is recommended
that S.W.A. begin logging data on energy usage per hostel, S.M.U. and Campus
and preferably per tariff.
Capital Improvement Measures.
Of all the capital improvement measures the higher capital cost items are the
largest impact items such as increasing the capacities of overhead steel tanks,
replacing the current micro booster pumps to serve larger installed overhead
tanks, installing separate meters for business premises located within the hostels
e.g. installing a separate meter for Kitchen One from that of L.S.H.R.U. hostels and
replacement of nearly all lighting fixtures. These capital improvement measures
may be construed as retro commissioning of all hostels after conducting feasibility
study on the same.
Energy Management Plan.
In order to manage energy consumption in S.W.A. halls of residence more
efficient and to make the above proposals see the light of the day, we propose
sub restructuring of Maintenance Section alongside Halls Department in either of
the following three possible management structures:
Energy Manager.
An energy manager be appointed to be in charge of all power utilities in all
SWA halls of residence. He/she should have a suitable supported by a
proven track record and not the usual knee jerk and ad hoc appointments.
The person shall be responsible for the day to day matters on energy. Staff
from Maintenance Section and Halls Department be allotted and be made
responsible to him/her. A yearly review of the performance indicators of
the hostels is to be conducted. A percentage of the savings be reimbursed
to energy savings implementation until hostels are sufficiently efficient.
The Executive Engineer (Electrical and Water Services).
If appointed, he/she should take over the task of ensuring that electricity is
efficiently used in halls of residence. This will ensure that prompt
implementation of efficiency measures is put in place. Additional staff for
the system will be sourced from Maintenance and Halls Departments. A
performance related incentive in the form of bonus can be provided to
electrical and Water Services staff to motivate them even to achieve higher
performance.
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SMU Level Committee.
This committee can be constituted under the leadership and inspiration of
Deputy Director SWA to be constantly reviewing the implementation of
energy conservation measures. All SMU managers and halls custodians
should submit a monthly, bi-annual and annual report of compliance with
the measures for review and further action. Suitable incentives may be
given to performing SMUs e.g. a trip to a national park or coast.
Cooking in the Halls of Residence and Business Activities.
“Cooking of whatever sort in the rooms is illegal. It endangers the lives of the
residents, their property and that of the University. It is not insurable for the type
of residential facilities available in SWA. A resident contravening this regulation is
surcharged and expelled from the Halls and money paid as rent is forfeited”
(Students Information Handbook 2010/2011, page 67).
It goes without saying that the above rule is obeyed more in breach than in
observance. A good estimate places that slightly over 50% of all power consumed
in the hostels and attendant cost is due cooking. Students complain of inadequate
food, not well cooked, poor diet as the causes making them to resort to cooking in
hostels. But the worst culprit of all the reasons is the narrow time frame (6.00a.m
to 8.00a.m, 12.00p.m to 2.00p.m and 6.00p.m to 8.00p.m) in which food is
available in University dining halls. Those who eat from the cafeteria complain of
high cost of food and bad quality of food.
The above can be remedied by University by creating kitchenettes and cooking
halls for students who wish to prepare their own meals. This has been done in
Egerton University campuses with a resounding success. Secondly the University’s
dining halls should run a 24 hour cycle of providing meals. Thirdly, the University
should investigate a possibility of shifting to two phase or even single phase
power supply in hostels. The third recommendation should be conducted only
after the above two recommendations have been met. This requires a cautious
approach as rioting is not a farfetched possibility if it is mishandled.
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3.6 BILLING ANALYSIS.
3.6.1 Water Pumps and Generators.
The university hostels water requirements are met by Nairobi City Water & Sewerage
Company except Kikuyu Campus hostels whose water requirements is sourced from Kikuyu
Municipal Council. The list of SMUs and hostels and the details of booster pumps in those
hostels are as given below:
Booster pumps serving Chiromo Hostel/SMU are 4 in number and details are.
Maximum discharge (Q): 5m3 per hour.
Power Rating (P): 1,500W
Operating pressure (p): 6 to 10 bars.
Operating temperature (T): 40°C to 90°C.
Minimum and Maximum head (Hmin/max): 30m to 55m.
Parklands SMU has one booster pump with the details similar to those of Chiromo.
Upper Kabete Campus SMU hostels are served by five booster pumps of the following details:
Maximum discharges (Q): 1 pump of 3.5m3 and 4 pumps of 5.5m3 per hour each.
Power Ratings (P): 1,200W and 1,500W respectively.
Operating Pressure (p): 4bars to 8bars and 6bars to 11bars respectively.
Operating temperatures (T): 40°C to 90°C for all pumps.
Minimum and Maximum heads(Hmin/max): 50m/85m and 40m/75m respectively.
Kikuyu Campus SMU is served by two booster pumps with the following details:
Maximum discharges (Q): 5.5m3 and 7.5m3 per hour each.
Power Rating (P): 1,400w and 1,600W respectively.
Operating Pressure (p): 5 bars to 9 bars and 4 bars to 10 bars.
Operating temperatures (T): 40°C to 90°C for all pumps.
Minimum and Maximum heads(Hmin/max): 40m/75m and 30m/75m respectively.
Kenyatta National Hospital SMU has one pump of the following details:
Maximum discharges (Q): 7.5m3 per hour.
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Power Rating (P): 1,500W.
Operating Pressure (p): 6 bars to 10 bars.
Operating temperatures (T): 40°C to 90°C for all pumps.
Minimum and Maximum heads(Hmin/max): 30m/75m.
Mamlakas A & B are served by two booster pumps while Prefabs 1 - 10 have 1 booster pump
whose parameters are:
Maximum discharges (Q): 4m3 and 3.5m3 per hour respectively.
Power Rating (P): 1,500W and 1,200W respectively.
Operating Pressure (p): 6 bars to 10 bars and 4 bars to 8 bars respectively.
Operating temperatures (T): 40°C to 90°C for all pumps.
Minimum and Maximum heads(Hmin/max): 30m/65m and 30m/55m respectively.
Women’s Halls SMU have four similar pumps of the following parameters:
Maximum discharges (Q): 4m3 per hour.
Power Rating (P):1,500W.
Operating Pressure (p): 6 bars to 10 bars.
Operating temperatures (T): 40°C to 90°C for all pumps.
Minimum and Maximum heads(Hmin/max): 30m/65m.
Lower State House Road SMU has 6 booster pumps characterized as:
Maximum discharges (Q): 4m3 per hour.
Power Rating (P): 1,500W.
Operating Pressure (p): 6 bars to 10 bars.
Operating temperatures (T): 40°C to 90°C for all pumps.
Minimum and Maximum heads(Hmin/max): 30m/65m.
Upper State House SMU’s three booster pumps parameters are:
Maximum discharges (Q): 4m3 per hour.
Power Rating (P): 1,500W.
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Operating Pressure (p): 6 bars to 10 bars.
Operating temperatures (T): 40°C to 90°C for all pumps.
Minimum and Maximum heads(Hmin/max): 30m/65m.
3.6.2 SAMPLE CALCULATIONS OF ELECTRICITY BILLS.
3.6.2.1 CI1 (High/Low rate, PF) Tariff.
Sample meter number 8082797 and Bill number 0530306-01-25/05/2010-1;
Maximum authorized load: 250kW.
From appendix A of KPLC attachments: Fxd.c: KShs 800 per billing period.
Demand charge: KShs 600 per billing period; Power charge: Kshs 5.75 per kWh.
B.B/F = KShs 1,202,061.20.
C./C. = KShs 0
Fxd.C= KShs 800.
H.R.C. = [92,687 – 75,495] × (1) × {5.75} = KShs 98,854.00.
L.R.C. = [104,106 – 91,565] × (1) × {5.75} = KShs 84,910.25.
Fl.C.C. = {[92,687 – 75,495] + [104,106 -91,565]} × (498 cents/kWh) = KShs 159,155.82.
Frx.Adj. = {[92,687 – 75,495] + [104,106 -91,565]} × (41 cents/kWh) = KShs 13,103.19.
InfA. = {[92,687 – 75,495] + [104,106 -91,565]} × (5 cents/kWh) = KShs 2,556.72.
ERC.L = {[92,687 – 75,495] + [104,106 -91,565]} × (3 cents/kWh) = KShs 958.77.
REP.L = {[92,687 – 75,495] + [104,106 -91,565]} × {5.75} × (5%) = KShs 9,188.21.
D.C (kVA) = 125kVA × KShs 600/kVA = KShs 75,000.
P.F.S. = KShs 0.
V.A.T. = KShs {98,854.00 + 0 + 84,910.25 + 159,155.82 + 13,103.19 + 2,556.72 + 958.77
+ 9,188.21 + 75,000 + 0} × 12%;
= KShs 52,125.59.
The monthly bill is Kshs 496,652.60.
The amount payable is KShs (496,652.60 + 1,202,061.20) = Kshs 1,698,713.80.
The rest of the calculations for all other hostels that fall under the above tariff are
given in appendix. The table 3.1 shows sample tabulated calculation for the rest of the
year on the tariff CI1 Ngong Road hostel, meter number 8082797.
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The average daily consumption and cost are arrived at by dividing both the consumption and bill by
the number of the days in the billing period.
Daily Average =
Daily Average =
= 928 W/day.
= KShs 47,122.20/day.
Daily Average =
Monthly mean =
Monthly Power =
Monthly Cost
= 27,438.5 kWh/month.
=
= KShs 607,134.60/month.
Table 3.1 Monthly bills for CI1 tariff for meter number 8081230.
TARRIF: CI1. METER NUMBER: 8081230
MONTH
BILLING
DAY POWER
PERIOD
S
CONSUMED
(kWH)
November 26/10-28/11
34
31,546
December 28/11-24/12
27
10,934
January
24/12-28/01
36
17,089
February
28/01-26/02
29
29,911
March
26/02-27/03
30
28,207
April
27/03-29/04
34
29,917
May
29/04-26/05
28
28,517
June
26/05-01/07
37
30,375
July
01/07-27/07
27
22,351
August
27/07-26/08
31
35,648
September 26/08-27/09
33
34,547
October
27/09-26/10
30
30,400
TOTAL
329,262
MONTHLY AVERAGE.
27,438.5
HOSTEL: NGONG ROAD.
DEMAND BILL (KShs)
(kVA)
108
69
96
99
101
103
97
104
110
115
107
105
1,115
92.92
23
1,602,154.60
1,215,077.90
350,273.10
515,774.90
516,218.50
524,249.10
433,490.20
426,286.90
328,343.70
483,103.50
468,373.50
422,269.00
7,285,614.90
607,134.60
AVERAGE DAILY
CONSUMPTION
kWh
KShs
928
47,122.20
405
45,002.90
475
9,729.80
1,031
17,785.30
940
17,207.30
880
15,419.10
1018
15,481.80
821
11,521.30
828
12,160.90
1,150
15,584.00
1,047
14,193.10
1,013
14,075.60
10,536
235,283.30
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
GMN 03/2011
JUNE 2011
Figure 3.1. Monthly comparison of power consumed through meter number 8081230.
Fig 3.2. Monthly comparison of cost through meter number 8081230.
3.6.2.2 SC/PFv Tariff.
Sample meter number 50013500 and Bill number 0050263-01-25/05/2010-1;
Maximum authorized load: 8kW.
From appendix A of KPLC attachments: Fxd.c: KShs 120 per billing period.
Demand charge: KShs 0 per billing period; Power charge: Kshs 8.96 per kWh.
B.B/F = KShs 332,833.00.
C./C. = KShs 0
Fxd.C= KShs 120.
H.R.C. = [128,179 – 119,413] × (1) × {8.96} = KShs 78,543.36.
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L.R.C. = [104,740 – 97,784] × (1) × {8.96} = KShs 62,325.76.
Fl.C.C. = {[128,179 – 119,413]+[104,740 – 97,784]} × (498 cents/kWh)
= KShs 78,295.56
Frx.Adj. = {[128,179 – 119,413] + [104,740 – 97,784]} × (41 cents/kWh) = KShs 6,446.02
InfA. = {[128,179 – 119,413] + [104,740 – 97,784]} × (5 cents/kWh) = KShs 1,257.76.
ERC.L = {[128,179 – 119,413] + [104,740 – 97,784]} × (3 cents/kWh) = KShs 471.66.
REP.L = {[128,179 – 119,413] + [104,740 – 97,784]} × (8.96) × (5%) = KShs 7,043.45.
D.C (kVA) = 74kVA × KShs 0/kVA = KShs 0.
P.F.S. = KShs 0.
V.A.T. = KShs {120 + 78,543.36 +62,325.76 +78,295.56 + 6,446.02 +1,257.76 +471.66 +
7,043.45 + 0 + 0} × 12%;
= KShs 27,238.61.
The monthly bill is Kshs 261,742.20.
The amount payable is KShs (261,742.20 + 332,833.00) = KShs 594,575.20
Table 3.2 Monthly power consumption and cost through meter number 20010039
TARRIF: SC/PFv METER NUMBER: 20010039
MOHTH
BILLING PERIOD DAYS POWER
(‘09/’10)
CONSUMED
(kWH)
November 23/10-25/11
34
8,196
December 25/11-24/12
30
7,946
January
24/12-26/01
34
6,478
February
26/01-26/02
32
11,893
March
26/02-26/03
29
7,151
April
26/03-23/04
29
12,008
May
23/04-25/05
33
10,842
June
25/05-30/06
36
4,995
July
30/06-26/06
27
9,429
August
26/07-28/08
34
9,145
September 28/08-24/09
28
7,191
October
24/09-25/10
32
4,172
TOTAL
89,446
MONTHLY AVERAGE
7,453.8
25
HOSTEL: HALL 4.
DEMAND BILL (KShs)
(kVA)
42
43
46
48
50
50
47
23
51
53
29
32
514
42.8
168,273.70
151,931.60
132,448.80
223,071.10
140,448.10
227,513.10
180,540.90
77,207.30
142,878.10
138,886.00
109,480.70
63,947.60
1,756,627.00
146,385.60
AVERAGE DAILY
CONSUMPTION
kWh
KShs
241
4,949.20
265
5,064.40
190
3,895.60
372
6,971.00
247
4,843.00
414
7,845.30
329
5,470.90
139
2,144.65
349
5,291.80
269
4,084.90
257
3,910.00
130
1,998.40
3,202.
56,469.15.
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
GMN 03/2011
JUNE 2011
Figure 3.3 Monthly demand in kVA through meter number 20010039.
3.6.2.3 D.C./W. Tariff
Sample meter number 9902317 and 205433 and Bill number 0096450-0119/04/2010-1;
Maximum authorized load: 8kW.
From appendix A of KPLC attachments: Fxd.c: KShs 240 per billing period.
Demand charge: KShs 0 per billing period; Power charge: Comprises two parts; Water
Heating (KShs 4.85/kWh) and Active Consumption which is dependent on consumed
units.
B.B/F = KShs 196,991.80.
C./C. = KShs 151,314.70.
Fxd.C= KShs 240.
Active Consumption = Kshs 116,004.13 (for 7109 kWh).
Water Heating = KShs 4,234.05. (for 873 kWh)
Fl.C.C. = {[7109 + 873]kWh × (672 cents/kWh)} = KShs 53,639.04
Frx.Adj. = {[7109 + 873]kWh × (72 cents/kWh)} = KShs 5,747.04.
InfA. = {[7109 + 873]kWh × (8 cents/kWh)} = KShs 638.56.
ERC.L = {[7109 + 873]kWh × (3 cents/kWh)} = KShs 239.46.
REP.L = {[116,004.13 + 4,234.05] × (5%)} = KShs 6,011.90
D.C (kVA) = {(0 kVA) × (0 KShs/kVA.)} = Kshs 0.00.
P.F.S. = KShs 0.
26
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
GMN 03/2011
JUNE 2011
V.A.T. = KShs {[116,004.13 + 4,234.05 + 53,639.04 + 5,747.04 + 638.56 + 239.46 +
6,011.90 ]}
= Kshs 21,660.33
The monthly bill is KShs = KShs 208,414.50.
The amount payable for the month is KShs {[196,991.80 – 151,314.70] + 208,414.50}
=Kshs 254,091.60
Table 3.3. Monthly power consumption through meter number 9902317/205433.
TARRIF: D.C/W. METER NUMBER: 9902317/205433
MONTH
BILLING PERIOD. DAYS POWER
(‘09/’10)
CONSUMED
(kWh)
November
18/10-20/11
34
2,601
December
20/11-13/12
24
7,585
January
13/12-16/01
35
2,987
February
16/01-14/02
30
6,043
March
14/02-17/03
32
3,069
April
17/03-19/04
34
7,982
May
19/04-17/05
29
5,996
June
17/05-18/06
33
5,842
July
18/06-18/07
31
1,201
August
18/07-22/08
36
901
September
22/08-16/09
26
3,140
October
16/09-18/10
33
5,192
TOTAL
52,639
AVERAGE PER BILLING PERIOD
4,378.25
HOSTEL: KABETE SOWETO.
BILL (KShs)
AVERAGE DAILY
CONSUMPTION
kWh
KShs
38,153.70
76.5
1,122.20
188,541.70
316.0
7,855.90
62,571.30
85.3
1,787.80
151,314.70
201.4
5,043.80
65,402.70
95.9
2,043.80
208,414.50
234.8
6,129.80
137,585.00
206.8
4,744.30
126,930.80
177.0
3,846.40
13,242.40
38.7
427.20
9,941.70
25.0
276.20
54,687.40
120.8
2,103.40
26,761.10
120.8
810.90
1,083,547.00
90,295.60
3.6.2.4 S.C./W. Tariff.
Sample meter number 131611 and 131613 and Bill number 0050313-03-16/04/2010;
Maximum authorized load: 3kW.
From appendix A of KPLC attachments: Fxd.c: KShs 240 per billing period.
Demand charge: KShs 0 per billing period; Power charge:Comprise two parts: Kshs
8.96/kWh for Active consumption and Kshs 4.85 for Water heating.
B.B/F = KShs 70,848.60.
C./C. = KShs 20,491.80.
Fxd.C= KShs 240.
Active Consumption = {[96193 - 95252]kWh × KShs 8.96/kWh} = KShs 8,162.56
Water Heating = {[16661 - 16132] × KShs 4.85/kWh} = KShs 2,565.65.
27
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
GMN 03/2011
JUNE 2011
Fl.C.C. = {[96193 - 95252] + [16661 - 16132]} kWh × 672cents/kWh} = KShs 9,676.80.
Frx.Adj. = {[96193 - 95252] + [16661 - 16132]} kWh × 72cents/kWh} = KShs 1,036.80.
InfA. = {[96193 - 95252] + [16661 - 16132]} kWh × 8cents/kWh} = KShs 115.20.
ERC.L = {[96193 - 95252] + [16661 - 16132]} kWh × 3cents/kWh} = KShs 43.20.
REP.L = {[8,162.56 + 2,565.65] × 5%} = KShs 536.41
D.C (kVA) = {(0 kVA) × (0 KShs/kVA.)} = Kshs 0.00.
P.F.S. = KShs 0.
V.A.T.= KShs {[8,162.56 + 2,565.65 + 9,676.80 + 1,036.80 + 115.20 + 43.20 + 536.41] ×
12%}
= KShs 2,615.64.
The monthly bill is KShs 24,992.30 and the amount payable is KShs 75,349.10.
Table 3.4 Monthly power consumption & cost through meter number 131611/131613.
TARRIF: S.C/W. METER NUMBER: 131611/131613
MONTH
BILLING
DAYS POWER
(‘09/’10)
PERIOD.
CONSUMED
(kWh)
November 13/10-17/11 36
1,501
December 17/11-11/12 25
1,019
January
11/12-13/01 34
777
February
13/01-12/02 31
1,262
March
12/02-12/03 29
1,417
April
12/03-16/04 36
1,440
May
16/04-16/05 31
680
June
16/05-11/06 27
1,002
July
11/06-13/07 33
1,169
August
13/07-13/08 32
1,533
September 13/08-13/09 32
1,223
October
13/09-16/10 34
1,270
TOTAL.
14,293
MONTHLY AVERAGE
1,191.1
HOSTEL: HG 90 DOROBO ROAD.
BILL (KShs)
AVERAGE DAILY
CONSUMPTION
KWh
KShs
26,656.70
41.7
740.50
17,278.10
40.8
691.10
14,340.70
22.9
421.80
20,491.80
40.7
661.00
23,832.20
48.9
821.80
24,992.30
40.0
694.20
10,333.50
21.9
333.40
13,820.60
37.1
511.90
16,691.70
35.4
505.80
21,465.20
47.9
670.80
17,447.20
38.2
545.20
18,193.90
37.3
535.10
225,543.90
18,795.30
3.6.2.5 D.C. Tariff.
Sample meter number 20170560 and Bill number 0050352-01-15/04/2010-1;
Maximum authorized load: 8kW.
From appendix A of KPLC attachments: Fxd.c: KShs 120 per billing period.
Demand charge: KShs 0 per billing period; Power charge: Dependent on range of units
consumed.
28
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
GMN 03/2011
JUNE 2011
B.B/F = KShs 426,011.70.
C./C. = KShs 203,710.40.
Fxd.C= KShs 120.
Active Consumption (DC) = {[6126 kWh × KShs 15.96/kwh]} = Kshs 97,749.82.
Fl.C.C. = {[6126 kWh × 672cents/kWh]} = KShs 41,166.72.
Frx.Adj. = {[6126 kWh × 72cents/kWh]} = KShs 4,410.72.
InfA. = {[6126 kWh × 8cents/kWh]} = KShs 490.08.
ERC.L = {[6126 kWh × 3cents/kWh]} = KShs 183.78.
REP.L = {[6126 kWh × KShs 15.96/kwh] × (5%)} = KShs 4,887.49.
D.C (kVA) = {(0 kVA) × (0 KShs/kVA.)} = Kshs 0.00.
P.F.S. = KShs 0.
V.A.T. = KShs {(120 + 97,749.82 + 41,166.72 +4,410.72 + 490.08 + 183.78 + 4,887.49) ×
12%}
= KShs 17,272.48.
The monthly bill is KShs 166,281.10 and the amount payable is KShs 388,582.40
Table 3.5. Monthly power consumption & cost through meter number 20170560.
TARRIF: D.C. METER NUMBER:20170560
MONTH
BILLING
DAY POWER
(‘09/’10)
PERIOD.
S
CONSUMED
(kWh)
November
14/10-16/11
33
5,488
December
16/11-14/12
29
6,701
January
17/12-15/01
30
5,163
February
15/01-17/02
34
5,113
March
17/02-16/03
28
3,621
April
16/03-15/04
31
6,126
May
15/04-13/05
29
6,490
June
13/05-16/06
35
2,294
July
16/06-15/07
30
2,285
August
15/07-18/08
35
12,710
September
18/08-15/09
29
4,897
October
15/09-13/10
29
3,514
TOTAL.
64,402
AVERAGE BILLING PERIOD.
5,366.8
HOSTEL: STATE HOUSE HOSTEL ST ROAD.
BILL (KShs)
AVERAGE DAILY
CONSUMPTION
kWh
KShs
155,693.30
166.3
4,718.00
184,759.90
231.1
6,371.00
105,589.70
172.1
35,519.70
95,978.60
150.4
2,822.90
93,155.80
129.3
3,327.00
166,281.10
197.6
5,363.90
162,365.30
223.8
5,598.80
42,592.20
65.6
1,216.90
41,686.70
76.2
1,389.60
317,151.30
363.1
9,061.50
110,926.90
168.9
3,825.10
74,661.80
121.2
2,574.50
1,550,842.60
129,236.90
29
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
GMN 03/2011
JUNE 2011
3.6.2.6 S.C. Tariff.
Sample meter number 60079875 and Bill number 0270959-01-21/04/2010-1;
Maximum authorized load: 50kW.
From appendix A of KPLC attachments: Fxd.c: KShs 120 per billing period.
Demand charge: KShs 0 per billing period; Power charge: Kshs 8.96 per kWh.
B.B/F = KShs 335,514.90
C. /C. = KShs 95,978.60.
Fxd.C= KShs 120.
Active Consumption = {[5016kWh] × KShs 8.96/kWh} = KShs 44,943.36.
Fl.C.C. = {[5016kWh] × 672cents/kWh} = KShs 33,707.52.
Frx.Adj. = {[5016kWh] × 72cents/kWh} = KShs 3,611.52.
InfA. = {[5016kWh] × 8cents/kWh} = KShs 401.28
ERC.L = {[5016kWh] × 3cents/kWh} = KShs 150.48
REP.L = {[5016kWh] × KShs 8.96/kWh × (5%)} = KShs 2,247.16.
V.A.T. = KShs {(44,943.36 + 33,707.52 + 3,611.52 + 401.28 + 150.48 + 2,247.16) × 12%}
= Kshs 9,934.04.
The monthly bill is KShs 95,115.40 and the amount payable is KShs 430,630.30.
Table 3.6. Monthly cost & power consumed through meter number 60079875.
TARRIF: S.C: METER NUMBER: 60079875
MONTH
BILLING
DAYS POWER
(‘09/’10)
PERIOD.
CONSUMED
(kWh)
November
16/10-12/11
28
5,120
December
12/11-17/12
36
7,103
January
17/12-15/01
30
5,163
February
15/01-17/02
34
5,113
March
17/02-17/03
29
6,842
April
17/03-21/04
36
5,016
May
21/04-20/05
30
7,809
June
20/05-18/06
30
6,105
July
18/06-18/07
31
6,094
August
18/07-19/08
33
6,919
September
19/08-16/09
29
6,799
October
16/09-18/10
33
5,208
TOTAL.
73,291
AVERAGE PER BILLING PERIOD.
6,107.6
HOSTEL: KAPENGURIA ROAD.
BILL (KShs)
AVERAGE DAILY
CONSUMPTION
KWh
105,170.20
182.9
135,827.30
197.3
105,589.70
172.1
95,978.60
150.4
134,366.20
235.9
95,115.40
139.3
130,073.00
260.3
94,334.60
203.5
92,390.20
196.6
105,112.20
209.7
103,520.00
234.4
79,793.90
157.8
1,277,271.30
106,439.30
30
KShs
3,756.10
3,773.00
3,519.70
2,822.90
4,633.30
2,642.10
4,335.80
3,144.50
2,980.30
3,185.20
3,569.70
2,418.00
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
GMN 03/2011
JUNE 2011
3.6.2.7 I.T. Tariff
Sample meter number 37481 and Bill number 0530328-01-15/04/2010-1;
Maximum authorized load: 1kW.
From appendix A of KPLC attachments: Fxd.c: KShs 120 per billing period.
Demand charge: KShs 0 per billing period; Power charge: Kshs 4.85 per kWh.
B.B/F = KShs 268.80.
C./C. = KShs 134.40.
Fxd.C= KShs 120.
Water Heating = 0 kWh
Fl.C.C. = 0.00
Frx.Adj. = 0.00
InfA. = 0.00
ERC.L = 0.00
REP.L = 0.00
V.A.T. = KShs {120 × 12%}
= Kshs 14.40
The monthly bill is KShs 134.40. and the amount payable is KShs 268.80.
Table 3.7 Monthly cost and power consumed through meter number 37481.
TARRIF: I.T. METER NUMBER: 37481.
MONTH
BILLING
DAYS
(‘09/’10)
PERIOD.
November
14/10-16/11
December
16/11-14/12
January
14/12-15/01
February
15/01-16/02
March
16/02-16/03
April
16/03-15/04
May
15/04-13/05
June
13/05-16/06
July
16/06-15/07
August
15/07-18/08
September
18/08-15/09
October
15/09-13/10
TOTAL
MONTHLY AVERAGE.
33
29
32
33
29
31
29
35
30
35
29
29
HOSTEL: HALL 4.
BILL (KShs)
AVERAGE DAILY
CONSUMPTION
KWh
KShs
134.40
0
134.40
0
134.40
0
134.40
0
134.40
0
134.40
0
134.40
0
134.40
0
134.40
0
134.40
0
134.40
0
134.40
0
1,612.80
0
134.40
0
POWER
CONSUMED
(kWh)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
31
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
GMN 03/2011
JUNE 2011
3.7 BENCHMARKING AND TECHNICAL CALCULATIONS.
Energy benchmarking is development of quantitative and qualitative indicators through the
collection and analysis of energy related data and energy management practices. It involves
comparing the performance of a given process with that of the best possible process and to try
to improve the quality of the system or service. It is used by energy consumers to develop plans
on how to adopt such best practices. It is a powerful tool for performance assessment and
logical evolution of avenues for improvement.
Historical data when well documented helps to bring out energy consumption and cost trends
daily, monthly and annually. Trend analysis of energy consumption, cost and specific energy
consumption helps to unravel the effects of capacity utilization on energy use efficiency and
costs in a broader scale.
The basis of benchmarking the energy consumption of S.W.A. halls of residence is energy
consumed per student. The benchmark parameters are:
3.7.1 kWh consumed per student per year.
This was obtained by dividing the total power consumed in the academic year
2009/2010 by the number of students who occupied S.W.A. halls of residence.
3.7.2 Cost per student per year.
This was determined by dividing the total cost of electricity consumed in that year by
the number of students in hostels that year.
3.7.3 Average cost of power consumed per kWh.
This was derived by dividing the total cost of electricity by the total power consumed.
Monthly Average =
Monthly Average =
Monthly Average =
= 414,582 kWh/month.
= KShs 6,975,292.70/month.
kWh/student/year =
kWh/student/year =
= 478 kWh/student.
32
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
GMN 03/2011
Cost/student/year =
kWh/student. =
= KShs 8,054.60 /student.
Cost/kWh =
Cost/kWh =
= KShs 16.85/kwh.
Figure 3.4. Monthly power consumed between November 2009 – October 2010.
Figure 3.5 Monthly cost of power consumed between November 2009 – October 2010.
33
JUNE 2011
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
GMN 03/2011
JUNE 2011
Table 3.8 Annual parameters of power consumption in S.W.A. halls of residence.
MONTH
POWER CONSUMED
(kWh)
MONTHLY BILL
(KShs)
November 2009
462,474
10,056,115.10
December 2009
421,461
7,797,392.30
January 2010
305,911
6,345,930.10
February 2010
577,542
9,198,205.60
March 2010
342,766
6,634,065.50
April 2010
525,431
9,468,057.60
May 2010
497,554
7,809,819.90
June 2010
311,002
4,388804.60
July 2010
366,422
5,394,522.10
August 2010
427,274
6,135,357.50
September 2010
418,276
5,882,667.10
October 2010
318,867
4,592,574.80
TOTAL
4,974,980
83,703,512.20
MONTHLY
AVERAGE.
414,582
6,975,292.70
34
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
GMN 03/2011
JUNE 2011
CHAPTER FOUR – METHODOLOGY, DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION.
4.1 METHODOLOGY.
An energy audit is the study of a plant or a facility to determine how and where energy is used
and to identify methods for energy savings. The process begins with collection and evaluation of
data pertaining to facilities, equipments and current operation. There is a universal recognition
of the fact that new technologies and much greater use of some that already exist provide the
most hopeful prospects for the future. The opportunities lie in the use of existing renewable
energy technologies, greater efforts at energy efficiency and the dissemination of these
technologies and options. The information contained in this report is based on a range of
sources that include historical energy consumption data, site observations, discussions and
interviews with SWA personnel and recording of technical details and data on equipment.
The methodology adopted for this audit was:
Visual inspection, investigation and data collection.
Observations on the general conditions of the facilities and equipments and
quantification.
Identification and verification of energy consumption and other parameters by
measurement.
Detailed calculation and analyses of data using Microsoft Excel and assumptions.
Identification of potential energy saving opportunities.
Recommendation and implementation.
4.2 DISCUSSION.
Recommendations and observations in this project are based on visual inspections of
equipment and the above techniques and limitations. The obtained estimates can vary due to
a multitude of external factors which are subject to change. As a result, each recommendation
should be reviewed at the time of consideration, to ensure that its relevance and economics
are still acceptable. Some of these factors include:
Addition or deletion of energy consuming equipment.
Variation in occupancy levels.
Variation in the standard and frequency of maintenance and efficiency monitoring.
Changes in energy tariff rates; and
Other relevant changes.
35
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
GMN 03/2011
JUNE 2011
4.2.1 TREND ANALYSES AND DATABASE.
The data gathered during the audit was plotted and the graphs analyzed for comparison
and detection of any anomalies. Trend analysis can be used to identify and validate
existing energy usage and potential energy conservation opportunities. All findings for the
facilities are recorded in appendix A. Information contained in the appendix includes a
detailed description of each hostel in for terms of associated meter number, maximum
authorized load in kW, high rate and low rate consumption in kWh, maximum demand in
kVA, billing period and cost of power consumed in Kshs per month (read billing period).
For simple measures spreadsheets were used to generate graphs for comparison purposes
of various hostels for various parameters. For evaluation of more complex systems and to
account for equipment interactions, a simulation program calculating energy usage on an
hourly basis may be developed and used. For this project, all calculations were performed
using spreadsheets to save on time and cost.
4.2.2 PER CAPITA ELECTRICAL CONSUMPTION.
The general trend of electricity consumption in the hostels for the academic year
2009/2010 is candidly captured in table 3.8 and figures 3.4 and 3.5. The average tariff for
the hostels is about KShs 16.85. In the same period, power amounting to 4,974,980 kWh
was consumed by the students at whooping cost of KShs 83,703,512.20. The maximum
bed capacity for the S.W.A. halls of residence is 11,192. However, for reasons beyond our
scope, not all bed spaces in halls of residence were occupied. We found out that there was
an excellent level of occupancy of SWA halls of residence – at 92.5%. At this level of
occupancy, per capita consumption stood at 478 kWh per student at a cost of KShs
8,054.60 per student. Further mathematics gives an average tariff rate of KShs 16.85 per
kWh. On a senate approved official academic year of two hundred and ten days (210), per
capita consumption even rises higher. The power factor for hostels whose tariff includes
vote head for power factor, hovered at an average of 0.96 for the whole year.
4.2.3 DATA LOGGING.
From our observations, interviews and visual inspection, we found out that all data
pertaining to power consumption in the halls of residence is handled by Estates and
Construction Department. Therefore it was not surprising to find out that even locating a
meter for a given SMU or hostel was challenging. Currently SWA does not have a database
from which to monitor power consumption neither does Estates Department bother to
forward to SWA electricity bills for hostels. As such there is no measurement and
verification plan enacted to be in place for SWA facilities.
4.2.4 LIGHTING MANAGEMENT.
We found out that the existing hostels are not wired for daylight controls or dual
switching. Existing lamps throughout the hostels appear to be a mixture of compact
36
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
GMN 03/2011
JUNE 2011
fluorescent tube lights and bulbs. Most of the rooms are sufficiently exposed to adequate
amount of daylight. Some of the measured luminance levels are shown in the table below:
Table 4.1 Luminance at readings of some rooms in selected hostels.
HOSTEL
ROOM
NUMBER
STUDY
ROOM
TUCKSHOP
WASHROOM CORRIDORS
AND STAIRS
Mamlaka B.
069
1850
350
550
135
Hall 9.
314
1800
430
750
230
Hall 3.
210
1700
550
630
240
Chiromo
326
1900
700
840
165
Pioneer Hall 1
016
2100
520
720
125
The units for the above readings are in lux. It can also be expressed in foot candle where
1 foot-candle = 10.76 lux.
Clearly the current lighting intensities are very high according to TES Digital Illuminance
meter manual. It recommends 700 lux to 1500 lux for classroom, library and drafting room.
At the above given levels of luminance, some lighting fixtures should be de-lamped.
4.2.5 COOKING AND BUSINESSES IN THE HALLS OF RESIDENCE.
On an official senate sanctioned academic year of 210 days, each student consumes on
average 2.3kWh daily. This daily level of consumption is by and large contributed by electric
coils, electric kettles, immersion heaters, personal computers and laptops, photocopiers,
printers and scanners. Some of these electronic appliances serve serve no academic purpose
other than commercial sense. Most hostels have designated rooms for businesses like
tuckshops, printing, photocopying, scanning, cyber cafes whose power consumption is
combined in the same meter for a hostel.
4.2.6 TARRIF RATE OPTIONS.
Currently S.W.A. halls of residence are billed under seven different tariffs. One of the tariffs
called IT tariff was paid for yet no power was consumed in the meter that falls under such
tariff. This is depicted in table 3.7. Due to time constraints on our part and paper restrictions,
we could not determine which of the seven tariffs was the cheapest. Therefore a possibility
of having all S.W.A. halls of residence bills being billed under one tariff should be investigated
and implemented within legal limits.
37
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
GMN 03/2011
JUNE 2011
4.2.7 MISCELLANEOUS.
Most of the business premises located within the hostels benefit from a flat rate charge for
tenancy that varies yearly. In these businesses are electronic appliances such as
photocopiers, printers, scanners, refrigerators, microwave heaters and computers. From
visual investigation of the goings-on there, we found out that most of these appliances are
left in “on” position even in idle state. It was shocking to find out that most of the students
assume that electrical supply to university premises is free of charge.
The successful undertaking of this project was not without challenges. Of the greatest
challenge we faced was that of officialdom and associated specific paperwork. This required
preparation of so many letters addressed to specific office holders. This in turn consumed a
lot of time in their processing. The challenge of “come tomorrow” significantly slowed down
the pace of the project. The absence of a central database from which to collect the data
ensured that we were constantly on the move looking for this and collecting that. Finally the
area and span of time covered by this project is as broad as it is wide.
4.3 RECOMMENDATIONS.
4.3.1 UNDERSTANDING OF PERFORMANCE AND OPPORTUNITIES.
A baseline study be conducted (energy audit) to establish energy consumption by major
users (hostels under CI1 and SC/PFv tariff) and their opportunities for savings. Prior to the
above, extensive lighting control projects aimed at reducing energy consumption should
be implemented, specifically shorter time periods when it comes to fluorescent tube lights
replacement.
4.3.2 FUTURE AND PRO-ACTIVE PLANS.
An annual planning process that identifies all priority projects, schedules, responsibilities
and budgets should be put in place. Cost effective prioritized cost projects should be
incorporated into S.W.A. five-year strategic plans that are already in place.
4.3.3 AWARENESS AND TRAINING.
Basic energy awareness activities within halls of residence , focusing on cost savings and
environmental issues associated with energy use. The information on energy consumption
on hostel basis should be disseminated using such tools as S.W.A. or university website
and newsletters.
4.3.4 CORPORATE COMMITMENT.
S.W.A. should arrange for an executive-level officer to develop an energy policy or
directive containing specific goals and objectives for improving energy efficiency and
reducing energy costs. S.W.A. should ensure that energy management activities and
progress made towards goals are contained in S.W.A. and university’s energy directive.
38
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
GMN 03/2011
JUNE 2011
4.4 CONCLUSION.
The objectives of the project were;
The Energy Audit of S. W. A. was aimed at getting a detailed idea about the
various end use energy consumption activities and identifying, enumerating
and possibly evaluating possible energy efficiency measures.
Further to the above, the audit was also aimed at availing an opportunity of
experiencing practical problems and difficulties encountered when conducting
energy audits. Thus enthusiasm was necessary in executing this endeavor
successfully.
All the previous chapters in this report are dedicated to the analysis of energy consumed in
the S.W.A. halls of residence during the academic year 2009/2010. It was found from the
analysis that power amounting to 4,915,250 kWh was consumed by student population of
10,392 at a cost of KShs 83,703,512.30. This yields the following benchmarking parameters:
Specific energy consumption of 478kWh/student.
Specific energy cost of KShs of KShs 8,054.60/student.
Specific energy cost of KShs Kshs 17.00/kWh.
39
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
GMN 03/2011
JUNE 2011
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/energy-audit
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power factor
3. T.D. Eastop and A. McConkey. Applied Thermodynamics for Engineering Technologists, 5th
Edition.. Chapter 17.
4. University of Nairobi, Student Information Handbook, U.o.N press, 2010/2011.
5. University of Nairobi, Dialogue newsletter of S.W.A. issue number 18 of March 2009.
6. University of Nairobi, Dialogue newsletter of S.W.A. issue number 20 of March 2011.
7. Energy Audit of Red Lands Roses Limited flower farm Project report of year 2010, Musembi,
Mutuku Nicodemus.
8. Energy audit of Sian Roses Winchester Limited flower farm, Victor, Indegwa Preston.
9. http://www.uonbi.ac.ke/student-life
10. http://www.uonbi.ac.ke/administration/?id=5
11. http://www.uonbi.ac.ke/about-us/?id=5
12. Manual on Energy Conservation and audit in Industries, Energy Research & Development
Centre. TJ 163.3 .M36
13. A study into Energy Management and Possibilities of Energy Conservation in Students’ Hostels,
Ntarangui, Thomas Ng’olua TJ 163.3 N7.
14. A Study of demand side electrical energy management techniques applicable in Kenya industrial
sector, Nguuni, Samwel Mwangi.
15. http://www.gard.com/Audit-Type.htm
16. www.uow.edu.au/content/groups/public/@web/.../uow02854.pdf
17. www.e2singapore.gov/sg/.../Guideline_for_EAse_energy_audit_report.doc
18. www.energymanagertraining.com/audit_report/MLAHostelNagpur.pdf
19. www.imt.org/PDF%20files/RcxFacilityA_LTCO1.pdf
20. www.ese.iitb.ac.in/Energy_Audit_of IIT_Campus.pdf
40
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
GMN 03/2011
41
JUNE 2011
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
GMN 03/2011
JUNE 2011
APPENDIX.
42
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
HOSTEL
Ngong Rd
8081230
TA
RIF
F
CI1
Hall 8
8081601
CI1
Hall 9
8081092
CI1
9913 Kabete
8083936
Hall 4
20010039
Mary’s Hall
9690283
Hall 5
50013500
SC/
PFv
SC/
PFv
SC/
PFv
CI1
Women’s Hall
P. Rd.
20954535440
StateHos 122
Student Hostl
Mamlaka Rd
Hall 13
8082800
CI1
8082184
CI1
8082797
CI1
8082951
CI1
Mamlaka Rd
8082798
CI1
Kabete Hostel
8082524
CI1
Hall 9
8080395
CI1
Chiromo Hstl
8080188
CI1
Kabete
Soweto
Hall 7
9902317
205433
107826
107815
107813
107773
131611
131613
34156
56426
9933066
9933067
107819
107772
DC
W
DC
W
DC
W
SC
W
SC
W
SC
W
DC
W
2096741F1
Statehse Rd
HG90 Dorobo
Rd
HG14
Mamlaka Rd
HG110
Dorobo Rd
2095231B6F3
Statehse Rd
METER
NUMBER
GMN 03/2011
NOVEMBER 2009
POWER BILL (Kshs)
PERIOD
(kWH)
31,546 1,602,154.60 26/1028/11
28,722 553,482.90
23/1025/11
4,974
163,551.80
23/1025/11
10,762 220,914.70
26/1027/11
8,196
168,273.70
23/1025/11
10,107 207,477.50
23/1025/11
10,358 212,626.70
23/1025/11
34,176 665,047.00
23/1025/11
19,104 363,397.80
23/1025/11
28,854 565,103.10
23/1025/11
25,612 494,642.10
23/1025/11
47,293 915,788.10
23/1025/11
22,709 424,486.40
26/1027/11
94,738 1,794,251.60 23/1025/11
55,458 1,027,090.20 26/1026/11
2601
38,153.70
18/1020/11
1193
21,877.60
14/1016/11
1044
15,601.80
13/1011/11
1501
26,656.70
13/1017/11
980
20,373.30
13/1017/11
899
17,697.00
13/1017/11
654
11,088.90
14/1016/11
1
JUNE 2011
DA
YS
34
34
34
33
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
32
34
31
34
34
30
36
36
36
34
DECEMBER 2009
POWER BILL (Kshs)
PERIOD
(kWH)
10,934 1,215,077.90 28/1124/12
23,541 431,416.90
25/1124/12
4,368
148,575.60
25/1124/12
8,811
168,456.00
27/1105/12
7,946
151,931.60
25/1124/12
9,698
185,401.10
25/1124/12
9,299
177,778.80
25/1124/12
38,404 560,494.60
25/1124/12
19,591 291,855.80
25/1124/12
26,197 405,227.60
25/1124/12
25,399 378,628.90
25/1124/12
55,347 814,907.30
25/1124/12
18,025 265,234.80
25/1124/12
82,305 1,184,231.30 25/1124/12
48,717 694,520.90
27/1125/12
7,585
188,541.70
18/1113/12
726
17,502.60
16/1114/12
1,646
26,483.40
16/1114/12
1,019
17,278.10
17/1111/12
997
19,315.10
17/1111/12
699
13,622.20
17/1111/12
579
8,964.40
16/1114/12
DA
YS
27
30
30
9
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
29
26
31
31
25
25
25
31
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
HOSTEL
9915/1
Kabete Uni
HG 89 Dorobo
Rd
Statehouse
Hostel St. Rd
Kapenguria
Road
HG87 Dorobo
Mamlaka Rd
HG90 Dorobo
Rd
11727 Kabete
Vet
209 6321 F2
Statehse Rd
209 6231 M
Stathse Rd F4
MG15 Dorobo
Mamlaka Rd
209 6231 M
Stathse Rd F4
6231 F1
Hspital Hill Rd
Hall 4
71999
34366
7307
25740
20170560
TA
RIF
F
DC
W
SC
W
DC
60079875
SC
31999
DC
32456
SC
20117093
DC
64660
SC
103331
DC
32529
SC
100153
SC
103610
SC
37481
IT
9913 70559
Kabete Nga
Mk Rd
TOTAL
151289
SC
HOSTEL
METER
NUMBER
GMN 03/2011
NOVEMBER 2009
POWER BILL (Kshs)
PERIOD
(kWH)
162
2,777.90
16/1012/11
796
12,770.90
13/1017/11
5,488
155,693.30
14/1016/11
5,120
105,170.20
16/1012/11
6,257
180,115.60
13/1017/11
722
14,946.10
13/1017/11
632
12,107.00
16/1012/11
535
11,109.80
14/1016/11
455
8,654.00
14/1016/11
576
11,827.80
13/1017/11
277
5,817.00
14/1016/11
35
852.40
14/1016/11
0
134.40
14/1016/11
208
4,401.50
16/1012/11
462744
METER
NUMBER
TAR
IFF
Ngong Rd
8081230
CI1
Hall 8
8081601
CI1
Hall 9
8081092
CI1
9913 Kabete
8083936
Hall 4
20010039
SC/
PFv
SC/
PFv
JUNE 2011
DA
YS
28
36
33
28
36
36
28
34
34
36
34
34
33
28
10,056,115.1
JANUARY 2010
POWER BILL (Kshs)
PERIOD
(kWH)
17,089 350,273.10
24/1228/01
18,164 378,944.80
24/1226/01
3,043
136,965.30
24/1226/01
7,057
144,275.00
05/1213/01
6,478
132,448.80
24/1226/01
2
DECEMBER 2009
POWER BILL (Kshs)
PERIOD
(kWH)
229
4,056.20
12/1117/12
57
1,083.60
17/1111/12
6,701
184,759.90
16/1114/12
7,103
135,827.30
12/1117/12
1,866
38,030.80
17/1111/12
798
15,379.10
17/1111/12
787
14,020.20
12/1117/12
404
7,852.30
16/1114/12
454
7,993.80
16/1114/12
593
11,462.80
17/1111/12
232
4,566.40
16/1114/12
33
695.60
13/1112/12
0
134.40
16/1114/12
371
6,083.30
18/1119/12
421461
DA
YS
36
34
34
54
34
DA
YS
36
25
29
36
25
25
25
31
31
25
29
30
29
32
7,797,332.30
FEBRUARY 2010
POWER BILL (Kshs)
PERIOD
(kWH)
29,911 515,774.90
28/0126/02
32,765 569,307.00
26/0126/02
4,974
163,551.80
23/0125/02
11,088 207,981.20
27/0126/02
11,893 223,071.10
26/0126/02
DA
YS
29
31
34
30
32
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
HOSTEL
METER
NUMBER
TAR
IFF
Mary’s Hall
9690283
Hall 5
50013500
SC/
PFv
CI1
Women’s
Hall P. Rd.
2095453544
0 StateHos
Student Hostl
Mamlaka Rd
Hall 13
8082800
CI1
8082184
CI1
8082797
CI1
8082951
CI1
Mamlaka Rd
8082798
CI1
Kabete
Hostel
Hall 9
8082524
CI1
8080395
CI1
Chiromo Hstl
8080188
CI1
Kabete
Soweto
Hall 7
9902317
205433
107826
107815
2096741F1
107813
Statehse Rd
107773
HG90
131611
Dorobo Rd
131613
HG14
34156
Mamlaka Rd 56426
HG110
9933066
Dorobo Rd
9933067
2095231B6F 107819
3 Statehse Rd 107772
9915/1
71999
Kabete Uni
34366
HG 89
7307
Dorobo Rd
25740
Statehouse
20170560
Hostel St. Rd
Kapenguria
60079875
Road
DC
W
DC
W
DC
W
SC
W
SC
W
SC
W
DC
W
DC
W
SC
W
DC
SC
GMN 03/2011
JANUARY 2010
POWER BILL (Kshs)
PERIOD
(kWH)
7,001
139,046.20
24/1226/01
7,938
162,269.60
24/1226/01
23,240 479,015.20
24/1226/01
11,766 248,773.30
24/1226/01
18,811 396,450.00
26/1226/01
19,236 396,142.50
24/1226/01
36,428 745,220.50
24/1226/01
14,337 286,926.60
05/1227/01
60,839 1,228,075.70 24/1226/01
34,155 669,026.80
23/1226/01
2,987
62,571.30
13/1216/01
1,733
22,573.70
14/1215/01
918
16,372.30
14/1215/01
777
14,340.70
11/1213/01
911
18,876.10
11/1218/01
444
9,337.60
11/1213/01
574
9,718.30
14/1215/01
134
2,278.10
17/1215/01
391
8,255.00
11/1213/01
2,144
99,523.50
14/1215/01
5,163
105,589.70
17/1215/01
3
DA
YS
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
54
34
35
35
32
32
34
39
34
32
30
34
32
30
JUNE 2011
FEBRUARY 2010
POWER BILL (Kshs)
PERIOD
(kWH)
11,736 220,128.10
26/0126/02
14,607 273,945.50
26/0126/02
39,222 687,598.20
26/0126/02
19,698 347,231.20
26/0126/02
34,230 599,330.60
26/0126/02
29,397 512,774.30
26/0126/02
64,146 1,102,860.60 26/0126/02
25,177 424,654.60
27/0126/02
101,72 1,738,084.90 26/017
26/02
56,445 947,106.30
26/0124/02
6,043
151,314.70
16/0114/02
1,491
24,988.10
15/0116/02
582
10,236.00
15/0116/02
1,262
20,491.80
13/0112/02
872
16,614.60
13/0112/02
825
15,733.60
13/0112/02
753
11,710.40
15/0116/02
198
3,093.80
15/0117/02
379
7,373.20
13/0112/02
7,413
203,710.40
15/0116/02
5,113
95,978.60
15/0117/02
DA
YS
32
32
32
32
31
31
31
30
31
29
30
33
33
31
31
31
33
34
31
33
34
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
HOSTEL
METER
NUMBER
TAR
IFF
HG87Dorobo
Mamlaka Rd
HG90
Dorobo Rd
11727
Kabete Vet
209 6321 F2
Statehse Rd
209 6231 M
Stathse Rd F4
MG15Dorob
Mamlaka Rd
209 6231 M
Stathse Rd F4
6231F1
Hspital HillRd
Hall 4
31999
DC
32456
SC
20117093
DC
64660
SC
103331
DC
32529
SC
100153
SC
103610
SC
37481
IT
9913 70559
Kabete Nga
Mk Rd
TOTAL
151289
SC
HOSTEL
GMN 03/2011
JANUARY 2010
POWER BILL (Kshs)
PERIOD
(kWH)
1,525
29,683.10
11/1213/01
373
7,753.00
11/1213/01
658
12,548.90
17/1215/01
373
7,753.00
14/1215/01
539
10,239.20
14/1215/01
290
6,057.70
11/1213/01
248
5,199.80
14/1215/01
43
1,012.70
14/1215/01
0
134.40
14/1215/01
104
2,258.60
17/1215/01
305911
JUNE 2011
DA
YS
34
34
30
32
32
34
32
32
32
30
6,345,930.10
FEBRUARY 2010
POWER BILL (Kshs)
PERIOD
(kWH)
1,698
32,323.80
13/0112/02
737
13,949.60
13/0112/02
756
13,188.20
15/0117/02
501
9,525.70
15/0117/02
540
9,356.60
15/0117/02
665
12,600.00
13/0112/02
290
5,570.50
15/0116/02
37
828.00
15/0116/02
0
134.40
15/0116/02
371
6,083.30
18/0118/02
517542
METER
NUMBER
TAR
IFF
Ngong Rd
8081230
CI1
MARCH 2010
POWER BILL (Kshs)
(kWH)
28,207 516,218.50
Hall 8
8081601
CI1
16,436
343,605.90
Hall 9
8081092
CI1
3,550
129,114.00
9913 Kabete
8083936
5,323
104,565.30
Hall 4
20010039
7,151
140,448.10
Mary’s Hall
9690283
6,920
135,896.50
Hall 5
50013500
SC/
PFv
SC/
PFv
SC/
PFv
CI1
6,938
136,249.60
Women’s
Hall P. Rd.
2095453544
0 StateHos
8082800
CI1
23,911
456,385.60
8082184
CI1
15,363
288,280.80
4
PERIOD
26/0227/03
26/0226/03
26/0326/03
26/0225/03
26/0326/03
26/0326/03
26/022603
26/0326/03
26/0326/03
DA
YS
31
31
34
33
33
31
33
33
33
32
9,198,205.60
DA
YS
30
APRIL 2010
POWER BILL (Kshs)
(kWH)
29,917 524,249.10
29
35,267
623,605.50
29
16,684
328,077.50
28
10,974
207,933.70
29
12,008
227,513.10
29
11,314
214,371.80
29
17,570
332,832.90
29
36,505
637,694.20
29
19,173
341,668.20
PERIOD
27/0329/04
26/0323/04
26/0323/04
25/0327/04
26/0323/04
26/0323/04
26/0323/04
26/0323/04
26/0323/04
DA
YS
34
29
29
34
29
29
29
29
29
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
HOSTEL
GMN 03/2011
METER
NUMBER
TAR
IFF
Student Hostl
Mamlaka Rd
Hall 13
8082797
CI1
MARCH 20102
POWER BILL (Kshs)
(kWH)
17,554 373,436.90
8082951
CI1
18,872
360,072.40
Mamlaka Rd
8082798
CI1
46,133
863,748.40
Kabete
Hostel
Hall 9
8082524
CI1
12,422
234,786.30
8080395
CI1
69,505
1,305,732.80
Chiromo Hstl
8080188
CI1
40,275
744,614.40
DC
W
DC
W
DC
W
SC
W
SC
W
SC
W
DC
W
DC
W
SC
W
DC
3,069
65,402.70
1,133
19,973.40
505
9,311.30
1,417
23,832.20
0
268.80
817
16,297.40
497
8,006.40
176
2,881.60
360
7,331.60
3,621
93,155.80
SC
6,842
134,366.20
DC
2,317
52,911.10
SC
782
15,476.30
DC
555
10,107.50
SC
401
8,001.50
DC
487
8,841.90
Kabete
Soweto
Hall 7
9902317
205433
107826
107815
2096741F1
107813
Statehse Rd
107773
HG90
131611
Dorobo Rd
131613
HG14
34156
Mamlaka Rd 56426
HG110
9933066
Dorobo Rd
9933067
2095231B6F 107819
3 Statehse Rd 107772
9915/1
71999
Kabete Uni
34366
HG 89
7307
Dorobo Rd
25740
Statehouse
20170560
Hostel St. Rd
Kapenguria
60079875
Road
HG87Dorobo 31999
Mamlaka Rd
HG90
32456
Dorobo Rd
11727
20117093
Kabete Vet
209 6321 F2
64660
Statehse Rd
209 6231 M
103331
Stathse Rd F4
5
PERIOD
26/0326/03
26/022603
26/022603
26/0225/03
26/022603
24/0224/03
14/0217/03
16/0216/03
16/0216/03
12/0212/03
12/0212/03
12/0212/03
16/0216/03
17/0217/03
12/0212/03
16/0216/03
17/0217/03
12/0212/03
12/0212/03
17/0217/03
16/0216/03
16/0216/03
JUNE 2011
DA
YS
29
APRIL 20102
POWER BILL (Kshs)
(kWH)
35,217 636,958.50
29
29,050
511,760.10
29
65,245
1,139,820.60
28
24,074
411,360.90
29
96,926
1,700,703.00
29
54,536
932,235.00
32
7,982
208,414.50
29
1,006
16,910.80
29
499
8,858.70
29
1,440
24,992.30
29
0
268.80
29
1,151
22,010.80
29
540
8,430.30
29
248
4,358.40
29
681
13,163.90
29
6,126
166,281.10
29
5,016
95,115.40
29
2,468
55,885.20
29
1,023
19,505.50
29
620
10,893.80
29
366
7,064.80
29
472
8,240.20
PERIOD
26/0323/04
26/0324/04
26/0323/04
25/0327/04
26/0323/04
24/0326/04
17/0319/04
16/0315/04
16/0315/04
12/0316/04
12/0316/04
12/0316/04
16/0315/04
17/0321/04
12/0316/04
16/0315/04
17/0321/04
12/0316/04
12/0316/04
17/0321/04
16/0315/04
16/0315/04
DA
YS
29
30
29
34
29
34
34
31
31
36
36
36
31
36
36
31
36
36
36
36
31
31
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
HOSTEL
METER
NUMBER
GMN 03/2011
MG15Dorob
Mamlaka Rd
209 6231 M
Stathse Rd F4
6231F1
Hspital HillRd
Hall 4
32529
TA
RIF
F
SC
100153
SC
307
6,157.40
103610
SC
32
762.20
37481
IT
0
134.40
9913 70559
Kabete Nga
Mk Rd
TOTAL
151289
SC
310
6,216.20
342,766
6,634,065.50
HOSTEL
METER
NUMBER
TAR
IFF
Ngong Rd
8081230
CI1
MAY 2010
POWER BILL (Kshs)
(kWH)
28,517 433,490.20
Hall 8
8081601
CI1
32,775
505,149.80
Hall 9
8081092
CI1
24,658
387,131.20
9913 Kabete
8083936
9,697
166,488.60
Hall 4
20010039
10,842
180,540.90
Mary’s Hall
9690283
10,933
182,055.10
Hall 5
50013500
SC/
PFv
SC/
PFv
SC/
PFv
CI1
15,722
261,742.20
Women’s
Hall P. Rd.
2095453544
0 StateHos
Student Hostl
Mamlaka Rd
Hall 13
8082800
CI1
32,825
507,138.00
8082184
CI1
19,000
296,762.10
8082797
CI1
31,959
496,652.60
8082951
CI1
26,964
423,561.50
Mamlaka Rd
8082798
CI1
58,611
893,122.30
Kabete
Hostel
8082524
CI1
21,108
317,201.40
POWER
(kWH)
578
MARCH 2010
BILL (Kshs)
PERIOD
11,474.10
12/0212/03
16/0216/03
16/0216/03
16/0216/03
17/0217/03
PERIOD
29/0426/05
23/0425/05
23/0425/05
27/0425/05
23/0425/05
23/0425/05
23/0423/05
23/0425/05
23/0425/05
23/0425/05
23/0425/05
23/0425/05
27/0426/05
6
JUNE 2011
APRIL 2010
BILL (Kshs)
DA
YS
29
POWER
(kWH)
874
29
248
4,830.40
29
34
759.30
29
0
134.40
29
177
4,470.70
525,431
9,468,057.50
16,684.10
DA
YS
28
JUNE 2010
POWER BILL (Kshs)
(kWH)
30,375 426,286.90
33
15,821
209,787.10
33
11,919
176,330.00
30
7,705
119,022.60
33
4,995
77,207.30
33
5,007
77,392.40
33
2,011
31,164.10
33
20,813
279,489.20
33
15,157
210,771.40
33
10,299
140,617.60
33
16,091
231,755.20
33
40,569
567,246.70
30
12,145
172,248.40
PERIOD
12/0316/04
16/0315/04
16/0315/04
16/0315/04
17/0321/04
PERIOD
26/0501/07
25/0530/06
25/0530/06
25/0530/06
25/0530/06
25/0530/06
25/0530/06
25/0530/06
25/0530/06
25/0530/06
25/0530/06
25/0530/06
26/0530/06
DA
YS
36
31
31
31
35
DA
YS
37
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
35
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
HOSTEL
GMN 03/2011
METER
NUMBER
TAR
IFF
Hall 9
8080395
CI1
MAY 2010
POWER BILL (Kshs)
(kWH)
88,793 1,345,152.10
Chiromo Hstl
8080188
CI1
50,581
746,656.50
DC
W
DC
W
DC
W
SC
W
SC
W
SC
W
DC
W
DC
W
SC
W
DC
5,996
137,585.00
1,168
16,924.50
962
14,951.30
680
10,333.50
0
268.80
646
10,830.40
600
7,995.30
221
3,366.90
4,654
77,709.50
6,490
162,365.30
SC
7,809
130,073.00
DC
2,245
44,000.70
SC
661
11,133.20
DC
984
15,160.80
SC
440
7,455.80
DC
481
7,297.20
SC
55
1,049.60
SC
266
4,560.50
SC
34
700.10
IT
0
134.40
Kabete
Soweto
Hall 7
9902317
205433
107826
107815
2096741F1
107813
Statehse Rd
107773
HG90
131611
Dorobo Rd
131613
HG14
34156
Mamlaka Rd 56426
HG110
9933066
Dorobo Rd
9933067
2095231B6F 107819
3 Statehse Rd 107772
9915/1
71999
Kabete Uni
34366
HG 89
7307
Dorobo Rd
25740
Statehouse
20170560
Hostel St. Rd
Kapenguria
60079875
Road
HG87Dorobo 31999
Mamlaka Rd
HG90
32456
Dorobo Rd
11727
20117093
Kabete Vet
209 6321 F2
64660
Statehse Rd
209 6231 M
103331
Stathse Rd F4
MG15Dorob 32529
Mamlaka Rd
209 6231 M
100153
Stathse Rd F4
6231F1
103610
Hspital HillRd
Hall 4
37481
7
PERIOD
23/0425/05
26/0426/05
19/0417/05
15/0413/05
15/0413/05
16/0416/05
16/0416/05
16/0416/05
15/0413/05
21/0420/05
16/0416/05
15/0413/05
21/0420/05
16/0416/05
16/0416/05
21/0420/05
15/0413/05
15/0413/05
16/0416/05
15/0413/05
15/0413/05
15/0413/05
JUNE 2011
DA
YS
33
JUNE 2010
POWER BILL (Kshs)
(kWH)
62,554 836,002.20
31
33,289
454,033.80
29
5,842
126,930.80
29
1,118
14,836.20
29
886
12,691.40
31
1,002
13,820.60
31
0
268.80
31
234
3,855.40
29
570
6,901.50
30
182
2,300.90
31
170
2,887.10
29
2,294
42,592.20
30
6,105
94,334.60
31
873
12,369.50
31
0
134.40
30
752
10,624.20
29
437
6,877.30
29
458
6,383.70
31
847
13,203.60
29
240
3,837.60
29
31
612.70
29
0
134.40
PERIOD
26/0501/07
26/0530/06
17/0518/06
13/0516/06
13/0516/06
16/0511/06
16/0511/06
16/0511/06
16/0511/06
20/0518/06
16/0511/06
13/0516/06
20/0518/06
16/0511/06
16/0511/06
20/0518/06
13/0516/06
13/0516/06
16/0511/06
13/0516/06
13/0516/06
13/0516/06
DA
YS
36
36
33
35
35
27
27
27
27
30
27
35
30
27
27
30
35
35
27
35
35
35
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
HOSTEL
METER
NUMBER
TA
RIF
F
SC
GMN 03/2011
POWER
(kWH)
177
MAY 2010
BILL (Kshs)
9913 70559
Kabete Nga
Mk Rd
TOTAL
151289
HOSTEL
METER
NUMBER
TAR
IFF
Ngong Rd
8081230
CI1
JULY 2010
POWER BILL (Kshs)
(kWH)
22,351 328,343.70
Hall 8
8081601
CI1
28,047
406,173.80
Hall 9
8081092
CI1
19,657
294,541.60
9913 Kabete
8083936
7,149
108,361.70
Hall 4
20010039
9,429
142,878.10
Mary’s Hall
9690283
8,187
124,075.70
Hall 5
50013500
SC/
PFv
SC/
PFv
SC/
PFv
CI1
11,927
180,694.90
Women’s
Hall P. Rd.
2095453544
0 StateHos
Student Hostl
Mamlaka Rd
Hall 13
8082800
CI1
23,815
349,936.50
8082184
CI1
14,242
216,102.10
8082797
CI1
21,858
345,803.80
8082951
CI1
22,951
341,445.50
Mamlaka Rd
8082798
CI1
43,340
623,263.60
Kabete
Hostel
Hall 9
8082524
CI1
16,747
231,176.80
8080395
CI1
62,062
911,641.90
Chiromo Hstl
8080188
CI1
35,876
510,076.10
Kabete
Soweto
Hall 7
9902317
205433
107826
107815
107813
107773
DC
W
DC
W
DC
W
1,201
13,242.40
1,036
13,351.70
516
7,204.40
2096741F1
Statehse Rd
497,554
PERIOD
3,079.60
21/0420/05
JUNE 2011
DA
YS
30
7,809,819.90
311,002
PERIOD
01/0727/07
30/0626/06
30/0626/06
30/0626/06
30/0626/06
30/0626/06
30/0626/06
30/0626/06
30/0626/06
30/0626/06
30/0626/06
30/0626/06
30/0626/06
30/0626/06
30/0626/06
18/0618/07
16/0615/07
16/0615/07
8
POWER
(kWH)
211
JUNE 2010
BILL (Kshs)
3,853.00
PERIOD
20/0518/06
DA
YS
30
4,388,804.80
DA
YS
27
AUGUST 2010
POWER BILL (Kshs)
(kWH)
35,468 483,103.50
27
28,954
406,719.10
27
25,382
374,002.70
27
10762
220,914.70
27
9,145
138,886.00
27
6,424
97,601.90
27
7,493
113,821.20
27
33,641
460,901.20
27
18,893
269,679.70
27
17,099
280,782.20
27
24,150
333,729.30
27
45,335
609,192.10
27
9,603
139,426.60
27
76,820
1,029,126.90
27
40,379
535,138.90
31
901
9,941.70
30
1,104
14,680.70
30
532
7,448.40
PERIOD
27/0726/08
26/0728/08
26/0728/08
26/0728/08
26/0728/08
26/0728/08
26/0728/08
26/0728/08
26/0728/08
26/0728/08
26/0728/08
26/0728/08
26/0728/08
26/0728/08
26/0728/08
18/0722/08
15/0718/08
15/0718/08
DA
YS
31
34
34
33
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
31
34
31
36
35
35
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
HOSTEL
METER
NUMBER
TAR
IFF
HG90
Dorobo Rd
HG14
Mamlaka Rd
HG110
Dorobo Rd
2095231B6F
3 Statehse Rd
9915/1
Kabete Uni
HG 89
Dorobo Rd
Statehouse
Hostel St. Rd
Kapenguria
Road
HG87Dorobo
Mamlaka Rd
HG90
Dorobo Rd
11727
Kabete Vet
209 6321 F2
Statehse Rd
209 6231 M
Stathse Rd F4
MG15Dorob
Mamlaka Rd
209 6231 M
Stathse Rd F4
6231F1
Hspital HillRd
Hall 4
131611
131613
34156
56426
9933066
9933067
107819
107772
71999
34366
7307
25740
20170560
SC
W
SC
W
SC
W
DC
W
DC
W
SC
W
DC
60079875
9913 70559
Kabete Nga
Mk Rd
TOTAL
GMN 03/2011
JULY 2010
POWER BILL (Kshs)
(kWH)
1,169
16,691.70
PERIOD
11/0613/07
11/0613/07
11/0613/07
16/0615/07
18/0618/07
11/0613/07
16/0615/07
18/0618/07
11/0613/07
11/0613/07
18/0618/07
16/0615/07
16/0615/07
11/0613/07
16/0615/07
16/0615/07
16/0615/07
18/0618/07
0
268.80
786
11,985.20
453
5,260.70
128
1,511.70
455
7,172.10
2,285
41,686.70
SC
6,094
92,390.20
31999
DC
2,131
31,623.80
32456
SC
0
134.40
20117093
DC
636
8,765.90
64660
SC
401
6,205.10
103331
DC
358
4,837.00
32529
SC
614
9,249.60
100153
SC
181
2,874.50
103610
SC
62
1,073.00
37481
IT
0
134.40
151289
SC
278
4,343.00
366422
5,394,522.10
9
JUNE 2011
DA
YS
33
AUGUST 2010
POWER BILL (Kshs).
(kWH)
1,533
21,465.20
33
0
268.80
33
1,204
18,252.60
30
4,350
5,081.80
31
162
2,777.90
33
780
12,103.30
30
12,710
317,151.30
31
6,919
105,112.20
33
2,994
60,492.50
33
0
134.40
31
839
11,663.00
30
845
12,955.10
30
928
12,923.80
33
926
14,184.00
30
699
10,739.90
30
19
422.70
30
0
134.40
31
281
4,397.80
427274
6,135,357.50
PERIOD
13/0713/08
13/0713/08
13/0713/08
15/0718/08
16/0716/08
13/0713/08
15/0718/08
18/0719/08
13/0713/08
13/0713/08
18/0719/08
15/0718/08
15/0713/08
13/0713/08
15/0718/08
15/0718/08
15/0718/08
18/0719/08
DA
YS
32
32
32
35
28
32
35
33
32
32
33
35
30
31
35
35
35
32
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
HOSTEL
METER
NUMBER
TAR
IFF
Ngong Rd
8081230
CI1
Hall 8
8081601
CI1
Hall 9
8081092
CI1
9913 Kabete
8083936
Hall 4
20010039
Mary’s Hall
9690283
Hall 5
50013500
SC/
PFv
SC/
PFv
SC/
PFv
CI1
Women’s
Hall P. Rd.
2095453544
0 StateHos
Student Hostl
Mamlaka Rd
Hall 13
8082800
CI1
8082184
CI1
8082797
CI1
8082951
CI1
Mamlaka Rd
8082798
CI1
Kabete
Hostel
Hall 9
8082524
CI1
8080395
CI1
Chiromo Hstl
8080188
CI1
9902317
205433
107826
107815
2096741F1
107813
Statehse Rd
107773
HG90
131611
Dorobo Rd
131613
HG14
34156
Mamlaka Rd 56426
HG110
9933066
Dorobo Rd
9933067
2095231B6F 107819
3 Statehse Rd 107772
DC
W
DC
W
DC
W
SC
W
SC
W
SC
W
DC
W
Kabete
Soweto
Hall 7
GMN 03/2011
SEPTEMBER 2010
POWER BILL (Kshs)
PERIOD
(kWH)
34,547 468,373.50
26/0827/09
26,989 373,096.10
28/0824/09
32,358 460,108.80
28/0824/09
1,415
21,650.90
25/0824/09
7,191
109,480.70
28/0824/09
4,825
73,503.40
28/0824/09
1,983
30,287.90
28/0824/09
33,253 460,948.80
28/0824/09
21,729 308,163.60
28/0824/09
26,197 405,227.60
25/0825/09
26,118 361,778.90
28/0824/09
41,964 566,740.40
28/0824/09
13,408 181,973.60
25/0824/09
77,039 1,032,199.70 28/0824/09
41,151 539,287.30
26/0823/09
3,140
54,687.40
22/0816/09
841
9,698.00
18/0815/09
2,953
59,643.10
18/0815/09
1,223
17,447.20
13/0813/09
0
268.80
13/0813/09
848
13,057.70
13/0813/09
495
5,819.10
18/0815/09
10
JUNE 2011
DA
YS
33
28
28
31
28
28
28
28
28
32
28
28
31
28
29
26
29
29
32
32
32
29
OCTOBER 2010
POWER BILL (Kshs)
PERIOD
(kWH)
30,400 422,269.00
27/0926/10
14,382 214,597.10
24/0925/10
30,489 451,520.00
24/0925/10
5,995
123,464.50
28/0928/10
4,172
63,947.60
24/0925/10
3,370
51,680.60
24/0925/10
2,362
36,262.60
24/0925/10
30,432 432,718.20
24/0925/10
20,740 300,041.50
24/0925/10
2,914
74,838.30
24/0925/10
19,008 277,366.40
24/0925/10
22,920 331,246.50
24/0925/10
7,751
113,861.80
24/0925/10
64,419 886,771.90
24/0925/10
35,032 463,625.80
23/0927/10
5,192
26,761.10
16/0918/10
978
12,537.10
15/0913/10
1,217
17,302.10
15/0913/10
1,270
18,193.90
13/0916/10
0
268.80
13/0916/10
866
13,346.50
13/0916/10
88
1,075.40
15/0913/10
DA
YS
30
32
32
31
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
35
33
29
29
34
34
34
29
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
HOSTEL
METER
NUMBER
TAR
IFF
9915/1
Kabete Uni
HG 89
Dorobo Rd
Statehouse
Hostel St. Rd
Kapenguria
Road
HG87Dorobo
Mamlaka Rd
HG90
Dorobo Rd
11727
Kabete Vet
209 6321 F2
Statehse Rd
209 6231 M
Stathse Rd F4
MG15Dorob
Mamlaka Rd
209 6231 M
Stathse Rd F4
6231F1
Hspital HillRd
Hall 4
71999
34366
7307
25740
20170560
DC
W
SC
W
DC
60079875
SC
31999
DC
32456
SC
20117093
DC
64660
SC
103331
DC
32529
SC
100153
SC
103610
SC
37481
IT
9913 70559
Kabete Nga
Mk Rd
TOTAL
151289
SC
GMN 03/2011
SEPTEMBER 2010
POWER BILL (Kshs)
PERIOD
(kWH)
169
2,099.10
19/0816/09
461
7,278.80
13/0813/09
4,897
110,926.90
18/0815/09
6,799
103,520.00
19/0816/09
2,595
50,039.70
13/0813/09
824
12,664.10
13/0813/09
723
10,044.00
19/0816/09
447
6,931.50
18/0815/09
485
6,664.40
18/0815/09
743
11,432.50
13/0813/09
244
3,844.70
18/0815/09
30
590.60
18/0815/09
0
134.40
18/0815/09
192
3,053.90
19/0816/09
418276
5,882,667.10
11
JUNE 2011
DA
YS
29
32
29
29
32
32
29
29
29
32
29
29
29
29
OCTOBER 2010
POWER BILL (Kshs)
PERIOD
(kWH)
152
1,894.90
16/0918/10
452
7,182.40
13/0916/10
3,514
74,661.80
15/0913/10
5,208
79,793.90
16/0918/10
2,645
51,599.00
13/0916/10
210
3,346.50
13/0916/10
710
9,923.00
16/0918/10
440
6,864.50
15/0913/10
375
5,136.10
15/0913/10
697
10,795.40
13/0916/10
271
4,279.50
15/0913/10
35
669.70
15/0913/10
0
134.40
15/0913/10
161
2,597.00
16/0918/10
318867
4,592,574.80
DA
YS
33
34
29
33
34
34
33
29
29
34
29
29
29
33
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
Ngong Rd
Hall 8
Hall 9
9913 Kabete
Hall4
Mary's Hall
Hall 5
P. Rd Wmn's…
Statehouse 122
Stdnt Hostel…
Hall 13
Mamlaka Rd
Kabete Hostel
Statehse Rd…
Chiromo Hstl
Stateh. Hostel
Kapenguria Rd
HG87 Dorobo…
Kabete Hostel
Hall 7
State.h Rd
HG90 Dorobo…
HG14…
HG110…
B6F3 Stateh. Rd
Kabete Uni
HG89 Dorobo…
HG9 Dorobo Rd
Kabete Vet
F3 Shr
M Shr F4
MG15…
M6231 Shr F4
Hospital Hill
Hall 4
Kabete Nga…
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
GMN 03/2011
100,000
90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
12
JUNE 2011
Fig 1: Consumption in kWh for the month of November
2009.
Fig 2: Magnified portion for the first 18 hostels derived
from fig 1.
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
GMN 03/2011
Fig. 3: Magnified portion for the last 18 hostels derived
from fig. 1.
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
Fig. 4: Cost of power consumed in Kshs in the month of
September 2010
1,500,000.00
1,000,000.00
500,000.00
0.00
13
JUNE 2011
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
GMN 03/2011
Fig. 5: Magnified portion of the first 17 hostels derived
from fig.4.
1,200,000.00
1,000,000.00
800,000.00
600,000.00
400,000.00
200,000.00
0.00
Fig. 6: Magnified graph of cost of power consumed by
the next 17 hostels derived from fig. 4.
70,000.00
60,000.00
50,000.00
40,000.00
30,000.00
20,000.00
10,000.00
0.00
14
JUNE 2011
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
GMN 03/2011
JUNE 2011
Monthly power consumption in kWh for the academic
year Nov '09 - Oct '10
700,000
600,000
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
0
Nov-09 Dec-09
Jan-10
Feb-10 Mar-10 Apr-10 May-10 Jun-10
Jul-10
Aug-10
Sep-10
Oct-10
Monthly bill in Kshs of power consumed in academic
year Nov '09 - Oct '10
12,000,000.00
10,000,000.00
8,000,000.00
6,000,000.00
4,000,000.00
2,000,000.00
0.00
Nov-09 Dec-09 Jan-10 Feb-10 Mar-10 Apr-10 May-10 Jun-10
15
Jul-10 Aug-10 Sep-10 Oct-10
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
GMN 03/2011
16
JUNE 2011