International comparisons of
GDP per capita and
per employed person
17 countries, 1960-2008
Division of International Labor Comparisons
July 28, 2009
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Division of International Labor Comparisons
E-mail: [email protected]
Web site: http://www.bls.gov/ILC
This report presents comparative levels and trends of real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and per
employed person for 17 countries: The United States, Canada, Japan, Republic of Korea, Singapore,
Australia, and eleven European countries. In addition, this report also examines two alternative measures,
gross national income (GNI) per capita and GDP per hour worked. The data have been adjusted for
comparability. This report is available on the Division of International Labor Comparisons Web site at
www.bls.gov/ilc.
-1-
CONTENTS
I. Description
Page
Introduction ................................................................................................................. 2
Prosperity and productivity ......................................................................................... 2
Purchasing power parities (PPPs) ............................................................................... 3
Currency exchange rates ............................................................................................. 4
Relative prices ............................................................................................................. 4
Data revisions .............................................................................................................. 4
Data sources and methods ........................................................................................... 5
Appendix 1 | Use and interpretation of purchasing power parities ............................. 8
II. Charts.....................................................................................................................9-11
Chart 1.
Chart 2.
Chart 3.
Chart 4.
Chart 5.
GDP per capita, 2008
GNI per capita, 2008
GDP per employed person, 2008
GDP per hour worked, 2008
Average annual hours worked per employed person, 2008
III. Tables .................................................................................................................12-19
Table 1. Real GDP per capita (2005 U.S. dollars)
Table 2. Real GDP per capita (average annual rates of change)
Table 3. Real GDP per employed person (2005 U.S. dollars)
Table 4. Real GDP per employed person (average annual rates of change)
Table 5. Real GDP per hour worked (2005 U.S. dollars)
Table 6. Real GDP per hour worked (average annual rates of change)
Table 7. Employment-population ratios (percent)
Table 8. Purchasing power parities (PPPs), exchange rates, and relative prices, 2005
-2-
I. Description
Introduction
This report represents an update of comparative GDP per capita and per employed person
data produced annually by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Separate historical tables
for GDP per hour worked are included for the first time. With this year’s edition,
Singapore becomes the seventeenth country included in these comparisons. The main
source of Singapore’s data is Statistics Singapore. The data comply with international
standards of national accounts. An eighteenth country, Ireland, has been partially included
for illustrative purposes. 1
Section I discusses the concepts, sources, and methods. Section II presents charts with
level data for 2008 on prosperity, productivity, and hours worked. Section III provides
historical time series and growth rates. 2 In addition, the section also presents historical
level data for population-employment ratios and relative prices for 2005.
Prosperity and productivity
Gross domestic product is the value of all market and some non-market goods and services
produced within a country. As such, it is the most comprehensive measure of a country's
economic output that is generally estimated by statistical agencies. GDP per capita may
therefore be viewed as a rough indicator of a nation's prosperity, while GDP per employed
person and GDP per hour worked can provide a general picture of a country's productivity.
These indicators are only approximations. National prosperity consists of many things that
are not included in its GDP and some items included may not contribute to a country's
well-being. In addition, some countries experience significant in- and out-flows of income
because of foreign investment, which may affect a country’s prosperity. For productivity
comparisons, using the number of persons employed as a measure of labor input ignores
differences in the number of hours worked and the skill levels of different people.
Nevertheless, GDP, GDP per capita, and GDP per employed person, as presented here, are
commonly used to compare the economic performance of different countries.
Charts 1 and 2 (page 9) show that comparisons of well-being may be affected by taking
into account a country's net income receipts from abroad. Instead of GDP per capita, chart
2 shows GNI per capita. 3 GNI is obtained by adjusting GDP for net income flows from
abroad. For some countries, this adjustment has a significant impact on the data. For
example, for Ireland GNI per capita is 17.9 percent smaller than GDP per capita. As a
result, Ireland’s ranking changes from third place using GDP per capita to ninth place
using GNI per capita in 2008.
1
BLS is investigating the feasibility of full inclusion of data for Ireland in subsequent reports.
2
The charts that use GDP data have been converted with PPPs for 2008, which are the latest
available PPPs. The tables convert output with PPPs for 2005, which are the latest available
benchmarks for PPP data.
3
Many countries now publish estimates of GNI as part of their national accounts. However, GNI expressed
in real terms are not consistently available as long time series.
-3-
Charts 3 and 4 (page 10) show 2008 comparisons on both a GDP per employed person and
a GDP per hour worked basis for all countries except Ireland. The resulting ranking is
different. The United States moves from second place on the per employed person basis to
fourth place on the per hour worked basis. This is because U.S. workers worked longer
hours in 2008. Average annual hours worked in the United States were higher than in most
European countries. See chart 5. However, it must be noted that methods of computing
hours worked at the aggregate national level can differ significantly among countries, and
thus such level comparisons must be viewed with caution. Small differences in rankings
should not be considered economically significant. More information about the data and
their limitations appears in the section on sources and methods beginning on page 6.
Purchasing power parities (PPPs)
In each country's national statistics, GDP and GNI are valued in terms of its national
currency units. Therefore, these results must be converted to a common unit of value
before they can be compared. In this report, all GDP series are converted to U.S. dollars
through the use of PPPs.
PPPs are currency conversion rates that allow output in different currency units to be
expressed in a common unit of value. A PPP for a given country is a ratio, in which the
numerator is the number of national currency units needed to purchase a basket of goods
and services in that country and the denominator is the number of currency units needed to
purchase a similar basket of goods and services in the base country. The base country for
this report is the United States.
Thus PPPs are interspatial indexes constructed for the purpose of comparing relative prices
across countries. They are similar to an intertemporal price index, such as a consumer
price index used within a country to compare changes in prices over time. Just as a
consumer price index measures the cost of a basket of goods and services over time, PPPs
can be used to measure the cost of a particular basket of goods and services across
countries at a point in time.
The procedures are similar: first calculate the ratios of prices for each of a detailed set of
goods and services in different countries. Then, at higher levels of aggregation, and for the
GDP, PPPs are the weighted averages of these ratios.
PPPs have been or currently are being used by a number of international organizations to
compare performance levels among countries and regions. These include the Organization
for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Statistical Office of the
European Communities (Eurostat), the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund,
and the World Bank. (See box on page 8 for information about the use and interpretation
of PPPs.)
-4Currency exchange rates
Inter-country comparisons of output levels are sometimes based on market exchange rates
rather than PPPs. However, market exchange rates seldom reflect the relative purchasing
powers of different currencies. At best, market exchange rates represent only the relative
prices of goods and services that are traded internationally, not the relative value of total
domestic output, which also consists of goods, and particularly services, that are not traded
internationally, or which are isolated from the effects of foreign trade.
In addition, market exchange rates also are affected by influences entirely unrelated to the
relative values of any goods or services. These influences include currency traders’ views
of the stability of governments in various countries, relative interest rates among countries,
and other incentives for holding financial assets in one currency rather than another.
Relative prices
The relationship between PPPs and exchange rates can be used to estimate comparative
prices in different countries. This report calculates relative price by dividing a country's
PPP for a given year by its currency's exchange rate. (See table 8) A price indicator of
less than 1.00 indicates that less than one U.S. dollar (exchanged for the local currency at
the market exchange rate) can purchase an amount of goods and services in that country
that it would take one dollar to purchase in the United States; therefore, prices in that
country are relatively low compared to the United States. A price indicator greater than
1.00 indicates that it would take more than one U.S. dollar to purchase in that country an
amount of goods and services that could be purchased for one dollar in the United States;
therefore, prices in that country are relatively high compared to the United States. These
relative price indicators refer to all the goods and services that go into GDP.
Data revisions
National accounts data are subject to two basic types of revisions. Generally, for the first
three years, statistical agencies consider GDP and GNI data preliminary and revise them
with each successive release. In addition, statistical agencies revise data periodically to
improve the methodology or include new accounts.
-5Data sources and methods
The comparative measures in this report were calculated from GDP, population,
employment, and hours worked data series that were obtained from national statistical
sources. While these data are generally comparable, some differences remain in the
countries' statistical methodologies, which may affect comparability. The estimates shown
in this report are based on data available as of May 2009.
Gross domestic product. The GDP and GNI measures used for all countries come from
their national accounts sources. For all countries in this comparison, the most recent series
use the 1993 United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA 93). However, some
earlier series have been prepared using 1968 United Nations System of National Accounts
(SNA 68). The U.S. GDP series is based on the system of national income and product
accounts (NIPAs) estimated by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). This release
does not include the 13th comprehensive revision of the national income and product
accounts (NIPAs) from July 31, 2009. Spanish GDP data are available from 1964.
A major difference among countries pertains to the weighting scheme used to derive real
GDP. The SNA 93 recommends annual-weighted real output measures. The U.S. GDP
series is a chain-type annual-weighted measure of real GDP. Most of the other countries
are already using, or switching to, this same deflation method, at least for the most recent
years. Belgium and the Republic of Korea, however, still produce their real GDP series by
means of fixed base-year deflators, updating their base year every 5 years. For many
countries it has been necessary to link several time series, each of which has its own set of
base-year price weights, to construct one continuous real GDP series for use over a longer
time period.
Gross national income. GNI equals GDP plus net income flows from abroad. Net income
flows from abroad are the sum of all income received by one country from investment in
other countries, minus the income paid to other countries from investments made by other
countries. The GNI measures in this report come predominantly from national accounts
sources. For some countries they are based on data published by Eurostat and the
International Monetary Fund. The U.S. GNI series is based on the system of national
income and product accounts (NIPAs) estimated by the Bureau of Economic Analysis
(BEA).
Population. The population figures are derived from national and international statistical
sources, and represent the total resident population. For recent years alternative sources
may be used, until data from normal sources become available.
The employment-population ratios in table 7 of this report differ from the ratios published
in the BLS report International comparisons of annual labor force statistics, 10 countries, 4
which uses working-age population rather than total population as the denominator.
Employment. For most countries, the employment data used in this report are obtained
from the countries' national accounts, where the data series have been developed from
4
This report is available on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/ilc/home.htm.
-6various surveys and other sources, including labor force (household) and establishment
surveys. Employment data for Korea and Spain are available from 1963 and 1971
respectively.
The employment series used in this report for the United States, the Netherlands, and the
United Kingdom are based on the employment data set used for the BLS report
International comparisons of annual labor force statistics, 10 Countries. While these
series have been adjusted for greater comparability with U.S. concepts, they have not been
adjusted for breaks in series. For the current report, the data have been further adjusted to
include people serving in the armed forces.
Hours worked. For most countries, the hours data used in this report are obtained from the
countries' national accounts, where the data series have been developed from various
surveys and other sources. To calculate total hours worked by all people employed in an
economy, national statistical offices use different data sources and estimation techniques.
The employment series may refer to the number of persons or the number of jobs, and
hours worked may have to be estimated from hours paid. Different establishment and
household surveys are used to cover all employees, self-employed, and armed forces.
These differences may affect the comparability of these data among different countries. 5
Purchasing power parities. The purchasing power parities (PPPs) used for this report are
taken from the OECD-Eurostat PPP Program, as published by the OECD in its
publications and posted on its web-site. Data for benchmark PPP estimates are collected
every three years. The latest published benchmark data are for 2005, 6 and were used to
convert the GDP series in the tables to 2005 U.S. dollars. The PPPs for the years after
2005 are OECD and Eurostat estimates. The 2008 PPPs were used to convert the 2008
GDP and GNI data used in charts 1–4 to U.S. dollars.
Comparative real GDP series. For this report, the real GDP series, expressed in 2005 U.S.
dollars, were calculated based on the PPPs for 2005, the latest published benchmark year.
The real GDP values for other years were derived by using the trends in the respective real
GDP series that were published by each country in their national currency units. Thus, the
changes over time in the comparative real GDP for each country, expressed in 2005 U.S.
dollars, are based on changes in the country's own GDP deflator.
The method of deriving the comparative series can be summarized as follows. First, all the
real GDP series from the different countries were expressed in constant 2005 prices of their
national currencies. Next, each country's GDP series was divided by its PPP for 2005,
thereby converting the series into constant 2005 U.S. dollars. Finally, the series of GDP
per capita, per employed person, and per hour, in constant 2005 dollars, were estimated by
dividing each country's GDP in 2005 dollars by its population, employment, and hours
respectively.
5
BLS can provide upon request the average annual hours worked data that underlie the estimates in this
report.
6
OECD and Eurostat, Purchasing Power Parities and Real Expenditures. 2005 Benchmark Year, 2007
Edition. Also http://www.oecd.org/LongAbstract/0,3425,en_2649_34357_1876126_119656_1_1_1,00.html
-7Data for Germany. German data prior to 1991 pertain to the former West Germany. The data
series are linked in 1991.
Data for Ireland. Data for Ireland are from the Central Statistics Office Ireland. Output
and income data are prepared according to the 1993 System of National Accounts.
Population data represent total resident population. BLS is investigating the feasibility of
full inclusion of data for Ireland in future issues of this report.
Comparisons with OECD published data. The OECD also publishes comparative levels
of GDP per capita. 7 These may differ from the level comparisons in the attached tables.
First, the per capita GDP figures presented in the OECD reports may differ from BLS
figures because of the timing of the receipt of revised GDP and population data from
national accounts offices.
In addition, for the United States and Canada, the GDP numbers used in the OECD
estimates are based on data that have been specially adjusted to conform to the SNA93
system of national accounts. These special adjustments result in lower levels for U.S. and
Canadian GDP data than the GDP data used for this report, but do not have an appreciable
affect on the growth rate of real GDP.
The OECD also publishes average hours worked, which for some countries may differ
from the average hours used in this report. The differences may be due to differences in
the timing of the data releases or adjustments made to some of the data. 8, 9
7
OECD, national accounts databases, http://stats.oecd.org/WBOS/Index.aspx. Select National Accounts,
Annual National Accounts, Main Aggregates, Gross Domestic Product.
8
OECD, Employment Outlook, and productivity database,
http://www.oecd.org/statistics/productivity/compendium.
9
Some of the differences between estimates of average annual hours worked, published by the OECD and by
BLS, are discussed in Susan Fleck, "International comparisons of hours worked: an assessment of the
statistics," Monthly Labor Review, May 2009, pp. 3–31.
-8Appendix 1 | Use and interpretation of purchasing power parities
PPPs are an effective tool for international economic comparisons. However they should be used
and interpreted with caution, given certain aspects of the collection and estimation procedures used.
While comparative estimates like GDP per capita are useful for grouping countries, a strict ranking
order interpretation should be avoided. The per capita GDPs of most OECD countries fall within a
relatively narrow range, and changes in rankings can occur as a result of relatively minor
adjustments to PPP estimates. Small differences in per capita GDP between countries are not, in
general, economically significant.
Some aspects of PPP estimation that may influence the accuracy of the results include:
Representativeness of goods and services to be priced
It is difficult to find goods and services for pricing that are representative of the goods and services
actually purchased in all countries.
Price comparability
There may be a lack of comparability between national prices. This can arise from differences in
the characteristics of the products that countries price, or because of the sampling procedures that
countries use to collect prices.
Aggregation method
The results are influenced by the aggregation method used to combine different commodity groups
into a single PPP for total GDP in each country. A different aggregation method can produce
different PPP estimates.
PPP quality varies by sector
Certain expenditure categories are resistant to comparison because they cover products or services
which are difficult to specify for pricing across countries (e.g., services and information technology
products) or because they cover consumption for which no market prices exist (e.g., government
services, fixed capital formation, and imputed rents of owner occupiers).
Country capabilities
Participating countries differ in their financial and technical support of the PPP program, and
therefore in the extent to which they are able to satisfy the entire program's methodological
requirements.
-9-
II. Charts
Chart 1: GDP per capita, 2008
Converted to U.S. dollars using 2008 PPPs
(U.S. dollars in thousands)
60
56.8
46.8
50
44.6
40
41.1 39.4
38.4 37.4 36.9
36.7 36.4 36.2 36.1 35.6
34.2 33.4
30
31.3 30.3
27.7
20
10
Chart 2: GNI per capita, 2008
Converted to U.S. dollars using 2008 PPPs
(U.S. dollars in thousands)
60
50
57.4
46.8
42.2
40
30
20
10
38.9 37.9
37.8 37.1 36.9 36.6 36.4
36.2 35.9 35.7 35.3
33.6
30.6 29.9
27.9
- 10 -
Chart 3: GDP per employed person, 2008
Converted to U.S. dollars using 2008 PPPs
(U.S. dollars in thousands)
110
103.6
97.1
100
87.2
90
80
82.8
79.0 77.8
76.2 74.8 74.7 74.6
72.6 71.9
70
69.4 68.1 68.0
60.2
60
57.2
50
40
30
Chart 4: GDP per hour worked, 2008
Converted to U.S. dollars using 2008 PPPs
80
(U.S. dollars)
72.9
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
55.7 55.6 54.9
53.4
50.7
45.9 45.2
43.7 43.6 43.2 42.7 42.2
39.4 38.0
25.0 23.9
- 11 -
Chart 5: Average annual hours worked per
employed person, 2008
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
(Thousands of hours)
2.41 2.39
1.84 1.82 1.79 1.77
1.75 1.74
1.66 1.63 1.61
1.57 1.56 1.55
1.43 1.42 1.42
- 12 -
III. Tables
Year
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
(2005 U.S. dollars)
United
States
Canada
Australia
Japan
Rep. of
Korea
Singapore
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
18,560
19,543
19,818
20,567
20,994
15,590
16,319
16,496
17,036
17,639
14,899
15,067
15,817
16,412
17,171
8,409
9,287
10,197
11,284
12,484
2,238
2,448
2,533
2,755
3,066
3,287
3,551
3,898
4,351
4,868
11,889
12,472
12,752
13,253
14,036
12,463
12,771
13,192
13,692
14,561
14,558
14,777
15,478
16,238
17,205
15,644
15,749
16,448
16,922
17,660
13,016
13,158
13,819
14,284
14,925
13,268
12,853
13,343
13,864
14,494
5,698
6,375
6,858
7,385
8,124
1,877
1,929
1,914
2,032
2,171
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
20,789
21,218
22,104
23,155
22,827
17,921
18,117
18,884
19,953
20,403
17,935
17,815
17,913
18,443
18,442
13,488
13,889
14,849
15,820
15,418
3,263
3,463
3,550
3,908
4,117
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
25,621
26,005
25,259
26,163
27,798
23,190
23,708
22,758
23,146
24,261
20,341
20,859
20,506
20,136
21,141
18,606
19,015
19,405
19,584
20,066
5,551
5,802
6,131
6,693
7,146
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
Table 1. Real GDP per capita
Converted to U.S. dollars using 2005 PPPs
22,563
23,536
24,376
25,462
25,978
20,474
21,256
21,736
22,371
22,993
18,625
19,109
19,225
19,421
20,013
15,701
16,158
16,710
17,434
18,237
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
28,690
29,416
30,139
31,101
31,899
25,190
25,545
26,281
27,232
27,446
22,063
22,204
22,831
23,371
24,039
20,956
21,468
22,177
23,580
24,735
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
34,055
34,906
36,042
37,112
38,323
27,884
28,039
28,935
29,871
31,267
25,875
26,579
27,390
28,436
29,391
27,534
28,225
28,600
27,944
27,862
4,290
4,668
5,055
5,442
5,723
2,870
2,997
3,118
3,343
3,133
10,020
10,495
10,681
11,045
11,634
10,094
10,561
11,067
11,462
12,145
11,799
12,409
12,994
12,951
14,001
France
Germany
11,885
12,406
12,915
13,386
14,232
14,001
14,263
14,186
14,905
15,866
9,531
9,899
10,389
10,855
11,439
11,702
12,082
12,498
12,726
13,438
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Spain
Sweden
United
Kingdom
10,387
10,924
11,623
12,306
12,983
14,619
14,832
15,442
16,310
17,220
15,023
15,465
16,292
16,516
17,117
9,332
9,902
10,209
10,773
11,596
14,786
14,952
15,338
15,803
16,478
13,880
14,071
14,335
14,868
15,109
8,369
8,996
9,490
9,949
10,144
12,344
12,534
12,891
13,135
14,075
12,488
13,149
13,395
13,798
14,380
15,479
16,011
16,793
17,731
18,401
17,255
17,682
18,315
18,889
18,648
14,967
15,601
16,182
17,105
17,755
16,505
16,834
17,439
18,180
18,193
13,600
13,783
14,211
15,121
15,848
18,055
18,603
19,064
19,940
20,466
17,340
18,193
19,005
19,718
20,344
11,943
12,333
13,179
14,049
14,706
17,386
17,431
17,777
18,449
18,983
15,400
15,640
16,162
17,287
17,056
10,977
11,480
11,770
12,607
13,402
21,154
21,070
21,465
22,134
22,149
20,878
20,807
20,925
20,992
21,510
20,784
20,611
21,390
21,975
22,904
20,253
20,325
20,696
20,831
21,039
21,262
21,243
21,058
21,504
22,199
18,837
18,973
19,038
19,253
19,870
22,274
21,946
21,576
21,936
22,522
26,007
26,319
26,255
27,180
28,701
15,204
15,097
15,204
15,400
15,611
20,429
20,364
20,594
20,957
21,831
18,453
18,200
18,603
19,269
19,751
17,792
18,427
19,015
20,715
22,398
25,763
26,358
26,562
26,443
26,924
25,168
25,534
25,820
25,472
26,212
25,445
25,707
26,129
26,014
27,365
24,327
24,453
24,667
24,338
24,787
25,847
26,804
27,193
26,781
27,410
23,775
24,116
24,293
24,062
24,575
26,284
26,709
26,960
27,107
27,744
32,118
32,957
33,922
34,660
36,205
19,611
20,064
20,184
19,914
20,333
24,648
24,207
23,775
23,151
23,894
7,791
8,229
8,748
9,378
10,133
17,903
18,756
19,687
19,674
20,783
25,269
25,539
26,003
26,360
26,742
28,462
29,307
30,402
31,402
32,652
37,525
39,239
41,132
41,984
42,542
2005
41,961
35,075
32,964
30,312
22,783
32,637
2006
42,725
35,798
33,417
30,929
23,884
34,273
2007
43,170
36,377
34,119
31,652
25,021
35,428
2008
43,250
36,123
34,254
31,446
25,498
33,978
NA = Not available
Note: Data for Germany for years before 1991 pertain to the former West Germany.
33,528
34,481
35,396
35,868
32,049
32,789
33,446
33,616
33,199
34,194
34,608
34,013
29,692
30,148
30,667
30,624
31,380
32,347
33,184
33,663
28,144
28,554
28,789
28,245
35,111
36,243
37,415
38,035
47,306
47,996
48,991
49,416
30,019
30,221
31,134
31,658
32,505
28,600
28,565
28,602
28,959
29,732
18,755
19,331
20,598
21,070
21,961
27,942
26,553
27,392
28,848
31,137
31,682
31,725
32,089
32,202
32,815
30,233
30,368
30,689
30,865
31,642
31,659
31,771
31,810
31,849
32,499
28,344
28,663
28,750
28,860
29,358
30,559
30,881
30,828
30,747
31,125
27,717
28,203
28,242
28,018
28,168
22,999
23,512
23,807
24,467
25,400
21,249
22,375
23,203
24,005
24,966
27,847
28,043
28,495
29,081
29,645
32,598
32,824
33,405
33,708
34,420
20,420
21,003
21,671
22,569
23,316
20,291
21,021
21,422
21,869
22,158
25,222
25,415
25,894
26,704
27,463
39,292
39,187
39,432
40,050
41,137
22,705
23,222
23,561
24,290
24,922
15,425
16,441
16,791
17,273
18,250
28,071
28,690
29,482
30,015
30,683
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
21,293
21,705
22,125
23,011
23,829
18,031
19,083
19,667
20,281
21,127
26,754
27,022
27,904
28,312
29,212
11,398
12,345
12,936
13,590
14,603
23,817
24,964
24,998
24,951
25,084
17,501
18,200
18,762
19,420
20,019
27,565
28,142
28,708
29,707
30,640
25,936
26,699
26,858
26,844
27,070
21,858
22,248
22,742
23,694
24,474
18,367
19,437
19,757
20,144
20,888
23,499
24,321
25,480
24,290
25,832
24,033
23,465
23,652
24,344
25,272
22,682
23,193
23,490
24,130
24,920
18,078
19,054
19,123
19,631
20,035
15,782
16,726
17,341
16,036
17,433
27,086
26,205
26,121
26,438
27,405
12,382
12,566
12,587
13,046
13,668
14,984
15,680
16,557
17,270
17,920
13,191
13,483
14,588
15,854
16,937
32,135
31,657
32,278
32,713
33,618
11,871
12,487
12,946
13,561
14,378
5,450
5,993
6,675
7,282
7,597
7,557
8,277
9,106
9,977
10,545
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
NA
NA
NA
NA
8,878
33,698
34,088
33,894
33,849
34,493
30,147
31,253
31,660
31,436
31,619
43,642
44,286
44,710
44,899
46,359
14,652
14,961
15,174
15,194
15,089
15,915
16,383
17,250
18,088
18,925
20,845
21,300
22,066
22,971
23,868
24,792
25,282
25,475
25,848
26,267
26,754
27,456
28,010
27,747
19,391
19,527
19,146
19,424
20,127
16,953
17,402
17,824
18,403
18,876
22,274
22,857
23,568
24,088
24,591
20,409
21,180
22,099
23,165
23,627
24,714
25,035
25,636
26,599
27,799
25,406
26,075
26,868
27,760
28,622
28,976
29,204
29,811
30,268
31,394
32,300
33,482
34,086
33,744
23,745
23,332
23,307
23,771
24,725
29,641
30,254
30,779
31,522
32,235
32,684
33,418
34,209
34,356
- 13 -
Table 2. Real GDP per capita
(average annual rates of change)
Country
United States
Canada
Australia
Japan
Republic of Korea
Singapore
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
France
Germany
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
1979-2008
1979-1990
1990-1995
1995-2000
2000-2008
2002-2003
2003-2004
2004-2005
2005-2006
2006-2007
2007-2008
1.6
1.9
1.9
5.3
4.3
1.5
1.7
3.3
6.5
5.3
0.6
1.5
1.2
6.7
5.7
3.2
3.0
0.8
3.5
3.5
1.3
1.7
1.2
3.9
2.5
0.9
1.7
1.2
2.3
5.3
2.1
2.7
2.7
4.2
7.9
1.9
1.4
1.9
3.7
4.8
2.1
1.4
2.0
4.8
5.0
1.6
2.1
2.3
4.8
3.4
-0.7
0.4
-0.7
1.9
-4.1
1.8
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.9
2.4
2.1
1.8
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.1
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.4
1.6
2.3
2.4
1.9
2.1
1.2
1.4
1.2
2.0
0.7
1.5
1.2
1.6
3.2
1.2
0.1
1.4
2.9
2.8
2.5
2.4
2.4
1.9
1.9
3.4
3.1
3.5
3.2
3.1
Note: Data for Germany for years before 1991 pertain to the former West Germany.
Percent changes were calculated from table 1 using the compound rate method.
1.2
1.6
1.3
0.9
1.0
1.2
0.2
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.9
1.9
1.6
0.4
0.6
0.1
0.4
-0.3
-0.8
-0.1
0.4
1.5
1.5
2.4
2.7
1.9
2.5
2.0
1.7
1.2
0.5
1.9
3.3
1.6
3.7
2.3
2.0
2.2
1.3
2.2
1.1
0.8
-0.1
1.8
2.0
1.9
2.9
1.4
1.8
2.8
2.3
3.0
1.5
3.1
1.5
3.2
1.5
2.6
3.7
2.2
1.0
2.7
2.0
1.2
1.7
2.6
0.8
3.2
2.1
2.0
1.8
2.4
0.2
1.3
0.5
-1.7
-0.1
1.4
-1.9
1.7
0.9
-0.9
-1.0
0.4
- 14 -
Year
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
United
States
Canada
Australia
48,869
50,543
50,615
51,965
52,282
42,844
43,900
43,809
45,030
45,854
36,206
35,718
37,243
38,360
39,979
41,409
42,356
44,141
45,439
47,048
37,322
37,918
39,453
40,605
41,754
32,804
32,527
33,584
34,583
35,649
Table 3. Real GDP per employed person
Converted to U.S. dollars using 2005 PPPs
(2005 U.S. dollars)
Japan
Rep. of
Korea
Singapore
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
16,656
17,975
19,564
21,485
23,821
7,919
8,656
8,848
9,376
10,417
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
25,497
27,161
28,442
30,109
32,058
31,943
32,836
34,259
35,738
37,471
29,961
30,152
31,852
33,404
34,893
11,429
12,616
13,544
14,610
16,006
NA
NA
NA
7,324
7,891
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
20,529
21,501
22,120
23,181
24,622
26,247
27,349
28,337
29,363
30,964
25,342
26,446
27,482
27,273
29,112
France
Germany
29,023
30,334
31,762
33,277
35,149
28,940
29,839
30,749
32,398
34,282
22,247
23,358
24,969
26,341
27,750
23,481
24,231
25,273
25,922
27,625
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Spain
Sweden
United
Kingdom
26,965
29,053
30,755
32,785
35,036
36,313
37,042
39,126
41,363
43,452
35,315
36,504
38,559
39,392
40,808
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
30,072
30,658
32,031
32,848
33,857
30,005
30,517
31,633
33,118
33,806
20,079
21,589
22,995
24,695
25,474
30,834
31,272
31,976
32,587
34,779
29,241
30,614
31,266
32,318
33,842
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
24,309
25,484
26,425
27,695
29,165
26,862
27,202
27,365
28,479
29,645
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
52,079
53,621
54,846
56,155
54,847
46,685
47,439
48,558
49,424
49,151
40,934
41,570
41,868
42,532
42,734
25,974
26,924
29,038
30,677
30,429
10,939
11,449
11,461
12,180
12,507
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
34,273
35,633
37,568
38,861
39,875
39,823
40,996
43,253
45,407
46,568
34,950
36,052
36,818
37,731
37,730
36,820
38,587
40,158
42,220
43,734
35,558
36,497
37,898
39,275
39,835
36,726
37,381
38,861
41,049
42,645
45,580
47,266
49,365
52,030
53,303
40,961
42,903
44,648
46,318
47,459
NA
29,451
31,463
33,068
34,799
35,356
35,760
36,459
37,764
38,213
34,660
35,413
36,599
38,638
38,046
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
57,537
58,333
57,674
59,503
61,286
51,345
51,640
51,804
52,832
54,534
47,028
47,982
48,008
48,649
50,179
37,188
37,989
38,723
38,760
39,834
15,466
16,021
16,769
18,414
20,011
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
45,547
45,661
47,195
48,913
48,987
54,087
54,948
56,006
56,759
58,272
42,281
42,604
44,045
45,209
46,403
50,270
50,928
52,104
52,890
54,012
45,775
45,869
45,986
47,470
48,728
49,738
50,198
50,303
50,727
52,367
56,140
55,395
54,992
57,184
58,205
54,520
54,663
54,715
56,947
59,853
42,634
43,623
44,549
45,496
47,367
39,666
39,523
40,070
40,702
42,090
41,159
41,688
43,416
45,320
45,556
27,017
28,661
29,770
31,227
32,844
36,667
37,733
39,096
41,799
44,673
55,312
56,451
57,190
57,671
58,930
64,820
65,938
67,253
67,109
69,538
50,135
51,087
52,720
53,508
56,671
61,897
62,458
63,681
63,923
65,244
54,160
55,511
57,584
57,889
59,489
59,643
59,445
60,342
61,457
63,831
62,085
61,961
61,755
62,604
64,004
66,166
68,903
71,481
72,956
75,608
51,118
51,797
53,016
54,002
55,550
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
55,360
56,469
57,033
57,746
57,949
49,141
50,682
51,544
51,999
51,729
43,784
44,941
44,986
45,904
47,002
31,448
32,432
33,455
34,878
36,417
12,945
13,482
14,367
14,999
15,793
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
62,557
63,304
63,812
65,035
66,009
55,541
55,191
55,924
56,981
57,187
51,480
50,431
51,503
51,643
51,798
41,633
42,646
44,090
46,532
48,283
20,600
22,001
23,175
24,859
25,491
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
71,756
73,400
75,059
77,086
79,326
61,045
61,480
62,767
63,768
65,618
56,250
57,790
59,657
61,340
63,099
51,890
53,094
53,554
53,082
53,747
34,861
36,516
37,564
37,228
40,051
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
66,465
66,975
68,845
69,748
70,982
56,905
56,705
57,775
58,847
60,434
51,623
52,222
53,551
55,409
56,391
49,961
50,606
50,527
50,461
50,962
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
40,026
41,718
43,281
43,003
45,157
50,044
51,052
51,770
52,797
54,116
46,548
49,406
49,841
51,164
51,782
58,906
59,584
60,641
62,596
63,768
37,767
39,399
40,279
40,901
42,114
47,156
48,332
48,256
48,571
49,067
43,693
45,278
46,512
48,118
49,565
55,139
56,281
57,244
59,335
60,783
40,422
42,801
43,956
44,907
46,029
49,349
49,817
50,190
51,656
52,760
41,721
44,246
45,240
46,552
48,783
53,327
54,478
56,088
57,820
59,374
53,717
55,805
56,033
56,987
57,136
58,060
58,748
59,826
60,162
61,550
45,427
46,358
47,271
47,160
49,578
60,537
61,640
62,496
64,095
65,249
70,645
71,266
73,105
72,927
74,460
57,515
58,427
59,293
59,659
60,605
66,039
66,522
67,713
69,035
69,902
60,477
61,246
62,409
62,924
63,332
65,766
66,109
67,137
67,411
67,664
64,109
64,962
65,651
66,282
67,566
2005
86,641
69,676
67,058
60,591
47,985
60,012
2006
87,437
70,470
67,563
61,557
49,827
60,438
2007
88,238
70,746
68,328
62,763
51,741
59,530
2008
89,626
69,991
68,198
62,578
52,568
55,694
NA = Not available
Note: Data for Germany for years before 1991 pertain to the former West Germany.
70,362
71,729
72,618
72,622
79,411
80,658
81,419
80,976
65,968
66,839
66,144
64,840
74,431
75,342
76,063
75,989
66,605
68,146
68,644
68,547
67,612
67,662
67,875
66,959
70,825
71,874
72,582
72,995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
80,222
80,777
82,285
83,520
85,624
67,389
67,755
68,073
67,757
68,674
63,606
64,216
65,686
66,089
67,309
55,630
56,157
57,200
58,199
59,667
41,673
42,438
44,247
45,549
46,770
51,839
50,611
53,251
55,593
58,797
67,000
66,866
68,031
68,624
69,405
75,757
75,273
76,519
77,241
78,979
62,309
62,062
62,272
63,258
65,092
70,738
70,791
71,076
71,758
73,452
64,163
64,674
65,038
65,517
66,045
68,829
68,693
67,845
66,832
67,558
68,390
67,943
67,177
67,785
69,439
49,027
50,188
50,855
51,918
53,435
61,356
61,808
61,654
61,890
64,338
77,170
79,499
81,399
81,412
82,301
84,499
85,879
86,835
88,629
91,625
93,000
91,791
90,905
90,074
35,695
37,282
38,590
40,148
41,094
38,431
38,704
38,010
38,531
39,436
37,962
39,191
40,093
41,180
41,862
48,969
49,417
49,774
50,539
51,126
42,573
43,522
44,670
45,240
45,828
46,611
48,187
49,412
50,257
50,114
56,016
56,558
57,081
57,393
58,014
52,834
54,039
56,088
57,262
58,662
56,842
57,951
58,829
60,339
61,580
58,890
59,155
59,448
59,421
59,306
59,065
58,956
59,242
60,283
45,868
46,044
47,608
49,202
51,638
59,776
59,163
60,560
62,078
65,094
67,063
68,749
69,002
68,219
50,280
50,921
52,238
53,916
55,807
63,258
64,289
65,143
66,337
67,456
68,163
69,500
71,130
71,121
- 15 -
Table 4. Real GDP per employed person
(average annual rates of change)
Country
United States
Canada
Australia
Japan
Republic of Korea
Singapore
1979-2008
1979-1990
1990-1995
1995-2000
2000-2008
2002-2003
2003-2004
2004-2005
2005-2006
2006-2007
2007-2008
1.1
1.3
1.9
4.2
NA
0.9
0.9
2.9
5.0
NA
1.4
1.7
0.8
5.2
4.4
2.0
2.5
1.4
3.6
2.7
0.5
0.9
1.5
2.9
0.9
-0.5
0.6
1.7
2.9
4.4
1.4
1.8
2.5
2.7
5.8
1.5
-0.4
1.5
2.6
2.1
1.1
0.8
1.6
3.8
0.7
0.4
1.1
2.0
3.8
-1.5
-1.1
-0.2
-0.3
1.6
-6.4
1.5
1.3
1.5
2.3
Austria
1.7
1.9
1.8
2.0
Belgium
1.6
2.1
1.7
1.4
Denmark
1.6
1.6
2.8
1.6
France
1.5
2.0
1.3
1.4
Germany
1.4
1.5
2.2
1.2
Italy
1.1
1.8
2.0
0.9
Netherlands
0.8
0.8
0.6
1.3
Norway
1.8
2.0
3.1
1.8
Spain
1.3
2.0
1.8
1.0
Sweden
1.9
1.4
2.9
2.5
United Kingdom
1.8
1.7
2.5
2.2
NA = Not available
Note: Data for Germany for years before 1991 pertain to the former West Germany.
Percent changes were calculated from table 3 using the compound rate method.
1.4
1.0
0.8
0.5
0.9
0.8
-0.3
0.8
0.8
0.3
1.7
1.5
1.5
0.9
0.9
1.6
1.0
0.7
-1.5
0.9
2.1
-0.0
2.5
1.8
2.5
1.1
2.3
2.9
2.4
0.8
1.1
2.4
3.4
-0.2
4.9
1.7
1.2
1.4
0.5
1.3
1.3
0.8
0.1
2.0
1.5
-0.4
3.0
1.0
0.9
1.9
1.6
1.3
1.2
2.3
0.1
1.5
-1.3
-0.2
2.5
2.0
0.9
1.2
0.9
-1.0
1.0
0.7
0.3
1.0
-1.0
0.5
0.4
2.3
1.6
0.0
-0.5
-2.0
-0.1
-0.1
-1.4
0.6
-0.9
1.8
-1.1
-0.0
- 16 -
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
United
States
Canada
Australia
30.25
30.97
31.29
31.55
31.69
26.47
27.73
28.30
28.46
28.36
NA
NA
NA
24.64
25.35
27.24
28.28
28.98
29.70
29.44
24.32
24.94
25.68
26.19
26.25
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Table 5. Real GDP per hour worked
Converted to U.S. dollars using 2005 PPPs
(2005 U.S. dollars)
Japan
Rep. of
Korea
Singapore
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
France
Germany
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
26.21
27.77
28.43
29.46
30.11
22.55
23.39
24.25
24.90
25.75
22.83
23.33
24.46
25.73
26.54
23.17
24.07
25.13
26.03
26.88
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
21.23
21.97
23.49
25.05
26.09
18.55
19.44
20.48
21.51
21.65
17.97
18.86
20.17
21.38
22.52
18.71
19.50
20.55
21.65
22.33
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Spain
Sweden
United
Kingdom
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
28.37
29.97
31.04
32.41
33.82
NA
NA
21.01
22.12
23.27
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
21.07
21.84
22.22
22.80
23.21
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
22.32
23.66
25.08
26.23
27.20
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
19.50
19.92
20.93
20.77
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
31.71
32.44
32.29
33.16
33.83
28.54
28.71
29.13
29.76
30.64
25.71
26.10
26.83
27.35
27.85
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
5.52
5.75
5.77
6.39
6.98
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
31.82
32.77
33.68
34.01
34.42
25.49
26.11
26.83
27.60
28.42
27.03
27.66
29.50
30.24
31.01
26.96
27.26
27.35
28.27
29.14
26.76
26.91
26.81
27.04
28.07
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
34.51
34.81
35.10
36.66
38.66
24.32
25.27
25.80
26.83
28.53
25.91
25.96
26.08
26.33
27.19
23.21
24.00
25.05
26.24
26.28
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
36.73
37.20
38.40
38.53
38.86
31.67
31.98
32.61
32.73
33.31
28.88
29.17
29.68
30.93
31.29
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
9.66
10.32
10.90
11.40
12.05
15.16
15.57
16.13
17.21
18.32
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
39.14
40.73
42.09
43.18
44.75
32.58
33.31
33.92
34.41
36.61
36.31
36.86
37.58
38.01
38.95
34.56
35.86
36.77
37.35
38.45
31.95
31.97
32.39
32.99
34.38
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
44.04
45.93
47.34
48.41
50.24
31.79
32.38
33.21
34.02
35.06
29.12
29.48
30.14
30.81
31.58
28.97
29.77
30.66
31.70
32.60
15.84
16.19
17.09
17.84
18.47
21.21
21.07
22.26
23.24
24.42
35.57
35.38
36.11
36.26
36.53
48.75
47.73
48.46
49.04
50.99
39.40
39.11
39.44
40.12
41.21
44.45
44.85
46.24
46.82
47.05
43.56
44.35
45.00
45.53
45.82
36.98
37.27
37.05
36.61
37.00
46.07
46.38
46.69
47.32
48.87
58.07
60.09
61.41
63.37
64.65
35.62
35.87
36.10
36.41
36.66
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
34.44
35.22
35.45
35.85
36.12
29.95
30.55
31.38
31.92
32.66
12.77
13.43
14.05
14.29
15.28
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
37.33
38.21
39.01
39.38
35.45
36.81
37.53
37.59
38.71
NA
27.77
28.44
28.53
29.16
7.19
7.85
8.04
8.57
8.99
2005
48.56
39.54
38.34
33.41
19.18
24.82
2006
49.01
40.05
39.22
33.78
20.00
25.16
2007
49.67
40.34
40.32
34.65
21.13
24.73
2008
50.69
40.12
39.08
34.97
21.98
23.13
NA = Not available
Note: Data for Germany for years before 1991 pertain to the former West Germany.
37.54
37.95
38.49
38.63
38.75
31.25
32.65
33.21
34.14
35.21
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
32.71
33.06
33.30
34.06
34.71
43.20
44.06
45.36
46.74
47.90
33.83
33.77
34.80
35.51
36.46
28.69
28.00
28.34
28.58
28.69
18.55
18.89
19.22
19.42
20.37
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
38.88
39.82
40.42
41.22
42.23
30.97
30.83
31.05
31.31
31.52
34.69
35.49
36.44
37.89
38.79
44.71
45.86
46.65
46.21
47.10
50.74
51.34
51.99
51.71
29.13
29.80
30.40
30.95
31.62
37.34
38.17
38.40
38.26
38.63
41.78
42.18
41.36
40.34
32.30
33.07
33.39
34.42
35.58
40.01
40.19
41.07
42.16
42.87
47.76
49.06
48.99
48.99
29.99
30.42
30.77
31.72
32.87
39.43
40.35
41.37
41.86
42.46
46.45
47.60
47.89
47.89
28.64
29.13
29.68
30.54
31.63
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
35.38
35.29
36.03
35.86
36.08
42.25
42.60
43.36
44.26
45.26
37.17
37.29
37.25
36.74
49.83
50.59
51.02
51.44
39.78
40.18
40.81
40.90
42.59
51.87
53.62
55.09
55.17
55.84
65.49
64.92
64.14
63.35
29.81
30.08
31.20
31.59
31.79
27.43
28.07
28.63
28.63
29.02
26.85
27.84
28.46
28.82
28.67
35.19
35.53
35.63
35.56
35.60
32.21
32.69
33.83
34.57
35.24
33.14
33.79
34.33
35.28
36.18
36.97
37.29
37.95
38.62
41.78
42.99
42.73
41.98
40.99
41.93
42.85
42.94
36.40
36.56
37.97
39.25
40.55
37.51
38.07
38.97
39.91
40.67
- 17 -
Table 6. Real GDP per hour worked
(average annual rates of change)
Country
United States
Canada
Australia
Japan
Republic of Korea
Singapore
1979-2008
1979-1990
1990-1995
1995-2000
2000-2008
2002-2003
2003-2004
2004-2005
2005-2006
2006-2007
2007-2008
1.2
1.5
NA
NA
NA
1.0
1.2
NA
NA
NA
1.3
1.6
NA
5.7
4.1
2.1
2.6
NA
4.4
2.7
0.8
1.2
2.0
4.2
1.1
0.4
0.2
1.7
4.4
4.4
0.3
3.0
2.3
3.5
5.1
2.0
-1.0
2.3
3.9
1.6
1.3
2.3
1.1
4.3
1.4
0.7
2.8
2.6
5.6
-1.7
-0.6
-3.1
0.9
4.0
-6.4
1.6
1.4
1.1
2.1
Austria
NA
NA
NA
1.7
Belgium
1.9
2.4
2.7
1.7
Denmark
1.6
2.2
2.8
1.1
France
2.1
2.9
2.0
2.1
Germany
2.0
2.3
2.7
2.0
Italy
NA
NA
2.1
0.9
Netherlands
NA
NA
NA
1.8
Norway
2.2
2.4
3.3
2.3
Spain
1.8
2.9
2.1
0.2
Sweden
NA
NA
2.0
2.5
United Kingdom
2.1
2.0
2.7
2.5
NA = Not available
Note: Data for Germany for years before 1991 pertain to the former West Germany.
Percent changes were calculated from table 5 using the compound rate method.
2.0
1.3
0.7
0.3
1.2
1.2
-0.1
1.4
1.1
1.0
1.8
1.7
3.0
0.4
1.2
1.7
1.3
1.2
-1.2
1.4
3.2
0.9
3.4
2.4
2.5
0.7
4.0
2.7
0.5
0.6
1.1
3.3
2.0
0.7
3.3
1.9
1.4
2.2
-0.5
1.4
1.5
1.4
0.5
2.0
1.3
0.8
3.1
0.8
0.9
2.4
1.2
0.9
2.7
2.5
0.3
1.5
-0.9
0.9
2.9
2.3
1.3
2.1
1.3
-1.9
-0.1
0.6
-0.1
0.9
-1.2
1.8
-0.6
2.2
2.1
0.9
-0.5
-2.5
-0.0
0.0
-1.4
0.8
-1.2
1.8
-1.8
0.2
- 18 -
Table 7. Employment-population ratios
(percent)
Year
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
United
States
Canada
Australia
Japan
Rep. of
Korea
Singapore
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
France
Germany
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Spain
Sweden
United
Kingdom
38.0
38.7
39.2
39.6
40.2
36.4
37.2
37.7
37.8
38.5
41.1
42.2
42.5
42.8
43.0
50.5
51.7
52.1
52.5
52.4
28.3
28.3
28.6
29.4
29.4
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
46.6
45.9
44.8
44.0
43.8
39.0
38.9
38.5
38.3
38.9
48.6
49.0
48.6
48.6
49.3
41.0
40.9
40.7
40.2
40.5
48.4
47.8
46.1
46.0
46.3
38.5
37.6
37.8
37.5
37.1
40.3
40.0
39.5
39.4
39.6
42.5
42.4
42.3
41.9
41.9
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
49.2
48.8
47.9
48.1
48.7
46.3
46.1
45.3
44.9
44.7
37.8
37.2
37.3
37.2
37.5
34.9
34.7
35.0
35.2
35.7
40.4
39.5
39.7
40.1
40.7
49.9
50.5
50.6
50.5
50.8
NA
NA
NA
27.7
27.5
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
48.8
48.8
48.3
47.6
47.3
38.5
38.6
39.1
39.0
39.2
46.6
46.9
47.3
47.5
48.1
42.8
42.4
41.6
41.2
41.2
49.8
49.9
49.5
49.1
48.6
41.7
41.7
41.3
40.3
39.8
40.0
40.1
40.3
40.3
40.5
42.7
43.0
42.8
42.7
42.5
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
48.8
49.0
49.0
49.0
49.3
46.1
46.2
46.0
45.8
46.1
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
39.9
39.6
40.3
41.2
41.6
38.4
38.2
38.9
40.4
41.5
43.8
42.9
42.8
43.4
43.2
51.9
51.6
51.1
51.6
50.7
29.8
30.2
31.0
32.1
32.9
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
43.7
44.0
44.1
44.4
44.9
38.9
39.1
38.8
39.0
39.5
49.4
49.0
49.7
50.1
49.4
40.6
40.4
40.3
40.5
40.6
46.4
46.1
46.0
46.3
45.7
37.0
36.9
36.6
36.8
37.2
39.6
39.4
38.6
38.3
38.4
42.3
42.4
42.6
42.6
42.9
NA
41.9
41.9
42.5
42.3
49.2
48.7
48.8
48.9
49.7
44.4
44.2
44.2
44.7
44.8
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
44.5
44.6
43.8
44.0
45.4
45.2
45.9
43.9
43.8
44.5
43.3
43.5
42.7
41.4
42.1
50.0
50.1
50.1
50.5
50.4
35.9
36.2
36.6
36.3
35.7
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
46.4
46.1
45.5
45.3
45.2
38.6
37.9
37.4
37.0
36.9
49.2
48.4
48.6
48.6
49.4
40.3
39.9
39.7
39.4
39.0
46.4
46.3
45.8
45.3
45.6
37.9
37.8
37.8
38.0
37.9
39.7
39.6
39.2
38.4
38.7
47.7
48.1
48.0
47.7
48.0
35.7
34.6
34.1
33.9
33.0
51.5
51.5
51.4
51.5
51.9
44.8
43.7
42.8
42.5
43.4
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
40.8
41.7
42.7
44.1
44.8
41.7
41.9
42.2
43.0
44.4
42.5
42.5
42.7
42.3
42.6
49.9
49.8
49.9
50.0
50.1
33.1
34.6
35.2
36.3
36.2
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
45.9
46.5
47.2
47.8
48.3
45.4
46.3
47.0
47.8
48.0
42.9
44.0
44.3
45.3
46.4
50.3
50.3
50.3
50.7
51.2
36.7
37.6
39.3
40.1
41.4
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
47.5
47.6
48.0
48.1
48.3
45.7
45.6
46.1
46.8
47.7
46.0
46.0
45.9
46.4
46.6
53.1
53.2
53.4
52.6
51.8
45.3
45.8
46.2
43.1
43.5
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
44.7
45.0
45.5
45.8
46.0
38.8
38.6
38.4
38.4
38.7
48.6
49.3
49.1
49.3
49.6
40.1
40.2
40.3
40.4
40.4
44.6
44.6
44.7
45.2
45.9
37.0
37.2
37.1
37.1
37.4
37.8
37.7
38.2
38.4
38.8
43.3
44.6
45.6
46.2
46.7
41.0
40.1
39.3
37.8
36.7
50.5
50.5
50.4
50.4
51.0
44.7
44.4
44.5
44.7
45.1
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
45.3
45.4
45.4
45.7
46.0
37.1
37.3
37.5
37.9
38.4
50.5
51.7
51.8
51.4
51.1
38.6
38.6
38.7
38.8
39.2
46.0
46.6
46.9
47.0
47.2
38.3
38.6
38.6
39.0
39.3
39.6
40.0
39.8
40.7
41.3
49.1
50.6
51.4
50.8
49.1
32.5
33.2
34.7
35.8
37.0
52.3
52.5
52.8
53.2
53.7
43.8
44.0
44.7
46.1
47.1
51.7
52.5
53.9
51.5
52.1
45.5
45.7
45.9
46.3
47.0
37.9
37.9
38.2
38.8
39.2
48.8
49.1
49.7
50.3
50.6
38.2
38.2
38.2
38.7
39.3
46.0
45.8
45.7
46.2
46.8
38.4
38.6
38.7
39.1
39.5
44.4
45.1
46.3
47.4
48.3
48.6
49.4
50.5
51.6
51.7
37.2
37.7
38.7
40.0
41.1
46.8
46.3
45.7
46.5
47.4
44.7
45.0
45.7
46.0
46.5
2005
48.4
50.3
49.2
50.0
47.5
54.4
2006
48.9
50.8
49.5
50.2
47.9
56.7
2007
48.9
51.4
49.9
50.4
48.4
59.5
2008
48.3
51.6
50.2
50.3
48.5
61.0
NA = Not available
Note: Data for Germany for years before 1991 pertain to the former West Germany.
47.7
48.1
48.7
49.4
40.4
40.7
41.1
41.5
50.3
51.2
52.3
52.5
39.9
40.0
40.3
40.3
47.1
47.5
48.3
49.1
41.6
42.2
42.4
42.2
49.6
50.4
51.5
52.1
50.9
52.3
53.9
54.9
45.3
46.6
47.3
46.0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
48.3
47.3
46.9
46.9
47.4
49.0
48.5
47.9
48.0
48.0
47.6
46.2
45.2
44.9
45.3
48.4
48.4
49.1
49.7
50.1
46.6
44.9
44.2
43.9
44.8
47.2
47.1
47.4
47.9
48.3
51.9
52.8
53.2
53.2
53.1
51.4
50.9
50.0
49.8
49.8
42.2
43.1
43.5
43.5
44.5
45.0
45.6
46.6
46.3
47.0
48.5
48.8
48.6
49.6
50.1
53.9
52.5
51.4
51.9
53.0
46.6
46.7
46.4
45.9
45.7
47.3
47.4
47.2
46.9
47.3
38.8
38.7
38.4
38.0
37.7
39.9
40.3
40.1
40.0
40.1
50.8
50.3
49.6
48.6
48.3
50.8
51.2
51.1
50.3
49.9
39.3
39.2
38.7
38.1
38.0
40.1
40.5
40.4
40.2
40.0
47.7
48.3
47.2
46.3
46.1
47.6
47.7
47.4
46.9
47.1
39.9
40.6
40.3
39.2
38.5
40.3
41.1
41.6
41.9
41.7
42.3
43.1
43.7
43.3
43.3
49.3
50.2
50.5
49.9
49.7
48.5
47.8
47.5
47.5
47.9
51.6
51.6
51.5
50.7
50.6
38.4
38.7
38.1
36.9
36.6
42.1
42.7
42.9
43.5
44.3
53.7
52.6
49.9
47.1
46.3
48.5
49.4
49.2
48.8
48.2
48.2
48.7
49.4
49.5
47.2
45.8
44.6
44.1
44.3
46.9
47.1
47.2
47.5
47.8
47.9
48.1
48.1
48.3
- 19 -
Table 8. Purchasing power parities (PPPs), exchange rates,
and relative prices, 2005
United States
Canada
Australia
Japan
Republic of Korea
Singapore
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
France
Germany
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
1
PPPs for GDP
(U.S.=1.000)
Exchange
rates
Relative
prices1
1.214
1.388
129.6
788.9
1.446
1.212
1.311
110.1
1024
1.664
1.00
1.06
1.18
0.77
0.87
1.000
0.886
0.900
8.590
0.923
0.867
0.867
0.896
8.896
0.765
9.378
0.636
1.000
0.803
0.803
5.995
0.803
0.803
0.803
0.803
6.441
0.803
7.471
0.549
1.00
1.10
1.12
1.43
1.15
1.08
1.08
1.12
1.38
0.95
1.26
1.16
A number below one indicates that prices in this country are lower than in the United States and
a number higher than one that prices are higher than in the United States.