CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE
HIGH-SPEED REPRODUCTION
OF VIDEO CASSETTES
A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the
requirements for the degree of Master of Science in
Engineering
by
Bel-Balydin Sargiss Babayan
l'1ay 1987
'Ihe Thesis of Bel-Balydin s. Babayan is approved:
Prof. Ichiro Hashimoto
Committee Chair
california State University, Northridge
. ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to thank my father, Samuel, my mother, Mary, and my sister,
Nit acre, for their continued support and encouragement.
Special
thanks are due to Dr. Hashimoto for his help and advise in preparing
this thesis, and to Esther Gwynne who was instrumental in organizing
and proofreading this paper.
I also wish to thank TERADYNE, INC.,
for the use of its facility, the computer, and the CAD equipment.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .
iii
LIST OF FIGURES.
vi
ABSTRACT . . . .
. viii
CHAPTER
1
INTRODUCTION.
1
2
EXISTING DUPLICATION METHODS.
4
2.1
Real-Time Duplication. •
4
2.2
Contact-Printing Duplication .
5
3
HIGH-SPEED DUPLICATION METHOD
4
THE EFFECT OF RELATIVE SPEED ON THE VIDEO
INFORMATION .
4.J_
11
The effect of Increased Head-to-Tape
Velocity on the FM Spectra . . . . •
11
The Effect of Increased Head-to-Tape
Velocity on the AM Spectra
15
4.3
System Design. . . .
17
4.4
Brief Description of Each Block. .
19
4.2
5
8
CIRCUIT DESIGN . . . .
21
.
21
5.1
Filter Design.
.
5.1.1
Luminance Filter.
5.1. 2
Chrominance Filter.
5.1. 3
Signal Amplifier.
5.1. 4
Signal Summer
. . .
iv
21
.
23
27
28
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
Page
6
CONCLUSION .
29
REFERENCES •
31
APPENDIX A - BASIC FM AND AM CONCEPTS
AND HOW THEY ARE USED IN VIDEO RECORDING.
32
APPENDIX B - FILTER DESIGN AND SIMULATION. • . . . • •
47
v
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure
2.1
Block Diagram of the Real-Time
Duplication Process . . .
. . . .
5
2.2
Contact Printing Method .
7
3.2
High-Speed Duplication Method
9
4.1
The Effect of Gap Size on Tape Recording.
12
4.2
The Effect of Speed Increase on the
Frequency Domain. .
. . • .
14
4.3
Positive Frequency Line Spectrum . . .
15
4.4
The Effect of Speed on the AM Signal . .
16
4.5
System Block Diagram . . . .
18
5.1
Luminance Filter Specs.
22
5.2
Luminance Filter • . . . .
5.3
Chrominance Filter Spec
• 25
5.4
Chrominance Filter . . .
26
5.5
Wide Band Amplifier
5.6
Signal Summer and Head Driver .
28
A.l
Simple FM Modulator
33
A.2
FM Signals . • . . •
34
A. 3
Maximum Instantaneous Deviation .
35
A.4
Bessel Functions • . . .
37
A.5
Spectral Distribution •
38
A.6
Typical Video Signal. .
39
A.7
Pre-Emphasis Curves .
41
A.8
Simple AM Modulator .
42
A.9
Frequency Spectrum of an AM Signal . .
43
•
•
•
•
•
• 24
• 27
44
A.lO Color Under Process .
vi
LIST OF FIGURES (continued)
Figure
Page
A.ll
AC Bias Used in Recording . . . . . . .
45
A.12
Complete Record Chain • . . . . . . .
46
vii
I
ABSTRACT
HIGH-SPEED REPRODUCTION
OF VIDEO CASSETTES
by
Bel-Balydin Sargiss Babayan
Master of Science in Engineering
This thesis was undertaken to examine the process involved in
duplication of video cassettes.
The two processes presently avail-
able, "Real-Time" and "Contact Printing", are examined and the
alternative of high-speed transcription is presented in detail.
The effect of increased head-to-tape speed on the recorded
information is analyzed by looking at the video and color signals.
Based on this analysis a system that could be used for high-speed
duplication of video cassettes is designed.
This thesis concentrates on the electronic aspects of copying.
The electro/mechanical problems that have to be solved in order to
have a practical system are not included in this discussion.
Next the focus is turned to the development of some of the
blocks in the system, specifically the video and color filters,
video
and
color
amplifiers,
and
viii
the
signal
summer.
'
The appendix provides a tutorial in FM and how it is used in
video recording, as well as the techinque used for recording color.
The filter design steps and computer simulation are also included
in the appendix.
ix
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The technology of video recording has advanced to a stage where
today every household has the potential for owning a video
recorder.
The video cassette recorder (VCR) has become a common
household appliance.
The many uses of the VCR include education,
sports, and entertainment.
In schools, video taped materials are
used to supplement the curriculum and help the student understand a
particular subject better.
In sports, the video taped information
is used by coaches to better train their athletes.
More recently,
video tapes are playing an increasing role in entertaining us.
The
VCR is used to record our favorite T.V. shows or play back movies
or sporting events, and on a more personal level, where once photographs and home movies chronicled our life, today the video tape
saves the memories in real-life color and motion.
All of these advances have given rise to a new problem:
of reproduction.
that
Reproduction is the process whereby multiple
copies of a tape are produced with consistent and uniform quality.
Reproduction is needed by suppliers to the home movie industry
as well as some educators in need of multiple copies of movies or
special programing, while the home user may wish to make a copy of
that special event to share with relatives not living nearby.
Two most commonly used techniques for reproduction are
real-time duplication and contact printing.
Real-time duplication
consists of the use of at least two video recorders.
One is used
for playing back the master tape and the other(s) for recording the
1
2
information.
The term, real-time, comes from the fact that the
recording time has a one-to-one correspondence to the duration of
the information stored on the tape.
This method was used for many years by large and small
reproducers alike.
However, the large video producers, such as
those in the home movie industry, have recently employed the
contact printing method to mass produce video tapes.
Contact printing is a process that uses a master tape having
magnetization several times normal from which many tapes are copied
(see Chapter 2 for details of operation).
The contact printing
method is analogous to the printing of books.
Although contact printing offers fast duplication with good
quality, the cost limits its use to large video reproducers.
This
leaves the small-time reproducer with the old option of real-time
duplication.
Although the quality of real-time reproduction is
good, it is only at the cost of time.
In this thesis an alternative to the above duplicating schemes
is discussed.
of audio tapes.
The approach is similar to high-speed reproduction
The original or master tape is played back at
several times the normal playback speed and the information is
transferred to the copy (or slave tape) that records this information at that higher playback speed.
The advantages of this process include higher speed
duplication, low cost, and good quality, while the disadvantages
include complex hardware and technology, and the need for routine
maintenance.
The development will begin by examining in detail the
duplication processes used by the real-time and contact printing
3
solutions.
This will be followed by the alternative solution
proposed herein.
The discussion will also include the advantages
and disadvantages of each technique.
Next, the focus of attention is turned to the effects of
head-to-tape speed increase on the recorded video information.
The
Fourier transform of a video signal is examined and the change in
spectra due to the speed increase is demonstrated.
The results of the Fourier analysis will be used to develop a
duplication system in block diagram form.
Specific blocks of the
system will be further developed into a complete circuit.
The circuit's development in this thesis will be limited to the
video and color sections because of time constraints.
A complete
duplicator would require servo controls and audio circuits, control
and error correcting circuitry, as well as other electro-mechanical
assemblies.
It is quite evident that a complete project would
require several man years.
The videojcolor sections will include designs of filtering,
amplification, and video/color recombination circuitry.
CHAPTER 2
EXISTING DUPLICATION METHODS
The problem of video tape duplication has been around ever
since video recording became commercially feasible.
Beginning with
television programs slated to air simultaneously on several
stations, it more recently spread with the large growth in the home
video market.
The number of video tape consumers has increased
several fold and thus the need for multiple copies of movies and
special programing.
The video industry has found many ways to deal with the
problem and in this chapter we will look at two most popular
methods of reproducing video tapes.
We'll begin our discussion by
reviewing the simple method of 'REAL-TIME' duplication followed by
the more complex 'CONTACT PRINTING' technique.
2.1
REAL-TIME DUPLICATION
Real-time duplication involves the use of multiple video
recording machines:
one to play back the video and the others to
record it (see Figure 2.1).
The FM video information on the master tape is picked up from
the video head and demodulated.
This signal is then transferred
via the video out jack of the playback machine to the video in
jacks of the record machines.
The signal is remodulated as FM and
recorded on the copy or slave tapes.
4
5
VIrEO OUT
DEMODLLATOR
AUDIO OUT
VIrEO IN
MODLLATOR
AUDIO IN
RECORD/PLA'Y
l-EAD
FIGURE 2.1
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE REAL-TIME DUPLICATION PROCESS
Real-time duplication is one of the simplest forms of
duplicating video tapes. The only equipment required is as many
VCRS as copies needed.
2.2
CONTACT-PRINTING DUPLICATION
Real-time duplicating is simple but costly.
The number of
copies produced is directly proportional to the number of VCRs
available, thus the monetary cost, and the time required to copy a
tape is equal to the duration of the information stored on it:
this is the time-consuming element.
Recently, real-time reproduction has given way to the contact
printing technique because it can reproduce a tape at speeds up to
6
100 times normal record/playback speed.
Contact printing is
analogous to printing of books, which means the process is not
sensitive to the information stored on the tape; it merely makes an
identical copy of the magnetic field.
This method was originally
developed in the late 1940's as a means for mass reproduction of
audio tapes.
The principals of contact printing are essentially identical
for
both audio and video tapes with slight modifications in the
magnetic coating material and original or master recorded magnetic
strength.
In contact printing, the magnetic-coated surfaces of both
master and copy tapes face each other, and after a magnetic bias
field is applied, the magnetic information on the master tape is
transferred to the copy tape by virtue of the print-through effect
(see Figure 2.2).
In order for this magnetic transfer, or printing, to be
successful several conditions must be met:
A)
The master tape must have a coercive force that is
three times stronger than the copy to insure that
the master tape is not erased while the bias field
is applied.
B)
The bias field frequency should be sufficiently
high to ensure that while the tapes are in contact
they are subject to a few cycles at the full
strength of the field, followed by a large
number of cycles at ever decreasing strength.
7
FIGURE 2.2
CONTACT PRINTING METHOD ( 4 )
C)
Tape tension and fluctuation must be carefully
controlled.
D)
The tape guiding mechanisim must be such that it
insures good contact between the master and copy
tape as they pass over the bias field head.
Contact printing offers a fast way of reproducing recorded
video information.
the
By arranging for several copy tapes to contact
master tape, multiple copies can be made simultaneously.
CHAPTER 3
HIGH-SPEED METHOD
In the previous chapter we looked at how the large video users
have dealt with the problem of video reproduction.
However, with
the large growth in the consumer video market, the problem of
reproduction is no longer limited to the large user.
At one time
or another all small-time video users have wanted to make a copy of
their favorite tape, and thus far the only alternative available to
them has been the use of real-time reproduction with all its draw
backs.
Contact printing as a solution is most useful to the mass
video reproducers because the volume of copies justifies the
initial cost of the tapes and equipment, but it is not the answer
to the problem of low-volume, high-speed reproduction.
This
problem still remains to be solved.
An
alternative is proposed here.
It borrows the technique of
high-speed transcription from audio tapes, and applies it to video
tapes.
In transcription, the master tape is played back at a speed
two to five times higher than normal and the signal is recorded on
a copy tape running at this higher speed.
The high-speed informa-
tion is picked up from the read head and amplified. It is then sent
to the record head (see Figure 3.1).
The connection is similar to real-time reproduction in that
the recorded information is picked up and processed before being
recorded on the copy tape.
The difference is that the recorded
8
9
0
FIGURE 3.1
HIGH-SPEED DUPLICATION METHOD
information is not demodulated at the playback station and
remodulated at the record station.
This solution offers the advantage of high-speed copying
without the need for specially prepared master tapes.
Although the
hardware is complex, with the use of modern integrating technology
the cost can be reduced to the point where the option of
duplication
can be offered on all commercial VCRs.
While the duplicating
speeds don't come close to those achieved by contact printing, this
solution is preferable to real-time copying.
Some problems encountered in this solution are mechanical in
natUt.e.
10
Components such as the pickup and record heads will wear out
sooner because of high speeds.
The motors will be running at a
higher speed; the heat generated could cause distortion in the
tape.
The next chapters will concentrate on the electronics of
high-speed duplication and the above-mentioned problems are left to
be solved at a future time.
CHAPTER 4
THE EFFECT OF RELATIVE SPEED
ON THE VIDEO INFORMATION
This chapter examines the effects of high-speed transcription
on recorded video information. Recorded video signals consist of
picture information, or luminance, and color information, or
chrorninance.
Luminance is FM modulated and recorded on tape while
chrorninance is down converted and recorded directly using the FM as
AC bias.
We will begin our discussion by looking at the FM signal
and the effects of speed on its spectrum.
Next we will examine the
chroma signal and the changes it undergoes during speed increase.
Refer to the appendix for a detailed section on FM signals used in
video recorders and the constants used in this chapter.
4.1
THE EFFECT OF INCREASED HEAD-TO-TAPE VELOCITY ON THE FM
SPECTRA
We begin our discussion by looking at the fundamental equation
relating frequency, wavelength and velocity of the medium
F
= V/>..
where
V = head-to-tape velocity
A = wavelength
F = recorded frequency
Wavelength is related to the head gap by
A= 2*G
where
G = head gap
11
12
The reason for the above equation is demonstrated in Figure 4.1.
Ac Signal (1 Cycle)
r
A
N
Head
1
S
N
A
S
N
S
N
8
S
N
c
FIGURE 4.1
THE EFFECT OF GAP SIZE ON TAPE RECORDING (5)
If the wavelength and head gap are equal, the net output of
the head
would be zero (head A), whereas heads B and C have
maximum output because there is just one magnetic orientation.
Then the head-to-tape speed is related to the recording frequency
by the following equation:
13
F = V/2G
If the head-to-tape velocity is increased by a factor K, then
the frequency will also have to increase by the same factor
K
*
F = K
*
(V/2G)
We know that the recorded picture information is an FM signal
F = Fe + Fd cos
2n
FmT
If this recorded signal undergoes a speed increase
then
Fnew = K
* F
where
Fnew = frequency after speed increase
The equation can be further expanded into
Fnew = (K
* Fe)
+ (K
* Fd cos 2n FmT)
This indicates that not only the carrier frequency is changed by a
factor K, but also the deviation frequency as well.
We know that in order to maintain the integrity of the
recorded FM picture information, the modulation index (i.e.,
9 = Fc(Fm> must not change.
This means that the modulating
frequency ( Fm) will have to change by the same factor ( K) as the
deviation frequency.
Then the new center frequency will be:
Fc new = K
*
Fc
Fd new= K
*
Fd
and since
and
14
then Fm will be
Fm new
= K * Fm
F"C
FIGURE 4.2
THE EFFECT OF SPEED INCREASE ON THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN
This result will be used to determine the bandwidth of the
luminance circuits.
15
THE EFFECT OF INCREASED HEAD
4.2
AM
TAPE VELOCITY ON THE
SPECTRA
To examine the changes in the
increase,
'IO
AM
signal during a speed
we will look at the simple case of
AM
with tone
modulation.
Setting X(t) = Am cos 2nFmt gives the tone-modulated
AM
signal
Xc(t) = Ac(l+mAm cos wmT) cos weT
= Ac cos
wcT+(mAmA~2)[cos(wc-wm)T+cos
(wc+wm)T}
The positive frequency line spectrum is shown in Figure 4.3.
c:.
E
<
-- -- .!.2 mA '" A c
FIGURE 4.3
POSITIVE FREQUENCY LINE SPECTRUM
where Fe = the carrier frequency and the bandwidth is
B = (Fc+Fm)-(Fc-Fm) = 2Fm
16
As we have seen, the frequency is related to the relative head-totape
speed by
F
= V/2G
If V is increased by a factor K then
Fc new = K*F c
And the bandwidth will also increase
Bnew
= [K*(F c +Fm)-K*(F c-Fm)] = K*B
Carrier
Upper
sideband
Carrier
Lower
sideband
-!.'
c ' .....
0
FIGURE 4.4
THE EFFECT OF SPEED ON THE AM SIGNAL (6)
Upper
sideband
17
This result will be used to determine the bandwidth of the
chrominance circuits.
4. 3
SYSTEM DESIGN
Now that the fundamentals of the recorded signal and the
changes it undergoes during a speed increase have been examined, an
overall system can be designed.
The system should be able to:
A) Pick up the high-speed information:
1) luminance (picture)
2) chrominance (color)
3) audio (sound)
4) control track (servo).
B) Separate the color and picture information.
C) Amplify the signals.
D) Error correct:
1) Drop out compensation
2) Tracking error control
a) Pickup head 1 Record head
tracking
b) Pickup head 1 Master tape tracking
c) Record head I Slave tape tracking
E) Recombine picture and color information
F) Provide sufficient drive for the record head.
The basic block diagram of the system is shown in Figure 4.5.
18
-- ------------------·'' --- ------------------.:
u
•'
0
r:i
'
'
0 :
u
ci
:
:
:'
!
i~
I!
~
.
1.()
"<:!'
~
H
r:....
~
i
--- __________________ l:
~
H
0
~
u
0
o-J
co
ffiE-<
[/)
><
[/)
19
4. 4 BRIEF DISCRIPTION OF EACH BrOCK
VIDEO PICKUP HEAD:
Converts the magnetic video field on tape into an
electronic signal.
LUMINANCE FILTER:
Separates the picture information.
CHROMINANCE FILTER:
Separates the color information.
LUMINANCE AMPILFIER:
Amplifies the picture information to a suitable level
so that it can drive the record head drivers.
CHROMINANCE AMPLIFIER:
Amplifies the color information to a suitable level
so that it can drive the record head drivers.
D.O.C.:
The drop out compensator is used to eliminate
temporary drop out of the signal due to a damaged or
dirty tape.
SUMMER:
Recombines the picture and color information.
DRIVER:
Drives the record head(s).
VIDEO RECORD HEAD:
Translates the video signal information into a
magnetic field.
--
·--.
----
_.
...:~-
---·---
20
AUDIO PICKUP HEAD:
Converts the magnetic audio field on tape into an
electronic signal.
AUDIO AMPLIFIER:
Amplifies the audio information to a suitable level
so that it can drive the record head drivers.
AUDIO DRIVER:
Drives the audio head(s).
AUDIO RECORD HEAD:
'
Translates the audio signal information into a
magnetic field.
CONTROL TRACK PICKUP HEAD:
The pickup head converts the magnetic control field
on tape into an electronic signal.
CONTROL PULSE AMPLIFIER:
Amplifies and shapes the control signal for servo
circuits.
CONTROL TRACK RECORD HEAD:
Translates the control signal into a magnetic field.
The video and color filters bandlimit their respective signals
before amplification, as well as reducing the possibility of
interference.
The amplifiers provide sufficient gain such that the
signals can be recombined at the mixer and passed to the head
driver.
CHAPTER 5
CIRCUIT DESIGN
This chapter will develop circuits for a 5-fold increase in
duplicating speed with the assumption that the signal from the head
is present after the speed increase and has no distortion.
The designs offered in this chapter are generic in nature, and
limited to the luminance and chrominance sections.
The design of a
complete system would be beyond the scope of this paper.
5.1
FILTER DESIGN:
The filters are needed to provide bandlimiting and reduced
interference.
Let's start by developing the specifications (specs)
for each filter followed by a complete design.
The specs include
center frequency (Fe)' bandwidth (B), passband attenuation (ap),
and stopband attenuation (as).
LUMINANCE FILTER:
5.1.1
We will use the results derived in the previous chapter to
determine the needed bandwidth and center frequency.
Fe new= K * Fe
= 5 * 5.0
MHZ
= 25.0
= 5 * 3.58 = 17.9
MHZ
MHZ
then
B
= 2 * Fm = 2 * 17.9 = 35.8
21
MHZ
22
In developing the specs for the lumdnance filter, one must
keep in mind that the signal is frequency modulated and thus is not
sensitive to amplitude variations.
the passband of the filter.
Thus we can tolerate ripple in
Based on this information, and wanting
to minimize the order of the filter, we choose to implement the
filtering function with an elliptic filter.
To complete the specification of the filter assume a
passband attenuation
=
Ot
p
= 1dB
and
stopband attenuation = as
= 50 dB
Figure 5.1 is a graphical representation of the specs.
50 DB 1 - - -
ltll
I
I
WSl =5
WS2 =611l. 2
WPl =7
WP2 =C
FIGURE 5.1
LUNINANCE FILTER SPECS
Based on this information we can begin the design of the
filter.
By knowing the passband limits as well as the low stopband
23
limit, we can select a high stopband limit such that the filter is
geometrically symetrical and thus easy to design using available
filter tables.
(See appendix for complete design.)
Figure 5.2
shows the complete filter.
It is important to note that some of the component values
may not be physically practical, and the filter may have to be
adjusted.
Since all of the variables are not known at this time,
we forgo this step.
5.1.2
CHROMINANCE FILTER:
It is very imortant that the picture and color information
remain in phase as they are being processed.
This means that the
time delay experienced by the signals, as they propagate through
the filters, must be equal.
To this end, we chose to use the same
filter structure and order for the color signal,
although the
color information is an AM signal the 1 dB ripple in the passband
is not a significant distortion factor.
As with the luminance filter, we developed the specs based on
the analysis done in the previous chapter.
Fe new= K
* Fe
= 5 * 0.5
B new = 2
MHZ = 2.5 MHZ
* B= 2 * 1
MHZ
=
2 MHZ
passband attenuation = ap = ldB
stopband attenuation = a s = 50 dB
In order to meet the delay and geometrical symetry
requirement, the filter specs are adjusted.
l?.lBPF
lB. l76PIF"
4.63LH
23Pf"
3.66Ui
FROM THE VIDEO l-EAD
TO VIDEO FM"LIFIER
TOTAL INDUCTANCE=
40.0UH
TOTAL INDUCTANCE
6B.B6S..H
I.
FIGURE 5.2
LUMINANCE FILTER
N
~
25
Using Equation 5.1 and the geometrical symetry formula, the
lower passband and stopband limits are adjusted to meet the delay
spec.
Qs
= ____
Equation 5.1
Equation 5.2
Figure 5.3 is a graphical representation of the specs.
5008-
1 DB
I
I
WS1 =1!1. 661
loP1 =1!1. 925
WS2 = 7
loP2 =5
FIGURE 5.3
CHROMINANCE FILTER SPEC
The design of the filter is similar to the luminance filter
(see appendix for the complete design), and the result is the
circuit of Figure 5.4.
<42.63Lti
FROM THE VIDEO HEAD
TO COLOR AMPLIFIER
TOT~
INDUCTANCE
=
298. BLti
TOT~
INDUCTANCE
505. 38U-t
FIGURE 5.4
CHROMINANCE FILTER
N
~
27
5.1.3
SIGNAL AMPILFIER:
A gain cell is well suited to the task of signal amplification
because of its wide bandwidth and adjustable gain.
The gain cell
achieves its wide band characteristic by amplifying signals in the
current, rather than the voltage, mode.
This technique eliminates
voltage swings across device parasitic capacitances and allows
signals with frequencies as high as the device Ft to be amplified.
Figure 5.5 shows a typical gain cell amplifier.
vee
VIN -
FIGURE 5.5
WIDE BAND AMPLIFIER(S)
28
The differential voltage is converted into a current and
amplified.
The output is converted back into a voltage by the load
resistors.
SIGNAL SUMMER:
5.1. 4
Figure 5.6 shows a simple signal summer and voltage-to-current
converter.
FIGURE 5.6
SIGNAL SUMMER AND HEAD DRIVER (8}
This circuit performs the task of summing the color and
picture information as well as converting the signal into a current
that drives a record head.
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
This thesis was undertaken to provide a solution to the
problem of low-volume, high-speed reproduction of video tapes.
The
material presented identifies the problem and outlines the existing
solutions as well as proposing an alternative.
In Chapter 2 the existing copying techniques of "Real-Time"
and "Contact Printing" were presented.
The processes involved in
each technique were outlined and the advantages and disadvantages
of each method were discussed.
In Chapter 3 the alternative of "High-Speed Transcription" was
developed.
The transcription process has been around for many
years and has been used successfully in the audio range.
This
thesis basically adopts such an approch to the video range.
Chapter 4 examined the effect speed increase has on the
recorded information.
It was demonstrated that the bandwidth of
the signal is directly related to the head-to-tape speed, and in
order to reproduce a tape without distortion, it is important to
maintain the necessary bandwidth.
By knowing the exact bandwidth,
it is also possible to bandlimit the system and reduce the problem
of noise.
Based on this analysis, a system (which was designed in
block diagram form) would be able to reproduce a tape at speeds
several times normal playback speed.
In Chapter 5 the video/color filters and amplifiers, as well
as the summer blocks of the system, were developed down to the
circuit level using a speed increase factor of five.
29
The analysis
30
presented in this paper indicates that the transcription method
could be a viable option for low-volume, high-speed reproduction of
video tapes provided that the following problems be solved:
1)
Mechanical drive and control; 2) Special pickup and record heads;
3) The effect of folded sidebands of high-order harmonics.
Since the material presented here assumes the signal is
present after a speed increase without distortion, the filter
circuits were designed in a cookbook fashion.
In a practical
system where the effects of the heads and rotary transformers are
present, these circuits may have to be modified.
The gain of the
amplifiers is another unknown factor and the main reason for the
choice of a gain cell.
The gain of such an amplifier is directly
proportional to its current sources, and can thus be adjusted.
An
additional factor in the choice of the circuit design was the fact
that with present analog arrays, the active portion of the circuit
could be placed on one chip to reduce cost and improve performance.
31
REFERENCES
(1)
Video Tape Recorders, Kybet, Harry
Howard ~v. Sams & Co., Indiana, 1975.
(2)
Television Broadcasting Tape Recording Systems, Ennes, Harold
Tab Books, l979.
(3)
Video Recording: Theory and Practice, Robinson, Joseph F.,
Focal Press LTD., London, 1975.
(4)
Magnetic Tape Recording, Spratt, H.G.M.,
D. Van Nostrand Company Inc., New Jersey, 1964.
(5)
Maintaining & Repairing Videocassette Recorders,
Goodman, Robert L,
Tab Books, 1983.
(6)
Communication Systems, Carlson, A. Bruce,
McGraw Hill, New York, 1968.
(7)
Handbook of Filter Synthesis, Zverev, Anatol I.,
John tviley & Sons Inc. , New York, 196 7.
(8)
Single Chip IC with Head Drivers & Pre-Amplifiers for Home VCR,
Kikuchi, Masafuni, et al,
IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, August 1983,
pp.
68- 70.
APPENDIX A
32
33
BASIC FM AND AM CONCEPTS AND HOW
THEY ARE USED IN VIDEO RECORDING
Recorded video signals consist of picture information, or
luminance, and color information, or chrominance.
Luminance is FM
modulated and recorded on tape while the chrominance is left in its
original AM form, but downconverted and recorded directly using the
FM signal for biasing.
We will begin our discussion by looking at
the FM signal and how it is used in video recording.
Next we will
turn our attention to the AM color signal and the technique used in
recording it.
A.l
BASIC FM THEORY
The simple FM modulator of Figure A.l will be used to
illustrate some FM fundamentals.
fm
"'-'
fc+ fd cos 21Tfmt
Oscillator
fc
FIGURE A.l
SIMPLE FM MODULATOR ( 3)
t----
34
The input signal, called the modulating frequency ( Fm),
controls the reactance circuit of an oscillator with a free running
frequency (Fe).
The system is assumed to be linear so that the
oscillator frequency deviation is proportional to the amplitude of
the input signal.
The output of the modulator can then be written
as:
A.l
where
Fd = maximum deviation of instantaneous frequency from
center frequency, and
Fm = frequency of the modulating signal
Figure A.2 illustrates the resulting waveform, with the modulated
signal advancing and retarding in phase with respect to an
unmodulated center frequency.
fm modulatin9 si9nal
fc unmodulated
centre frequency
modulated signal
FIGURE A.2
FM SIGNALS (3)
35
An important FM fundamental is the peak phase modulation of
the signal, also referred to as modulating index, e.
We can show
that the modulating index is equal to FctfFm .
Starting with the basic FM signal:
w= we + wd cos wT
m
W= de;dT
A.2
e = J wdT
A.4
A.3
A.S
I (wc + wd cos wmT) dT
wd/wm sin wT
= WT+
c
m
w~wm
of +/-
A.6
sin wmT is a sinusoidal modulation of weT reaching a maximum
w~wm
when sin wmT
= +/- 1.
A. 7
fd
fm
fd
FIGURE A. 3
MAXIMUM INSTANTANEOUS DEVIATION (3)
36
The importance of 8 will be more evident after a mathematical
examination of an FM signal.
Assume a sinusoidally frequency modulated signal:
e = E sin <PT
A.8
<P = weT + w&wm sin wmT
A.9
w&wm = e
A.lO
Then the FM signal can be writen as:
A.ll
or
e = E[sinwc Tcos(8sinwmT)+coswc Tsin(SsinwmT)]
A.12
We know
sin(8sinwmT)
2J 2n+l
= 2J 0 (8)sinwmT + 2J 3 (8)sin3wmT + 2J 5 (8)sin5wmT +
(8)sin(2n+l)wmT
A.13
and
cos(8sinwmT) = J 0 (8) + 2J 2 (8)cos2wmT + 2J 4 (8)cos4wmT +
2J 2n
(8)cos2nwmT
A.14
then
e = E[J 0 (8)sinwcT + 2J 1 (e)coswcTsinwmT + 2J 2 (e) sinwcTcos2wmT +
2J 3 (8)coswcTsin3wmT + ...
+ J 2n(8)sinwcTsin2nwmT + 2J 2n+l(8)coswcTsin(2n+l)wmT].A.15
We can further expand e
e
= E[J 0 (e)sinwc T] + J 1 (e) [sin(wc +~>m)T- sin(un-wm)T] +
J 2 (e)[sin(wc+2wm)T + sin(wc -2wm)T]
.
+ J 2n (8)[sin(wc +2nwm)T + sin(wc-2nwm)T] etc.
Fig A.4 shows e as a function of e for each sideband.
A.16
37
/ . F orsl-order s1debond
0.6-
Second-order Sideband
~
..
..,..
0
u
~
::>
..,
0
-0.2-
E
c
.
..,..
::>
-040
8
8
=
10
12
14
16
14
16
in radians
c.
E
..
Thord-order Sideband
0
>
..
0 4
~
a:
0.2-
0
-0 2
0
2
4
12
6
8
in radians
FIGURE A.4
BESSEL FUNCTIONS (3)
The above equation can also be represented as a spectral
distribution of sidebands, Figure A.5.
38
fd
-•1
fm
I
I
I
I
~ •4
fm
.. "II I. Ill
I
e
FIGURE A.5
SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION (5)
39
A.2
FM AS APPLIED TO VCRS
Deviation frequency and modulation index play an important
role in determining the significant sidebands for a recorded
signal.
The maximum deviation frequency in a video signal would
occur if the signal transits from peak-white to peak-black level.
For the worst case condition of 100% amplitude and 100%
saturated bars, the peak-to-peak sub-carrier amplitude is always
less than 0. 9 of the peak-to-peak change from sync tip to
peak-white Figure A.6.
FIGURE A.6
TYPICAL VIDEO SIGNAL (3)
Thus
peak-to-peak Fd
40
where
C
= peak white
A= sync tip
T /T
1
2
= pre-emphasis
Using Table A.l and Figure A.6 we can determine the modulation
index due to maximum deviation frequency and the color sub-carrier.
TABLE A .1 ( 3 )
Video Level
T.V. System
A
Sync Tip
625/50 Low Band
625/50 High Band
525/60 Low Band
525/60 Colour Low Band
525/60 High Band
Typical I' Format (Video -3·0 MHz)
Typical i' Cassette (Video -2·7 MHz)
625/50 Super High Band (9000)
4·95
7·16
4·28
5·50
7·06
3·5
3·0
9·0
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
B
Black Level
5·50
7·80
5·00
5·79
7·90
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
9·9 MHz
c
Peak White
6·80
9·30
6·80
6·50
10·0
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
S·5 MHz
4·2 MHz
12 MHz
41
T 1 •240
ns
Tz•600 ns
8 625Low band
T1•
53 ns
T 2 •160ns
Tz=
dB
~
0
V,
L
R
JwT2•1
.I...T tl
1
~~===--rn
10kHZ
FIGURE A.7
PRE-EMPHASIS CURVES ( 3)
For 525/60 Hz high band (color sub-carrier = 3.58 MHz)
Fd = [(10-7.06)/2]*0.9*(640/240)
A.l8
= 3.35 MHZ
then
e = FctfFm = 3.35/3.58 = 0.935 radians
53'
A.l9
This is the maximum value of the modulation index, and it
shows that the maximum energy is contained in the first order
sidebands.
The exclusion of higher order sidebands will cause
negligible distortion.
42
The FM signal can then be writen as:
e = E[J 0 (e)sinwcT] + J 0 (e)[sin(wc +wm)T- sin(wc -wm)T]
A.20
A. 3
BASIC AM SIGNAL
Figure A.8 shows a basic block diagram of an AM modulator.
Multiplier
FIGURE A.8
SIMPLE AM MODULATOR ( 6 )
x(t)
= is the baseband information
m = modulation index
Ac cos weT = carrier frequency
The output of the modulator can be writen as:
Xc (t) =Ac [l+mX(t)]cos wc T
43
or alternatively in the frequency domain:
X(f)
=
(A~2}[d(F-Fc}+d(F+Fc}]+(mA~2}[X(F-Fc)+X(F+Fc}]
A.22
Figure A.9 is a graphical representation of Equation A.22
Carrier
Lower
sideband
Uppi.!r
sideband
0
FIGURE A.9
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF AN AM SIGNAL ( 6)
A.4
BASIC COLOR RECORDING
Recording the color information is more complicated than
recording the picture information because of the high carrier
frequency (3.58 MHz).
To record this frequency the requirement for
head-to-tape speed would not be practical for home use VCRs.
To solve this problem, the color carrier is downconverted to a
frequency typically in the 500 to 800 KHz range and recorded below
the FM picture information.
The color information is recorded on
44
tape as an AM signal that uses the high frequency FM as its AC
bias.
Figure A.lO shows the block diagram of the color under
process.
VIDEO
IN°UT
3. 3 MHZ
4.7 MHZ
Y-fM
MODULATOR
RECORD
AMP
~
3
G
VIDEO
HEAC
767 kHz
CHRCMA
SEP
3.58 MHZ
FREO
CONV
r-.-
4.34 MHZ
4.34 MHZ
LOCAL
OSCILLATOR
FIGURE A.lO
COLOR UNDER PROCESS (1)
45
Figure A.ll shows how AC bias moves the signal into the linear
portion of the hysteresis curve so as to produce a better quality
recording with less noise.
FIGURE A.ll
AC BIAS USED HJ RECORDING ( 1)
46
Figure A.12 is a block diagram of a complete record chain in a
VCR.
VIDEO
INPUT
INPUT
AMP
LOW-PASS
FILTER
CLAMP
PRE- EMPHASIS
AGC
RECORD
AMP
c
HEAD
WHITE
AND
DARK CLIP
FM
MODULATOR
RECORD
AMP
c
HEAD
FIGURE A.12
COf1PLETE RECORD CHAIN ( 1 )
APPENDIX B
47
48
FILTER DESIGN AND SIMULATION
The design of the filter begins by adjusting the specs such
that the filter becomes geometrically symetrical
ws2.wsl
8.1
= wp2.wpl
where
ws2 = Upper Stopband Frequency
= Lower Stopband Frequency
wp2 = Upper Passband Frequency
wp2 = Lower Passband Frequency
wsl
then
ws2
=
8.2
(wp2.wpl)/wsl
Next we normalize the filter and use Table 8.1.
Qs = normalized stopband frequency
8.3
= (ws2-wsl)/(wp2-wpl)
Knowing the normalized frequency and the minimum attenuation,
we choose an entry that meets or exceeds our specs.
Finally we denormalize the filter elements using the following
transformation factors.
The capacitor becomes a parallel combination of an inductor
L = 1/[(Cnorm)*(w2 )J
and a capacitor
8.4
C = A * Cnorm
The
inductor
becomes
8.5
a
series
combination
of
an inductor
L =A * Lnorm
8.6
49
and a capacitor
c = 1/[(Lnorm)*(w2 )J
B.7
A= Qs/[2n (Fs2-Fs1)
B.8
w = [(2n)2 ]Fs1.Fs2
B.9
where
B.1
LUMINANCE FILTER:
The luminance filter is designed to meet the following specs.:
ws1 = 5
wp2 = 43
MHZ
MHZ
wp1
=
7
as
=
50 dB
Cl
= 1dB
p
MHZ
ws2 = (43 * 7)/5
=
60.2
Qs = (60.2-5)/(43-7) = 1.5333
from the table in Figure B.1 we choose
Qs = 1.5557
The folLowing are normalized element values
C1
= 0.46907
C4 = 0.38494
C2
= 0.0876 L2 = 1.0914 C3 = 1.19381
L4 = 1.03247
C5 = 1.12348
C6 = 0.34041
Using the denorrnalizing factors
A= 1.5557/[2n (60.2-5)*10 6 ] = 4.4855*10- 9
and
w1 2 = [(2n) 2 J(60.2*10 6 )*(5*10 6 )
1.1883*10 16
50
and assuming a 1000 ohm termination the denormalized element values
are:
C1 = 2.104 pF
11 = 40 uH
C2 = 17.179 pF
12 = 4.8987 uH
C3 = 0.39293 pF
13 = 214.17 uH
C4 = 5.355 pF
14 = 15.715 uH
CS = 18.176 pF
15 = 4.63 uH
C6 = 1. 73 pF
16
C7 = 5.04 pF
17 = 16.697 uH
c8
= 22.993 pF
48.644 uH
18 = 3.66 uH
C9 = 1.53 pF
19 = 55.03 uH
C10 = 1.24 pF
110 = 67.866 uH
CHROMINANCE FILTERS:
The chrominance filter is designed to meet the following specs.:
s2 = 7 MHZ
00
(A)p2 = 5 MHZ
exs = 50 dB
exp =ldB
In order for this filter to have the same delay response as the
luminance filter we adjust the lower stopband and passband
frequencies as follows.
Knowing Qs = (ws 2-ws 1 )/(wp 2-wp1 )
and
00s2* 00s1
= 00p2* 00p1
then
( 7-ws 1 )/( 5-wpl)
(7*wsl)
00
s1
=
1.5557
= (S*wpl)
=
0. 661 !'1Hz
(A)p1 = 0.9252 MHZ
51
Using the denormalizing factors
A= 1.5557/[2n (7-0.661)*10 6 ] = 3.906*10-8
and
14
w 2 = [(2n) 2 ](7*10 6 )*(0.661*10 6 ) = 1.8267*10
1
and assuming a 1000 ohm termination the denormalized element values
are:
C1
= 18.322
pF
L1 = 298.79 uH
C2 = 128.42 pF
L2
=
42.63 uH
C3 = 3.42 pF
L3
=
1. 5999 mH
C4 = 46.63 pF
L4 = 117.4 uH
C5 = 135.74 pF
L5 = 40.33 uH
C6 = 15.038 pF
L6 = 364.02 uH
C7
=
43.89 pF
L7
=
124.73 uH
c8 = 171.58 pF
L8 = 31.905 uH
C9 = 13.299 pF
L9
C10 = 10.832 pF
L10 = 505.38 uH
Chrominance Filter:
=
411.64
uH
52
TABLE B.l
I
n=7
r
p= 1%
9
.ll~
c
CD
IIJJ
12.0
llO
14.0
II.D
IU
17.0
11.0
I!.D
10.D
21JJ
27.0
llO
14.D
1\.D
Z6.D
27.0
1lD
29.0
30.0
31.D
32.0
1lO
34.0
JS.O
J6.D
3/.D
.lU
J!I.D
40.D
41.0
42.0
4lO
44.0
45.D
46.D
f/.0
48.D
49.0
50.0
11.0
Sl.O
SJ.D
5C.D
IS.D
16.0
57.0
')l.O
59.0
60.0
9
U40I
1.1117
U45C
4.1336
3.1631
3.6210
3.42113
3ll61
3.D716
2Jlll
2.7904
2.6691
Z.~3
1.4186
1.3661
2.2111
2.2027
1.1301
Z.~l
1.!XXIO
1.9416
IJill
1.1361
1.711.1
1.7U4
1.1013
1.6616
1.6243
1.1190
1.!657
1.1143
1.4941
1.4663
1.4396
1.4141
1Bl1
1.3673
IJ456
1.3150
IJIIS4
1.2161
1.1690
llSZI
1.2361
1.2:>01
1.2061
1.1914
1.1791
1.1666
1.15C7
Sls
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121.11
117.61
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109.41
101.67
101.14
911.79
91.61
92.11
89.6&
86.91
84.24
81.6&
79.21
76.&3
74.13
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10.14
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0.1976491
0.9037711
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0.9311119
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64.01
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13.10
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0.1116016
0.1699103
0.16&1461
0.16611n
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1~
1.2411
2.21l39
2.1606
2.1111
1.0116
.(12
.ll,
I.Oifo684
l.D1lt.A11
I.01518Sl
I.D156.l!9
I.DZ31010
I.D2'l8699
I.DJI6431
I.03JSZOO
I.DJ5C964
I.DJ/1707
1.0391396
1.042f017
1.!1443503
1.11467112
1.0493019
1.0118964
I.D5CS641
1.0173011
1.0601037
1.()61'9611
1.0658809
1.06W56
I.D718Sl9
1.0743969
1.0119708
1.011061'9
1.01411109
1.0173020
1.0'304133
I.D93SJ61
1.0966311
I.D997011
1.1027341
1.1011212
1.1016514
I.II!Sill
1.1142971
1.116'!8'll
1.11911'13
1.1170SJO
1.1143974
1.11G6000
1.1116oll9
I.IJOS112
1.1311110
l.lll/005
1.1349741
1.1.360161
1.1368101
:::m:
{}5
a.
CD
5JI32
4.!301
4.5W
4ll67
3.9191
l.llll
3.5044
3JISZ
3.1463
2.!941
IJ\14
2.1lll
2.6199
2.5164
2.4114
1JJJ9
1.21Jl
1.1784
2.1090
1.11441
1.9144
1.9111
IJ/16
1.1264
1.7101
1.1366
1.5917
1.6571
1.6206
1.1861
15137
I.S12'1
l.f'l37
1.4660
U3';7
1.4147
IJ910
1.)615
IJ410
IJ1f.6
I.JOn
1.21&7
1.2711
1.25CJ
1.2313
12130
~~
1.1946
US II
1.1689
n,.
{}5
{}6
O~ZII
0.5166151
0.5MOI!I2
0.5811102
0.~1661
0.5816SZI
0.590'1138
0.5941341
05983.191
0.6013941
0.6067043
0.611Z7S7
0.6161111
0.6112291
0.61f.6151
0.63WI6
0.638m9
0.6445811
0.6511943
0.6581174
0.6613961
0.6130114
0.6809866
0.6a9JD
0.6~77
0.10111101
0.7167111
0.7166611
0.7310606
0.7419071
0.1192241
0.7110171
0.71lll15
0.1'!61118
OJ091106
OJ234J84
OJJ/9117
OJ530094
0.&686971
o.-
0.9019'.>19
03191617
0.9318111
03561690
0.9763811
6ml
6.1151
5.6511
1.1564
4.91l'l0
4.6011
0]14
4.0991
18116!
16915
3.SZI6
3J616
3.2214
3.0911
1.9707
1JI96
Z.I!U.
1.6611
1.S71'l
1.4903
1.4llZ
1J410
1.27ll
1.2096
1.1491
1.0933
1.D400
1.'!8'l6
1.9418
1..1966
IJill
IJ11'l
1.7740
1./371
1.1019
1.66113
1.6361
1.6016
1.1763
1.~1
1.1071'!113
l.SZI3
1.1916
1.4709
1.4413
1.4111
1.4017
1..1817
1.3616
IJ4l1
!Jill
n5
n6
0~
1.011651'9
lnl91'lZO
1.0611666
I~
53
TABLE B.l (continued)
K2
8
c
11.0
11.0
13.0
14.0
11.0
16.0
17.0
11.0
19.0
10.0
11.0
11.0
13.0
14.0
11.0
16.0
17.0
11.0
19.0
30.0
li.O
31.0
ll.O
JC.O
li.O
36.0
31.0
li.O
39.0
40.0
41.0
41.0
<l.O
cl
0.~
0.~11
0.52989
O.!>ZI'J1
0~7111
0~76
0.52516
o~m
O.S12!1
051146
0.51991
0.11&30
0.11659
O.Sical
051191
O.SIO'JC
0.10!17
0.50671
0.10445
0.10111!1
0.49964
0.4!701
0.C')C41
O.C!IIili
O.QIIll
0.~
0.4&'11!1
0.41'941
0.4161)
0.471$7
0.46901
c2
L2
O.OOll
O.ro593
0.00101
O.DttJI
0.00'366
0.01111
0.01156
O.OICJJ
0.01610
0.011'!9
0.019!11
0.11110'.1
omm
O.D1S61
0.111913
0.43171
0.43443
0.43711
O.OCOll
0.0Cll6
O.OCiiliO
O.OC!J9'l
O.IJ!il51
I.II!
1.17180
1.11163
1.11036
1.16na
1.16710
1.161!10
1.16410
1.16139
1.16041
1.11&44
1.11630
1.11404
1.11161
1.14911
1.14617
1.14l8C
1.14091
1.13800
I.IJCI'l
1.13llili
l.lllll
1.11471
1.1211l
1.11734
1.11341
I.ID9Jl
1.10509
1.10069
1.09613
I.D9140
l.ll8610
I.DII41
1.07613
1.07066
J.D6491
l.o1901
l.ol296
I.DC659
1.03997
I.OJJOI
1.02519
1.01139
1.01055
1.00134
0.99371
0.91465
0.97501
o.osm
O.D6104
O.D6104
c!l
1.~
1.'4m
I.Cl90l
1.43411
1.0)19
1.4ZSX
1.4199'1
1.41439
1.40&11
1.40117
1..39!66
I..JS!I6l
I.JIIJC
IJ7373
IJWI
IJIISO
IJQ90
l.ll996
I.Jl069
l.l111l'l
IJIII6
l.lOil'JO
ll'lllll
1.21'!39
1..16111
031419
0.94i11
8
Ll
Lz
Cz
L;,
S6.C
57.0
18.0
~.0
0.~~
0.091116
0.10114
0.11189
0.11911
0.141ll
O.ISJCa
O.llili17
0.11'!75
O.I!J94
0..10117
021459
0.24114
0~57
L4
6G.O
1~0
0~1
0.29627
OJI6Iili
O.Jl819
OJ6091
O.JI49C
0.41037
0.4lll2
0.46591
O.<!Kl2
052170
0.16325
0.60021
0.63913
0.61143
0.12&36
0.77106
OJJZOI
O.llOIJ
0.46141
0.45747
0.41331
0.44900
0.44413
OA.l919
0.43501
0.4l01l'J
0.411!10
0.41952
0.41l9l
0.40112
0.40101
0..39!.1'!
O.JI914
O.JIW
OJ75Jl
0..361!0
0..36017
45.0
16.0
11.0
41.0
<9.0
10.0
51.0
12.0
53.0
14.0
0~
0.07157
0.0801!
0.27693
1.2U61
1.13241
1.21990
1.10102
1.19311
1.180211
l.llili43
1.15111
l.ll114
1.11191
1.10717
1.09131
1.07613
1.06043
1.04401
1.111731
1.011119
0.9!1197
037137
0.91749
0.93933
0.9111!11
0.90111
OJ8Jl6
0.86411
u.o
O.OOll
0.01366
O.D1813
O.Oll13
O.OJ866
o.ousz
O.CMIC
O.OS761
I~
O.D6910
O.Oil5l
0.01114
0.01211
0.01160
O.D'Il!il
O.D91'!6
0.10346
0.10911
O.IISI4
0.12135
0.12111
0.13456
0.14159
0.14fi4
0.11661
0.16464
0.1130!>
0.11136
0.19113
0.20011
0.21111
021100
Olll51
0.21576
0.~
c..
o.~sz3
1.02S06
1.10439
1.m~9
1.11891
IJ9115
1.51338
= 1.0
L"'
1.51XX>
I.C&l66
1.45&16
1.((911
I.UIII
1.43251
1.41325
I.CilCI
L40m
1..39191
l.l8040
l..l6&25
IJSII3
IJ4m
l.l1131
1Jil96
1.19198
l.lllCI
1.16731
1.21073
1.23311
1.215&3
1.19151
1.17111
1.15941
1.13919
c"'
1.~
1.43511 •
1.43011
1.41cct
1.41129
1.41167
1.40460
1..39711
1.3191!
IJQI
IJIIO'l
1..36291
IJSJJI
IJ4ll'J
l.llJIM
IJ11ll
IJill!
1..1'9!174
1.111'!3
cc
OJOOJO
0.01941
O.lll~
O.lll7l9
0.03190
O.Dl61'!
O.OC106
O.OC77C
0~
O.D6Qll
O.D6711
0.01469
O.D1116
O.D90!13
O.D9!11l
0.10924
0.11!22
0.11980
0.14099
1.2~11
0.1~
1.26319
1..11011
1.2313.1
1.22391
1.21031
I.I!Kll
0.6!MS1
0.66144
0.63561
0.611536
0.57461
0.14361
0.51219
0.41046
1.11210
1.16110
l.llllO
l.l.ll41
I.IZlCI
1.10141
I.D9l22
1.01196
I.D61!i5
l.OC734
I.Dl104
1.01611
1.00169
0.!18613
031199
0.95751
034ll'J
0.91967
031646
O.!IO.liC
o.nl!3
OJIOI4
Q.l7013
0.16176
OJ5oll3
0.16131
0.178lili
0.19111
0.10759
Ollll6
OlQ!I
0.21771
0.27659
0.2965&
OJI710
OJCOCI
O..l6CIO
0.39011
0.41710
0.44113
0.471169
051151
054!14
05AS7
0.63125
0.61116
0.111'!1
0.71301
OJ43l4
0.90970
O.!IUJO
I.D64l6
1.15509
1.21614
IJ7164
1.10101
c4
L~
L6
1.11911
I.D9&30
1.01688
I.OSC93
1.43247
l.oo910
0.986Ql
0.96104
033155
031255
0.!8106
OA6106
OJ3451
Ul759
0.78011
0.15216
o.nm
L&
c7
1.11'!
0~
umz
1.144ll
1.14061
l.ll414
1.111'!7
l.llVM
l.lll47
1.11!514
I.D9711
l.liiiiJI
1.01'!01
I.D6'l11
i.oi!IOI
I.DC341
1.43731
I.D1174
I.Oilll
1.00116
0.5S!l4
11.)1497
0.96114
0~1
0.93115
0.91691
0.90131
OJISJI
0..!6831
OJI117
OJJC49
OJIIilil
0.1'!144
0.71'!11
0.16061
0.74117
0.71125
0.70093
0.!.1020
o.£5909
0.63760
o.£1574
0.59351
051094
054104
0~111
0.50130
0.41711
0.4~5
0.41911
~·=
c6
0.51141
O.SICOC
O.Sio.JJ
0.10616
0.501!10
O.C!nl
0.4!111
O.UKc
O.CII30
0.41~
0.46!101
0.46141
0.41144
O.cctl1
O.CCOC5
o.cm
O.C1C01
0.41Sll
0.10609
0..39611
O.JIIilil
OJ7616
0..36149
OJS419
OJ41!il
OJJOSI
OJ! I'll
0.30491
0.29136
0.27711
0.16154
0.24743
0.23164
0.21511
0.19114
0.11031
0.161!10
0.11154
0.11111
0.10164
0.01!11
0.0!>693
0.8.J301
0.001'94
-0.01139
~.OC607
-0.07515
-0.10606
"".13369
-0.11331
L7
54
@ '
TABLE B.l (continued)
o~I--4---I__._I_1..__0
3
I
~
i
1
Kl:: ao
cl
~~bM
0.2511
0.25!13
0.2531
0.2511
O.Z411
0.2461
0.2436
O.Z401
0.2311
0.2)45
0.2311
0.2216
0.2231
O.Zl99
0.2151
0.2114
0.2061
0.2020
0.1910
0.1911
0.11&3
0.1116
0.1146
0.1114
0.1611
0.1510
0.1419
0.1404
O.ll16
0.1245
0.1160
0.1010
o.0911
o.oao
o.om
Q.0610
O.D551
0.0.39
o.OJ14
0.01&3
O.D044
-0.0102
-0.0251
-0.0420
-O.D594
-0.0110
-O.D911
-0.1119
-0.141S
Lt
Cz
0.000000
0.!1096
0.0115
o.om
Lz
C:s
0./36355
1.068843
1.04.11
I.Qllll
1.(1!21
1.0110
1.0201
1.0141
I.DOll
0.!996
0.9911
Q.9!33
0.9145
0.9651
0.1~
0.1231
O.llllll
0.11&3
0.1156
0.1111
0.1096
O.lor.J
0.1018
0.6991
U95.l
0.0151
0.0111
O.DZOI
.0.0235
O.DI65
0.0291
0.0331
O.Dlfil
0.D4(16
O.D441
O.D491
O.D531
OBI69
11.6115
Ulll
o.osn
um
O.DIIll
0.11691
0.0149
O.DIIIO
O.DII14
O.D942
0.1014
0.1090
0.1110
O.llSS
0.1:145
0.1440
O.lloll
0.1641
0.1161
0.1111
0.2009
0.2146
0.2291
0.2441
Ol!il3
0.2191
0.291J
O.Jl90
0.3413
O.J6lol
O.J916
0.4202
G.4514
0.4156
0jz)4
0.5652
0.6111
0.6640
L2
um
U617
0.6614
U569
0.6511
0.6-151
Q.6ll9
0.6.114
Ulll
Ulll
G.6116
0.6011
Qj965
o.san
~
Qjll9
0.5631
0.5loll
Q.loiQ
G.Sl51
Q.5252
QjllO
Q.l044
0.4936
0.4823
0.41011
0.4518
0.4465
0.4ll9
0.4lllll
0.4013
O.J9l4
Cl.JI'JO
O.J642
0.3419
c2
0~5
0~
0.9)41
0.9131
0.9121
0.9001
0.!1111
OJI41
OJ613
OJ413
OJJZ9
OJ119
Om14
0.1864
0.1691
0.1516
0.1:141
0.1163
0.6911
0.6113
0.6561
0.6351
Ul29
0.5196
0.5652
O.SJ'JI
0.5121
0.1143
0.4loll
0.4219
0.3871
0.3495
O.J0112
Olli21
0.2104
0.1501
0.01104
0.0050
L:s
c.
0.000000
0.0181
a.om
a.om
O.OC61
O.D531
O.D609
0.11693
0.0181
0.01111
O.D911
0.1091
0.1109
O.lll5
0.1469
0.1613
0.1166
0.1929
0.2103
0.2189
0.2488
0.2101
0.29JO
O.JII5
O.J4JI
o.Jm
0.1018
0.4360
0.1120
Ojlll
Qj5J'j
0.6009
0.6525
0./098
0.1134
OJ441
0.!249
1.0160
1.1201
1.2102
l.JIOZ
Jj,i5Z
1.1421
1.911!i
UIJ6
2.6-110
l.l114
3.1211
1.5631
·~~~
L4
L4
1.211161
1.2346
1.1&
1.2111
1.2081
1.1911!
1.1111
1.1155
1.1632
1.1102
1.1365
1.1111
1.1011
I.D91J
1.0141
l.D516
l.Dl91
1.0212
1.0019
0.9820
0.9611
0.9400
0.!110
OJ9!13
OJII9
OJ41'l
OJ131
0.1911
0./116
0./449
G.llll
0.6"->
OH.OII
0.&315
0.6016
QjiiZ
Oj,i01
0.5081
0.1167
0.4444
0.4111
O.J137
0.3456
O.Ji25
0.2196
0.1469
0.2149
0.1136
O.ISJI
O.IZSO
O.D9&3
c.
c~
1.39).188
1..!610
l.J~
l.JS38
1.3415
1.34011
l.JJ36
i.J260
i.J119
IJO!U
1~
1.2911
1.2115
1.2114
1.2!>01
1.2499
1.2316
1.2210
1.2110
1.2011
1.1900
1.1110
1.1631
!.I !OJ
1.1365
1.1225
1.10113
l.D940
1.0~
1.11649
l.DSOZ
c6
0.000000
O.OifiG
0.0190
0.0111
0.0260
0.0199
0.0:141
O.G386
O.G4)4
um
OMS~
L.,
c.,
0.0!139
O.D5'lfi
0.11656
0.0119
0.0116
O.DI56
O.D9JO
0.1001
0.10111
: :112
0.1260
0.1351
0.1441
O.lloll
0.1651
0.1119
0.1111
0.1919
0.2111
0.2238
0.2369
l.DJ~
o.r.,or;
0.2641
0.2196
0.!395
0.!1!0
0.!176
0.!086
0.9013
OJ'l62
0.1938
0.1941
0.!004
0.!111
O.!lll
0.9613
l.D061
L~
1.4049
1.1012
I.J910
1.3916
1.381')
1.3811
I.Jill
1..!651
l.J594
I.J5ll
1.3419
l.JJII
I.Jlll
l.Jlll
l.Jl51
1.3069
1.2932
1.2191
1.2100
1.2105
llloOII
1.25011
1.2105
1.2299
1.2191
1.20111
1.1961
1.1151
1.11)4
1.1613
1.1490
1.1364
l.lZlS
1.1101
1.0961
1.01111
1.0636
l.OSJI
1.0316
1.0111
1.0063
0.9191
0.9109
0.9516
UJIO
0.!101!1
0.!1141
0.15a
0.!298
0~
1.0210
l.D066
0.9924
0.9111
0-'649
0~11
L6
l:m9'>!
o.mo
O.JIIO
O.J216
0.3410
OJ6JO
O.Jil9
D.4011
OA221
0.4441
0.4613
0.1911
0.5111
Oj,IS9
OjiU
O.fi0'36
0.6466
C7
T.lm9J
LJ'l05
1.1111
1.1115
LJ~9
1.1111
1.1111
1.111!2
1.1111
1.1~9
l.il35
1.1110
1.1114
1.1651
1.1&2'1
1.1100
1.1569
1.1!131
1.1501
1.1411
1.106
1.1400
l.ll6J
1.1.125
1.1114
1.1246
1.1201
1.1162
1.1119
1.1015
1.1112!
l.D91l
1JIIJ6
l.GBU
1.0139
UIIN
l.Dnl
I.G611
i.D631
l.LISII
l.D511
l.Dt61
l.DIIZ
1~
lmK
I.DZll
Ulll
1..0119
I.e!
IU999
Cl.99J!
L7
0>-------1--I~I--o
10 ._
_., ~
a~~I~~I--~1----o
2
4
I
55
SIMULATION RESULTS
56
*******21-FEB-87 *******
SPICE 2G.5 (10AUG81)
*******12:37:08*****
BPF CIRCUIT
INPUT LISTING
****
TEMPERATURE=
27.000 DEG C
***********************************************************************
.WIDTH OUT=80
VIN 11 0 AC 0.1V
RI 11 1 1K
C1 1 0 2.104PF
L1 1 0 40.0UH
L2
C2
L3
C3
1
3
1
1
2
2
3
3
4.8987UH
17.179PF
214.17UH
.393PF
C4 3 0 5.355PF
L4 3 13 15.715UH
RX 13 0 .00010HM
C5
L5
L6
C6
5
3
5
5
4
4
3
3
18.176PF
4.63UH
48.644UH
1. 73PF
C7 5 0 5.04PF
L7 5 12 16.697UH
RY 12 0 0.00010HM
L8
c8
L9
C9
6
7
7
5
5
6
5
7
3.66UH
22.993PF
55.03UH
1.53PF
C10 7 0 1. 24PF
L10 7 14 68.866UH
RZ 14 0 0.00010HM
RO 7 0 1K .
. AC DEC 50 1MEG 100MEG
.PLOT AC VM(7)
.END
57
*******21-FEB-87 *******
SPICE 2G.5 (10AUG81)
*******12:37:08*****
BPF CIRaJIT
****
SMALL SIGNAL BIAS SOLUTION
TEMPERATURE=
27.000 DEG C
***********************************************************************
NODE
VOLTAGE
NODE
VOLTAGE
NODE
VOLTAGE
NODE
VOLTAGE
1)
0.0000
2)
0.0000
3)
0.0000
4)
0.0000
5)
0.0000
6)
0.0000
7)
0.0000
11)
0.0000
12)
0.0000
13)
0.0000
14)
0.0000
VOLTAGE SOURCE CURRENTS
NAME
CURRENT
VIN
0.0000+00
TOTAL POWER DISSIPATION
0.000+00
WATTS
58
*******21-FEB-87 *******
SPICE 2G.5 (10AUG81)
*******12:37:08*****
BPF CIRCUIT
TEMPERATURE=
AC ANALYSIS
****
27.000 DEG C
***********************************************************************
FREQ
VM(7)
1.000D-05
- - - -
1.0000+06 1.234D-04
1.0470+06 1.263D-04
1.0960+06 1.290D-04
1.1480+06 1.313D-04
1.2020+06 1.332D-04
1.2590+06 1.347D-04
1.3180+06 1.355D-04
1.3800+06 1.357D-04
1.4450+06 1.350D-04
1.5140+06 1.334D-04
1.5850+06 1.308D-04
1.6600+06 1.268D-04
1.7380+06 1.215D-04
1.8200+06 1.147D-04
1.9050+06 1.061D-04 •
1.9950+06 9.554D-05
2.0890+06 8.296D-05
2.1880+06 6.821D-05
2.2910+06 5.122D-05
2.3990+06 3.198D-05
2.5120+06 1.062D-05 *
2.6300+06 1.258D-05 *
2.7540+06 3.711D-05
2.8840+06 6.216D-05 •
3.0200+06 8.651D-05
3.1620+06 1.084D-04
3.3110+06 1.256D-04
3.4670+06 1.348D-04
3.6310+06 1.323D-04
3.8020+06 1.138D-04
3.9810+06 7.535D-05
4.1690+06 1.550D-05
*
4.3650+06 5.967D-05
4 .5110+06 1.253D-04
4.7860+06 1.120D-04
5.0120+06 1.532D-04
5.2480+06 1.089D-03
5.4950+06 3.707D-03
5.7540+06 1.042D-02
6.0260+06 2.519D-02
6.3100+06 4.276D-02
6.6070+06 4.915D-02
6.9180+06 4.996D-02
7.2440+06 5.000D-02
7.5860+06 5.000D-02
1.000D-04
-
1.000D-02
l.OOOD-01
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1.000D-03
------- - - --- - ------- - -
- -
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
59
7.9430+06
8.3180+06
8.7100+06
9.1200+06
9.5500+06
1.0000+07
1.0470+07
1.0960+07
1.1480+07
1.2020+07
1.2590+07
1.3180+07
1.3800+07
1.4450+07
1.5140+07
1.5850+07
1.6600+07
1.7380+07
1.8200+07
1.9050+07
1.9950+07
2.0890+07
2.1880+07
2.2910+07
2.3990+07
2.5120+07
2.6300+07
2.7540+07
2.8840+07
3.0200+07
3.1620+07
3.3110+07
3.4670+07
3.6310+07
3.8020+07
3.9810+07
4.1690+07
4.3650+07
4.5710+07
4.7860+07
5.0120+07
5.2480+07
5.4950+07
5.7540+07
6.0260+07
6.3100+07
6.6070+07
6.9180+07
7.2440+07
7.5860+07
7.9430+07
8.3180+07
8.7100+07
9.1200+07
9.5500+07
1.0000+08
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
S.OOOD-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
4.995D-02
4.898D-02
4.188D-02
2.390D-02
9.731D-03
3.424D-03
9.816D-04
1.187D-04
1.179D-04
1.213D-04
5.354D-05
2.075D-05
7.882D-05
1.155D-04
1.325D-04
1.339-D-04
1.240D-04
1.064D-04
8.435D-05
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
60
JOB CONCLUDED
TIME
ELAPSED
CPU
0: 0: 6. 75
0: 0: 7.49
TOTAL JOB TIME
PAGE
FAULTS
DIPECT
45
5
I/0
6.74
BUFFERED
I/0
1
61
*******21-FEB-87 *******
****
SPICE 2G.5 (10AUG81)
INPUT LISTING
*******12:37:08*****
TEMPERATURE
27.000 DEG C
***********************************************************************
*ERROR*:
.END CARD MISSING
62
*******22-FEB-87 *******
SPICE 2G.5 (10AUG81)
*******17:19:12*****
COLOR CIRCUIT
INPUT LISTING
****
TEMPERATURE=
27.000 DEG C
***********************************************************************
.WIDTH OUT=80
VIN 11 0 AC 0.1V
RI 11 1 1K
C1 1 0 18.322PF
L1 1 0 298.79UH
L2
C2
L3
C3
1
3
1
1
2
2
3
3
42.63UH
128.42PF
1.5999mH
3.42PF
C4 3 0 46.63PF
L4 3 13 117 . 4UH
RX 13 0 .00010HM
CS
LS
L6
C6
54
3 4
5 3
5 3
135.74PF
40.33UH
364.02UH
15.038PF
C7 5 0 43.89PF
L7 5 12 124.73UH
RY 12 0 0.00010HM
L8
C8
L9
C9
6
7
7
5
5
6
5
7
31.905UH
171.58PF
411.64UH
13.299PF
C10 7 0 10.832PF
L10 7 14 505.38UH
RZ 14 0 O.OOOlOHM
RO 7 0 1K
.AC DEC 50 .SMEG 10MEG
.PLOT AC VM(7)
.END
63
*******22-FEB-87 *******
SPICE 2G.5 (10AUG81)
*******17:19:12*****
COLOR CIRCUIT
SMALL SIGNAL BIAS SOLUTION
****
TEMPERATURE=
27.000 DEG C
***********************************************************************
NODE
VOLTAGE
NODE
VOLTAGE
NODE
VOLTAGE
NODE
VOLTAGE
1)
0.0000
2)
0.0000
3)
0.0000
4)
0. 0000
5)
0.0000
6)
0.0000
7)
0.0000
11)
0.0000
12)
0.0000
13)
0.0000
14)
0.0000
VOLTAGE SOURCE CURRENTS
NAME
VIN
CURRENT
0.0000+00
TOTAL POWER DISSIPATION
0.000+00
WATTS
64
*******22-FEB-87 *******
SPICE 2G.5 (10AUG81)
*******17:19:12*****
COLOR CTRCUIT
TEMPERATURE=
AC ANALYSIS
****
27.000 DEG C
***********************************************************************
FREQ
VM(7)
1.000D-06
5.0000+05
5.2360+05
5.4820+05
5.7410+05
6.0110+05
6.2950+05
6.5910+05
6.9020+05
7.2270+05
7.5680+05
7.9240+05
8.2980+05
8.6890+05
9.0990+05
9.5270+05
9.9760+05
1.0450+06
1.0940+06
1.1450+06
1.199D+06
1.2560+06
1.3150+06
1.377D+06
1.4420+06
1.5100+06
1.5810+06
1.6560+06
1. 7340+06
1.8150+06
1.9010+06
1.9910+06
2.0840+06
2.1830+06
2.2850+06
2.3930+06
2.5060+06
2.6240+06
2.7480+06
2.8770+06
3.0130+06
3.1550+06
3.3030+06
3.4590+06
3.6220+06
3.7930+06
2.634D-04
1.730D-04
5.395D-05
8.183D-05
1.960D-04
1.915D-04
1.562D-04
1.350D-03
4.495D-03
1.184D-02
2.590D-02
4.128D-02
4.810D-02
4.963D-02
4.989D-02
4.993D-02
4.995D-02
4.996D-02
4.997D-02
4.998D-02
4.999D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
S.OOOD-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
1.000D-04
1.0000+00
1.000D-02
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1.0000+02
65
3.972D+06
4.1590+06
4.3550+06
4.5600+06
4.7750+06
5.000D+06
5.2360+06
5.4820+06
5.7410+06
6.0110+06
6.2950+06
6.5910+06
6.902D+06
7.2270+06
7.5680+06
7.9240+06
8.2980+06
8.6890+06
9.0990+06
9.5270+06
9.9760+06
1.045D+07
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
5.000D-02
4.999D-02
4.998D-02
5.000D-02
4.984D-02
4.694D-02
3.243D-02
1.414D-02
5.046D-03
1.546D-03
2.998D-04
7.488D-05
1.253D-04
7.075D-05
2.367D-06
6.293D-05
1.027D-04
1.225D-04
1.260D-04
1.176D-04
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
JOB CONCLUDED
TIME
ELAPSED
CPU
0: 0: 4. 76
0: 0: 5.08
TOTAL JOB TIME
PAGE
FAULTS
DIRECT
47
3
I/0
4.75
BUFFERED
I/0
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
66
*******22-FEB-87 *******
****
SPICE 2G.5 (10AUG81)
INPUT LISTING
*******17:19:12*****
TEMPERA'lURE
27.000 DEG C
***********************************************************************
*ERROR*:
.END CARD MISSING