Women in the Labor Force:
A Databook
U.S. Department of Labor
Elaine L. Chao, Secretary
.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Philip L. Rones, Deputy Commissioner
September 2007
Report 1002
27
Contents
Page
Women in the Labor Force: A Databook ........................................................................................................................
Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................................
Highlights ..................................................................................................................................................................
Statistical Tables
1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2006 annual averages ...........
2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex,
1970-2006 annual averages ..............................................................................................................................
3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2006 annual averages .......................
4. Employment status by marital status and sex, 2006 annual averages ...............................................................
5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
March 2006 ......................................................................................................................................................
6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity, March 2006 .......................................................................................................................
7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, March 1975-2006 ..............................
8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 to 64 years of age by educational
attainment and sex, 2006 annual averages ......................................................................................................
9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex,
1970-2006 annual averages ..............................................................................................................................
10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2005-06 annual averages .....................................................
11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2006 annual averages ......................................................
12. Employed women by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
2006 annual averages .......................................................................................................................................
13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2005-06 annual averages ...................................................................
14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2006 annual averages ..........................................................
15. Employed women by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
2006 annual averages .......................................................................................................................................
16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race,
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979-2006 annual averages ..................................................................
17. Median usual weekly earnings of employed full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and over
by educational attainment and sex, 2006 annual averages ..............................................................................
18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2006 annual averages .......................................................................................................................................
19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by industry and sex,
2006 annual averages .......................................................................................................................................
20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2006 annual averages .....................................
21. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries by sex,
1976-2006 annual averages ..............................................................................................................................
22. Work experience of the population by sex and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970-2005 ..............
23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967-2005 .....................................................
24. Contribution of wives’ earnings to family income, 1970-2005 ...........................................................................
25. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987-2005 .....................................................................................
26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum
wage by selected characteristics, 2006 annual averages ................................................................................
27. Working poor: Poverty status of persons in the labor force for 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2005 ..................................................................................................................
28. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and contingent and noncontingent status,
February 2005 .................................................................................................................................................
29. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and alternative work arrangements,
February 2005 ..................................................................................................................................................
iii
1
1
1
4
7
10
12
13
15
18
21
22
26
28
35
36
39
45
46
48
50
58
59
63
64
65
67
68
69
71
73
74
Contents—Continued
Page
Statistical Tables— Continued
30. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, May 2004 ......................
31. Job-related work at home on primary job: All workers by marital status, presence and age of children,
sex, and pay status, May 2004 .......................................................................................................................
32. Displaced workers by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status in
January 2006 ...................................................................................................................................................
33. Labor force status of 2006 high school graduates and 2005-06 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old
by school enrollment and sex, October 2006 ..................................................................................................
34. Labor force status of persons 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment, sex, and educational attainment,
October 2006 ...................................................................................................................................................
35. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates by sex and race, May of selected years, 1970-2006,
not seasonally adjusted .................................................................................................................................
36. Unincorporated self-employed persons in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976-2006 annual averages ....
37. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population by age
and sex, 2006 annual averages .......................................................................................................................
38. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, 1983-2006 .........................
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
84
Technical Note ................................................................................................................................................................ 86
iv
Women in the Labor Force:
A Databook
T
of 4.1 percent in 2000, the unemployment rate in 2006
was low by historical standards. Unemployment rates for
women varied among the major race and Hispanic ethnicity groups in 2006. Asian women had the lowest rate (3.1
percent), followed by white (4.0 percent), Hispanic (5.9
percent), and black women (8.4 percent). (See tables 1,
2, and 3.)
Introduction
he past several decades have been marked by notable changes in women’s labor force activities compared to men’s, including increased labor force participation, employment growth in higher paying occupations,
and gains in real earnings. In 1970, about 43 percent of
women aged 16 and older were in the labor force; by the late
1990s, the labor force participation rate of women had risen
to 60 percent. Though still well above the rates that prevailed
throughout the 1970s, the 1980s, and much of the 1990s, the
participation rate for women has receded slightly since 1999,
to 59.4 percent in 2006. As women’s labor force participation has increased, so has their employment in higher paying
occupations. In 2006, half of all workers in management,
professional, and related occupations were women. Women’s
earnings relative to men’s also were substantially higher in
2006 than in previous decades. In 1979, among full-time
workers, women’s earnings were approximately 62 percent
of men’s; by 2006, the ratio had grown to about 81 percent.
The increased movement of women into the labor force and
into higher paying occupations has gone hand in hand with
their pursuit of higher education. For example, in 1970, just
over one-tenth of 25- to 64-year-old women in the labor
force had completed 4 or more years of college; by 2006,
one-third held at least a bachelor’s degree.
This report presents historical and current labor force
and earnings data for women and men from the Current
Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a national monthly
survey of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the
U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Unless otherwise noted, data are annual averages from the
CPS. Users should note that the comparisons of earnings in
this report are on a broad level and do not control for many
factors that can be significant in explaining earnings differences. For a detailed description of the source of the data
and an explanation of concepts and definitions used, see the
Technical Note at the end of this report.
• Since the early 1980s, women’s and men’s unemployment
rates have been roughly similar. In 2000, the jobless rates
for women and men were at 30-year lows—4.1 and 3.9
percent, respectively. The rates rose from 2000 to 2003
but have declined each year since. The unemployment
rates for women and men were the same in 2006 (4.6
percent). (See table 2.)
• From 1975 to 2000, the labor force participation rate
of mothers with children under age 18 rose from 47 to
73 percent. By 2004, the rate had receded to about 71
percent, where it remained through 2006. In general,
mothers with older children (6 to 17 years of age, none
younger) are more likely to participate in the labor force
than mothers with younger children (under 6 years of age).
Unmarried mothers have higher participation rates than
married mothers, 76.4 versus 68.4 percent, respectively.
(See tables 6 and 7.) (Data are from the Annual Social
and Economic Supplement to the CPS.)
• The educational attainment of women in the labor force
aged 25 to 64 rose substantially from 1970 to 2006.
One-third of these women held college degrees in 2006,
compared with about one-tenth in 1970. Only about 8
percent of women were high school dropouts in 2006,
down from 34 percent in 1970. (See table 9.)
• In 2006, women accounted for 50.6 percent of all per-
sons employed in management, professional, and related
occupations, somewhat more than their share of all employed workers (46.3 percent). The share of women in
specific occupations within this broad category varied.
For example, 7 percent of engineering managers and 33
percent of lawyers were women. In contrast, 91 percent
of registered nurses and 83 percent of social workers were
women. (See table 11.)
Highlights
• In 2006, approximately 59 percent of women were in the
labor force. The unemployment rate for women declined
to 4.6 percent in 2006, down half a percentage point from
a year earlier. Although higher than its most recent low
• Employed Asian women were more likely to work in the
higher paying (on average) management, professional,
and related occupations than employed white, black, or
Hispanic women (about 46 percent compared with 39, 31,
and 22 percent, respectively). Hispanic and black women
were more likely than white and Asian women to work
in service occupations (31 and 27 percent for Hispanic
and black women, respectively, compared to 19 percent
for both Asian and white women). (See table 12.)
and Economic Supplement to the CPS and refer to work
experience during the prior calendar year.)
• Both the wife and husband had earnings from work in
57 percent of married-couple families in 2005, up from
44 percent in 1967. Couples in which only the husband
worked represented 18 percent of married-couple families
in 2005, compared with 36 percent in 1967. (See table
23.) (These data were collected in the Annual Social and
Economic Supplement to the CPS and reflect earnings
and work experience of the prior calendar year.)
• By industry, women accounted for more than half of all
workers within financial activities, education and health
services, and leisure and hospitality in 2006. However,
women were substantially underrepresented (relative to
their share of total employment) in mining, construction,
manufacturing, and transportation and utilities. (See table
14.)
• In 2005, working wives’ contributions to family income
accounted for 35 percent (median) of their families’
incomes, up by about 8 percentage points from 1970,
when wives’ earnings accounted for 27 percent of their
families’ total incomes. The proportion of wives earning
more than their husbands also has grown. In 1987, 18
percent of working wives whose husbands also worked
earned more than their spouses; in 2005, the proportion
was 26 percent. (See tables 24 and 25.) (These data were
collected in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement
to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience of
the prior calendar year.)
• Women who worked full time in 2006 had median
weekly earnings of $600. This was 80.8 percent of the
$743 median weekly earnings of men. Earnings of Asian
and white women ($699 and $609, respectively) were
higher than the earnings of their black and Hispanic
counterparts ($519 and $440, respectively). Within race
groups, women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios were higher
among black and Hispanic women (87.8 and 87.1 percent,
respectively) than among white and Asian women (80.0
and 79.3 percent, respectively). (See table 16.)
• In 2006, about 1.1 million women workers paid at an
hourly rate had earnings at or below the prevailing Federal
minimum wage of $5.15 an hour. This was about 3 percent
of all women paid at an hourly rate. About half of these
women were aged 16 to 24. Among workers aged 25
years and older who were paid hourly rates, 1.8 percent
of women had earnings at or below the minimum wage,
twice the rate for men. (See table 26.)
• In 2006, female college graduates aged 25 and older
who worked full time earned about 81 percent more than
women with only a high school diploma. This difference
in earnings by education has increased sharply since 1979,
when female college graduates earned 43 percent more
than female high school graduates. (See table 17.)
• Among workers who were in the labor force for at least
27 weeks in 2005, women were slightly more likely than
men to live in poverty—6.1 percent versus 4.8 percent,
respectively. Of these women, blacks and Hispanics were
more than twice as likely as whites and Asians to live
below the poverty level. Poverty rates for women in the
labor force 27 weeks or more generally decline with age:
roughly 1 in 10 such women aged 16 to 24 lived below
the poverty level in 2005, compared with about 1 in 30
such women aged 45 and older. (See table 27.) (Data are
from the 2006 Annual Social and Economic Supplement
to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience of
the prior calendar year.)
• In 2006, approximately one-fourth of employed women
usually worked part time—fewer than 35 hours a week.
Comparatively, only about one-tenth of employed men
usually worked part time. For the past 10 years, the proportions of both employed women and men who usually
work part time has been relatively stable. (See table
20.)
• Women in nonagricultural industries worked an average
of 36.2 hours per week in 2006. The average workweek
for women has increased by about 2 hours since 1976.
Men’s average workweek (41.7 hours) remained relatively
unchanged over the same period. (See table 21.)
• About 15 percent of both women and men reported working at home at least once per week as part of their main
job in May 2004. Working at home was more common for
parents than for nonparents. Women were slightly more
likely than men to have a formal arrangement with their
employer to be paid for the work they did at home than
were men. While self-employment was fairly common
among those who worked at home, women who worked at
• Of all women who worked at some point during calendar year 2005, 6 in 10 worked full time and year round,
compared with about 4 in 10 in 1970. During the same
35-year period, the proportion of men who worked full
time and year round grew from 66 to 74 percent. (See
table 22.) (These data were collected in the Annual Social
home were less likely to be self-employed than were their
male counterparts; about 29 percent of women working at
home were self-employed versus 38 percent of men. (See
table 31.) (Data are from the May 2004 Work Schedules
supplement to the CPS.)
percent). (See table 34.) (Data are from the October 2005
School Enrollment supplement to the CPS.)
• During the last 5 years, the multiple jobholding rate for
women has hovered around 5.5 percent. The multiple
jobholding rate for men has been slightly lower, holding
at roughly 5.0 percent. (See table 35.) (Data were collected in the May CPS.)
• About 1.7 million women and 2.1 million men were displaced from a job between January 2003 and December
2005. Women who were displaced were roughly twice as
likely as men to have been out of the labor force at the
time of the survey in January 2006 (21 percent versus 13
percent). (See table 32.) (Data are from the January 2006
Displaced Worker supplement to the CPS.)
• Over the past 30 years, the percentage of working women
who were self-employed has increased slightly (from
4.4 percent in 1976 to 5.5 percent in 2006), while the
percentage of employed men who were self-employed
has edged down (from 8.4 percent in 1976 to 7.9 percent
in 2006). In 2006, about 38 percent of all self-employed
persons were women compared with only 27 percent in
1976. (See table 36.)
• Among 2006 high school graduates, young women and
young men were about equally likely to be enrolled in
college in October (66.0 and 65.5 percent, respectively).
(See table 33.) (Data are from the October 2006 School
Enrollment supplement to the CPS.)
• About 45 percent of women aged 16 to 24 who were
enrolled in either high school or college in October 2006
were in the labor force. Men enrolled in school had a
slightly lower labor force participation rate (41.1 percent).
Among those not enrolled in school, women were less
likely to be in the labor force than men (75.1 versus 87.9
percent). (See table 34.) (Data are from the October 2005
School Enrollment supplement to the CPS.)
• In 2006, foreign-born women were less likely to be in
the labor force than native-born women (55.3 versus 60.0
percent, respectively). Of those in the labor force, foreignborn and native-born women were about equally likely
to be unemployed (4.7 and 4.6 percent, respectively).
Among men, foreign-born men were more likely to be
in the labor force than native-born men (81.7 percent
versus 72.0 percent, respectively) and less likely to be
unemployed (3.5 percent versus 4.8 percent). (See table
37.)
• Among 16-to-24-year-old women who were not enrolled
in school, those who did not have a high school diploma
were significantly less likely to participate in the labor
force than those who had a high school diploma only
(52.9 versus 72.9 percent). The high school dropouts also
were twice as likely to be unemployed (25.9 versus 12.5
• About 12 percent of female wage and salary workers
were represented by unions in 2006, compared with about
14 percent of men. Union attachment for both sexes has
fallen since 1983, when unions represented 18 percent of
female wage and salary workers and nearly 28 percent of
men. (See table 38.)
Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2006
annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Age
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent of
population
Total
Unemployed
Percent of
population
Total
Not in
Percent of labor force
labor force
Total, both sexes
16 years and over ……...
228,815
151,428
66.2
144,427
63.1
7,001
4.6
77,387
16 to 19 years …….……
16,678
7,281
43.7
6,162
36.9
1,119
15.4
9,397
16 to 17 years………
9,089
2,952
32.5
2,444
26.9
509
17.2
6,136
18 to 19 years………
7,589
4,329
57.0
3,719
49.0
610
14.1
3,260
20 to 24 years………....
20,265
15,113
74.6
13,878
68.5
1,234
8.2
5,152
25 to 54 years……….… 124,884
103,566
82.9
99,672
79.8
3,894
3.8
21,318
25 to 34 years………
39,230
32,573
83.0
31,051
79.2
1,521
4.7
6,658
25 to 29 years……… 20,068
16,637
82.9
15,782
78.6
855
5.1
3,431
30 to 34 years……… 19,162
15,936
83.2
15,269
79.7
666
4.2
3,227
35 to 44 years………
42,753
35,848
83.8
34,569
80.9
1,279
3.6
6,905
35 to 39 years……… 20,654
17,274
83.6
16,647
80.6
628
3.6
3,380
40 to 44 years……… 22,099
18,573
84.0
17,923
81.1
651
3.5
3,525
45 to 54 years………
42,901
35,146
81.9
34,052
79.4
1,094
3.1
7,755
45 to 49 years…….
22,547
18,805
83.4
18,190
80.7
615
3.3
3,742
50 to 54 years……… 20,354
16,340
80.3
15,862
77.9
478
2.9
4,014
55 to 64 years…………
31,375
19,984
63.7
19,389
61.8
595
3.0
11,391
55 to 59 years………
17,974
12,945
72.0
12,551
69.8
395
3.0
5,029
60 to 64 years………
13,401
7,039
52.5
6,839
51.0
200
2.8
6,362
65 years and over…….
35,613
5,484
15.4
5,325
15.0
159
2.9
30,130
65 to 69 years………
10,293
2,981
29.0
2,891
28.1
89
3.0
7,312
70 to 74 years………
8,392
1,423
17.0
1,381
16.5
43
3.0
6,969
16,928
1,080
6.4
1,053
6.2
27
2.5
15,848
75 years and over……
4
Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2006
annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Age
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent of
population
Total
Unemployed
Percent of
population
Total
Not in
Percent of labor force
labor force
Women
16 years and over ……...
118,210
70,173
59.4
66,925
56.6
3,247
4.6
48,037
16 to 19 years …….……
8,218
3,588
43.7
3,091
37.6
496
13.8
4,631
16 to 17 years………
4,476
1,499
33.5
1,261
28.2
238
15.9
2,977
18 to 19 years………
3,742
2,089
55.8
1,830
48.9
258
12.4
1,654
20 to 24 years………....
10,074
6,997
69.5
6,467
64.2
530
7.6
3,077
25 to 54 years……….…
63,243
47,726
75.5
45,853
72.5
1,872
3.9
15,518
25 to 34 years………
19,662
14,628
74.4
13,917
70.8
711
4.9
5,034
25 to 29 years……… 10,015
7,532
75.2
7,134
71.2
398
5.3
2,483
30 to 34 years………
9,647
7,096
73.6
6,783
70.3
313
4.4
2,551
35 to 44 years………
21,671
16,441
75.9
15,804
72.9
637
3.9
5,230
35 to 39 years……… 10,450
7,791
74.6
7,481
71.6
310
4.0
2,660
40 to 44 years……… 11,221
8,651
77.1
8,324
74.2
327
3.8
2,570
45 to 54 years………
21,910
16,656
76.0
16,132
73.6
524
3.1
5,254
45 to 49 years…….
11,482
8,864
77.2
8,566
74.6
298
3.4
2,618
50 to 54 years……… 10,428
7,792
74.7
7,566
72.5
226
2.9
2,637
55 to 64 years…………
16,280
9,475
58.2
9,198
56.5
277
2.9
6,805
55 to 59 years………
9,267
6,182
66.7
6,001
64.8
181
2.9
3,085
60 to 64 years………
7,013
3,293
47.0
3,196
45.6
97
2.9
3,720
65 years and over…….
20,394
2,388
11.7
2,316
11.4
71
3.0
18,006
65 to 69 years………
5,501
1,332
24.2
1,295
23.5
37
2.8
4,169
70 to 74 years………
4,610
605
13.1
583
12.7
22
3.6
4,005
10,283
451
4.4
438
4.3
13
2.8
9,833
75 years and over……
5
Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2006
annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Age
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent of
population
Unemployed
Percent of
population
Total
Total
Not in
Percent of labor force
labor force
Men
16 years and over ……...
110,605
81,255
73.5
77,502
70.1
3,753
4.6
29,350
16 to 19 years …….……
8,459
3,693
43.7
3,071
36.3
622
16.9
4,766
16 to 17 years………
4,613
1,453
31.5
1,182
25.6
271
18.6
3,159
18 to 19 years………
3,846
2,240
58.2
1,888
49.1
352
15.7
1,606
20 to 24 years………....
10,191
8,116
79.6
7,412
72.7
705
8.7
2,075
25 to 54 years……….…
61,640
55,840
90.6
53,819
87.3
2,021
3.6
5,800
25 to 34 years………
19,568
17,944
91.7
17,134
87.6
810
4.5
1,624
25 to 29 years……… 10,052
9,105
90.6
8,648
86.0
457
5.0
948
30 to 34 years………
9,516
8,840
92.9
8,486
89.2
354
4.0
676
35 to 44 years………
21,082
19,407
92.1
18,765
89.0
642
3.3
1,675
35 to 39 years……… 10,204
9,484
92.9
9,166
89.8
318
3.3
720
40 to 44 years……… 10,878
9,923
91.2
9,599
88.2
324
3.3
955
45 to 54 years………
20,991
18,489
88.1
17,920
85.4
569
3.1
2,501
45 to 49 years…….
11,065
9,941
89.8
9,624
87.0
317
3.2
1,124
9,926
8,548
86.1
8,296
83.6
252
3.0
1,377
55 to 64 years…………
15,095
10,509
69.6
10,191
67.5
318
3.0
4,586
55 to 59 years………
8,707
6,763
77.7
6,549
75.2
214
3.2
1,944
60 to 64 years………
6,388
3,746
58.6
3,642
57.0
104
2.8
2,642
65 years and over…….
15,219
3,096
20.3
3,008
19.8
88
2.8
12,123
65 to 69 years………
4,792
1,648
34.4
1,596
33.3
52
3.2
3,144
70 to 74 years………
3,782
818
21.6
797
21.1
21
2.5
2,964
75 years and over……
6,645
630
9.5
615
9.3
14
2.3
6,015
50 to 54 years………
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
6
Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex,
1970-2006 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Year
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent of
population
Total
Unemployed
Percent of
population
Total
Percent of
labor force
Not in labor
force
Total, both sexes
1970…….……
1971…….……
1972 1………
1973 1………
1974…….……
1975…….……
1976…….……
1977…….……
1978 1….......
1979…………
137,085
140,216
144,126
147,096
150,120
153,153
156,150
159,033
161,910
164,863
82,771
84,382
87,034
89,429
91,949
93,775
96,158
99,009
102,251
104,962
60.4
60.2
60.4
60.8
61.3
61.2
61.6
62.3
63.2
63.7
78,678
79,367
82,153
85,064
86,794
85,846
88,752
92,017
96,048
98,824
57.5
56.6
57.0
57.8
57.8
56.1
56.8
57.9
59.3
59.9
4,093
5,016
4,882
4,365
5,156
7,929
7,406
6,991
6,202
6,137
4.9
5.9
5.6
4.9
5.6
8.5
7.7
7.1
6.1
5.8
54,315
55,834
57,091
57,667
58,171
59,377
59,991
60,025
59,659
59,900
1980…………
1981…...……
1982…...……
1983…...……
1984…...……
1985…...……
1986 1….......
1987…………
1988…...……
1989…………
167,745
170,130
172,271
174,215
176,383
178,206
180,587
182,753
184,613
186,393
106,940
108,670
110,204
111,550
113,544
115,461
117,834
119,865
121,669
123,869
63.8
63.9
64.0
64.0
64.4
64.8
65.3
65.6
65.9
66.5
99,303
100,397
99,526
100,834
105,005
107,150
109,597
112,440
114,968
117,342
59.2
59.0
57.8
57.9
59.5
60.1
60.7
61.5
62.3
63.0
7,637
8,273
10,678
10,717
8,539
8,312
8,237
7,425
6,701
6,528
7.1
7.6
9.7
9.6
7.5
7.2
7.0
6.2
5.5
5.3
60,806
61,460
62,067
62,665
62,839
62,744
62,752
62,888
62,944
62,523
1990 1….......
1991…...……
1992…...……
1993…...……
1994 1….......
1995…...……
1996…...……
1997 1….......
1998 1….......
1999 1….......
189,164
190,925
192,805
194,838
196,814
198,584
200,591
203,133
205,220
207,753
125,840
126,346
128,105
129,200
131,056
132,304
133,943
136,297
137,673
139,368
66.5
66.2
66.4
66.3
66.6
66.6
66.8
67.1
67.1
67.1
118,793
117,718
118,492
120,259
123,060
124,900
126,708
129,558
131,463
133,488
62.8
61.7
61.5
61.7
62.5
62.9
63.2
63.8
64.1
64.3
7,047
8,628
9,613
8,940
7,996
7,404
7,236
6,739
6,210
5,880
5.6
6.8
7.5
6.9
6.1
5.6
5.4
4.9
4.5
4.2
63,324
64,578
64,700
65,638
65,758
66,280
66,647
66,837
67,547
68,385
2000 1….......
2001 …………
2002 …………
2003 1….......
2004 1….......
2005…………
20061………
212,577
215,092
217,570
221,168
223,357
226,082
228,815
142,583
143,734
144,863
146,510
147,401
149,320
151,428
67.1
66.8
66.6
66.2
66.0
66.0
66.2
136,891
136,933
136,485
137,736
139,252
141,730
144,427
64.4
63.7
62.7
62.3
62.3
62.7
63.1
5,692
6,801
8,378
8,774
8,149
7,591
7,001
4.0
4.7
5.8
6.0
5.5
5.1
4.6
69,994
71,359
72,707
74,658
75,956
76,762
77,387
See footnotes at end of table.
7
Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex,
1970-2006 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Year
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Unemployed
Employed
Total
Percent of
population
Total
Percent of
population
Total
Percent of
labor force
Not in labor
force
Women
1970…….……
1971…….……
1972 1………
1973 1………
1974…….……
1975…….……
1976…….……
1977…….……
1978 1….......
1979…………
72,782
74,274
76,290
77,804
79,312
80,860
82,390
83,840
85,334
86,843
31,543
32,202
33,479
34,804
36,211
37,475
38,983
40,613
42,631
44,235
43.3
43.4
43.9
44.7
45.7
46.3
47.3
48.4
50.0
50.9
29,688
29,976
31,257
32,715
33,769
33,989
35,615
37,289
39,569
41,217
40.8
40.4
41.0
42.0
42.6
42.0
43.2
44.5
46.4
47.5
1,855
2,227
2,222
2,089
2,441
3,486
3,369
3,324
3,061
3,018
5.9
6.9
6.6
6.0
6.7
9.3
8.6
8.2
7.2
6.8
41,239
42,072
42,811
43,000
43,101
43,386
43,406
43,227
42,703
42,608
1980…………
1981…...……
1982…...……
1983…...……
1984…...……
1985…...……
1986 1….......
1987…………
1988…...……
1989…………
88,348
89,618
90,748
91,684
92,778
93,736
94,789
95,853
96,756
97,630
45,487
46,696
47,755
48,503
49,709
51,050
52,413
53,658
54,742
56,030
51.5
52.1
52.6
52.9
53.6
54.5
55.3
56.0
56.6
57.4
42,117
43,000
43,256
44,047
45,915
47,259
48,706
50,334
51,696
53,027
47.7
48.0
47.7
48.0
49.5
50.4
51.4
52.5
53.4
54.3
3,370
3,696
4,499
4,457
3,794
3,791
3,707
3,324
3,046
3,003
7.4
7.9
9.4
9.2
7.6
7.4
7.1
6.2
5.6
5.4
42,861
42,922
42,993
43,181
43,068
42,686
42,376
42,195
42,014
41,601
1990 1….......
1991…...……
1992…...……
1993…...……
1994 1….......
1995…...……
1996…...……
1997 1….......
1998 1….......
1999 1….......
98,787
99,646
100,535
101,506
102,460
103,406
104,385
105,418
106,462
108,031
56,829
57,178
58,141
58,795
60,239
60,944
61,857
63,036
63,714
64,855
57.5
57.4
57.8
57.9
58.8
58.9
59.3
59.8
59.8
60.0
53,689
53,496
54,052
54,910
56,610
57,523
58,501
59,873
60,771
62,042
54.3
53.7
53.8
54.1
55.3
55.6
56.0
56.8
57.1
57.4
3,140
3,683
4,090
3,885
3,629
3,421
3,356
3,162
2,944
2,814
5.5
6.4
7.0
6.6
6.0
5.6
5.4
5.0
4.6
4.3
41,957
42,468
42,394
42,711
42,221
42,462
42,528
42,382
42,748
43,175
2000 1….......
2001 …………
2002 …………
2003 1….......
2004 1….......
2005…………
20061………
110,613
111,811
112,985
114,733
115,647
116,931
118,210
66,303
66,848
67,363
68,272
68,421
69,288
70,173
59.9
59.8
59.6
59.5
59.2
59.3
59.4
63,586
63,737
63,582
64,404
64,728
65,757
66,925
57.5
57.0
56.3
56.1
56.0
56.2
56.6
2,717
3,111
3,781
3,868
3,694
3,531
3,247
4.1
4.7
5.6
5.7
5.4
5.1
4.6
44,310
44,962
45,621
46,461
47,225
47,643
48,037
See footnotes at end of table.
8
Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex,
1970-2006 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Year
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent of
population
Total
Unemployed
Percent of
population
Total
Percent of
labor force
Not in labor
force
Men
1970…….……
1971…….……
1972 1………
1973 1………
1974…….……
1975…….……
1976…….……
1977…….……
1978 1….......
1979…………
64,304
65,942
67,835
69,292
70,808
72,291
73,759
75,193
76,576
78,020
51,228
52,180
53,555
54,624
55,739
56,299
57,174
58,396
59,620
60,726
79.7
79.1
78.9
78.8
78.7
77.9
77.5
77.7
77.9
77.8
48,990
49,390
50,896
52,349
53,024
51,857
53,138
54,728
56,479
57,607
76.2
74.9
75.0
75.5
74.9
71.7
72.0
72.8
73.8
73.8
2,238
2,789
2,659
2,275
2,714
4,442
4,036
3,667
3,142
3,120
4.4
5.3
5.0
4.2
4.9
7.9
7.1
6.3
5.3
5.1
13,076
13,762
14,280
14,667
15,069
15,993
16,585
16,797
16,956
17,293
1980…………
1981…...……
1982…...……
1983…...……
1984…...……
1985…...……
1986 1….......
1987…………
1988…...……
1989…………
79,398
80,511
81,523
82,531
83,605
84,469
85,798
86,899
87,857
88,762
61,453
61,974
62,450
63,047
63,835
64,411
65,422
66,207
66,927
67,840
77.4
77.0
76.6
76.4
76.4
76.3
76.3
76.2
76.2
76.4
57,186
57,397
56,271
56,787
59,091
59,891
60,892
62,107
63,273
64,315
72.0
71.3
69.0
68.8
70.7
70.9
71.0
71.5
72.0
72.5
4,267
4,577
6,179
6,260
4,744
4,521
4,530
4,101
3,655
3,525
6.9
7.4
9.9
9.9
7.4
7.0
6.9
6.2
5.5
5.2
17,945
18,537
19,073
19,484
19,771
20,058
20,376
20,692
20,930
20,923
1990 1….......
1991…...……
1992…...……
1993…...……
1994 1….......
1995…...……
1996…...……
1997 1….......
1998 1….......
1999 1….......
90,377
91,278
92,270
93,332
94,355
95,178
96,206
97,715
98,758
99,722
69,011
69,168
69,964
70,404
70,817
71,360
72,087
73,261
73,959
74,512
76.4
75.8
75.8
75.4
75.1
75.0
74.9
75.0
74.9
74.7
65,104
64,223
64,440
65,349
66,450
67,377
68,207
69,685
70,693
71,446
72.0
70.4
69.8
70.0
70.4
70.8
70.9
71.3
71.6
71.6
3,906
4,946
5,523
5,055
4,367
3,983
3,880
3,577
3,266
3,066
5.7
7.2
7.9
7.2
6.2
5.6
5.4
4.9
4.4
4.1
21,367
22,110
22,306
22,927
23,538
23,818
24,119
24,454
24,799
25,210
2000 1….......
2001 …………
2002 …………
2003 1….......
2004 1….......
2005…………
20061………
101,964
103,282
104,585
106,435
107,710
109,151
110,605
76,280
76,886
77,500
78,238
78,980
80,033
81,255
74.8
74.4
74.1
73.5
73.3
73.3
73.5
73,305
73,196
72,903
73,332
74,524
75,973
77,502
71.9
70.9
69.7
68.9
69.2
69.6
70.1
2,975
3,690
4,597
4,906
4,456
4,059
3,753
3.9
4.8
5.9
6.3
5.6
5.1
4.6
25,684
26,396
27,085
28,197
28,730
29,119
29,350
1
and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical.
The comparability of historical labor force data has
been affected at various times by methodological and
conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey
(CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory
Notes and Estimates of Error section of Employment
SOURCE:
Current Population
Survey, U.S.
Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
9
Table 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2006 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Race, age, sex, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Employed
Total
Unemployed
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Not in
labor
force
White
Total, 16 years and over………….
16 to 19 years………………..……
20 to 24 years……………..………
25 to 54 years………………..……
55 to 64 years………………..……
65 years and over…………..……
186,264
12,856
15,848
100,105
26,486
30,968
123,834
6,009
12,128
83,761
17,132
4,805
66.5
46.7
76.5
83.7
64.7
15.5
118,833
5,215
11,296
81,000
16,652
4,670
63.8
40.6
71.3
80.9
62.9
15.1
5,002
794
832
2,761
480
135
4.0
13.2
6.9
3.3
2.8
2.8
62,429
6,847
3,720
16,344
9,355
26,163
Women, 16 years and over………
16 to 19 years………….....………
20 to 24 years…………….….……
25 to 54 years……………..………
55 to 64 years…………….....……
65 years and over…………....…
95,242
6,301
7,796
49,928
13,596
17,623
56,221
2,935
5,530
37,723
7,980
2,052
59.0
46.6
70.9
75.6
58.7
11.6
53,950
2,590
5,182
36,428
7,758
1,991
56.6
41.1
66.5
73.0
57.1
11.3
2,271
345
349
1,295
222
62
4.0
11.7
6.3
3.4
2.8
3.0
39,021
3,365
2,265
12,204
5,616
15,570
Men, 16 years and over………….
16 to 19 years…………….………
20 to 24 years…………………..…
25 to 54 years……………..………
55 to 64 years………………..……
65 years and over…………….…
91,021
6,555
8,052
50,178
12,891
13,346
67,613
3,074
6,597
46,038
9,152
2,753
74.3
46.9
81.9
91.7
71.0
20.6
64,883
2,625
6,114
44,572
8,893
2,680
71.3
40.0
75.9
88.8
69.0
20.1
2,730
449
483
1,466
259
73
4.0
14.6
7.3
3.2
2.8
2.7
23,408
3,481
1,455
4,140
3,739
10,593
27,007
2,565
2,851
15,428
3,137
3,027
17,314
871
1,960
12,330
1,739
414
64.1
34.0
68.8
79.9
55.4
13.7
15,765
618
1,643
11,451
1,659
394
58.4
24.1
57.6
74.2
52.9
13.0
1,549
253
318
878
81
19
8.9
29.1
16.2
7.1
4.6
4.7
9,693
1,694
890
3,098
1,398
2,613
Women, 16 years and over………
14,877
16 to 19 years…………………...
1,299
20 to 24 years…………………...
1,495
25 to 54 years…………………...
8,479
55 to 64 years…………………..… 1,747
65 years and over………………
1,857
9,186
462
989
6,553
963
218
61.7
35.6
66.2
77.3
55.1
11.8
8,410
343
839
6,094
925
210
56.5
26.4
56.1
71.9
52.9
11.3
775
120
150
459
38
8
8.4
25.9
15.2
7.0
3.9
3.7
5,691
837
506
1,926
784
1,639
Men, 16 years and over…………… 12,130
16 to 19 years………………...…
1,266
20 to 24 years………………...…
1,355
25 to 54 years…………………...
6,949
55 to 64 years…………………...
1,390
65 years and over………………
1,170
8,128
409
971
5,777
777
195
67.0
32.3
71.6
83.1
55.9
16.7
7,354
275
804
5,358
734
184
60.6
21.7
59.3
77.1
52.8
15.7
774
134
167
419
43
11
9.5
32.7
17.2
7.3
5.5
5.8
4,002
857
384
1,172
614
975
Black or African American
Total, 16 years and over………….
16 to 19 years…………………...
20 to 24 years………………...…
25 to 54 years………………...…
55 to 64 years…………………...
65 years and over………………
See footnotes at end of table.
10
10
Table 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2006 annual
averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Race, age, sex, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Unemployed
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent of
population
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Not in
labor
force
Asian
Total, 16 years and over………….
16 to 19 years………………….…
20 to 24 years…………………...
25 to 54 years…………………...
55 to 64 years………………...…
65 years and over…………….…
10,155
613
863
6,319
1,207
1,154
6,727
154
508
5,069
807
190
66.2
25.1
58.9
80.2
66.9
16.4
6,522
132
480
4,939
784
187
64.2
21.6
55.6
78.2
65.0
16.2
205
22
28
130
23
2
3.0
14.0
5.6
2.6
2.8
1.2
3,427
459
355
1,250
400
965
Women, 16 years and over………
16 to 19 years…………………...
20 to 24 years………………...…
25 to 54 years……………………
55 to 64 years……………...……
65 years and over……………..…
5,328
301
429
3,293
646
659
3,106
68
241
2,334
378
86
58.3
22.7
56.1
70.9
58.5
13.1
3,011
58
231
2,271
365
86
56.5
19.3
53.8
69.0
56.6
13.0
95
10
10
63
12
1
3.1
14.6
4.0
2.7
3.3
.6
2,222
233
189
959
268
572
Men, 16 years and over………….
16 to 19 years…………………...
20 to 24 years……………...……
25 to 54 years…………………...
55 to 64 years…………………...
65 years and over………………
4,827
311
433
3,026
561
495
3,621
86
267
2,735
429
103
75.0
27.5
61.7
90.4
76.6
20.8
3,511
74
249
2,668
419
101
72.7
23.7
57.4
88.2
74.7
20.5
110
12
19
67
10
2
3.0
13.6
7.0
2.5
2.4
1.7
1,206
226
166
290
131
392
30,103
2,796
3,603
18,840
2,516
2,347
20,694
1,071
2,681
15,083
1,490
369
68.7
38.3
74.4
80.1
59.2
15.7
19,613
900
2,487
14,430
1,441
354
65.2
32.2
69.0
76.6
57.3
15.1
1,081
170
194
653
49
14
5.2
15.9
7.2
4.3
3.3
3.9
9,409
1,725
922
3,757
1,026
1,978
Women, 16 years and over………
14,630
16 to 19 years……………………
1,368
20 to 24 years………………….…
1,688
8,910
25 to 54 years………………….…
55 to 64 years………………...…
1,313
1,351
65 years and over……………...…
8,206
471
1,035
5,907
652
141
56.1
34.4
61.3
66.3
49.7
10.4
7,725
404
951
5,603
632
135
52.8
29.5
56.4
62.9
48.2
10.0
480
67
84
304
20
6
5.9
14.1
8.1
5.1
3.1
4.2
6,424
897
652
3,004
660
1,210
15,473
1,428
1,916
9,930
1,204
996
12,488
600
1,646
9,177
838
228
80.7
42.0
85.9
92.4
69.6
22.9
11,887
496
1,535
8,828
809
220
76.8
34.8
80.1
88.9
67.2
22.0
601
104
110
349
29
8
4.8
17.3
6.7
3.8
3.5
3.7
2,985
828
270
754
366
768
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and over………….
16 to 19 years……………….……
20 to 24 years…………………...
25 to 54 years…………………...
55 to 64 years…………………...
65 years and over………………
Men, 16 years and over………….
16 to 19 years…………………...
20 to 24 years………………...…
25 to 54 years………………...…
55 to 64 years………………...…
65 years and over……………..…
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
11
Table 4. Employment status by marital status and sex, 2006 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Marital status and sex
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Unemployed
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Not in
labor
force
Total
Total, 16 years and over……… 228,815
Married, spouse present…… 120,327
Unmarried, total…………….. 108,487
Never married……………… 63,554
Other marital status………… 44,933
Divorced…………………… 22,675
Separated…………………
8,413
Widowed……………….…
13,845
151,428
83,156
68,272
43,447
24,825
16,235
5,849
2,741
66.2
69.1
62.9
68.4
55.2
71.6
69.5
19.8
144,427
80,972
63,455
39,884
23,570
15,464
5,480
2,626
63.1
67.3
58.5
62.8
52.5
68.2
65.1
19.0
7,001
2,183
4,817
3,563
1,254
771
369
115
4.6
2.6
7.1
8.2
5.1
4.7
6.3
4.2
77,387
37,172
40,216
20,107
20,108
6,440
2,564
11,105
Women
Total, 16 years and over……… 118,210
Married, spouse present……
59,576
Unmarried, total……….……… 58,634
Never married…………...…
29,624
Other marital status………… 29,010
Divorced…………………… 13,221
Separated…………………
4,635
Widowed………………….
11,154
70,173
36,314
33,858
19,474
14,385
9,323
2,965
2,097
59.4
61.0
57.7
65.7
49.6
70.5
64.0
18.8
66,925
35,272
31,653
17,978
13,675
8,915
2,750
2,010
56.6
59.2
54.0
60.7
47.1
67.4
59.3
18.0
3,247
1,042
2,205
1,496
709
408
215
87
4.6
2.9
6.5
7.7
4.9
4.4
7.2
4.1
48,037
23,262
24,775
10,150
14,626
3,898
1,670
9,058
Men
Total, 16 years and over……… 110,605
Married, spouse present……
60,751
Unmarried, total……………… 49,854
Never married……………… 33,931
Other marital status……….
15,923
Divorced……………………
9,454
Separated……………….…
3,778
Widowed………………….
2,691
81,255
46,842
34,413
23,974
10,440
6,912
2,884
644
73.5
77.1
69.0
70.7
65.6
73.1
76.3
23.9
77,502
45,700
31,802
21,907
9,895
6,549
2,730
616
70.1
75.2
63.8
64.6
62.1
69.3
72.3
22.9
3,753
1,142
2,612
2,067
545
363
154
28
4.6
2.4
7.6
8.6
5.2
5.3
5.3
4.3
29,350
13,910
15,440
9,957
5,483
2,542
894
2,047
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
2
12
Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
March 2006
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Characteristic
Total
Women, 16 years and over……………..
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Unemployed
Total
Percent of
labor force
Not
in
labor
force
117,814
69,401
58.9
66,168
4.7
48,413
26,009
15,579
10,430
5,842
43,392
70.6
76.9
63.0
59.9
53.6
24,728
14,949
9,779
5,458
41,440
56.2
67.2
73.7
59.1
56.0
51.2
3,233
36,823
20,271
16,552
9,753
80,991
1,281
630
651
384
1,952
4.9
4.0
6.2
6.6
4.5
10,814
4,693
6,122
3,911
37,599
Men, 16 years and over………………… 110,161
28,473
With children under 18 years old………
15,603
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
12,869
With children under 6 years old………
Under 3 years old……………………
7,690
With no children under 18 years old…… 81,688
80,267
26,816
14,543
12,273
7,333
53,451
72.9
94.2
93.2
95.4
95.4
65.4
75,979
25,959
14,094
11,865
7,098
50,021
69.0
91.2
90.3
92.2
92.3
61.2
4,287
857
449
408
235
3,431
5.3
3.2
3.1
3.3
3.2
6.4
29,894
1,657
1,060
597
357
28,237
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old………
Under 3 years old………………….…
With no children under 18 years old……
White
Women, 16 years and over………………
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old…….…
Under 3 years old……………………
With no children under 18 years old……
94,986
28,972
15,941
13,031
7,764
66,014
55,586
20,311
12,231
8,080
4,605
35,275
58.5
70.1
76.7
62.0
59.3
53.4
53,396
19,488
11,826
7,662
4,360
33,908
56.2
67.3
74.2
58.8
56.2
51.4
2,190
823
405
418
245
1,367
3.9
4.1
3.3
5.2
5.3
3.9
39,400
8,661
3,710
4,951
3,159
30,739
Men, 16 years and over…………………
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old………
Under 3 years old……………………
With no children under 18 years old……
90,642
23,907
13,077
10,830
6,494
66,735
66,854
22,722
12,323
10,399
6,255
44,132
73.8
95.0
94.2
96.0
96.3
66.1
63,770
22,059
11,974
10,085
6,070
41,711
70.4
92.3
91.6
93.1
93.5
62.5
3,084
663
349
314
185
2,421
4.6
2.9
2.8
3.0
3.0
5.5
23,788
1,185
755
430
239
22,603
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old………
Under 3 years old……………………
With no children under 18 years old……
14,807
5,118
2,897
2,221
1,220
9,689
9,122
3,895
2,318
1,577
808
5,227
61.6
76.1
80.0
71.0
66.2
53.9
8,280
3,508
2,125
1,383
692
4,773
55.9
68.5
73.4
62.3
56.7
49.3
841
387
194
194
116
454
9.2
9.9
8.3
12.3
14.4
8.7
5,685
1,223
578
644
412
4,463
Men, 16 years and over…………………
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old………
Under 3 years old…………………..…
With no children under 18 years old……
12,059
2,466
1,423
1,043
615
9,593
7,942
2,166
1,219
946
546
5,776
65.9
87.8
85.7
90.8
88.8
60.2
7,053
2,043
1,161
882
513
5,010
58.5
82.8
81.5
84.6
83.3
52.2
889
123
59
64
34
766
11.2
5.7
4.8
6.8
6.2
13.3
4,117
300
204
96
69
3,817
Black or African American
Women, 16 years and over……………..
See note at end of table.
3
13
Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
March 2006—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Characteristic
Asian
Women, 16 years and over………………
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Unemployed
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent of
labor force
3.4
Not
in
labor
force
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old………
Under 3 years old……………………
With no children under 18 years old……
5,261
1,765
956
809
476
3,496
3,091
1,175
688
487
271
1,916
58.8
66.6
72.0
60.2
56.8
54.8
2,986
1,135
671
464
257
1,851
56.8
64.3
70.2
57.4
53.9
53.0
105
40
17
23
14
65
3.4
2.5
4.7
5.1
3.4
2,169
590
268
322
206
1,579
Men, 16 years and over…………………
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old………
Under 3 years old……………………
With no children under 18 years old……
4,742
1,438
770
668
384
3,304
3,528
1,326
701
625
351
2,202
74.4
92.2
91.1
93.6
91.4
66.6
3,382
1,287
671
615
348
2,096
71.3
89.5
87.2
92.2
90.6
63.4
146
40
30
10
3
107
4.1
3.0
4.3
1.5
.8
4.8
1,214
112
69
43
33
1,102
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old………
Under 3 years old……………………
With no children under 18 years old……
14,484
6,515
3,200
3,315
1,954
7,969
8,028
3,941
2,218
1,723
940
4,086
55.4
60.5
69.3
52.0
48.1
51.3
7,522
3,669
2,080
1,589
861
3,853
51.9
56.3
65.0
47.9
44.1
48.4
505
273
138
134
79
233
6.3
6.9
6.2
7.8
8.4
5.7
6,456
2,574
982
1,592
1,014
3,882
Men, 16 years and over…………………
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old………
Under 3 years old……………………
With no children under 18 years old……
15,309
4,950
2,275
2,675
1,581
10,359
12,235
4,658
2,117
2,540
1,506
7,577
79.9
94.1
93.1
95.0
95.3
73.1
11,569
4,483
2,052
2,431
1,455
7,085
75.6
90.6
90.2
90.9
92.1
68.4
666
174
65
109
50
492
5.4
3.7
3.1
4.3
3.3
6.5
3,074
292
157
135
75
2,782
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Women, 16 years and over………………
NOTE: Children are "own children" and include sons, daughters,
stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces,
nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children.
Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African
American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are
not presented for all races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is
identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and,
therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as by race.
SOURCE: 2006 Annual Social and Economic Supplement,
Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics
4
14
Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity, March 2006
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Presence and age of children
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Unemployed
Not
in
labor
force
Total
Percent
of labor
force
3,233
1,281
630
651
384
1,952
4.7
4.9
4.0
6.2
6.6
4.5
48,413
10,814
4,693
6,122
3,911
37,599
1,007
574
300
274
159
434
2.8
3.2
2.8
3.7
3.8
2.4
23,284
8,365
3,520
4,845
3,085
14,920
2,226
708
331
377
226
1,519
6.7
8.9
6.8
12.3
13.8
6.0
25,128
2,450
1,173
1,277
826
22,679
2,190
823
405
418
245
1,367
3.9
4.1
3.3
5.2
5.3
3.9
39,400
8,661
3,710
4,951
3,159
30,739
800
456
229
227
125
344
2.6
3.0
2.5
3.7
3.5
2.2
20,317
7,170
2,999
4,171
2,650
13,147
1,390
367
176
191
120
1,023
5.6
7.1
5.4
10.1
11.6
5.2
19,084
1,492
712
780
509
17,592
Total, all marital statuses
Total, 16 years and over…………………………… 117,814
With children under 18 years old…………………
36,823
With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger… 20,271
With children under 6 years old…………………
16,552
9,753
With children under 3 years old…………………
With no children under 18 years old……………… 80,991
69,401
26,009
15,579
10,430
5,842
43,392
58.9
70.6
76.9
63.0
59.9
53.6
66,168
24,728
14,949
9,779
5,458
41,440
56.2
67.2
73.7
59.1
56.0
51.2
Total, married, spouse present
Total, 16 years and over……………………………
With children under 18 years old…………………
With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger…
With children under 6 years old…………………
With children under 3 years old…………………
With no children under 18 years old………………
59,476
26,432
14,221
12,211
7,295
33,044
36,192
18,067
10,702
7,366
4,209
18,124
60.9
68.4
75.3
60.3
57.7
54.8
35,185
17,494
10,402
7,092
4,050
17,691
59.2
66.2
73.1
58.1
55.5
53.5
Total, other marital statuses1
Total, 16 years and over……………………………
With children under 18 years old…………………
With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger…
With children under 6 years old…………………
With children under 3 years old…………………
With no children under 18 years old………………
58,338
10,391
6,050
4,341
2,459
47,947
33,209
7,942
4,877
3,064
1,633
25,268
56.9
76.4
80.6
70.6
66.4
52.7
30,983
7,234
4,547
2,687
1,407
23,749
53.1
69.6
75.2
61.9
57.2
49.5
White, all marital statuses
Total, 16 years and over……………………………
With children under 18 years old…………………
With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger…
With children under 6 years old…………………
With children under 3 years old…………………
With no children under 18 years old………………
94,986
28,972
15,941
13,031
7,764
66,014
55,586
20,311
12,231
8,080
4,605
35,275
58.5
70.1
76.7
62.0
59.3
53.4
53,396
19,488
11,826
7,662
4,360
33,908
56.2
67.3
74.2
58.8
56.2
51.4
White, married, spouse present
Total, 16 years and over……………………………
With children under 18 years old…………………
With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger…
With children under 6 years old…………………
With children under 3 years old…………………
With no children under 18 years old………………
51,184
22,348
11,991
10,358
6,217
28,836
30,867
15,179
8,992
6,187
3,567
15,689
60.3
67.9
75.0
59.7
57.4
54.4
30,067
14,722
8,763
5,959
3,442
15,345
58.7
65.9
73.1
57.5
55.4
53.2
White, other marital statuses 1
Total, 16 years and over……………………………
With children under 18 years old…………………
With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger…
With children under 6 years old…………………
With children under 3 years old…………………
With no children under 18 years old………………
43,802
6,624
3,950
2,674
1,547
37,178
24,718
5,132
3,239
1,894
1,038
19,586
See footnote at end of table.
5
15
56.4
77.5
82.0
70.8
67.1
52.7
23,328
4,766
3,063
1,703
918
18,563
53.3
71.9
77.5
63.7
59.3
49.9
Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity, March 2006—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Presence and age of children
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Unemployed
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Not
in
labor
force
Black or African American, all marital statuses
Total, 16 years and over……………………………
With children under 18 years old…………………
With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger…
With children under 6 years old…………………
With children under 3 years old…………………
With no children under 18 years old………………
14,807
5,118
2,897
2,221
1,220
9,689
9,122
3,895
2,318
1,577
808
5,227
61.6
76.1
80.0
71.0
66.2
53.9
8,280
3,508
2,125
1,383
692
4,773
55.9
68.5
73.4
62.3
56.7
49.3
841
387
194
194
116
454
9.2
9.9
8.3
12.3
14.4
8.7
5,685
1,223
578
644
412
4,463
Black or African American, married, spouse present
Total, 16 years and over……………………………
With children under 18 years old…………………
With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger…
With children under 6 years old…………………
With children under 3 years old…………………
With no children under 18 years old………………
4,101
1,983
1,149
835
485
2,118
2,785
1,527
939
588
318
1,257
67.9
77.0
81.8
70.4
65.6
59.4
2,654
1,451
888
563
298
1,202
64.7
73.2
77.3
67.5
61.4
56.8
131
76
51
25
20
55
4.7
5.0
5.5
4.2
6.4
4.4
1,317
456
209
247
167
861
710
311
142
169
96
399
11.2
13.1
10.3
17.1
19.6
10.1
4,369
766
369
398
245
3,602
105
40
17
23
14
65
3.4
3.4
2.5
4.7
5.1
3.4
2,169
590
268
322
206
1,579
64
36
16
20
11
28
3.4
3.5
2.8
4.5
4.8
3.2
1,213
532
233
299
190
682
41
4
1
3
3
37
3.4
2.5
.8
5.8
7.7
3.5
956
58
35
24
16
898
Black or African American, other marital statuses1
Total, 16 years and over……………………………
With children under 18 years old…………………
With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger…
With children under 6 years old…………………
With children under 3 years old…………………
With no children under 18 years old………………
10,706
3,134
1,748
1,386
734
7,571
6,337
2,368
1,379
989
490
3,969
59.2
75.5
78.9
71.3
66.7
52.4
5,627
2,057
1,237
820
394
3,570
52.6
65.6
70.8
59.1
53.6
47.2
Asian, all marital statuses
Total, 16 years and over……………………………
With children under 18 years old…………………
With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger…
With children under 6 years old…………………
With children under 3 years old…………………
With no children under 18 years old………………
5,261
1,765
956
809
476
3,496
3,091
1,175
688
487
271
1,916
58.8
66.6
72.0
60.2
56.8
54.8
2,986
1,135
671
464
257
1,851
56.8
64.3
70.2
57.4
53.9
53.0
Asian, married, spouse present
Total, 16 years and over……………………………
With children under 18 years old…………………
With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger…
With children under 6 years old…………………
With children under 3 years old…………………
With no children under 18 years old………………
3,097
1,546
814
732
425
1,551
1,884
1,015
581
434
235
869
60.8
65.6
71.4
59.2
55.3
56.0
1,820
979
565
414
224
841
58.8
63.3
69.4
56.6
52.7
54.2
Asian, other marital statuses1
Total, 16 years and over……………………………
With children under 18 years old…………………
With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger…
With children under 6 years old…………………
With children under 3 years old…………………
With no children under 18 years old………………
2,164
219
142
77
51
1,945
1,207
160
107
53
35
1,047
See footnote at end of table.
6
16
55.8
73.3
75.5
69.3
69.2
53.8
1,166
156
106
50
33
1,010
53.9
71.5
74.9
65.2
63.9
51.9
Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity, March 2006—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Presence and age of children
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Unemployed
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Not
in
labor
force
Hispanic or Latino, all marital statuses
Total, 16 years and over……………………………
With children under 18 years old…………………
With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger…
With children under 6 years old…………………
With children under 3 years old…………………
With no children under 18 years old………………
14,484
6,515
3,200
3,315
1,954
7,969
8,028
3,941
2,218
1,723
940
4,086
55.4
60.5
69.3
52.0
48.1
51.3
7,522
3,669
2,080
1,589
861
3,853
51.9
56.3
65.0
47.9
44.1
48.4
505
273
138
134
79
233
6.3
6.9
6.2
7.8
8.4
5.7
6,456
2,574
982
1,592
1,014
3,882
5.3
5.9
5.4
6.6
7.3
4.2
3,304
2,022
732
1,289
809
1,282
7.2
8.7
7.7
10.1
10.5
6.5
3,153
552
250
303
205
2,600
Hispanic or Latino, married, spouse present
Total, 16 years and over……………………………
With children under 18 years old…………………
With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger…
With children under 6 years old…………………
With children under 3 years old…………………
With no children under 18 years old………………
7,216
4,559
2,129
2,430
1,422
2,657
3,912
2,537
1,397
1,140
613
1,375
54.2
55.7
65.6
46.9
43.1
51.8
3,704
2,387
1,322
1,065
569
1,318
51.3
52.3
62.1
43.8
40.0
49.6
208
150
75
75
45
57
Hispanic or Latino, other marital statuses1
Total, 16 years and over……………………………
With children under 18 years old…………………
With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger…
With children under 6 years old…………………
With children under 3 years old…………………
With no children under 18 years old………………
7,268
1,957
1,071
885
531
5,311
4,116
1,404
821
583
327
2,711
56.6
71.8
76.7
65.8
61.5
51.0
3,818
1,282
758
524
292
2,536
52.5
65.5
70.8
59.2
55.0
47.7
298
122
63
59
34
176
1 1
for
all races.
In addition,
persons
whose
ethnicityis isidentified
identified as
as
Includes
never-married,
divorced,
separated,
and widowed
perraces.
In addition,
persons
whose
ethnicity
Includes
never-married,
divorced,
separated,
and widowed
Hispanic
Latino
maymay
be ofbe
anyofrace
therefore,
are classified
sons.
Hispanicoror
Latino
anyand,
race
and, therefore,
are
persons.
by
ethnicityby
asethnicity
well as by
race.as by race.
classified
as well
NOTE:
Children
are
“own
children”
and
include
sons,
daughNOTE: Children are "own children" and include sons, daughters,
SOURCE: 2006 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Curters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces,
SOURCE: 2006 Annual Social and Economic Supplement,
stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces,
rent Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of
nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children.
Current
Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S.
nephews,
grandchildren,
and
other
related
and
unrelated
children.
Labor
Statistics.
Details for the above race groups (white, black or African American,
Detail
for the
above
race
groupsbecause
(white, data
blackare
or African
American, Bureau of Labor Statistics
and
Asian)
do not
sum
to totals
not presented
and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all
7
17
Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, March 1975-2006
(Numbers in thousands)
With own children under age 18
Civilian labor force
Year
Total
With own children ages 6 to 17
Unemployed
Percent Employed
of
population
Civilian labor force
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Total
Unemployed
Percent Employed
of
population
Total
Percent
of labor
force
1975...……
1976...……
1977………
1978………
1979...……
14,616
15,073
15,669
16,385
16,883
47.4
48.8
50.8
53.0
54.5
13,069
13,725
14,276
15,142
15,624
1,548
1,346
1,393
1,242
1,259
11.0
8.9
8.9
7.6
7.7
8,917
9,388
10,040
10,401
10,646
54.9
56.2
58.3
60.0
61.6
8,218
8,769
9,389
9,845
10,030
700
621
650
556
615
7.9
6.6
6.5
5.3
5.8
1980………
1981...……
1982...……
1983...……
1984………
1985………
1986………
1987………
1988………
1989………
17,790
18,422
18,744
18,924
19,555
20,041
20,620
21,422
21,545
21,936
56.6
58.1
58.5
58.9
60.5
62.1
62.8
64.7
65.1
65.7
16,526
16,952
16,854
16,792
17,782
18,306
18,922
19,798
20,141
20,647
1,264
1,471
1,890
2,131
1,773
1,735
1,698
1,624
1,404
1,289
7.1
8.0
10.1
11.3
9.1
8.7
8.2
7.6
6.5
5.9
11,252
11,490
11,377
11,340
11,538
11,826
12,075
12,438
12,683
12,800
64.3
65.5
65.8
66.3
68.1
69.9
70.4
72.0
73.3
74.2
10,640
10,725
10,440
10,303
10,739
10,984
11,320
11,661
12,042
12,168
612
765
936
1,037
799
842
756
778
641
632
5.4
6.7
8.2
9.1
6.9
7.1
6.3
6.3
5.1
4.9
1990...……
1991...……
1992...……
1993………
1994………
1995………
1996………
1997………
1998...……
1999………
22,196
22,327
22,756
23,063
24,191
24,695
24,720
25,604
25,647
25,472
66.7
66.6
67.2
66.9
68.4
69.7
70.2
72.1
72.3
72.1
20,865
20,774
21,052
21,521
22,467
23,195
23,386
24,082
24,209
24,307
1,331
1,552
1,704
1,541
1,724
1,500
1,334
1,522
1,438
1,165
6.0
7.0
7.5
6.7
7.1
6.1
5.4
5.9
5.6
4.6
12,799
12,691
13,183
13,441
13,863
14,300
14,427
14,993
15,028
15,150
74.7
74.4
75.9
75.4
76.0
76.4
77.2
78.1
78.4
78.5
12,133
12,017
12,391
12,757
13,074
13,608
13,794
14,282
14,370
14,633
666
674
793
684
789
691
633
711
658
516
5.2
5.3
6.0
5.1
5.7
4.8
4.4
4.7
4.4
3.4
2000...……
2001...……
2002………
2003...……
2004………
2005………
2006...……
25,795
26,269
26,140
26,202
25,913
25,941
26,009
72.9
72.7
72.2
71.7
70.7
70.5
70.6
24,693
25,030
24,612
24,598
24,413
24,564
24,728
1,102
1,239
1,529
1,603
1,501
1,377
1,281
4.3
4.7
5.8
6.1
5.8
5.3
4.9
15,479
15,839
15,948
15,993
15,782
15,594
15,579
79.0
79.4
78.6
78.7
77.5
76.9
76.9
14,931
15,220
15,171
15,166
15,006
14,930
14,949
549
619
777
828
776
663
630
3.5
3.9
4.9
5.2
4.9
4.3
4.0
See note at end of table.
18
8
Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child,
March 1975-2006—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
With own children under age 6
Civilian labor force
Year
Total
With own children under age 3
Unemployed
Percent Employed
of
population
Civilian labor force
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Total
Unemployed
Percent Employed
of
population
Total
Percent
of labor
force
1975...……
1976...……
1977………
1978………
1979...……
5,699
5,684
5,629
5,983
6,238
39.0
40.1
41.2
44.0
45.7
4,851
4,957
4,887
5,297
5,594
848
727
742
687
644
14.9
12.8
13.2
11.5
10.3
2,824
2,702
2,795
3,179
3,380
34.3
34.1
35.4
39.4
41.1
2,326
2,285
2,371
2,768
2,979
500
418
424
411
401
17.7
15.5
15.2
12.9
11.9
1980………
1981...……
1982...……
1983...……
1984………
1985………
1986………
1987………
1988………
1989………
6,538
6,933
7,367
7,583
8,017
8,215
8,545
8,983
8,862
9,136
46.8
48.9
49.9
50.5
52.1
53.5
54.4
56.7
56.1
56.7
5,886
6,227
6,414
6,489
7,043
7,322
7,602
8,137
8,099
8,478
652
706
953
1,094
974
893
943
846
763
657
10.0
10.2
12.9
14.4
12.1
10.9
11.0
9.4
8.6
7.2
3,565
3,826
4,133
4,233
4,401
4,601
4,786
5,064
4,947
5,053
41.9
44.3
45.6
46.0
47.6
49.5
50.8
52.9
52.4
52.4
3,167
3,380
3,542
3,551
3,839
4,089
4,227
4,570
4,477
4,671
398
446
591
682
562
513
559
494
470
381
11.2
11.7
14.3
16.1
12.8
11.1
11.7
9.8
9.5
7.5
1990...……
1991...……
1992...……
1993………
1994………
1995………
1996………
1997………
1998...……
1999………
9,397
9,636
9,573
9,621
10,328
10,395
10,293
10,610
10,619
10,322
58.2
58.4
58.0
57.9
60.3
62.3
62.3
65.0
65.2
64.4
8,732
8,758
8,662
8,764
9,394
9,587
9,592
9,800
9,839
9,674
664
878
911
857
935
809
701
810
780
648
7.1
9.1
9.5
8.9
9.0
7.8
6.8
7.6
7.3
6.3
5,216
5,417
5,329
5,349
5,724
5,650
5,619
5,839
5,882
5,645
53.6
54.5
54.5
53.9
57.1
58.7
59.0
61.8
62.2
60.7
4,823
4,868
4,776
4,857
5,165
5,172
5,222
5,366
5,454
5,285
393
550
553
492
559
478
397
473
428
359
7.5
10.1
10.4
9.2
9.8
8.5
7.1
8.1
7.3
6.4
2000...……
2001...……
2002………
2003...……
2004………
2005………
2006...……
10,316
10,430
10,193
10,209
10,131
10,347
10,430
65.3
64.4
64.1
62.9
62.2
62.6
63.0
9,763
9,810
9,441
9,433
9,407
9,634
9,779
553
620
752
776
724
714
651
5.4
5.9
7.4
7.6
7.1
6.9
6.2
5,670
5,743
5,600
5,568
5,401
5,704
5,842
61.0
60.7
60.5
58.7
57.3
58.9
59.9
5,350
5,350
5,160
5,112
4,983
5,299
5,458
320
393
440
456
417
405
384
5.6
6.8
7.9
8.2
7.7
7.1
6.6
See note at end of table.
19
9
Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and
age of youngest child, March 1975-2006—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
With no own children under age 18
Civilian labor force
Year
Total
Unemployed
Percent Employed
of
population
Total
Percent
of labor
force
1975...……
1976...……
1977………
1978………
1979...……
22,365
23,327
24,385
25,362
26,962
45.1
45.7
46.4
47.0
48.6
20,381
21,389
22,348
23,631
25,285
1,984
1,938
2,037
1,731
1,677
8.9
8.3
8.4
6.8
6.2
1980………
1981...……
1982...……
1983...……
1984………
1985………
1986………
1987………
1988………
1989………
27,144
27,992
28,351
28,856
29,684
30,850
31,112
31,538
32,490
33,255
48.1
48.7
48.6
48.7
49.3
50.4
50.5
50.5
51.2
51.9
25,375
25,934
26,041
26,373
27,652
28,814
29,107
29,688
30,911
31,761
1,769
2,059
2,311
2,483
2,032
2,036
2,005
1,850
1,580
1,495
6.5
7.4
8.2
8.6
6.8
6.6
6.4
5.9
4.9
4.5
1990...……
1991...……
1992...……
1993………
1994………
1995………
1996………
1997………
1998...……
1999………
33,942
34,047
34,487
34,495
35,455
35,843
36,509
37,295
38,253
39,314
52.3
52.0
52.3
52.1
53.1
52.9
53.0
53.6
54.1
54.3
32,391
32,167
32,481
32,476
33,345
34,054
34,698
35,572
36,680
37,587
1,551
1,880
2,006
2,020
2,110
1,789
1,811
1,723
1,573
1,727
4.6
5.5
5.8
5.9
6.0
5.0
5.0
4.6
4.1
4.4
2000...……
2001...……
2002………
2003...……
2004………
2005………
2006...……
40,142
40,996
41,278
42,039
42,289
42,677
43,392
54.8
54.4
54.0
54.1
53.8
53.5
53.6
38,408
39,363
39,038
39,667
40,000
40,570
41,440
1,733
1,633
2,241
2,372
2,289
2,107
1,952
4.3
4.0
5.4
5.6
5.4
4.9
4.5
NOTE: "Own children" include sons, daughters, stepchildren,
and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews,
grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Data
for 1994 and subsequent years are not directly comparable with
data for 1993 and earlier years because of the introduction of a
major redesign of the Current Population Survey. Data for 2005
were revised to reflect corrections to survey sample weights.
SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements 19752006, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor,
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
20
20
Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 to 64 years of age by educational
attainment and sex, 2006 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Educational attainment and sex
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Unemployed
Not in
labor
force
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of labor
force
123,550
11,999
36,511
34,216
40,825
26,712
9,927
2,315
1,870
79.1
63.8
76.5
81.1
85.9
85.2
85.9
90.2
91.0
119,062
11,165
34,908
32,991
39,999
26,105
9,759
2,288
1,846
76.2
59.4
73.1
78.2
84.1
83.2
84.4
89.1
89.9
4,489
835
1,603
1,225
826
607
168
27
24
3.6
7.0
4.4
3.6
2.0
2.3
1.7
1.1
1.3
32,708
6,803
11,220
7,966
6,719
4,654
1,629
252
184
79,523
8,840
23,689
22,830
24,165
16,195
6,214
1,025
730
57,201
4,337
16,190
17,301
19,373
12,791
5,080
873
629
71.9
49.1
68.3
75.8
80.2
79.0
81.7
85.1
86.2
55,051
3,980
15,473
16,631
18,966
12,487
4,996
860
624
69.2
45.0
65.3
72.8
78.5
77.1
80.4
83.8
85.5
2,150
356
716
670
407
304
84
14
6
3.8
8.2
4.4
3.9
2.1
2.4
1.7
1.5
.9
22,323
4,503
7,499
5,529
4,792
3,405
1,134
152
101
76,735
9,962
24,042
19,353
23,379
15,171
5,342
1,542
1,324
66,350
7,662
20,321
16,915
21,451
13,922
4,847
1,442
1,241
86.5
76.9
84.5
87.4
91.8
91.8
90.7
93.5
93.7
64,011
7,184
19,434
16,360
21,033
13,619
4,763
1,429
1,222
83.4
72.1
80.8
84.5
90.0
89.8
89.2
92.7
92.3
2,339
478
887
555
419
303
84
13
18
3.5
6.2
4.4
3.3
2.0
2.2
1.7
.9
1.5
10,386
2,300
3,720
2,438
1,928
1,250
495
100
83
Total
Total
Total, 25 to 64 years………………...…… 156,259
Less than a high school diploma……… 18,802
High school graduates, no college 1…… 47,730
Some college or associate degree…… 42,182
College graduates, total……………….
47,544
Bachelor's degree……………………… 31,367
Master's degree………………………. 11,556
Professional degree…………………… 2,567
Doctoral degree………………………… 2,054
Women
Total, 25 to 64 years…………………….
Less than a high school diploma………
High school graduates, no college 1……
Some college or associate degree……
College graduates, total…………………
Bachelor's degree…………………….
Master's degree……………………….
Professional degree……………………
Doctoral degree…………………………
Men
Total, 25 to 64 years………………………
Less than a high school diploma………
High school graduates, no college 1……
Some college or associate degree……
College graduates, total…………………
Bachelor's degree…………………….
Master's degree…………………...……
Professional degree………………….
Doctoral degree…………………………
1
Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
2
21
Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by
educational attainment and sex, 1970-2006 annual averages
Percent distribution
Year
Civilian labor
force
(thousands)
High school
Total
Less than 4
years
College
4 years, no
college
1 to 3 years
4 years or
more
11.8
12.3
12.4
13.0
13.7
14.4
15.2
15.7
16.5
17.3
17.6
17.7
17.3
18.1
18.4
19.0
19.5
19.7
19.7
20.0
20.7
21.1
14.1
14.8
15.5
16.4
17.5
18.3
19.4
20.2
20.6
21.3
22.0
22.0
23.1
24.2
24.7
24.9
24.8
25.3
25.7
26.4
26.4
26.5
Total, both sexes
1
1970 …...………
1971…...………
1972…...………
1973…...………
1974…...………
1975…...………
1976…...………
1977…...………
1978…...………
1979…...………
1980…...………
1981…...………
1982…...………
1983……..........
1984……..........
1985…...………
1986…...………
1987…...………
1988……..........
1989…...………
1990……..........
1991…...………
61,765
62,344
63,704
64,775
66,527
67,774
69,243
71,324
73,504
75,781
78,010
80,273
81,516
83,615
86,001
88,424
90,500
92,966
94,870
97,318
99,175
100,480
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
36.1
34.5
33.3
30.9
29.3
27.5
25.8
24.9
23.7
21.8
20.6
19.7
18.8
17.8
16.7
15.9
15.5
14.9
14.7
14.0
13.4
13.0
38.1
38.4
38.8
39.7
39.5
39.7
39.6
39.2
39.2
39.5
39.8
40.6
40.8
39.9
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.2
39.9
39.6
39.5
39.4
Percent distribution
Year
Civilian labor
force
(thousands)
Total
Less than a
high school
diploma
High school
graduates,
no college 2
Some
college, no
degree, or
associate
degree
College
graduates
Total, both sexes
4
1992……………
1993…...………
1994…...………
1995……..........
1996…...………
1997……..........
1998……..........
1999…...………
2000…...………
2001…...………
2002…...………
2003……..........
2004…...………
2005……………
2006……………
103,018
104,237
105,610
107,032
108,932
110,945
111,932
113,095
115,750
116,893
118,028
119,621
120,135
121,752
123,550
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
12.1
11.3
10.8
10.4
10.6
10.6
10.5
10.0
10.1
10.1
10.0
9.9
9.7
9.8
9.7
See footnotes at end of table.
22
22
35.7
35.1
33.9
33.2
32.9
32.9
32.4
31.8
31.4
30.9
30.7
30.3
30.1
29.9
29.6
25.6
26.6
27.7
28.1
27.8
27.5
27.4
27.6
27.8
28.0
27.7
27.6
27.7
27.8
27.7
26.6
27.0
27.6
28.3
28.7
29.0
29.8
30.5
30.7
31.0
31.6
32.1
32.4
32.5
33.0
3
Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by
educational attainment and sex, 1970-2006 annual averages—Continued
Percent distribution
Year
Civilian labor
force
(thousands)
High school
Total
Less than 4
years
College
4 years, no
college
1 to 3 years
4 years or
more
10.9
11.9
11.8
12.4
13.4
13.9
14.7
15.2
16.1
17.1
17.4
17.9
18.3
18.8
18.9
19.9
20.3
20.7
21.2
20.9
21.9
22.2
11.2
11.8
12.4
13.3
14.6
14.1
16.2
16.9
17.0
17.8
18.7
18.6
19.5
20.9
21.7
22.0
22.2
22.8
23.1
24.3
24.5
25.2
Women
1
1970 …...………
1971…...………
1972…...………
1973…...………
1974…...………
1975…...………
1976…...………
1977…...………
1978…...………
1979…...………
1980…...………
1981…...………
1982…...………
1983……..........
1984……..........
1985…...………
1986…...………
1987…...………
1988……..........
1989…...………
1990……..........
1991…...………
22,462
22,804
23,606
24,158
25,203
26,146
27,166
28,369
29,738
31,151
32,593
33,910
34,870
35,712
37,234
38,779
39,767
41,105
42,254
43,650
44,699
45,315
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
33.5
32.2
30.7
28.4
26.7
26.5
24.0
22.8
22.0
20.1
18.4
17.4
16.6
15.6
14.5
13.7
13.2
12.5
12.4
11.9
11.3
10.9
44.3
44.2
45.1
45.9
45.3
45.5
45.1
45.1
44.9
45.0
45.4
46.1
45.6
44.8
44.9
44.4
44.3
44.0
43.3
42.9
42.4
41.6
Percent distribution
Year
Civilian labor
force
(thousands)
Total
Less than a High school
high school graduates, no
diploma
college 2
Some
college, no
degree, or
associate
degree
College
graduates 3
Women
4
1992……………
1993…...………
1994…...………
1995……..........
1996…...………
1997……..........
1998……..........
1999…...………
2000…...………
2001…...………
2002…...………
2003……..........
2004…...………
2005……………
2006……………
46,589
47,245
48,405
49,247
50,240
51,261
51,678
52,525
53,749
54,229
54,710
55,596
55,616
56,322
57,201
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
10.3
9.3
9.0
8.8
8.8
8.7
8.8
8.5
8.5
8.4
8.1
7.9
7.7
7.7
7.6
See footnotes at end of table.
23
23
37.4
36.6
35.0
34.1
33.6
33.5
32.7
32.1
31.6
31.0
30.6
30.0
29.4
28.7
28.3
27.3
28.4
29.8
30.2
29.9
29.4
29.4
29.5
29.8
30.2
29.9
29.9
30.2
30.2
30.2
25.0
25.7
26.2
26.9
27.8
28.4
29.2
29.9
30.1
30.4
31.3
32.2
32.6
33.3
33.9
Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by
educational attainment and sex, 1970-2006 annual averages—Continued
Percent distribution
Year
Civilian labor
force
(thousands)
High school
Total
Less than 4
years
College
4 years, no
college
1 to 3 years
4 years or
more
12.2
12.5
12.8
13.4
13.9
14.8
15.5
16.1
16.9
17.5
17.7
17.4
17.5
17.7
18.0
18.3
18.9
18.9
18.5
19.2
19.7
20.2
15.7
16.5
17.3
18.2
19.3
20.2
21.5
22.3
23.0
23.8
24.3
24.6
25.5
26.6
26.9
27.1
26.9
27.2
27.8
28.2
28.0
27.6
Men
1
1970 …...………
1971…...………
1972…...………
1973…...………
1974…...………
1975…...………
1976…...………
1977…...………
1978…...………
1979…...………
1980…...………
1981…...………
1982…...………
1983……..........
1984……..........
1985…...………
1986…...………
1987…...………
1988……..........
1989…...………
1990……..........
1991…...………
39,303
39,539
40,098
40,617
41,344
41,628
42,077
42,954
43,766
44,630
45,417
46,363
47,144
47,903
48,767
49,647
50,733
51,860
52,616
53,668
54,476
55,165
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
37.5
35.9
34.8
32.4
30.8
28.9
27.0
26.3
24.8
23.0
22.2
21.5
20.3
19.4
18.4
17.7
17.2
16.8
16.5
15.7
15.1
14.7
See footnotes at end of table.
Year
Civilian labor
force
(thousands)
34.5
35.1
35.1
36.0
36.0
36.1
36.0
35.3
35.3
35.7
35.7
36.5
36.8
36.3
36.7
36.9
37.0
37.1
37.3
36.9
37.2
37.5
Percent distribution
Total
Less than a High school
high school graduates, no
diploma
college 2
Some
college, no
degree, or
associate
degree
College
graduates 3
Men
4
1992……………
1993…...………
1994…...………
1995……..........
1996…...………
1997……..........
1998……..........
1999…...………
2000…...………
2001…...………
2002…...………
2003……..........
2004…...………
2005……………
2006……………
56,428
56,992
57,205
57,784
58,692
59,684
60,255
60,570
62,001
62,664
63,318
64,025
64,519
65,430
66,350
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
13.7
12.9
12.4
11.8
12.2
12.2
12.0
11.4
11.5
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.5
11.5
11.5
See footnotes at end of table.
24
24
34.2
33.9
33.0
32.4
32.3
32.4
32.1
31.6
31.2
30.9
30.8
30.6
30.7
30.9
30.6
24.3
25.1
25.9
26.3
26.1
25.9
25.6
26.0
26.1
26.2
25.8
25.6
25.6
25.7
25.5
27.8
28.1
28.8
29.4
29.4
29.6
30.3
31.0
31.2
31.4
31.8
32.1
32.3
31.9
32.3
1985…...………
49,647
100.0
17.7
36.9
18.3
1986…...………
50,733
100.0
17.2
37.0
18.9
1987…...………
51,860
100.0
16.8
37.1
18.9
1988……..........
52,616
100.0
16.5
37.3
18.5
1989…...………
53,668
100.0
15.7
36.9
19.2
Table
9. Percent distribution
of the
civilian labor
64 years of19.7
age by
1990……..........
54,476
100.0
15.1force 25 to
37.2
educational
attainment
1970-2006 annual
1991…...………
55,165and sex,100.0
14.7 averages—Continued
37.5
20.2
27.1
26.9
27.2
27.8
28.2
28.0
27.6
Percent distribution
Year
Civilian labor
force
(thousands)
Total
Less than a High school
high school graduates, no
diploma
college 2
Some
college, no
degree, or
associate
degree
College
graduates 3
Men
4
1992……………
1993…...………
1994…...………
1995……..........
1996…...………
1997……..........
1998……..........
1999…...………
2000…...………
2001…...………
2002…...………
2003……..........
2004…...………
2005……………
2006……………
56,428
56,992
57,205
57,784
58,692
59,684
60,255
60,570
62,001
62,664
63,318
64,025
64,519
65,430
66,350
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
13.7
12.9
12.4
11.8
12.2
12.2
12.0
11.4
11.5
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.5
11.5
11.5
1 See
34.2
33.9
33.0
32.4
32.3
32.4
32.1
31.6
31.2
30.9
30.8
30.6
30.7
30.9
30.6
24.3
25.1
25.9
26.3
26.1
25.9
25.6
26.0
26.1
26.2
25.8
25.6
25.6
25.7
25.5
27.8
28.1
28.8
29.4
29.4
29.6
30.3
31.0
31.2
31.4
31.8
32.1
32.3
31.9
32.3
at end ofare
table.
on the "highest diploma or degree received"
Datafootnotes
from 1970-1991
based on the March
rather than the "number of years of school
Current Population Survey.
2
completed."
Includes persons with a high school diploma
or equivalent.
3
Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, 24
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S.
professional, and doctoral degrees.
Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor
4
Beginning in 1992, data on educational
Statistics
attainment are annual averages and are based
25
Table 10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2005-06 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Year
Occupation and sex
2005
Number
2006
Percent
Number
Percent
100.0
144,427
100.0
34.7
14.4
20.3
16.3
25.4
11.6
13.8
10.8
.7
6.5
3.7
12.7
6.6
6.1
50,420
21,233
29,187
23,811
36,141
16,641
19,500
15,830
961
9,507
5,362
18,224
9,378
8,846
34.9
14.7
20.2
16.5
25.0
11.5
13.5
11.0
.7
6.6
3.7
12.6
6.5
6.1
100.0
37.9
13.2
24.6
20.2
34.6
12.3
22.4
1.1
.3
.4
.3
6.3
4.3
2.0
66,925
25,492
8,886
16,606
13,653
22,866
8,163
14,703
752
212
292
248
4,163
2,850
1,313
100.0
38.1
13.3
24.8
20.4
34.2
12.2
22.0
1.1
.3
.4
.4
6.2
4.3
2.0
Total
Total, 16 years and over…………….……………………………… 141,730
Management, professional, and related occupations ............................ 49,245
Management, business, and financial operations occupations .......... 20,450
Professional and related occupations ................................................ 28,795
Service occupations .............................................................................. 23,133
Sales and office occupations ................................................................
35,962
Sales and related occupations ........................................................... 16,433
Office and administrative support occupations ..................................
19,529
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ........... 15,348
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................................
976
Construction and extraction occupations ...........................................
9,145
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations .............................
5,226
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ..............
18,041
Production occupations ......................................................................
9,378
Transportation and material moving occupations ..............................
8,664
Women
Total, 16 years and over.………………………………………………
Management, professional, and related occupations ............................
Management, business, and financial operations occupations ..........
Professional and related occupations ................................................
Service occupations ..............................................................................
Sales and office occupations ................................................................
Sales and related occupations ...........................................................
Office and administrative support occupations ..................................
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ...........
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................................
Construction and extraction occupations ...........................................
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations .............................
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ..............
Production occupations ......................................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations ..............................
26
26
65,757
24,896
8,689
16,207
13,251
22,772
8,072
14,700
713
220
274
219
4,124
2,838
1,286
Table 10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2005-06 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Year
Occupation
2005
2006
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
75,973
100.0
77,502
100.0
24,349
11,761
12,588
9,882
13,190
8,362
4,829
14,635
756
8,871
5,008
13,917
6,540
7,377
32.0
15.5
16.6
13.0
17.4
11.0
6.4
19.3
1.0
11.7
6.6
18.3
8.6
9.7
24,928
12,347
12,581
10,159
13,275
8,478
4,797
15,079
750
9,216
5,114
14,061
6,529
7,533
32.2
15.9
16.2
13.1
17.1
10.9
6.2
19.5
1.0
11.9
6.6
18.1
8.4
9.7
Men
Total, 16 years and over.……………………………………………
Management, professional, and related occupations ............................
Management, business, and financial operations occupations ..........
Professional and related occupations ................................................
Service occupations ..............................................................................
Sales and office occupations ................................................................
Sales and related occupations ...........................................................
Office and administrative support occupations ..................................
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ...........
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................................
Construction and extraction occupations ...........................................
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations .............................
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ..............
Production occupations ......................................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations ..............................
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
27
27
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2006 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Percent
women
Total, 16 years and over……………………...……………………………………………………………
144,427
46.3
Management, professional, and related occupations..........................................................................
Management, business, and financial operations occupations........................................................
Management occupations.............................................................................................................
Chief executives.........................................................................................................................
General and operations managers............................................................................................
Advertising and promotions managers......................................................................................
Marketing and sales managers..................................................................................................
Administrative services managers.............................................................................................
Computer and information systems managers..........................................................................
Financial managers....................................................................................................................
Human resources managers......................................................................................................
Industrial production managers..................................................................................................
Purchasing managers................................................................................................................
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers..................................................................
Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers...........................................................................
Farmers and ranchers................................................................................................................
Construction managers..............................................................................................................
Education administrators...........................................................................................................
Engineering managers...............................................................................................................
Food service managers.............................................................................................................
Lodging managers.....................................................................................................................
Medical and health services managers......................................................................................
Property, real estate, and community association managers....................................................
Social and community service managers..................................................................................
Business and financial operations occupations............................................................................
Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products...................................................................
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products...............................................
Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators......................................................
Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health and safety, and transportation...
Cost estimators..........................................................................................................................
Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists........................................................
Management analysts................................................................................................................
Accountants and auditors..........................................................................................................
Appraisers and assessors of real estate....................................................................................
Budget analysts.........................................................................................................................
Financial analysts......................................................................................................................
Personal financial advisors........................................................................................................
Insurance underwriters..............................................................................................................
Loan counselors and officers.....................................................................................................
Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents........................................................................
Tax preparers.............................................................................................................................
Professional and related occupations...............................................................................................
Computer and mathematical occupations.....................................................................................
Computer scientists and systems analysts................................................................................
Computer programmers.............................................................................................................
Computer software engineers....................................................................................................
Computer support specialists.....................................................................................................
Database administrators............................................................................................................
Network and computer systems administrators.........................................................................
50,420
21,233
15,249
1,689
998
75
888
87
401
1,083
280
298
165
249
242
784
1,010
796
103
900
174
511
618
315
5,983
222
290
283
149
114
765
572
1,779
134
52
103
389
92
468
67
98
29,187
3,209
715
562
846
314
90
180
50.6
41.9
36.7
23.4
29.1
52.5
40.2
24.4
27.2
55.0
65.8
16.4
40.7
14.6
21.8
25.0
7.8
63.9
7.3
43.2
51.0
68.3
51.3
66.0
55.0
55.8
51.1
58.2
54.0
12.7
71.5
42.2
60.2
35.7
55.7
38.4
34.4
69.2
52.7
56.7
59.6
56.9
26.7
31.9
25.3
21.8
28.9
37.0
16.6
See note at end of table.
28
28
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2006 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Network systems and data communications analysts...............................................................
Operations research analysts....................................................................................................
Architecture and engineering occupations....................................................................................
Architects, except naval.............................................................................................................
Aerospace engineers.................................................................................................................
Chemical engineers...................................................................................................................
Civil engineers...........................................................................................................................
Computer hardware engineers..................................................................................................
Electrical and electronics engineers..........................................................................................
Industrial engineers, including health and safety.......................................................................
Mechanical engineers................................................................................................................
Drafters......................................................................................................................................
Engineering technicians, except drafters...................................................................................
Surveying and mapping technicians..........................................................................................
Life, physical, and social science occupations..............................................................................
Biological scientists....................................................................................................................
Medical scientists.......................................................................................................................
Chemists and materials scientists..............................................................................................
Environmental scientists and geoscientists...............................................................................
Market and survey researchers.................................................................................................
Psychologists.............................................................................................................................
Chemical technicians.................................................................................................................
Community and social services occupations.................................................................................
Counselors.................................................................................................................................
Social workers............................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous community and social service specialists...........................................................
Clergy.........................................................................................................................................
Legal occupations.........................................................................................................................
Lawyers......................................................................................................................................
Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers........................................................................
Paralegals and legal assistants.................................................................................................
Miscellaneous legal support workers.........................................................................................
Education, training, and library occupations..................................................................................
Postsecondary teachers............................................................................................................
Preschool and kindergarten teachers........................................................................................
Elementary and middle school teachers....................................................................................
Secondary school teachers........................................................................................................
Special education teachers........................................................................................................
Other teachers and instructors...................................................................................................
Librarians...................................................................................................................................
Teacher assistants.....................................................................................................................
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations........................................................
Artists and related workers........................................................................................................
Designers...................................................................................................................................
Producers and directors.............................................................................................................
Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers......................................................................
Musicians, singers, and related workers....................................................................................
Announcers................................................................................................................................
News analysts, reporters and correspondents...........................................................................
Public relations specialists.........................................................................................................
Editors........................................................................................................................................
See note at end of table.
29
29
356
85
2,830
221
110
70
304
80
382
174
322
181
396
96
1,434
116
164
116
101
129
189
76
2,156
614
698
293
416
1,637
965
66
345
261
8,126
1,194
690
2,701
1,098
401
705
229
942
2,735
223
821
134
270
203
62
78
141
157
Percent
women
25.5
40.3
14.5
22.2
13.1
17.1
11.9
16.2
7.7
22.6
5.8
21.8
20.6
9.9
43.3
46.6
45.4
34.1
22.0
61.3
67.7
35.9
61.6
66.8
82.6
70.5
12.8
51.7
32.6
35.5
89.1
76.8
74.2
46.3
97.7
82.2
56.0
83.5
64.9
84.2
92.3
48.8
52.4
55.5
40.0
36.9
33.5
30.8
53.4
64.6
53.7
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2006 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Percent
women
Technical writers........................................................................................................................
Writers and authors....................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous media and communication workers....................................................................
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators..........................................
Photographers...........................................................................................................................
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations........................................................................
Chiropractors.............................................................................................................................
Dentists......................................................................................................................................
Dietitians and nutritionists..........................................................................................................
Pharmacists...............................................................................................................................
Physicians and surgeons...........................................................................................................
Physician assistants...................................................................................................................
Registered nurses......................................................................................................................
Occupational therapists.............................................................................................................
Physical therapists.....................................................................................................................
Respiratory therapists................................................................................................................
Speech-language pathologists...................................................................................................
Veterinarians..............................................................................................................................
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians......................................................................
Dental hygienists........................................................................................................................
Diagnostic related technologists and technicians......................................................................
Emergency medical technicians and paramedics......................................................................
Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support technicians...............................................
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses....................................................................
Medical records and health information technicians..................................................................
60
174
67
89
127
7,060
69
196
96
245
863
85
2,529
78
198
85
114
67
321
144
281
156
425
556
98
49.5
58.5
69.3
15.6
43.3
73.4
23.1
22.6
91.0
48.9
32.2
71.7
91.3
90.3
62.7
66.0
95.3
50.4
78.1
98.6
72.9
31.9
80.1
94.2
92.0
Service occupations.............................................................................................................................
Healthcare support occupations.......................................................................................................
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides.............................................................................
Physical therapist assistants and aides.....................................................................................
Massage therapists....................................................................................................................
Dental assistants........................................................................................................................
Protective service occupations.........................................................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives..........................................................
Fire fighters................................................................................................................................
Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers.....................................................................................
Detectives and criminal investigators.........................................................................................
Police and sheriff's patrol officers..............................................................................................
Private detectives and investigators..........................................................................................
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers......................................................................
Food preparation and serving related occupations..........................................................................
Chefs and head cooks...............................................................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers................................
Cooks.........................................................................................................................................
Food preparation workers..........................................................................................................
Bartenders.................................................................................................................................
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food.......................................
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop.............................................
Waiters and waitresses..............................................................................................................
Food servers, nonrestaurant......................................................................................................
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers....................................................
23,811
3,132
1,906
61
124
274
2,939
103
253
451
144
655
85
835
7,606
313
652
1,868
698
389
344
308
1,960
155
380
57.3
89.4
88.9
78.4
84.1
95.4
22.3
15.5
3.5
28.2
26.0
12.8
38.2
23.0
56.6
23.9
58.7
43.4
59.2
55.0
67.6
66.2
71.5
65.3
48.5
See note at end of table.
30
30
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2006 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Dishwashers..............................................................................................................................
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop.......................................................
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations.........................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers…………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers...
Janitors and building cleaners...................................................................................................
Maids and housekeeping cleaners............................................................................................
Pest control workers..................................................................................................................
Grounds maintenance workers..................................................................................................
Personal care and service occupations............................................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of gaming workers..................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers....................................................
Nonfarm animal caretakers........................................................................................................
Gaming services workers...........................................................................................................
Barbers......................................................................................................................................
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists...........................................................................
Miscellaneous personal appearance workers............................................................................
Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges...............................................................................
Transportation attendants..........................................................................................................
Child care workers.....................................................................................................................
Personal and home care aides..................................................................................................
Recreation and fitness workers..................................................................................................
Residential advisors...................................................................................................................
Sales and office occupations...............................................................................................................
Sales and related occupations.........................................................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers.............................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail sales workers......................................................
Cashiers.....................................................................................................................................
Counter and rental clerks...........................................................................................................
Parts salespersons....................................................................................................................
Retail salespersons....................................................................................................................
Advertising sales agents............................................................................................................
Insurance sales agents..............................................................................................................
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents...................................................
Travel agents.............................................................................................................................
Sales representatives, services, all other..................................................................................
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing................................................................
Models, demonstrators, and product promoters........................................................................
Real estate brokers and sales agents........................................................................................
Telemarketers............................................................................................................................
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers.............................
Office and administrative support occupations.................................................................................
First-line
First-line supervisors/managers
supervisors/managersof
ofoffice
officeand
andadministrative
administrativesupportworkers...........................
support workers
Bill and account collectors.........................................................................................................
Billing and posting clerks and machine operators......................................................................
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks...........................................................................
Payroll and timekeeping clerks..................................................................................................
Tellers........................................................................................................................................
Court, municipal, and license clerks..........................................................................................
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks....................................................................................
See note at end of table.
31
3
Percent
women
279
257
5,381
305
235
2,082
1,423
78
1,259
4,754
124
176
137
106
100
767
230
78
134
1,401
703
322
62
23.9
86.4
40.0
32.6
8.0
32.2
90.3
2.2
6.2
78.7
43.7
66.7
72.1
48.1
17.7
93.4
83.0
20.6
74.2
94.2
87.3
68.7
69.0
36,141
16,641
3,435
1,433
3,063
146
149
3,386
220
548
398
82
563
1,422
75
1,046
142
261
19,500
1,543
213
422
1,511
158
432
114
56
63.3
49.1
41.8
27.2
74.8
51.7
16.3
51.4
53.9
45.3
29.3
77.3
32.8
27.2
84.2
59.9
65.3
62.4
75.4
72.2
62.2
88.1
90.3
92.4
84.8
80.7
77.3
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2006 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Percent
women
Customer service representatives.............................................................................................
Eligibility interviewers, government programs............................................................................
File clerks...................................................................................................................................
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks...........................................................................................
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan......................................................................................
Library assistants, clerical..........................................................................................................
Loan interviewers and clerks.....................................................................................................
Order clerks...............................................................................................................................
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping..................................................
Receptionists and information clerks.........................................................................................
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks.................................................
Couriers and messengers..........................................................................................................
Dispatchers................................................................................................................................
Postal service clerks..................................................................................................................
Postal service mail carriers........................................................................................................
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators............................
Production, planning, and expediting clerks..............................................................................
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks........................................................................................
Stock clerks and order fillers......................................................................................................
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping................................................
Secretaries and administrative assistants..................................................................................
Computer operators...................................................................................................................
Data entry keyers.......................................................................................................................
Word processors and typists......................................................................................................
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks..........................................................................
Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service.................................................
Office clerks, general.................................................................................................................
Office machine operators, except computer..............................................................................
1,916
61
363
117
141
119
190
128
56
1,403
156
273
303
153
329
98
296
543
1,462
81
3,455
185
475
256
274
123
1,035
52
70.4
86.3
79.2
63.7
82.1
87.9
76.7
69.4
91.9
92.7
64.8
17.9
53.4
49.5
35.7
47.5
56.8
30.1
39.1
50.4
96.9
49.6
81.6
91.2
87.6
54.2
81.9
57.8
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations.........................................................
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.......................................................................................
Graders and sorters, agricultural products.................................................................................
Logging workers.........................................................................................................................
Construction and extraction occupations..........................................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and extraction workers........................
Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons.........................................................................
Carpenters.................................................................................................................................
Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers.............................................................................
Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers.......................................................
Construction laborers.................................................................................................................
Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators............................................
Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers....................................................................
Electricians.................................................................................................................................
Painters, construction and maintenance....................................................................................
Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters....................................................................
Roofers......................................................................................................................................
Sheet metal workers..................................................................................................................
Structural iron and steel workers...............................................................................................
Helpers, construction trades......................................................................................................
Construction and building inspectors.........................................................................................
Highway maintenance workers..................................................................................................
15,830
961
68
78
9,507
976
244
1,843
279
107
1,693
451
295
882
713
662
242
125
59
132
102
103
4.7
22.0
64.9
.2
3.1
2.6
1.6
2.4
2.4
.7
3.7
1.7
2.9
1.9
7.7
1.8
1.1
3.1
2.2
6.2
8.8
3.8
See note at end of table.
32
32
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2006 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Percent
women
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations...........................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers...................................
Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers........................................................
Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers...........................................
Security and fire alarm systems installers..................................................................................
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians...............................................................................
Automotive body and related repairers......................................................................................
Automotive service technicians and mechanics........................................................................
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............................................................
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics................................
Small engine mechanics............................................................................................................
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers........................................
Home appliance repairers..........................................................................................................
Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics.........................................................................
Maintenance and repair workers, general..................................................................................
Millwrights..................................................................................................................................
Electrical power-line installers and repairers.............................................................................
Telecommunications line installers and repairers......................................................................
Precision instrument and equipment repairers..........................................................................
Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers.............................................
5,362
357
371
205
69
141
162
875
367
237
61
405
56
436
435
67
109
210
73
62
4.6
8.5
9.7
15.2
2.4
5.3
.6
1.6
.9
1.4
3.4
2.7
1.5
3.8
4.0
2.9
.9
8.6
13.9
14.3
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations.............................................................
Production occupations....................................................................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers......................................
Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers........................................................
Bakers........................................................................................................................................
Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers................................................
Food batchmakers.....................................................................................................................
Computer control programmers and operators..........................................................................
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic........
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal
and plastic................................................................................................................................
Machinists..................................................................................................................................
Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic....................
Tool and die makers..................................................................................................................
Welding, soldering, and brazing workers...................................................................................
Printing machine operators........................................................................................................
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers.............................................................................................
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials.......................................................................
Sewing machine operators........................................................................................................
Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers.............................................................................................
Upholsterers...............................................................................................................................
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters.......................................................................................
Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood............................................................
Stationary engineers and boiler operators.................................................................................
Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators..................................................
Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders.................................................
Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers.....................................................
Cutting workers..........................................................................................................................
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers.................................................................
Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians............................................................
18,224
9,378
868
213
186
292
81
54
119
22.8
30.4
19.4
51.7
57.9
29.9
58.6
8.2
17.9
62
415
70
105
546
208
190
63
292
111
54
113
58
94
95
57
105
78
702
95
5.6
6.7
17.1
.9
5.9
22.2
62.4
70.8
77.9
74.7
14.0
4.4
10.5
2.3
4.0
13.0
11.2
24.8
38.8
50.8
See note at end of table.
33
33
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2006 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders...............................................................
Painting workers........................................................................................................................
Photographic process workers and processing machine operators..........................................
Helpers--production workers......................................................................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations.............................................................................
Supervisors, transportation and material moving workers.........................................................
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers..............................................................................................
Bus drivers.................................................................................................................................
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers.......................................................................................
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs........................................................................................................
Railroad conductors and yardmasters.......................................................................................
Parking lot attendants................................................................................................................
Service station attendants..........................................................................................................
Crane and tower operators........................................................................................................
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators.................................................................
Industrial truck and tractor operators.........................................................................................
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment..........................................................................................
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand............................................................
Packers and packagers, hand...................................................................................................
Refuse and recyclable material collectors.................................................................................
275
173
62
53
8,846
228
115
565
3,475
282
50
65
96
54
63
574
401
1,899
432
91
Percent
women
55.5
16.6
51.8
25.2
14.8
16.7
2.2
49.6
5.2
16.0
6.5
19.5
9.8
1.5
1.5
7.2
15.0
16.9
57.5
6.1
occupations may not always sum to the broader categories.
NOTE: Generally, data for occupations with fewer than
50,000 employed as well as certain other occupations are not
published separately but are included in the totals
for the appropriate categories shown. Therefore, detailed
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department
of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
34
34
Table 12. Employed women by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2006 annual averages
(Percent distribution)
Occupation
White
Total, 16 years and over (thousands)……………..………………
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
53,950
8,410
3,011
7,725
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations .....................
38.9
31.1
45.7
22.1
Management, business, and financial operations occupations ...
13.8
10.0
14.5
8.3
Professional and related occupations .........................................
25.2
21.1
31.2
13.9
Service occupations .......................................................................
19.3
27.3
18.5
30.6
Sales and office occupations ..........................................................
34.8
32.3
27.3
32.7
Sales and related occupations ....................................................
12.4
10.9
11.6
12.6
Percent……………………………………………………..…………
Office and administrative support occupations ...........................
22.4
21.4
15.7
20.2
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ....
1.1
1.0
.7
2.2
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .................................
.3
.2
.2
1.0
Construction and extraction occupations ....................................
.5
.3
.3
.9
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ......................
.4
.5
.3
.3
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ........
5.8
8.3
7.7
12.3
Production occupations ...............................................................
4.0
5.2
6.7
9.0
Transportation and material moving occupations .......................
1.8
1.8
3.1
1.0
3.3
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
35
35
Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2005-06 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Year
Industry and sex
2005
2006
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Total, 16 years and over…………….………………………
141,730
100.0
144,427
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting ..................................
Mining ........................................................................................
Construction ...............................................................................
Manufacturing ............................................................................
Durable goods .........................................................................
Nondurable goods ...................................................................
Wholesale and retail trade .........................................................
Wholesale trade .......................................................................
Retail trade ..............................................................................
Transportation and utilities .........................................................
Transportation and warehousing .............................................
Utilities .....................................................................................
Information .................................................................................
Financial activities ......................................................................
Finance and insurance ............................................................
Real estate and rental and leasing ..........................................
Professional and business services ...........................................
Professional and technical services .........................................
Management, administrative, and waste services....................
Education and health services ...................................................
Educational services ................................................................
Health care and social assistance ...........................................
Hospitals ................................................................................
Health services, except hospitals ..........................................
Social assistance ...................................................................
Leisure and hospitality ...............................................................
Arts, entertainment, and recreation .........................................
Accommodation and food services ..........................................
Other services ............................................................................
Other services, except private households ..............................
Private households ..................................................................
Public administration ..................................................................
2,197
624
11,197
16,253
10,333
5,919
21,405
4,579
16,825
7,360
6,184
1,176
3,402
10,203
7,035
3,168
14,294
8,584
5,709
29,174
12,264
16,910
5,719
8,332
2,860
12,071
2,765
9,306
7,020
6,208
812
6,530
1.6
.4
7.9
11.5
7.3
4.2
15.1
3.2
11.9
5.2
4.4
.8
2.4
7.2
5.0
2.2
10.1
6.1
4.0
20.6
8.7
11.9
4.0
5.9
2.0
8.5
2.0
6.6
5.0
4.4
.6
4.6
2,206
687
11,749
16,377
10,499
5,877
21,328
4,561
16,767
7,455
6,269
1,186
3,573
10,490
7,254
3,237
14,868
8,776
6,092
29,938
12,522
17,416
5,712
8,639
3,065
12,145
2,671
9,474
7,088
6,285
803
6,524
1.5
.5
8.1
11.3
7.3
4.1
14.8
3.2
11.6
5.2
4.3
.8
2.5
7.3
5.0
2.2
10.3
6.1
4.2
20.7
8.7
12.1
4.0
6.0
2.1
8.4
1.8
6.6
4.9
4.4
.6
4.5
Total, both sexes
36
36
Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2005-06 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Year
Industry and sex
2005
2006
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Total, 16 years and over…………….………………………
65,757
100.0
66,925
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting ..................................
Mining ........................................................................................
Construction ...............................................................................
Manufacturing ............................................................................
Durable goods .........................................................................
Nondurable goods ...................................................................
Wholesale and retail trade .........................................................
Wholesale trade .......................................................................
Retail trade ..............................................................................
Transportation and utilities .........................................................
Transportation and warehousing .............................................
Utilities .....................................................................................
Information .................................................................................
Financial activities ......................................................................
Finance and insurance ............................................................
Real estate and rental and leasing ..........................................
Professional and business services ...........................................
Professional and technical services .........................................
Management, administrative, and waste services....................
Education and health services ...................................................
Educational services ................................................................
Health care and social assistance ...........................................
Hospitals ................................................................................
Health services, except hospitals ..........................................
Social assistance ...................................................................
Leisure and hospitality ...............................................................
Arts, entertainment, and recreation .........................................
Accommodation and food services ..........................................
Other services ............................................................................
Other services, except private households ..............................
Private households ..................................................................
Public administration ..................................................................
544
80
1,079
4,882
2,697
2,185
9,509
1,316
8,192
1,727
1,477
250
1,502
5,640
4,115
1,525
6,132
3,818
2,314
21,869
8,459
13,410
4,372
6,582
2,456
6,207
1,249
4,958
3,614
2,869
745
2,971
.8
.1
1.6
7.4
4.1
3.3
14.5
2.0
12.5
2.6
2.2
.4
2.3
8.6
6.3
2.3
9.3
5.8
3.5
33.3
12.9
20.4
6.6
10.0
3.7
9.4
1.9
7.5
5.5
4.4
1.1
4.5
543
89
1,131
4,834
2,710
2,123
9,526
1,323
8,203
1,807
1,547
259
1,588
5,817
4,219
1,598
6,322
3,897
2,425
22,414
8,630
13,784
4,376
6,790
2,619
6,230
1,208
5,023
3,663
2,921
742
2,961
.8
.1
1.7
7.2
4.0
3.2
14.2
2.0
12.3
2.7
2.3
.4
2.4
8.7
6.3
2.4
9.4
5.8
3.6
33.5
12.9
20.6
6.5
10.1
3.9
9.3
1.8
7.5
5.5
4.4
1.1
4.4
Women
37
37
Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2005-06 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Year
Industry and sex
2005
2006
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Total, 16 years and over…………….………………………
75,973
100.0
77,502
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting ..................................
Mining ........................................................................................
Construction ...............................................................................
Manufacturing ............................................................................
Durable goods .........................................................................
Nondurable goods ...................................................................
Wholesale and retail trade .........................................................
Wholesale trade .......................................................................
Retail trade ..............................................................................
Transportation and utilities .........................................................
Transportation and warehousing .............................................
Utilities .....................................................................................
Information .................................................................................
Financial activities ......................................................................
Finance and insurance ............................................................
Real estate and rental and leasing ..........................................
Professional and business services ...........................................
Professional and technical services .........................................
Management, administrative, and waste services....................
Education and health services ...................................................
Educational services ................................................................
Health care and social assistance ...........................................
Hospitals ................................................................................
Health services, except hospitals ..........................................
Social assistance ...................................................................
Leisure and hospitality ...............................................................
Arts, entertainment, and recreation .........................................
Accommodation and food services ..........................................
Other services ............................................................................
Other services, except private households ..............................
Private households ..................................................................
Public administration ..................................................................
1,654
545
10,118
11,370
7,636
3,734
11,896
3,263
8,633
5,633
4,707
926
1,900
4,563
2,920
1,643
8,161
4,766
3,395
7,304
3,804
3,500
1,347
1,749
404
5,864
1,516
4,348
3,407
3,339
67
3,558
2.2
.7
13.3
15.0
10.1
4.9
15.7
4.3
11.4
7.4
6.2
1.2
2.5
6.0
3.8
2.2
10.7
6.3
4.5
9.6
5.0
4.6
1.8
2.3
.5
7.7
2.0
5.7
4.5
4.4
.1
4.7
1,663
598
10,618
11,543
7,789
3,754
11,802
3,238
8,564
5,648
4,722
926
1,985
4,673
3,035
1,638
8,546
4,878
3,668
7,524
3,892
3,632
1,337
1,850
446
5,914
1,463
4,452
3,425
3,364
60
3,563
2.1
.8
13.7
14.9
10.1
4.8
15.2
4.2
11.1
7.3
6.1
1.2
2.6
6.0
3.9
2.1
11.0
6.3
4.7
9.7
5.0
4.7
1.7
2.4
.6
7.6
1.9
5.7
4.4
4.3
.1
4.6
Men
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
38
38
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2006 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed Percent women
Total, 16 years and over……………………...……………………………………………
144,427
46.3
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting......................................................................
Crop production......................................................................................................
Animal production...................................................................................................
Forestry, except logging..........................................................................................
Logging...................................................................................................................
Fishing, hunting, and trapping.................................................................................
Support activities for agriculture and forestry..........................................................
2,206
899
925
58
111
52
161
24.6
25.1
25.4
26.9
7.1
14.4
32.1
Mining............................................................................................................................
Oil and gas extraction.............................................................................................
Coal mining.............................................................................................................
Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying..............................................................
Support activities for mining....................................................................................
687
107
95
105
341
13.0
15.2
2.8
12.2
14.7
Construction...................................................................................................................
11,749
9.6
Manufacturing................................................................................................................
Durable goods............................................................................................................
Nonmetallic mineral products..................................................................................
Glass and glass products....................................................................................
Cement, concrete, lime, and gypsum products...................................................
Primary metals and fabricated metal products........................................................
Iron and steel mills and steel products................................................................
Aluminum production and processing.................................................................
Nonferrous metal, except aluminum, production and processing........................
Foundries.............................................................................................................
Metal forgings and stampings..............................................................................
Cutlery and hand tools.........................................................................................
Structural metals and tanks and shipping containers..........................................
Machine shops; turned products; screws, nuts, and bolts...................................
Coating, engraving, heat treating and allied activities.........................................
Machinery manufacturing........................................................................................
Agricultural implements.......................................................................................
Construction, mining, and oil field machinery......................................................
Commercial and service industry machinery.......................................................
Metalworking machinery......................................................................................
Engines, turbines, and power transmission equipment.......................................
Computers and electronic products........................................................................
Computer and peripheral equipment...................................................................
Communications, audio, and video equipment....................................................
Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments.....................
Electrical equipment and appliances......................................................................
Household appliances.........................................................................................
Transportation equipment.......................................................................................
Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment......................................................
Aircraft and parts.................................................................................................
Aerospace products and parts.............................................................................
16,377
10,499
514
159
213
1,919
289
80
54
95
92
55
423
374
100
1,252
88
121
104
169
77
1,481
341
183
248
532
92
2,284
1,416
358
267
29.5
25.8
19.5
25.4
10.0
17.0
12.2
23.4
15.6
14.0
23.0
19.6
14.7
12.8
19.5
21.0
18.0
16.4
21.0
19.2
20.9
33.1
29.7
31.6
32.2
32.8
43.3
24.9
26.5
21.9
26.4
See note at end of table.
39
39
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2006 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed Percent women
Ship and boat building.........................................................................................
Wood products........................................................................................................
Sawmills and wood preservation.........................................................................
Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood products..............................................
Prefabricated wood buildings and mobile homes................................................
Miscellaneous wood products.............................................................................
Furniture
manufacturing
Furniture and related products
product manufacturing......................................................
Miscellaneous manufacturing.................................................................................
Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing.................................................
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods manufacturing........................................
173
536
136
70
77
254
730
1,251
520
124
17.3
20.9
11.6
22.2
23.8
24.6
26.0
38.8
42.1
45.5
Nondurable goods......................................................................................................
Food manufacturing................................................................................................
Animal food, grain, and oilseed milling................................................................
Sugar and confectionery products.......................................................................
Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty foods............................................
Dairy products.....................................................................................................
Animal slaughtering and processing....................................................................
Retail bakeries.....................................................................................................
Bakeries, except retail.........................................................................................
Beverages and tobacco products...........................................................................
Beverages manufacturing....................................................................................
Textiles, apparel, and leather..................................................................................
Fabric mills, except knitting.................................................................................
Carpet and rug mills............................................................................................
Textile product mills, except carpets and rugs....................................................
Cut and sew apparel............................................................................................
Paper and printing...................................................................................................
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.......................................................................
Paperboard containers and boxes.......................................................................
Miscellaneous paper and pulp products..............................................................
Printing and related support activities..................................................................
Petroleum and coal products..................................................................................
Petroleum refining...............................................................................................
Chemicals...............................................................................................................
Resins, synthetic rubber and fibers, and filaments..............................................
Pharmaceuticals and medicines..........................................................................
Paints, coatings, and adhesives..........................................................................
Soaps, cleaning compounds, and cosmetics......................................................
Plastics and rubber products..................................................................................
Plastics product manufacturing...........................................................................
Tire manufacturing...............................................................................................
manufacturing
Rubber product, except tire, manufacturing........................................................
5,877
1,543
133
82
154
154
486
130
193
236
203
833
121
67
131
329
1,167
211
152
95
708
146
126
1,237
122
417
75
158
715
532
102
102
81
36.1
38.1
24.5
44.2
41.7
27.3
38.7
54.0
36.8
27.7
25.9
53.8
40.6
40.0
52.2
66.0
31.3
20.3
24.5
36.0
35.4
18.0
17.1
33.4
25.2
44.8
20.9
47.9
30.3
33.2
17.6
17.6
27.1
Wholesale and retail trade.............................................................................................
Wholesale trade.........................................................................................................
Motor vehicles, parts and supplies..........................................................................
Furniture and home furnishings..............................................................................
Lumber and other construction materials................................................................
21,328
4,561
247
90
233
44.7
29.0
17.8
43.1
21.1
See note at end of table.
40
40
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2006 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed Percent women
Professional and commercial equipment and supplies...........................................
Metals and minerals, except petroleum..................................................................
Electrical goods.......................................................................................................
Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment, and supplies....................................
Machinery, equipment, and supplies......................................................................
Recyclable materials...............................................................................................
Miscellaneous durable goods.................................................................................
Paper and paper products......................................................................................
Drugs, sundries, and chemical and allied products................................................
Apparel, fabrics, and notions..................................................................................
Groceries and related products...............................................................................
Farm product raw materials....................................................................................
Petroleum and petroleum products.........................................................................
Alcoholic beverages................................................................................................
Farm supplies.........................................................................................................
Miscellaneous nondurable goods...........................................................................
Wholesale electronic markets, agents and brokers................................................
445
86
317
188
566
114
149
96
289
130
862
56
120
151
63
216
103
30.8
21.1
27.0
25.3
23.5
16.3
39.7
40.1
47.3
55.1
25.4
33.5
26.4
15.0
24.2
35.7
42.6
Retail trade.................................................................................................................
Automobile dealers.................................................................................................
Other motor vehicle dealers....................................................................................
Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores..................................................................
Furniture and home furnishings stores...................................................................
Household appliance stores....................................................................................
Radio, TV, and computer stores.............................................................................
Building material and supplies dealers...................................................................
Hardware stores......................................................................................................
Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores..................................................
Grocery stores........................................................................................................
Specialty food stores...............................................................................................
Beer, wine, and liquor stores..................................................................................
Pharmacies and drug stores...................................................................................
Health and personal care, except drug, stores.......................................................
Gasoline stations....................................................................................................
Clothing and accessories, except shoe, stores.......................................................
Shoe stores.............................................................................................................
Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores...........................................................
Sporting goods, camera, and hobby and toy stores...............................................
Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores.........................................................
Music stores............................................................................................................
Book stores and news dealers................................................................................
Department stores and discount stores..................................................................
Miscellaneous general merchandise stores............................................................
Retail florists...........................................................................................................
Office supplies and stationery stores......................................................................
Used merchandise stores.......................................................................................
Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops............................................................................
Miscellaneous retail stores......................................................................................
Electronic shopping.................................................................................................
16,767
1,439
193
504
714
83
586
1,087
197
261
2,637
213
135
790
290
535
942
146
229
444
69
107
212
2,398
465
171
189
232
235
375
97
48.9
21.1
28.0
15.9
43.1
33.3
28.4
29.8
37.9
34.1
51.0
47.8
34.6
64.7
66.3
48.1
74.8
54.9
66.0
42.8
82.8
34.8
58.1
63.2
61.7
68.5
42.2
59.6
77.7
48.1
51.5
See note at end of table.
41
4
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2006 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed Percent women
Mail order houses...................................................................................................
Vending machine operators....................................................................................
Fuel dealers............................................................................................................
98
86
92
62.0
22.3
32.6
Transportation and utilities.............................................................................................
Transportation and warehousing................................................................................
Air transportation.....................................................................................................
Rail transportation...................................................................................................
Water transportation...............................................................................................
Truck transportation................................................................................................
Bus service and urban transit.................................................................................
Taxi and limousine service......................................................................................
Services incidental to transportation.......................................................................
Postal Service.........................................................................................................
Couriers and messengers.......................................................................................
Warehousing and storage.......................................................................................
7,455
6,269
536
266
68
2,034
578
223
673
799
680
349
24.2
24.7
40.5
9.5
29.9
12.5
40.5
13.4
27.1
40.8
21.4
28.6
Utilities........................................................................................................................
Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution.......................................
Natural gas distribution...........................................................................................
Electric and gas, and other combinations...............................................................
Water, steam, air-conditioning, and irrigation systems...........................................
Sewage treatment facilities.....................................................................................
1,186
629
134
71
214
116
21.9
23.9
21.4
25.5
20.2
10.9
Information.....................................................................................................................
Newspaper publishers............................................................................................
Publishing, except newspapers and software.........................................................
Motion pictures and video industries.......................................................................
Radio and television broadcasting and cable.........................................................
Wired telecommunications carriers.........................................................................
Internet service providers........................................................................................
Data processing, hosting, and related services......................................................
Libraries and archives.............................................................................................
3,573
459
324
368
563
857
74
105
239
44.4
47.7
57.4
39.0
41.2
36.6
26.4
54.3
83.3
Financial activities..........................................................................................................
Finance and insurance...............................................................................................
Banking and related activities.................................................................................
Savings institutions, including credit unions............................................................
Non-depository credit and related activities............................................................
Securities, commodities, funds, trusts, and other financial investments.................
Insurance carriers and related activities.................................................................
10,490
7,254
1,951
306
1,225
1,262
2,510
55.5
58.2
65.9
76.9
53.7
38.8
61.8
Real estate and rental and leasing.............................................................................
Real estate..............................................................................................................
Rental and leasing services....................................................................................
Automotive equipment rental and leasing...........................................................
Videotape
Video tapeand
and disk
disk rental
rental...................................................................................
Other consumer goods rental..............................................................................
Commercial, industrial, and other intangible assets rental and leasing...............
3,237
2,713
524
190
106
108
120
49.4
52.4
33.8
34.0
52.7
28.8
21.1
See note at end of table.
42
42
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2006 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed Percent women
Professional and business services..............................................................................
Professional and technical services...........................................................................
Legal services.........................................................................................................
Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services............................
Architectural, engineering, and related services.....................................................
Specialized design services....................................................................................
Computer systems design and related services.....................................................
Management, scientific, and technical consulting services.....................................
Scientific research and development services........................................................
Advertising and related services.............................................................................
Veterinary services.................................................................................................
Other professional, scientific, and technical services.............................................
Management, administrative, and waste services......................................................
Management of companies and enterprises...........................................................
Employment services..............................................................................................
Business support services......................................................................................
Travel arrangement and reservation services.........................................................
Investigation and security services.........................................................................
Services to buildings and dwellings........................................................................
Landscaping services.............................................................................................
Other administrative and other support services....................................................
Waste management and remediation services.......................................................
14,868
8,776
1,665
904
1,505
376
1,680
1,013
574
485
253
321
6,092
157
1,077
696
240
735
1,235
1,233
294
425
42.5
44.4
59.0
61.7
26.0
54.9
28.1
41.2
44.9
50.0
79.5
52.6
39.8
51.3
57.8
62.6
67.5
24.9
51.3
9.4
45.1
13.7
Education and health services.......................................................................................
Educational services..................................................................................................
Elementary and secondary schools........................................................................
Colleges and universities, including junior colleges................................................
Business, technical, and trade schools and training...............................................
Other schools, instruction, and educational services..............................................
29,938
12,522
8,454
3,354
120
594
74.9
68.9
75.6
53.2
55.7
65.0
Health care and social assistance..............................................................................
Hospitals.................................................................................................................
Health services, except hospitals............................................................................
Offices of physicians............................................................................................
Offices of dentists................................................................................................
Offices of chiropractors........................................................................................
Offices of optometrists.........................................................................................
Offices of other health practitioners.....................................................................
Outpatient care centers.......................................................................................
Home health care services..................................................................................
Other health care services...................................................................................
Nursing care facilities..........................................................................................
Residential care facilities, without nursing...........................................................
Social assistance....................................................................................................
Individual and family services..............................................................................
Community food and housing, and emergency services.....................................
Vocational rehabilitation services........................................................................
Child day care services.......................................................................................
17,416
5,712
8,639
1,785
852
163
98
292
919
928
1,096
1,807
700
3,065
1,138
107
211
1,608
79.1
76.6
78.6
76.4
79.7
62.4
70.6
72.8
78.4
90.2
68.6
85.5
73.0
85.4
77.3
66.7
63.6
95.3
See note at end of table.
43
43
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2006 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed Percent women
Leisure and hospitality...................................................................................................
Arts, entertainment, and recreation............................................................................
Independent artists, performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries.......
Museums, art galleries, historical sites, and similar institutions..............................
Other amusement, gambling, and recreation industries.........................................
Accommodation and food services............................................................................
Accommodation......................................................................................................
Traveler accommodation.....................................................................................
Recreational vehicle parks and camps, and rooming and boarding houses.......
Food services and drinking places..........................................................................
Restaurants and other food services...................................................................
Drinking places, alcoholic beverages..................................................................
12,145
2,671
745
351
1,525
9,474
1,504
1,407
98
7,970
7,707
263
51.3
45.2
40.4
42.6
48.4
53.0
57.1
57.5
52.1
52.2
52.2
52.7
Other services................................................................................................................
Other services, except private households................................................................
Repair and maintenance.........................................................................................
Automotive repair and maintenance....................................................................
Car washes..........................................................................................................
Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance..............................
Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance..
Personal and household goods repair and maintenance....................................
Personal and laundry services................................................................................
Barber shops.......................................................................................................
Beauty salons......................................................................................................
Nail salons and other personal care services......................................................
Drycleaning and laundry services........................................................................
Funeral homes, cemeteries, and crematories.....................................................
Other personal services.......................................................................................
Membership associations and organizations..........................................................
Religious organizations.......................................................................................
Civic, social, advocacy organizations, and grantmaking and giving services......
Labor unions........................................................................................................
Business, professional, political, and similar organizations.................................
Private households.....................................................................................................
7,088
6,285
2,194
1,245
197
183
322
239
2,195
107
967
366
330
128
298
1,895
1,044
588
82
182
803
51.7
46.5
13.0
9.7
16.8
15.3
9.3
30.0
72.4
21.9
91.2
77.0
60.6
30.0
54.9
55.2
49.2
65.5
37.7
64.7
92.5
Public administration......................................................................................................
Executive offices and legislative bodies..................................................................
Public finance activities...........................................................................................
Other general government and support..................................................................
Justice, public order, and safety activities...............................................................
Administration of human resource programs..........................................................
Administration of environmental quality and housing programs.............................
Administration of economic programs and space research....................................
National security and international affairs...............................................................
6,524
821
359
116
2,794
817
349
571
698
45.4
54.7
63.4
37.7
35.7
72.4
41.1
46.5
35.0
NOTE: Generally, data for industries with fewer than
50,000 employed as well as certain other industries are
not published separately but are included in the totals for
the appropriate categories shown. Therefore, detailed
44
44
industries may not always sum to the broader categories.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S.
Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Table 15. Employed women by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2006 annual averages
(Percent distribution)
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
Total, 16 years and over (thousands)……………..……
53,950
8,410
3,011
7,725
Percent……………………………………………………
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Agriculture and related industries .......................................
0.9
0.1
0.4
1.0
Mining .................................................................................
.2
-
-
.1
Construction .......................................................................
1.9
.5
.9
1.7
Manufacturing .....................................................................
7.2
6.7
10.1
10.3
Durable goods ..................................................................
4.0
3.4
6.3
4.6
Industry
Nondurable goods ............................................................
3.1
3.3
3.8
5.7
Wholesale and retail trade .................................................
18.6
11.6
12.9
14.7
Wholesale trade ...............................................................
5.3
1.1
2.6
2.4
Retail trade .......................................................................
12.6
10.5
10.3
12.3
Transportation and utilities .................................................
2.5
4.2
2.4
2.5
Transportation and warehousing ......................................
2.1
3.8
2.1
2.2
Utilities ..............................................................................
.4
.4
.3
.3
Information .........................................................................
2.3
2.7
2.3
1.9
Financial activities ..............................................................
8.9
7.6
8.6
7.6
Finance and insurance .....................................................
6.4
5.9
6.7
5.0
Real estate and rental and leasing ...................................
2.5
1.7
1.9
2.6
Professional and business services ...................................
9.6
8.0
11.0
9.3
Professional and technical services .................................
6.1
3.5
8.5
3.4
Management, administrative, and waste services............
3.5
4.5
2.4
5.9
Education and health services ...........................................
32.9
39.3
30.1
26.8
Educational services ........................................................
13.4
11.1
9.2
9.6
Health care and social assistance ....................................
19.4
28.3
21.0
17.2
Hospitals .........................................................................
6.1
8.6
8.6
4.0
Health services, except hospitals ...................................
9.7
13.2
9.9
8.8
Social assistance ............................................................
3.6
6.4
2.5
4.5
Leisure and hospitality .......................................................
9.4
7.7
10.3
13.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation ..................................
1.9
1.1
1.6
1.6
Accommodation and food services ..................................
7.5
6.6
8.8
12.1
Other services ....................................................................
5.6
4.3
7.0
7.2
Other services, except private households ......................
4.4
3.3
6.4
4.0
Private households ...........................................................
1.2
1.0
.6
3.2
Public administration ..........................................................
4.0
7.1
4.0
3.2
NOTE: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
45
45
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race, Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979-2006 annual averages
Total, both sexes
Year
Total
1979…….
White
Black or
African
American
Women
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
$241
$248
$199
-
$194
$182
$184
$169
-
$157
1980…….
1981…….
1982…….
1983…….
1984…….
1985………
1986…….
1987…….
1988………
1989…….
262
284
302
313
326
344
359
374
385
399
269
291
310
320
336
356
371
384
395
409
212
235
245
261
269
277
291
301
314
319
-
209
223
240
250
259
270
277
285
290
298
201
219
239
252
265
277
291
303
315
328
203
221
242
254
268
281
294
307
318
334
185
206
217
232
241
252
264
276
288
301
-
172
190
203
215
223
230
241
251
260
269
1990…….
1991…….
1992…….
1993…….
1994…….
1995…….
1996…….
1997…….
1998…….
1999…….
412
426
440
459
467
479
490
503
523
549
424
442
458
475
484
494
506
519
545
573
329
348
357
369
371
383
387
400
426
445
-
304
312
321
331
324
329
339
351
370
385
346
366
380
393
399
406
418
431
456
473
353
373
387
401
408
415
428
444
468
483
308
323
335
348
346
355
362
375
400
409
-
278
292
302
313
305
305
316
318
337
348
2000 1……
2001…….
2002…….
2003…….
2004…….
2005……
2006…….
576
596
608
620
638
651
671
590
610
623
636
657
672
690
474
491
498
514
525
520
554
399
417
424
440
456
471
c 486
493
512
529
552
573
585
600
502
522
547
567
584
596
609
429
454
473
491
505
499
519
$615
639
658
693
708
753
784
See footnote at end of table.
46
$547
563
566
598
613
665
699
366
388
397
410
419
429
440
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race, Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979-2006 annual averages—Continued
Men
Year
Total
1979…….
White
Black or
African
American
Women's earnings as a percent of men's
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
$292
$298
$227
-
$219
62.3
61.7
74.4
-
71.7
1980…….
1981…….
1982…….
1983…….
1984…….
1985………
1986…….
1987…….
1988………
1989…….
313
340
364
379
392
407
419
434
449
468
320
350
375
387
401
418
433
450
465
482
244
268
278
294
303
305
319
327
348
348
-
234
251
269
274
287
296
299
306
308
315
64.2
64.4
65.7
66.5
67.6
68.1
69.5
69.8
70.2
70.1
63.4
63.1
64.5
65.6
66.8
67.2
67.9
68.2
68.4
69.3
75.8
76.9
78.1
78.9
79.5
82.6
82.8
84.4
82.8
86.5
-
73.5
75.7
75.5
78.5
77.7
77.7
80.6
82.0
84.4
85.4
1990…….
1991…….
1992…….
1993…….
1994…….
1995…….
1996…….
1997…….
1998…….
1999…….
481
493
501
510
522
538
557
579
598
618
494
506
514
524
547
566
580
595
615
638
361
375
380
392
400
411
412
432
468
488
-
318
323
339
346
343
350
356
371
390
406
71.9
74.2
75.8
77.1
76.4
75.5
75.0
74.4
76.3
76.5
71.5
73.7
75.3
76.5
74.6
73.3
73.8
74.6
76.1
75.7
85.3
86.1
88.2
88.8
86.5
86.4
87.9
86.8
85.5
83.8
-
87.4
90.4
89.1
90.5
88.9
87.1
88.8
85.7
86.4
85.7
2000 1……
2001…….
2002…….
2003…….
2004…….
2005……
2006…….
641
670
679
695
713
722
743
662
689
702
715
732
743
761
510
529
524
555
569
559
591
417
440
451
464
480
489
505
76.9
76.4
77.9
79.4
80.4
81.0
80.8
75.8
75.8
77.9
79.3
79.8
80.2
80.0
84.1
85.8
90.3
88.5
88.8
89.3
87.8
$685
732
756
772
802
825
882
1
79.9
76.9
74.9
77.5
76.4
80.6
79.3
87.8
88.2
88.0
88.4
87.3
87.7
87.1
than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who
reported more than one race were included in the group they
identified as the main race. Data for 2000-02 are for the category
Asians and Pacific Islanders. Starting in 2003, Asians constitute a
separate category. For more information, see the Explanatory
Notes and Estimates of Error section of Employment and
Earnings. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000.
The comparability of historical labor force data has been
affected at various times by methodological and conceptual
changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an
explanation, see the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error
section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical.
c = corrected.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of
Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for the above race groups
(white, black or African American, and Asian) include persons
who selected this race group only; persons who selected more
47
Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of employed full-time
wage and salary workers 25 years and over by educational
attainment and sex, 2006 annual averages
Total employed
(in thousands)
Educational attainment and sex
Median weekly
earnings
Total, both sexes
Total……………….…………………………
Less than a high school diploma…………
Less than 1 year of high school…………
1-3 years of high school………….………
4 years of high school, no diploma………
High school graduate or more……………
High school graduates, no college………
Some college, or associate degree……
Some college, no degree…………….…
Associate degree………………….……
Occupational program…………...……
Academic program…………….………
College graduates…………………..……
Bachelor's degree……………….………
Master's degree…………………...……
Professional degree…..……………..…
Doctoral degree…………...……………
94,744
9,029
3,425
4,496
1,108
85,715
28,023
26,027
16,318
9,709
5,103
4,606
31,665
20,563
8,026
1,582
1,494
$718
419
398
434
476
755
595
692
674
721
699
744
1,039
962
1,140
1,474
1,441
41,556
2,945
972
1,574
400
38,611
11,711
12,439
7,571
4,868
2,391
2,478
14,461
9,435
3,945
618
464
627
358
333
360
411
654
500
602
584
632
606
663
905
839
987
1,203
1,174
Women
Total……………………………..……………
Less than a high school diploma…………
Less than 1 year of high school…………
1-3 years of high school…………………
4 years of high school, no diploma………
High school graduate or more………….…
High school graduates, no college………
Some college, or associate degree……
Some college, no degree…………….…
Associate degree………………….……
Occupational program…………...……
Academic program…………….………
College graduates…………………..……
Bachelor's degree……………...………
Master's degree………………...………
Professional degree……………….……
Doctoral degree……………………..……
48
48
Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of employed full-time
wage and salary workers 25 years and over by educational
attainment and sex, 2006 annual averages—Continued
Total employed
(in thousands)
Educational attainment and sex
Median weekly
earnings
Men
Total……………………….…………………
Less than a high school diploma…………
Less than 1 year of high school…………
1-3 years of high school……………...…
4 years of high school, no diploma………
High school graduate or more…………..…
High school graduates, no college………
Some college, or associate degree……
Some college, no degree…………….…
Associate degree………………….……
Occupational program…………...……
Academic program…………….………
College graduates…………………..……
Bachelor's degree………………….……
Master's degree……………...…………
Professional degree…………...…………
Doctoral degree………………….………
53,188
6,084
2,454
2,922
708
47,104
16,313
13,588
8,747
4,840
2,712
2,128
17,204
11,128
4,081
964
1,030
$797
469
419
493
505
860
678
796
781
824
796
863
1,205
1,118
1,360
1,741
1,566
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics
49
49
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2006 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Both sexes
Occupation
Women
Men
Women's
earnings
Median
Median
Median
as
Total
Total
Total
weekly percent of
weekly
weekly
employed
employed
employed
earnings
earnings
earnings
men's
Total, 16 years and over..................................................... 106,106
Management, professional, and related occupations............. 37,824
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations....................................................................... 15,447
Management occupations................................................ 10,661
Chief executives...........................................................
1,040
General and operations managers...............................
911
Advertising and promotions managers.........................
63
Marketing and sales managers.....................................
805
Administrative services managers................................
79
Computer and information systems managers.............
380
Financial managers......................................................
971
Human resources managers........................................
266
Industrial production managers....................................
292
Purchasing managers...................................................
159
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers.....
232
Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers..............
97
Construction managers.................................................
475
Education administrators..............................................
673
90
Engineering managers..................................................
Food service managers................................................
535
Lodging managers........................................................
108
Medical and health services managers........................
448
Property, real estate, and community
346
association managers.................................................
Social and community service managers.....................
271
Business and financial operations occupations...............
4,786
170
Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products......
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and
276
farm products..............................................................
Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and
255
investigators................................................................
Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction,
health, safety, and transportation...............................
145
97
Cost estimators.............................................................
Human resources, training, and labor relations
specialists...................................................................
652
337
Management analysts...................................................
Accountants and auditors.............................................
1,448
Appraisers and assessors of real estate.......................
71
Budget analysts............................................................
52
Financial analysts.........................................................
69
Personal financial advisors...........................................
262
Insurance underwriters.................................................
89
Loan counselors and officers........................................
418
Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents...........
60
Professional and related occupations................................. 22,378
Computer and mathematical occupations........................ 2,935
631
Computer scientists and systems analysts...................
540
Computer programmers................................................
See footnote at end of table.
50
50
$671
967
46,358
19,138
$600
840
59,747
18,686
$743
1,154
80.8
72.8
1,045
1,127
1,875
1,165
889
1,316
1,009
1,435
1,087
1,052
1,131
1,045
843
640
1,135
1,125
1,830
622
654
1,148
6,910
4,178
258
255
34
302
21
106
529
168
45
63
34
16
36
409
8
237
54
306
881
926
1,422
957
( 1)
985
( 1)
1,300
894
967
( 1)
903
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
1,017
( 1)
534
603
1,064
8,536
6,483
782
655
29
503
58
274
442
97
247
96
198
81
439
265
83
298
54
143
1,231
1,264
1,907
1,256
( 1)
1,482
1,001
1,492
1,421
1,391
1,149
1,158
841
663
1,145
1,275
1,877
715
675
1,428
71.6
73.2
74.6
76.2
( 1)
66.5
( 1)
87.1
62.9
69.5
( 1)
78.0
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
79.7
( 1)
74.7
89.4
74.6
753
862
930
769
201
174
2,732
96
692
792
828
770
144
97
2,053
74
919
1,010
1,134
768
75.3
78.4
73.1
100.2
915
138
772
138
1,088
70.9
848
159
792
96
982
80.6
891
1,008
76
13
855
( 1)
69
84
941
1,039
90.8
( 1)
859
1,253
940
932
1,055
1,132
1,217
864
919
784
928
1,166
1,156
1,147
470
151
886
31
29
32
95
64
224
35
12,228
756
190
139
804
1,069
844
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
823
787
776
( 1)
816
1,043
1,039
1,034
182
186
562
40
23
37
168
25
194
26
10,149
2,178
441
401
990
1,417
1,160
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
1,532
( 1)
1,155
( 1)
1,109
1,231
1,223
1,229
81.3
75.4
72.8
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
53.7
( 1)
67.2
( 1)
73.6
84.7
85.0
84.1
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2006 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Both sexes
Occupation
Computer software engineers.......................................
Computer support specialists.......................................
Database administrators...............................................
Network and computer systems administrators............
Network systems and data communications analysts..
Operations research analysts.......................................
Architecture and engineering occupations.......................
Architects, except naval................................................
Aerospace engineers....................................................
Chemical engineers......................................................
Civil engineers..............................................................
Computer hardware engineers.....................................
Electrical and electronics engineers.............................
Industrial engineers, including health and safety..........
Mechanical engineers...................................................
Drafters.........................................................................
Engineering technicians, except drafters......................
Surveying and mapping technicians.............................
Life, physical, and social science occupations.................
Biological scientists.......................................................
Medical scientists..........................................................
Chemists and materials scientists................................
Environmental scientists and geoscientists..................
Market and survey researchers....................................
Psychologists................................................................
Chemical technicians....................................................
Community and social services occupations...................
Counselors....................................................................
Social workers..............................................................
Miscellaneous community and social service
specialists...................................................................
Clergy...........................................................................
Legal occupations............................................................
Lawyers........................................................................
Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers...........
Paralegals and legal assistants....................................
Miscellaneous legal support workers............................
Education, training, and library occupations....................
Postsecondary teachers...............................................
Preschool and kindergarten teachers...........................
Elementary and middle school teachers.......................
Secondary school teachers..........................................
Special education teachers...........................................
Other teachers and instructors.....................................
Librarians......................................................................
Teacher assistants........................................................
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media
occupations....................................................................
Artists and related workers...........................................
Designers......................................................................
Women
Men
Women's
earnings
Median
Median
Median
as
Total
Total
Total
weekly
weekly
weekly percent of
employed
employed
employed
earnings
earnings
earnings
men's
799
291
80
172
284
84
2,568
161
97
65
276
76
362
162
316
154
391
80
1,220
117
149
121
90
98
100
71
1,816
486
620
$1,371
834
1,152
1,122
1,099
1,258
1,155
1,112
1,508
1,342
1,251
1,292
1,386
1,175
1,253
823
860
699
984
941
953
1,131
1,107
961
1,021
861
740
733
732
176
85
27
30
62
30
364
38
12
10
28
15
28
38
16
35
72
8
494
51
61
39
21
66
67
23
1,068
320
500
$1,272
755
( 1)
( 1)
957
( 1)
972
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
754
( 1)
872
928
825
( 1)
( 1)
824
961
( 1)
703
716
728
623
206
53
142
222
54
2,204
123
85
55
248
61
333
125
300
119
319
72
725
66
88
82
69
32
33
48
748
167
120
$1,410
878
1,238
1,159
1,129
1,413
1,181
1,240
1,582
1,359
1,266
1,331
1,409
1,171
1,254
876
892
704
1,121
973
1,162
1,132
1,145
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
792
761
749
90.2
86.0
( 1)
( 1)
84.8
( 1)
82.3
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
84.6
( 1)
77.8
95.3
71.0
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
88.7
94.2
97.2
256
367
1,156
603
61
301
190
6,158
808
497
2,334
988
356
334
173
563
708
782
1,144
1,728
1,549
740
791
819
1,058
567
838
919
842
805
820
409
175
31
663
221
21
267
154
4,492
336
483
1,916
535
297
197
142
517
641
( 1)
901
1,333
( 1)
726
750
763
915
554
824
890
823
703
787
405
81
336
493
382
41
34
36
1,666
472
14
417
452
60
136
31
46
929
801
1,734
1,891
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
969
1,228
( 1)
920
950
930
956
( 1)
( 1)
69.0
( 1)
52.0
70.5
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
78.7
74.5
( 1)
89.6
93.7
88.5
73.6
( 1)
( 1)
1,476
80
529
841
977
778
657
34
258
733
( 1)
714
819
46
270
942
( 1)
868
77.8
( 1)
82.3
See footnote at end of table.
5
51
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2006 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Both sexes
Occupation
Women
Men
Women's
earnings
Median
Median
Median
as
Total
Total
Total
weekly percent of
weekly
weekly
employed
employed
employed
earnings
earnings
earnings
men's
Producers and directors................................................
80
Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers.........
119
News analysts, reporters and correspondents.............
57
Public relations specialists............................................
105
Editors...........................................................................
122
51
Technical writers...........................................................
Writers and authors......................................................
73
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians
63
and radio operators.....................................................
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations........... 5,048
64
Dietitians and nutritionists.............................................
Pharmacists..................................................................
189
558
Physicians and surgeons..............................................
Physician assistants.....................................................
65
Registered nurses......................................................... 1,898
135
Physical therapists........................................................
72
Respiratory therapists...................................................
Speech-language pathologists.....................................
84
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians.........
267
Dental hygienists..........................................................
62
Diagnostic related technologists and technicians.........
233
139
Emergency medical technicians and paramedics.........
Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support
329
technicians..................................................................
424
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses.......
Medical records and health information technicians.....
98
Service occupations................................................................ 14,749
Healthcare support occupations.......................................... 2,231
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides................ 1,405
Dental assistants..........................................................
176
Protective service occupations............................................ 2,633
First-line supervisors/managers of correctional
officers........................................................................
51
First-line supervisors/managers of police and
100
detectives....................................................................
Fire fighters...................................................................
251
Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers........................
435
Detectives and criminal investigators...........................
147
Police and sheriff's patrol officers.................................
647
Private detectives and investigators.............................
62
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers........
697
Lifeguards and other protective service workers..........
56
Food preparation and serving related occupations.............
4,212
Chefs and head cooks..................................................
280
First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation
501
and serving workers....................................................
Cooks............................................................................ 1,222
348
Food preparation workers.............................................
Bartenders....................................................................
219
See footnote at end of table.
52
52
$1,149
756
864
947
938
1,192
886
25
23
27
68
63
22
44
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
$871
837
( 1)
( 1)
55
95
30
37
59
29
29
$1,192
882
( 1)
( 1)
975
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
85.9
( 1)
( 1)
778
905
708
1,640
1,602
1,098
978
1,103
928
952
793
925
843
730
9
3,732
57
80
188
46
1,713
72
46
78
201
60
157
39
( 1)
860
699
1,564
1,329
( 1)
971
1,086
( 1)
950
792
920
829
( 1)
54
1,316
6
110
370
19
185
63
26
6
66
2
75
99
813
1,098
( 1)
1,725
1,847
( 1)
1,074
1,116
( 1)
( 1)
797
( 1)
892
760
( 1)
78.3
( 1)
90.6
72.0
( 1)
90.3
97.3
( 1)
( 1)
99.4
( 1)
92.8
( 1)
542
664
524
422
423
400
489
693
255
392
87
7,473
1,981
1,238
168
547
522
659
510
390
417
395
488
557
74
33
11
7,275
251
167
8
2,086
612
( 1)
( 1)
494
502
471
( 1)
737
85.3
( 1)
( 1)
79.0
83.1
83.9
( 1)
75.6
891
15
( 1)
36
( 1)
( 1)
1,131
912
613
1,013
866
713
487
445
371
504
16
10
123
38
79
27
166
26
2,115
58
( 1)
( 1)
545
( 1)
758
( 1)
416
( 1)
355
443
84
241
312
110
568
35
531
30
2,096
222
1,162
918
655
1,109
884
( 1)
498
( 1)
389
517
( 1)
( 1)
83.2
( 1)
85.7
( 1)
83.6
( 1)
91.3
85.6
447
363
330
445
286
483
186
113
412
340
326
407
215
738
162
106
507
377
336
510
81.2
90.1
97.0
79.8
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2006 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Both sexes
Occupation
Women
Men
Women's
earnings
Median
Median
Median
as
Total
Total
Total
weekly percent of
weekly
weekly
employed
employed
employed
earnings
earnings
earnings
men's
Combined food preparation and serving workers,
including fast food.......................................................
179
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and
coffee shop.................................................................
84
Waiters and waitresses.................................................
874
100
Food servers, nonrestaurant.........................................
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender
helpers........................................................................
169
Dishwashers.................................................................
162
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and
coffee shop.................................................................
73
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
occupations.......................................................................
3,594
First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping
177
and janitorial work.......................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping,
106
lawn service, and groundskeeping workers................
Janitors and building cleaners......................................
1,492
Maids and housekeeping cleaners...............................
885
Pest control workers.....................................................
61
Grounds maintenance workers.....................................
874
Personal care and service occupations............................... 2,079
First-line supervisors/managers of gaming workers.....
80
First-line supervisors/managers of personal
55
service workers...........................................................
Gaming services workers.............................................
76
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists..............
307
Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges.................
69
Transportation attendants.............................................
84
Child care workers........................................................
446
Personal and home care aides.....................................
398
Recreation and fitness workers....................................
179
Sales and office occupations.................................................. 25,688
Sales and related occupations............................................ 10,336
First-line supervisors/managers of retail
sales workers.............................................................. 2,296
First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail
962
sales workers..............................................................
Cashiers........................................................................ 1,419
84
Counter and rental clerks..............................................
Parts salespersons.......................................................
135
Retail salespersons......................................................
2,022
Advertising sales agents...............................................
176
385
Insurance sales agents.................................................
Securities, commodities, and financial services
308
sales agents................................................................
Travel agents................................................................
50
Sales representatives, services, all other.....................
471
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing..
1,205
Real estate brokers and sales agents..........................
497
See footnote at end of table.
53
53
$340
128
$343
51
$331
103.9
295
363
395
51
590
66
302
348
390
34
284
33
( 1)
401
( 1)
( 1)
86.7
( 1)
318
315
62
30
328
( 1)
107
132
314
316
104.3
( 1)
379
63
375
11
( 1)
( 1)
406
1,289
363
2,305
445
81.6
609
54
498
123
657
75.8
612
415
355
578
402
407
677
4
415
773
( 1)
375
348
( 1)
388
( 1)
-
620
447
404
578
403
506
757
( 1)
83.9
86.1
42
1,541
28
102
1,076
112
61
832
537
52
( 1)
76.7
( 1)
584
531
397
493
521
349
368
458
589
628
33
35
281
9
60
425
344
113
15,935
4,560
( 1)
( 1)
391
( 1)
488
345
361
448
538
487
22
41
26
60
24
21
54
66
9,753
5,777
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
498
( 1)
( 1)
407
490
696
761
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
88.7
91.3
77.3
64.0
639
972
536
1,324
732
73.3
899
344
476
525
494
830
752
299
1,044
37
18
867
93
191
742
327
( 1)
( 1)
405
717
653
663
375
46
117
1,154
83
195
972
387
( 1)
553
597
944
890
76.3
84.7
( 1)
( 1)
67.8
75.9
73.4
966
534
843
938
766
91
39
151
299
291
757
( 1)
654
739
646
216
11
319
905
205
1,139
( 1)
966
997
965
66.5
( 1)
67.7
74.1
66.9
-
-
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2006 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Both sexes
Occupation
Women
Men
Women's
earnings
Median
Median
Median
as
Total
Total
Total
weekly
weekly
weekly percent of
employed
employed
employed
earnings
earnings
earnings
men's
Telemarketers...............................................................
65
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street
vendors, and related workers.....................................
54
Office and administrative support occupations.................... 15,351
First-line supervisors/managers of office and
administrative support................................................. 1,391
Bill and account collectors............................................
195
Billing and posting clerks and machine operators........
363
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.............. 1,013
Payroll and timekeeping clerks.....................................
131
Tellers...........................................................................
308
Court, municipal, and license clerks.............................
105
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks.......................
51
Customer service representatives................................
1,585
Eligibility interviewers, government programs..............
66
File clerks......................................................................
251
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks.............................
83
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan........................
105
Loan interviewers and clerks........................................
184
Order clerks..................................................................
98
Human resources assistants, except payroll and
timekeeping................................................................
51
Receptionists and information clerks............................
949
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and
128
travel clerks.................................................................
Couriers and messengers.............................................
186
Dispatchers...................................................................
262
Postal service clerks.....................................................
140
306
Postal service mail carriers...........................................
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and
95
processing machine operators....................................
Production, planning, and expediting clerks.................
259
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks...........................
502
Stock clerks and order fillers......................................... 1,055
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers,
recordkeeping.............................................................
67
Secretaries and administrative assistants....................
2,683
169
Computer operators......................................................
389
Data entry keyers..........................................................
Word processors and typists........................................
183
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks.............
244
Mail clerks and mail machine operators except
100
postal service..............................................................
Office clerks, general....................................................
711
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations........................................................................... 12,512
716
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations..........................
Graders and sorters, agricultural products...................
69
Logging workers...........................................................
56
Construction and extraction occupations............................
7,166
See footnote at end of table.
54
54
$395
40
( 1)
25
( 1)
( 1)
470
572
16
11,375
( 1)
$557
38
3,976
( 1)
$619
( 1)
90.0
698
578
548
584
654
429
615
532
554
643
514
374
548
638
516
980
126
325
898
121
268
87
35
1,110
57
196
52
88
137
72
658
548
541
582
641
421
588
( 1)
533
645
524
368
543
636
507
411
70
38
114
9
41
18
16
475
9
55
31
17
47
25
812
612
( 1)
607
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
615
( 1)
484
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
81.1
89.5
( 1)
95.8
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
86.7
( 1)
108.3
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
616
472
46
882
( 1)
467
5
67
( 1)
562
( 1)
83.0
596
663
596
835
858
79
25
142
63
97
574
( 1)
546
835
780
49
161
120
77
208
( 1)
684
661
835
896
( 1)
( 1)
82.5
100.1
87.0
832
678
513
443
44
144
143
414
( 1)
616
480
425
50
115
359
642
854
816
531
457
( 1)
75.6
90.5
92.9
517
583
622
524
550
560
34
2,595
74
321
170
214
( 1)
584
573
524
546
552
34
89
96
68
13
30
( 1)
559
654
526
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
104.4
87.7
99.6
( 1)
( 1)
523
537
52
583
529
534
48
127
( 1)
564
( 1)
94.8
653
387
407
541
619
524
147
45
518
342
( 1)
11,989
569
24
56
6,995
660
401
( 1)
541
621
78.5
85.3
( 1)
-
-
172
533
85.8
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2006 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Both sexes
Occupation
Women
Men
Women's
earnings
Median
Median
Median
as
Total
Total
Total
weekly
weekly percent of
weekly
employed
employed
employed
earnings
earnings
earnings
men's
First-line supervisors/managers of construction
trades and extraction workers.....................................
644
180
Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons............
Carpenters.................................................................... 1,193
Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers................
159
Cement masons, concrete finishers, and
terrazzo workers.........................................................
94
Construction laborers.................................................... 1,339
Operating engineers and other construction
403
equipment operators...................................................
Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers.......
228
Electricians...................................................................
778
Insulation workers.........................................................
57
Painters, construction and maintenance.......................
430
Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters.......
564
Plasterers and stucco masons......................................
64
Roofers.........................................................................
177
Sheet metal workers.....................................................
121
Structural iron and steel workers..................................
51
Helpers, construction trades.........................................
107
Construction and building inspectors............................
78
Highway maintenance workers.....................................
108
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations..............
4,630
First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics,
installers, and repairers..............................................
343
Computer, automated teller, and office machine
295
repairers......................................................................
Radio and telecommunications equipment
installers and repairers...............................................
186
Security and fire alarm systems installers....................
62
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians..................
136
Automotive body and related repairers.........................
127
Automotive service technicians and mechanics...........
696
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine
specialists...................................................................
331
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service
217
technicians and mechanics.........................................
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration
mechanics and installers............................................
335
Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics............
417
Maintenance and repair workers, general....................
394
Maintenance workers, machinery.................................
66
Millwrights.....................................................................
62
Electrical power-line installers and repairers................
114
Telecommunications line installers and repairers.........
189
Precision instrument and equipment repairers.............
55
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations........................................................................... 15,332
Production occupations....................................................... 8,391
See footnote at end of table.
55
55
$860
583
595
557
9
2
24
3
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
634
178
1,169
156
$866
583
598
559
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
540
511
1
47
( 1)
( 1)
93
1,292
549
513
( 1)
( 1)
743
522
751
530
494
704
499
500
707
773
425
849
565
742
5
9
9
2
19
9
1
2
2
2
5
8
4
205
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
$697
398
219
769
55
411
554
62
175
118
49
102
69
104
4,425
739
524
754
546
495
702
502
501
703
( 1)
425
834
566
744
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
93.7
866
26
( 1)
318
877
( 1)
754
27
( 1)
268
760
( 1)
860
836
907
667
634
27
1
7
1
9
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
158
61
129
126
687
869
833
900
670
635
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
737
2
( 1)
328
737
( 1)
763
4
( 1)
213
770
( 1)
760
756
655
750
903
926
874
882
9
14
21
1
3
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
765
757
661
752
900
926
883
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
17
7
326
403
372
65
59
114
172
48
557
559
3,288
2,412
426
432
12,045
5,979
601
621
70.9
69.7
-
-
-
( 1)
( 1)
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2006 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Both sexes
Occupation
First-line supervisors/managers of production and
operating workers.......................................................
Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical
assemblers.................................................................
Bakers...........................................................................
Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish
processing workers.....................................................
Food batchmakers........................................................
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters,
operators, and tenders................................................
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine
tool setters, operators.................................................
Machinists.....................................................................
Molders and molding machine setters, operators,
and tenders, metal......................................................
Tool and die makers.....................................................
Welding, soldering, and brazing workers......................
Printing machine operators...........................................
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers................................
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials.........
Sewing machine operators...........................................
Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers................................
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters..........................
Stationary engineers and boiler operators....................
Water and liquid waste treatment plant and
system operators........................................................
Chemical processing machine setters, operators,
and tenders.................................................................
Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and
blending workers.........................................................
Cutting workers.............................................................
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers...
Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory
technicians..................................................................
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders..
Painting workers...........................................................
Photographic process workers and processing
machine operators......................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations................
Supervisors, transportation and material moving
workers.......................................................................
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers.................................
Bus drivers....................................................................
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers..........................
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs..........................................
Railroad conductors and yardmasters..........................
Service station attendants............................................
Industrial truck and tractor operators............................
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment.............................
Women
Men
Women's
earnings
Median
Median
Median
as
Total
Total
Total
weekly percent of
weekly
weekly
employed
employed
employed
earnings
earnings
earnings
men's
819
$774
169
$587
650
$832
70.5
207
118
487
433
106
62
417
370
101
56
553
489
75.5
75.8
255
65
461
481
73
34
398
( 1)
182
31
502
( 1)
79.2
( 1)
110
514
20
( 1)
90
524
( 1)
60
403
570
714
3
24
( 1)
( 1)
57
378
575
727
( 1)
( 1)
63
93
491
191
117
55
237
50
83
92
636
805
649
600
348
399
352
432
547
793
10
1
34
36
74
37
175
37
3
1
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
324
( 1)
346
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
53
92
457
156
43
17
63
13
80
91
645
802
674
640
( 1)
( 1)
374
( 1)
547
798
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
92.6
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
97
706
4
( 1)
92
719
( 1)
57
885
8
( 1)
48
( 1)
( 1)
94
70
671
580
522
581
11
16
260
( 1)
( 1)
479
83
54
411
600
587
696
( 1)
( 1)
68.9
71
256
163
566
415
520
36
139
22
( 1)
389
( 1)
35
117
140
( 1)
456
561
( 1)
85.4
( 1)
51
6,942
408
556
22
876
( 1)
414
28
6,066
( 1)
581
( 1)
71.1
193
90
353
2,821
152
53
73
549
301
767
1,407
519
642
538
904
364
513
379
32
3
153
113
23
2
7
32
43
( 1)
( 1)
466
436
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
161
87
201
2,708
129
51
66
517
257
806
1,419
579
651
574
905
371
514
379
( 1)
( 1)
80.4
66.9
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
See footnote at end of table.
56
56
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2006 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Both sexes
Occupation
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers,
hand............................................................................
Packers and packagers, hand......................................
Refuse and recyclable material collectors....................
1
Women
Men
Women's
earnings
Median
Median
Median
as
Total
Total
Total
weekly
weekly percent of
weekly
employed
employed
employed
earnings
earnings
earnings
men's
1,407
371
64
$474
391
393
198
209
6
$412
367
( 1)
Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
NOTE: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
57
57
1,210
163
59
$484
416
403
85.1
88.2
( 1)
Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by industry and sex,
2006 annual averages
Both Sexes
Industry
1
Men
Women's
earnings
as
Median
Median
Median
Total
Total
Total
percent
of
Weekly
Weekly
Weekly
Employed
Employed
Employed
men's
Earnings
Earnings
Earnings
Total, 16 years and over…………….………… 106,106
Agriculture and related industries .......................
Mining .................................................................
Construction .......................................................
Manufacturing .....................................................
Durable goods .................................................
Nondurable goods ...........................................
Wholesale and retail trade ..................................
Wholesale trade ..............................................
Retail trade ......................................................
Transportation and utilities .................................
Transportation and warehousing .....................
Utilities .............................................................
Information ..........................................................
Financial activities ..............................................
Finance and insurance ....................................
Real estate and rental and leasing ..................
Professional and business services ...................
Professional and technical services ................
Management, administrative, and waste
services.........................................................
Education and health services ............................
Educational services .......................................
Health care and social assistance ...................
Leisure and hospitality ........................................
Arts, entertainment, and recreation .................
Acomodation and food services ......................
Other services ....................................................
Other services, except private households .....
Private households ..........................................
Public administration...........................................
Women
$671
46,358
$600
59,747
$743
80.8
911
615
8,262
15,063
9,752
5,310
14,868
3,821
11,047
6,126
4,968
1,158
2,858
8,087
6,099
1,988
10,197
6,032
437
912
646
703
729
649
578
724
520
766
737
933
860
758
795
665
753
997
175
73
688
4,297
2,477
1,820
5,917
1,072
4,845
1,388
1,148
240
1,223
4,548
3,612
936
4,198
2,652
378
780
622
564
587
520
484
612
460
677
654
761
722
659
668
622
649
769
735
542
7,574
10,765
7,275
3,490
8,951
2,749
6,202
4,738
3,820
918
1,635
3,539
2,487
1,053
5,999
3,380
449
935
649
767
782
735
647
775
599
804
767
978
982
974
1,138
718
862
1,229
84.2
83.4
95.8
73.5
75.1
70.7
74.8
79.0
76.8
84.2
85.3
77.8
73.5
67.7
58.7
86.6
75.3
62.6
4,165
22,058
9,528
12,530
6,837
1,483
5,353
4,090
3,692
398
6,134
507
697
768
626
421
548
400
568
597
363
811
1,546
16,188
6,375
9,813
3,140
576
2,564
1,814
1,453
361
2,710
484
651
739
594
391
499
372
465
501
352
707
2,619
5,871
3,154
2,717
3,697
908
2,789
2,276
2,239
36
3,424
521
850
879
815
472
599
430
668
673
( 1)
913
Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
58
92.9
76.6
84.1
72.9
82.8
83.3
86.5
69.6
74.4
( 1)
77.4
Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2006 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Total, both sexes
Year
Total employed
Usually full time
1
Usually part time
2
Percent usually
full time
Percent usually
part time
1970…………...…
1971………...……
1972 3………...…
1973 3………...…
1974……...………
1975…………...…
1976………...……
1977………...……
1978 3…………...
1979………..……
78,678
79,367
82,153
85,064
86,794
85,846
88,752
92,017
96,048
98,824
66,753
66,973
69,214
71,803
73,093
71,586
73,964
76,625
80,193
82,654
11,925
12,393
12,939
13,262
13,701
14,260
14,788
15,391
15,855
16,171
84.8
84.4
84.3
84.4
84.2
83.4
83.3
83.3
83.5
83.6
15.2
15.6
15.7
15.6
15.8
16.6
16.7
16.7
16.5
16.4
1980……..………
1981……..………
1982………..……
1983…..…………
1984…..…………
1985……...………
1986 3….…..……
1987……...….……
1988……...………
1989……...………
99,303
100,397
99,526
100,834
105,005
107,150
109,597
112,440
114,968
117,342
82,562
83,243
81,421
82,322
86,544
88,534
90,529
92,957
95,214
97,369
16,740
17,154
18,106
18,511
18,462
18,615
19,069
19,483
19,754
19,973
83.1
82.9
81.8
81.6
82.4
82.6
82.6
82.7
82.8
83.0
16.9
17.1
18.2
18.4
17.6
17.4
17.4
17.3
17.2
17.0
1990 3……...……
1991……...………
1992………...……
1993……….……
1994 3………...…
1995………...……
1996….…………
1997 3………..…
1998 3……...……
1999 3……………
118,793
117,718
118,492
120,259
123,060
124,900
126,708
129,558
131,463
133,488
98,666
97,190
97,664
99,114
99,772
101,679
103,537
106,334
108,202
110,302
20,128
20,528
20,828
21,145
23,288
23,220
23,170
23,224
23,261
23,186
83.1
82.6
82.4
82.4
81.1
81.4
81.7
82.1
82.3
82.6
16.9
17.4
17.6
17.6
18.9
18.6
18.3
17.9
17.7
17.4
2000 3………...…
2001…………..…
2002………………
2003 3…………..
2004 3……………
2005 3……………
2006 3……………
136,891
136,933
136,485
137,736
139,252
141,730
144,427
113,846
113,573
112,700
113,324
114,518
117,016
119,688
23,044
23,361
23,785
24,412
24,734
24,714
24,739
83.2
82.9
82.6
82.3
82.2
82.6
82.9
16.8
17.1
17.4
17.7
17.8
17.4
17.1
See footnotes at end of table.
59
59
Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2006 annual
averagesʊContinued
(Numbers in thousands)
Women
Year
Total employed
Usually full time
1
Usually part time
2
Percent usually
full time
Percent usually
part time
1970…………...…
1971………...……
1972 3………...…
1973 3………...…
1974……...………
1975…………...…
1976………...……
1977………...……
1978 3…………...
1979………..……
29,688
29,976
31,257
32,715
33,769
33,989
35,615
37,289
39,569
41,217
21,929
21,950
22,842
23,960
24,714
24,598
25,814
27,076
28,912
30,227
7,758
8,026
8,416
8,756
9,055
9,391
9,799
10,213
10,658
10,990
73.9
73.2
73.1
73.2
73.2
72.4
72.5
72.6
73.1
73.3
26.1
26.8
26.9
26.8
26.8
27.6
27.5
27.4
26.9
26.7
1980……..………
1981……..………
1982………..……
1983…..…………
1984…..…………
1985……...………
1986 3….…..……
1987……...….……
1988……...………
1989……...………
42,117
43,000
43,256
44,047
45,915
47,259
48,706
50,334
51,696
53,027
30,845
31,337
31,086
31,679
33,473
34,672
35,845
37,210
38,398
39,484
11,270
11,664
12,170
12,367
12,441
12,587
12,862
13,124
13,298
13,544
73.2
72.9
71.9
71.9
72.9
73.4
73.6
73.9
74.3
74.5
26.8
27.1
28.1
28.1
27.1
26.6
26.4
26.1
25.7
25.5
1990 3……...……
1991……...………
1992………...……
1993……….……
1994 3………...…
1995………...……
1996….…………
1997 3………..…
1998 3……...……
1999 3……………
53,689
53,496
54,052
54,910
56,610
57,523
58,501
59,873
60,771
62,042
40,165
39,783
40,301
40,991
40,940
41,743
42,776
44,076
45,014
46,372
13,524
13,713
13,751
13,919
15,670
15,779
15,725
15,797
15,757
15,670
74.8
74.4
74.6
74.7
72.3
72.6
73.1
73.6
74.1
74.7
25.2
25.6
25.4
25.3
27.7
27.4
26.9
26.4
25.9
25.3
2000 3………...…
2001…………..…
2002………………
2003 3…………..
2004 3……………
2005 3……………
2006 3……………
63,586
63,737
63,582
64,404
64,728
65,757
66,925
47,916
47,950
47,494
47,946
48,073
49,158
50,380
15,670
15,788
16,088
16,459
16,654
16,598
16,545
75.4
75.2
74.7
74.4
74.3
74.8
75.3
24.6
24.8
25.3
25.6
25.7
25.2
24.7
See footnotes at end of table.
60
60
Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2006 annual
averagesʊContinued
(Numbers in thousands)
Men
Year
Total employed
Usually full time
1
Usually part time
2
Percent usually
full time
Percent usually
part time
1970…………...…
1971………...……
1972 3………...…
1973 3………...…
1974……...………
1975…………...…
1976………...……
1977………...……
1978 3…………...
1979………..……
48,990
49,390
50,896
52,349
53,024
51,857
53,138
54,728
56,479
57,607
44,825
45,023
46,373
47,843
48,378
46,988
48,150
49,551
51,281
52,427
4,166
4,367
4,523
4,507
4,646
4,870
4,988
5,178
5,198
5,180
91.5
91.2
91.1
91.4
91.2
90.6
90.6
90.5
90.8
91.0
8.5
8.8
8.9
8.6
8.8
9.4
9.4
9.5
9.2
9.0
1980……..………
1981……..………
1982………..……
1983…..…………
1984…..…………
1985……...………
1986 3….…..……
1987……...….……
1988……...………
1989……...………
57,186
57,397
56,271
56,787
59,091
59,891
60,892
62,107
63,273
64,315
51,717
51,906
50,334
50,643
53,070
53,862
54,685
55,746
56,816
57,885
5,471
5,492
5,937
6,145
6,020
6,028
6,207
6,360
6,457
6,430
90.4
90.4
89.4
89.2
89.8
89.9
89.8
89.8
89.8
90.0
9.6
9.6
10.6
10.8
10.2
10.1
10.2
10.2
10.2
10.0
1990 3……...……
1991……...………
1992………...……
1993……….……
1994 3………...…
1995………...……
1996….…………
1997 3………..…
1998 3……...……
1999 3……………
65,104
64,223
64,440
65,349
66,450
67,377
68,207
69,685
70,693
71,446
58,501
57,407
57,363
58,123
58,832
59,936
60,762
62,258
63,189
63,930
6,604
6,815
7,077
7,226
7,617
7,441
7,445
7,427
7,504
7,516
89.9
89.4
89.0
88.9
88.5
89.0
89.1
89.3
89.4
89.5
10.1
10.6
11.0
11.1
11.5
11.0
10.9
10.7
10.6
10.5
3
2000
………...…
73,305
See footnotes
at end of table.
2001…………..…
73,196
2002………………
72,903
2003 3…………..
73,332
2004 3……………
74,524
2005 3……………
75,973
3
2006 ……………
77,502
65,930
65,623
65,205
65,379
66,444
67,858
69,307
7,375
7,573
7,697
7,953
8,080
8,115
8,194
89.9
89.7
89.4
89.2
89.2
89.3
89.4
10.1
10.3
10.6
10.8
10.8
10.7
10.6
See footnotes at end of table.
61
6
1988……...………
1989……...………
63,273
64,315
56,816
57,885
6,457
6,430
89.8
90.0
10.2
10.0
1990 3……...……
65,104
58,501
6,604
89.9
10.1
1991……...………
64,223
57,407
6,815
89.4
10.6
Table 20. Employed persons
part-time status
and sex, 1970-2006
1992………...……
64,440 by full- and
57,363
7,077
89.0 annual
11.0
averagesʊContinued65,349
1993……….……
58,123
7,226
88.9
11.1
1994 3………...…
58,832
7,617
88.5
11.5
(Numbers
in thousands) 66,450
1995………...……
67,377
59,936
7,441
89.0
11.0
Men
1996….…………
68,207
60,762
7,445
89.1
10.9
1997 3Year
………..…
69,685
62,258
7,427
89.3
10.7
Percent usually
Percent usually
employed
Usually63,189
full time 1 Usually part
time 2
1998 3……...…… Total 70,693
7,504
89.4
10.6
full time
part time
1999 3……………
71,446
63,930
7,516
89.5
10.5
1970…………...…
48,990
44,825
4,166
91.5
8.5
2000 3………...…
73,305
65,930
7,375
89.9
10.1
1971………...……
49,390
45,023
4,367
91.2
8.8
2001…………..…
73,196
65,623
7,573
89.7
10.3
3
1972 ………...…
50,896
46,373
4,523
91.1
8.9
2002………………
72,903
65,205
7,697
89.4
10.6
1973 33………...…
52,349
47,843
4,507
91.4
8.6
2003 …………..
73,332
65,379
7,953
89.2
10.8
1974……...………
53,024
48,378
4,646
91.2
8.8
3
2004 ……………
74,524
66,444
8,080
89.2
10.8
1975…………...…
51,857
46,988
4,870
90.6
9.4
3
2005 ……………
75,973
67,858
8,115
89.3
10.7
1976………...……
53,138
48,150
4,988
90.6
9.4
2006 3……………
77,502
69,307
8,194
89.4
10.6
1977………...……
54,728
49,551
5,178
90.5
9.5
1978 3…………...
56,479
51,281
5,198
90.8
9.2
1 footnotes at end of table.
See
1979………..……
52,427
5,180
for 1994
and later years, 91.0
those who worked 359.0
or more
Prior to 1994, total 57,607
includes persons who
usually
hours during the reference week. These groups are
work part time but who worked 35 or more hours
1980……..………
57,186
51,717
5,471separately. 90.4
9.6
not shown
during the reference week;
for 1994 and later
years,
3
1981……..………
57,397in the part-time
51,906
5,492
90.4
such persons were included
total. In
The comparability of historical labor force 9.6
data has
1982………..……
56,271
50,334
10.6 and
all years, the total includes
those who usually
work full
been 5,937
affected at various89.4
times by methodological
time but who worked less
than 35 hours 50,643
during the
1983…..…………
56,787
6,145 changes in the
89.2Current Population
10.8Survey
conceptual
reference week for noneconomic
reasons,53,070
such as
(CPS).6,020
For an explanation,
1984…..…………
59,091
89.8see the Explanatory
10.2 Notes
illness or holiday, and those
absent from work
for the
and Estimates
of Error 89.9
section of Employment
1985……...………
59,891
53,862
6,028
10.1 and
entire3….…..……
reference week who usually work full time.
Earnings,
a monthly BLS 89.8
periodical.
1986
60,892
54,685
6,207
10.2
6
These groups are not shown separately.
1987……...….……
62,107
55,746
6,360
89.8
10.2
2
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S.
For all years, total includes those who usually
1988……...………
63,273
56,816
6,457
89.8
10.2
Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
work less than 35 hours a week but who were
1989……...………
64,315
57,885
6,430
90.0
10.0
absent from work for the entire reference week and
1990 3……...……
1991……...………
1992………...……
1993……….……
1994 3………...…
1995………...……
1996….…………
1997 3………..…
1998 3……...……
1999 3……………
65,104
64,223
64,440
65,349
66,450
67,377
68,207
69,685
70,693
71,446
58,501
57,407
57,363
58,123
58,832
59,936
60,762
62,258
63,189
63,930
6,604
6,815
7,077
7,226
7,617
7,441
7,445
7,427
7,504
7,516
89.9
89.4
89.0
88.9
88.5
89.0
89.1
89.3
89.4
89.5
10.1
10.6
11.0
11.1
11.5
11.0
10.9
10.7
10.6
10.5
2000 3………...…
2001…………..…
2002………………
2003 3…………..
2004 3……………
2005 3……………
2006 3……………
73,305
73,196
72,903
73,332
74,524
75,973
77,502
65,930
65,623
65,205
65,379
66,444
67,858
69,307
7,375
7,573
7,697
7,953
8,080
8,115
8,194
89.9
89.7
89.4
89.2
89.2
89.3
89.4
10.1
10.3
10.6
10.8
10.8
10.7
10.6
See footnotes at end of table.
62
6
Table 21. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in
nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976-2006 annual averages
All industries
Nonagricultural industries
Year
Total
Women
Men
Total
Women
Men
1976…….
1977…….
1978…….
1979…...…
38.7
38.8
39.0
38.9
34.1
34.2
34.5
34.5
41.7
41.9
42.1
42.0
38.4
38.5
38.7
38.6
34.1
34.2
34.4
34.4
41.4
41.6
41.8
41.7
1980…….
1981…….
1982…...…
1983…….
1984………
1985…...…
1986…….
1987…….
1988…….
1989…...…
38.5
38.1
38.0
38.3
38.8
39.0
39.1
39.0
39.4
39.6
34.5
34.1
34.1
34.5
34.9
35.2
35.4
35.3
35.7
35.8
41.5
41.1
40.9
41.2
41.8
42.0
42.1
42.0
42.4
42.6
38.3
37.9
37.7
38.1
38.6
38.9
38.9
38.8
39.3
39.4
34.4
34.1
34.0
34.4
34.9
35.2
35.3
35.3
35.7
35.8
41.2
40.7
40.6
41.0
41.5
41.8
41.9
41.8
42.2
42.4
1990…….
1991…...…
1992…….
1993………
1994 1……
1995…….
1996………
1997…….
1998…….
1999…...…
39.4
39.2
38.9
39.4
39.2
39.3
39.3
39.5
39.3
39.6
35.8
35.8
35.6
36.0
35.5
35.6
35.7
36.0
35.8
36.2
42.3
42.0
41.7
42.2
42.2
42.3
42.3
42.4
42.2
42.4
39.3
39.1
38.8
39.3
39.1
39.2
39.2
39.4
39.2
39.5
35.8
35.8
35.6
36.0
35.6
35.7
35.7
36.0
35.9
36.2
42.1
41.9
41.6
42.1
42.1
42.2
42.2
42.3
42.2
42.4
2000 1……
2001…...…
2002…….
2003…...…
2004…….
2005…….
2006………
39.7
39.2
39.2
39.0
39.0
39.2
39.2
36.4
36.1
36.0
35.9
35.9
36.1
36.2
42.5
41.9
41.8
41.7
41.7
41.8
41.8
39.6
39.2
39.1
39.0
39.0
39.1
39.2
36.4
36.1
36.1
35.9
35.9
36.1
36.2
42.4
41.8
41.7
41.6
41.6
41.7
41.7
1
The comparability of historical data has been affected at various times by
methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey
(CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error
section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau
of Labor Statistics
63
63
Table 22. Work experience of the population by sex and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970-2005
(Percent distribution)
With work experience
Year
Population
(in
thousands)
Total
Percent of
(in
population
thousands)
With work experience
Usually work full time
Total
Total
50 to 52
weeks
Usually work part time
1 to 49
weeks
Total
50 to 52
weeks
1 to 49
weeks
Total, both sexes
1970………….……… 138,953
1975………….……… 153,180
1980…….…………… 169,452
1985………….……… 179,944
1990……….………… 189,238
1995………….……… 199,925
2000 1………...……… 214,292
2005…………………… 227,975
93,850
102,603
115,752
123,466
132,562
138,971
150,787
154,322
67.5
67.0
68.3
68.6
70.1
69.5
70.4
67.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
79.4
78.9
78.5
78.2
78.8
78.6
80.4
80.3
55.6
54.3
56.1
58.7
60.4
62.9
66.7
67.5
23.8
24.6
22.4
19.5
18.4
15.7
13.7
12.8
20.6
21.2
21.4
21.9
21.3
21.3
19.5
19.7
6.7
7.5
7.7
8.3
8.7
9.1
9.3
10.0
13.9
13.7
13.7
13.6
12.6
12.2
10.2
9.7
38,809
43,511
51,492
56,165
61,494
65,304
71,341
72,309
52.7
53.8
57.7
59.4
62.1
62.8
64.0
61.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
67.9
67.1
67.7
68.1
69.8
70.2
72.9
72.7
40.7
41.4
44.7
48.9
51.5
54.3
58.4
59.9
27.2
25.7
23.0
19.2
18.3
15.9
14.5
12.8
32.2
32.8
32.3
31.8
30.2
29.7
27.1
27.3
10.1
11.7
11.9
12.3
12.8
13.3
13.4
14.1
22.1
21.1
20.4
19.5
17.4
16.4
13.7
13.2
55,041
59,091
64,260
67,301
71,068
73,667
79,446
82,013
84.3
81.7
80.1
78.8
78.7
76.8
77.2
74.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
87.6
87.5
87.2
86.5
86.4
86.2
87.5
87.0
66.1
63.8
65.2
66.8
68.0
70.6
74.2
74.2
21.5
23.7
22.0
19.7
18.4
15.6
13.3
12.8
12.4
12.5
12.8
13.5
13.5
13.9
12.6
13.0
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.8
5.1
5.5
5.5
6.3
8.0
8.1
8.4
8.7
8.4
8.4
7.1
6.7
Women
1970………….……… 73,657
1975…….…………… 80,834
1980……….………… 89,259
1985…….…………… 94,490
1990………….……… 98,970
1995……….………… 104,058
2000 1………...……… 111,440
2005…………………… 117,814
Men
1970………….……… 65,296
1975………….……… 72,346
1980……….………… 80,193
1985……….………… 85,454
1990………….……… 90,269
1995……….………… 95,867
2000 1………...……… 102,853
2005…………………… 110,161
1
NOTE: See Technical Note for an explanation of the
work experience concept.
The comparability of historical labor force data has been
affected at various times by methodological and conceptual
changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an
explanation, see the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of
Error section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS
periodical.
SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements,
1971-2006, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department
of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
64
64
Table 23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967-2005
(Numbers in thousands)
Married-couple families
One earner
Year
Total
No
earners
Total
Husband
only
Wife
only
Two earners or more
Other
family
member
Total
Husband Wife and Husband
Husband
and wife
and other other
and
family
are not
family
wife
member member earners
1967…….
43,292
2,943
16,490
15,429
716
345
23,859
18,888
4,639
1968…….
43,842
2,888
16,375
15,310
730
335
24,579
19,743
4,522
1969…….
44,436
3,022
16,268
15,133
797
339
25,145
20,327
4,517
1970…...… 44,832
1971…...… 45,939
3,252
16,117
14,931
867
320
25,464
20,510
4,622
3,471
16,847
15,502
1,004
340
25,621
20,641
4,651
1972…….
3,632
16,787
15,387
1,003
398
26,175
21,279
4,553
4,027
16,080
14,547
1,110
423
27,078
22,152
4,535
4,325
15,795
14,122
1,216
457
27,319
22,451
4,442
46,594
1973…...… 47,185
1974…...… 47,438
1975…...… 47,878
1976……. 48,150
-
-
-
-
-
-
4,943
16,217
14,343
1,394
481
26,717
22,338
3,861
4,962
15,630
13,690
1,424
516
27,559
23,104
3,829
1977…...… 48,131
1978…...… 48,532
5,177
15,119
13,153
1,456
512
27,835
23,474
3,812
5,226
14,456
12,434
1,509
513
28,850
24,655
3,609
1979…...… 49,132
5,559
13,912
11,934
1,499
480
29,660
25,595
3,476
1980…….
49,316
5,903
13,900
11,621
1,707
573
29,513
25,557
3,380
1981…….
49,669
6,213
13,832
11,524
1,680
628
29,624
25,729
3,212
49,947
1983…...… 50,134
1984……. 50,395
6,427
14,235
11,575
2,048
613
29,285
25,387
3,149
6,549
13,692
11,100
1,944
647
29,893
26,119
2,996
6,630
12,952
10,472
1,852
628
30,814
27,035
2,891
1985…...… 50,978
1986……. 51,574
6,693
12,961
10,406
1,897
658
31,324
27,787
2,764
6,731
12,565
9,984
1,917
664
32,278
28,811
2,730
1987……. 51,847
1988……. 52,149
1989…...… 52,385
6,741
6,754
6,812
12,435
11,876
11,748
9,787
9,463
9,212
1,946
1,777
1,840
702
636
695
32,671
33,519
33,825
29,369
30,536
30,879
2,576
2,303
2,373
532
435
148
138
1990…….
1991…….
1992…….
1993…...…
1994…...…
1995…….
1996…….
1997…….
1998…...…
1999…….
52,241
52,549
53,254
53,248
53,929
53,621
53,654
54,362
54,829
55,352
6,770
7,091
7,256
7,282
7,227
7,278
7,148
7,289
7,257
7,163
11,630
11,523
11,977
11,842
11,774
11,739
11,556
11,728
12,279
12,328
9,107
8,873
9,114
8,745
8,719
8,821
8,671
8,792
9,198
9,093
1,826
1,993
2,145
2,411
2,374
2,253
2,214
2,302
2,419
2,595
698
657
718
687
681
664
671
634
662
640
33,841
33,935
34,021
34,123
34,928
34,604
34,950
35,345
35,293
35,861
30,829
31,049
31,268
31,302
32,125
32,061
32,406
32,764
32,810
33,360
2,369
2,161
1,940
2,051
2,048
1,878
1,899
1,853
1,726
1,815
479
527
624
614
603
539
522
569
616
519
164
197
199
156
151
127
123
158
141
167
2000…...…
2001…….
2002…….
2003…….
2004………
2005………
56,643
56,798
57,362
57,767
58,045
58,225
7,463
7,666
7,803
8,043
7,996
8,017
12,717
12,907
13,487
14,051
14,352
14,292
9,515
9,621
10,109
10,469
10,821
10,603
2,601
2,698
2,818
3,026
2,991
3,096
600
588
560
557
540
593
36,463
36,224
36,071
35,673
35,696
35,915
33,892
33,696
33,547
33,220
33,131
33,380
1,865
1,898
1,845
1,789
1,832
1,818
566
501
558
548
610
597
139
129
121
117
123
121
1982…….
See note at end of table.
65
65
Table 23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967-2005—Continued
(Percent distribution)
Married-couple families
One earner
Year
Total
No
earners
Total
Husband
only
Wife
only
Two earners or more
Other
family
member
Total
Husband Wife and Husband
and wife
Husband and other other
are not
and wife
family
family
member member earners
6.9
6.5
6.3
6.0
5.7
5.4
5.3
5.0
4.4
4.5
-
-
1.0
.8
0.3
.3
59.0
59.1
58.7
58.8
59.6
59.8
60.4
60.3
59.8
60.3
4.5
4.1
3.6
3.9
3.8
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.1
3.3
.9
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
.9
.3
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
59.8
59.3
58.5
57.5
57.1
57.3
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.2
3.1
1.0
.9
1.0
.9
1.0
1.0
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
1967…..… 100.0
1968…...… 100.0
1969…...… 100.0
6.8
6.6
6.8
38.1
37.4
36.6
35.6
34.9
34.1
1.7
1.7
1.8
0.8
.8
.8
55.1
56.1
56.6
43.6
45.0
45.7
10.7
10.3
10.2
1970…...…
1971…...…
1972…...…
1973………
1974…...…
1975…...…
1976…...…
1977…….
1978…….
1979…….
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
7.3
7.6
7.8
8.5
9.1
10.3
10.3
10.8
10.8
11.3
35.9
36.7
36.0
34.1
33.3
33.9
32.5
31.4
29.8
28.3
33.3
33.7
33.0
30.8
29.8
30.0
28.4
27.3
25.6
24.3
1.9
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.9
3.0
3.0
3.1
3.1
.7
.7
.9
.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
56.8
55.8
56.2
57.4
57.6
55.8
57.2
57.8
59.4
60.4
45.7
44.9
45.7
46.9
47.3
46.7
48.0
48.8
50.8
52.1
10.3
10.1
9.8
9.6
9.4
8.1
8.0
7.9
7.4
7.1
1980…….
1981…….
1982…….
1983…….
1984…….
1985…….
1986…….
1987…….
1988…….
1989…….
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
12.0
12.5
12.9
13.1
13.2
13.1
13.1
13.0
13.0
13.0
28.2
27.8
28.5
27.3
25.7
25.4
24.4
24.0
22.8
22.4
23.6
23.2
23.2
22.1
20.8
20.4
19.4
18.9
18.1
17.6
3.5
3.4
4.1
3.9
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.8
3.4
3.5
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.3
59.8
59.6
58.6
59.6
61.1
61.4
62.6
63.0
64.3
64.6
51.8
51.8
50.8
52.1
53.6
54.5
55.9
56.6
58.6
58.9
1990…...…
1991…...…
1992…...…
1993…...…
1994…….
1995…….
1996…….
1997…….
1998…….
1999…….
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
13.0
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.4
13.6
13.3
13.4
13.2
12.9
22.3
21.9
22.5
22.2
21.8
21.9
21.5
21.6
22.4
22.3
17.4
16.9
17.1
16.4
16.2
16.5
16.2
16.2
16.8
16.4
3.5
3.8
4.0
4.5
4.4
4.2
4.1
4.2
4.4
4.7
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
64.8
64.6
63.9
64.1
64.8
64.5
65.1
65.0
64.4
64.8
2000…...…
2001…….
2002…...…
2003…….
2004………
2005………
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
13.2
13.5
13.6
13.9
13.8
13.8
22.5
22.7
23.5
24.3
24.7
24.5
16.8
16.9
17.6
18.1
18.6
18.2
4.6
4.8
4.9
5.2
5.2
5.3
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
.9
1.0
64.4
63.8
62.9
61.8
61.5
61.7
NOTE: These data, collected in the Annual Social
and Economic Supplement, reflect the earnings and
work experience of the entire year. Dash indicates data
not available. Data for 2004 were revised to reflect
corrections to survey sample weights.
SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements,
1968-2006, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department
of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
66
66
Table 24. Contribution of wives' earnings to
family income, 1970-2005
Contribution to
family income
(median percent)
Year
1970………………….………
1971…………………….……
1972…………...………………
1973……………….…………
1974……………….…………
1975…………….……………
1976………………….………
1977………………….………
1978……...……………………
1979……………...……………
26.6
27.5
26.7
26.0
25.4
26.3
26.4
26.1
26.1
26.0
1980………….………………
1981……...……………………
1982……………...……………
1983……………….…………
1984………………….………
1985……………….…………
1986………………...…………
1987……………………...……
1988……………………...……
1989……………………….…
26.7
27.3
28.4
28.8
28.4
28.3
29.0
29.5
29.6
29.9
1990………………….………
1991………………….………
1992…………………….……
1993………….………………
1994…………….……………
1995……………….…………
1996……………………….…
1997…………………….……
1998……………….…………
1999……………………….…
30.7
31.3
32.4
32.2
31.9
31.9
32.6
32.7
32.8
32.8
2000……………………….…
2001……………………….…
2002……………………….…
2003……………………….…
2004……………………………
2005……………………………
33.5
34.4
34.8
35.2
34.9
35.1
NOTE: Data for 2004 were revised to reflect
corrections to survey sample weights.
SOURCE:
Annual
Social
and
Economic
Supplements, 1971-2006, Current Population Survey,
U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics
67
67
Table 25. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987-2005
(Numbers in thousands)
Families in which wives have earnings
but husbands may not
Year
Families in which both wives and husbands
have earnings
Married-couple
Married-couple
families in which
Wives who earn Percent of wives families in which Wives who earn Percent of wives
wife (but not
more than
more than
who earn more
who earn more
both wife and
necessarily
their
their
than their
than their
husband had
husband) had
earnings from
husbands 2
husbands 1
husbands 1
husbands 2
earnings from
work
work
1987…...…………
1988…...…………
1989…...…………
32,025
32,810
33,119
7,581
7,827
8,068
23.7
23.9
24.4
29,755
30,503
30,848
5,311
5,520
5,796
17.8
18.1
18.8
1990…...…………
1991…...…………
1992…...…………
1993…...…………
1994…...…………
1995…...…………
1996…...…………
1997……............
1998……............
1999……............
33,093
33,516
33,987
34,286
35,066
34,819
35,120
35,613
35,806
36,454
8,221
8,983
9,715
10,000
10,184
9,822
10,070
10,309
10,467
10,548
24.8
26.8
28.6
29.2
29.0
28.2
28.7
28.9
29.2
28.9
30,794
30,998
31,221
31,264
32,091
32,030
32,389
32,745
32,782
33,340
5,923
6,465
6,948
6,978
7,209
7,033
7,340
7,441
7,443
7,434
19.2
20.9
22.3
22.3
22.5
22.0
22.7
22.7
22.7
22.3
2000……............
2001……............
2002……............
2003……............
2004………………
2005………………
37,037
36,864
36,905
36,761
36,710
37,055
11,070
11,329
11,765
11,923
11,985
12,215
29.9
30.7
31.9
32.4
32.6
33.0
33,873
33,665
33,531
33,189
33,110
33,364
7,906
8,130
8,391
8,351
8,386
8,524
23.3
24.1
25.0
25.2
25.3
25.5
1
Includes families in which husband had no earnings
from work.
2
Excludes families in which husband had no earnings
from work.
experience of the entire year. Data for 2004 were
revised to reflect corrections to survey sample weights.
SOURCE: 1988-2006 Annual Social and Economic
Supplements, Current Population Survey, U.S.
Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
NOTE: These data, collected in the Annual Social
and Economic Supplement, reflect the earnings and work
68
68
Table 26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal
minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2006 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Workers paid hourly rates
Total at or below prevailing minimum wage
Characteristic
Total
Total
Percent of
hourly paid
workers
At prevailing
Federal
minimum
wage
Below
prevailing
Federal
minimum
wage
Age and sex
Total, 16 years and over………………..…………
16 to 24 years………………………..……………
25 years and over……………………..…………
76,514
16,649
59,865
1,692
866
826
2.2
5.2
1.4
409
247
162
1,283
619
664
Women, 16 years and over……………..…………
16 to 24 years………………………..……………
25 years and over……………………..…………
38,321
8,065
30,256
1,124
570
554
2.9
7.1
1.8
263
149
114
861
421
440
Men, 16 years and over………………………..…
16 to 24 years…………………………………..…
25 years and over…………………………..……
38,193
8,583
29,609
568
296
273
1.5
3.4
.9
146
98
49
422
198
224
White……………………………..…………………
Women………………………..………………….…
Men………………………..………………….……
61,907
30,504
31,403
1,434
966
469
2.3
3.2
1.5
329
215
115
1,105
751
354
Black or African American…………………………
Women………………………..………………….…
Men………………………..………………….……
9,903
5,419
4,485
173
106
68
1.7
2.0
1.5
62
34
28
111
72
40
Asian……………….……………………………….
Women………………………..………………….…
Men………………………..………………….……
2,654
1,395
1,259
38
24
14
1.4
1.7
1.1
8
7
1
30
17
13
Hispanic or Latino …………………………………
Women………………………..………………….…
Men………………………..………………….……
13,121
5,341
7,780
223
128
96
1.7
2.4
1.2
68
40
29
155
88
67
Full-time workers……………………..……………
Women……………………………….……………
Men……………………………………..…………
58,452
25,975
32,477
653
405
248
1.1
1.6
.8
99
64
35
554
341
213
Part-time workers…………………..………………
Women……………………………...………………
Men…………………………..……………………
17,930
12,278
5,652
1,034
717
317
5.8
5.8
5.6
310
198
112
724
519
205
Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Full- and part-time status
1
See footnote at end of table.
See footnote at end of table.
69
69
Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
White……………………………..…………………
61,907
1,434
2.3
329
1,105
Women………………………..………………….…
30,504
966
3.2
215
751
Men………………………..………………….……
31,403
469
1.5
115
354
Table 26.
Table
26. Wage
Wageand
andsalary
salaryworkers
workerspaid
paidhourly
hourlyrates
rates with
with earnings
earnings at
at or
or below
below the
the prevailing
prevailing Federal
Federal
minimum wage
wage by
by selected
selected characteristics,
characteristics, 2006
2006 annual
annual averages
averages—Continued
minimum
Black
or African American…………………………
9,903
173
1.7
62
111
Women………………………..………………….…
5,419
106
2.0
34
72
(Numbers
in thousands)
Men………………………..………………….……
4,485
68
1.5
28
40
Workers paid hourly rates
Asian……………….……………………………….
2,654
38
1.4
8
30
Total at or below prevailing minimum wage
Women………………………..………………….…
1,395
24
1.7
7
17
Men………………………..………………….……
1,259
14
1.1
1
13
Below
Characteristic
At prevailing
prevailing
Percent of
Total
Federal
Hispanic or Latino …………………………………
13,121
223
1.7paid
68
155
Federal
Total
hourly
minimum
Women………………………..………………….…
5,341
128
2.4
40
88
minimum
workers
wage
wage
Men………………………..………………….……
7,780
96
1.2
29
67
Full- and
part-time
Age
and sexstatus
1
Full-time
Total, 16 workers……………………..……………
years and over………………..…………
Women……………………………….……………
16 to 24 years………………………..……………
Men……………………………………..…………
25 years and over……………………..…………
58,452
76,514
25,975
16,649
32,477
59,865
653
1,692
405
866
248
826
1.1
2.2
1.6
5.2
.8
1.4
99
409
64
247
35
162
554
1,283
341
619
213
664
Part-time
workers…………………..………………
Women, 16
years and over……………..…………
Women……………………………...………………
16 to 24 years………………………..……………
Men…………………………..……………………
25 years and over……………………..…………
17,930
38,321
12,278
8,065
5,652
30,256
1,034
1,124
717
570
317
554
5.8
2.9
5.8
7.1
5.6
1.8
310
263
198
149
112
114
724
861
519
421
205
440
Men, 16 years and over………………………..…
38,193
1 footnote at end of table.
See
between full- and part-time workers
is
16 The
to 24distinction
years…………………………………..…
8,583
based
on
hours
usually
worked.
These
data
will
not
sum
to
25 years and over…………………………..……
29,609
totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is
not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.
568
1.5
146
422
Salaried296
workers and
are not
3.4other nonhourly
98 workers 198
included.
race groups 224
(white,
273 Estimates for
.9 the above49
black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals
because data are not presented for all races. In addition,
persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino
69
Race
andThe
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
NOTE:
prevailing
Federal
minimum wage was
may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by
$5.15
per hour in 2006. Data are for wage and61,907
salary
ethnicity
as well as by2.3
race.
White……………………………..…………………
1,434
329
1,105
workers,
excluding the incorporated self-employed.30,504
They
Women………………………..………………….…
966
3.2
215
751
refer to a person's earnings on his or her sole or principal
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department
Men………………………..………………….……
31,403
469
1.5
115
354
job, and pertain only to workers who are paid hourly rates.
of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Black or African American…………………………
Women………………………..………………….…
Men………………………..………………….……
9,903
5,419
4,485
173
106
68
1.7
2.0
1.5
62
34
28
111
72
40
Asian……………….……………………………….
Women………………………..………………….…
Men………………………..………………….……
2,654
1,395
1,259
38
24
14
1.4
1.7
1.1
8
7
1
30
17
13
Hispanic or Latino …………………………………
Women………………………..………………….…
Men………………………..………………….……
13,121
5,341
7,780
223
128
96
1.7
2.4
1.2
68
40
29
155
88
67
Full-time workers……………………..……………
Women……………………………….……………
Men……………………………………..…………
58,452
25,975
32,477
653
405
248
1.1
1.6
.8
99
64
35
554
341
213
Part-time workers…………………..………………
Women……………………………...………………
Men…………………………..……………………
17,930
12,278
5,652
1,034
717
317
5.8
5.8
5.6
310
198
112
724
519
205
Full- and part-time status
1
See footnote at end of table.
69
70
Table 27. Working poor: Poverty status of persons in the labor force for 27 weeks or more by age, sex,
race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2005
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
Age and sex
Total
Total, 16 years and older……
16 to 19 years……………
20 to 24 years…………...
25 to 34 years…………...
35 to 44 years……………
45 to 54 years……………
55 to 64 years……………
65 years and older………
Women, 16 years and older…
16 to 19 years……………
20 to 24 years…………...
25 to 34 years………...…
35 to 44 years……………
45 to 54 years……………
55 to 64 years……………
65 years and older………
White
142,824 117,078
4,192
3,483
13,370
10,767
31,022
24,581
34,779
27,978
34,422
28,688
19,649
16,851
5,390
4,730
Below poverty level
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
16,122
511
1,704
3,914
4,223
3,701
1,701
368
6,290
78
447
1,621
1,782
1,371
787
205
18,905
602
2,347
5,873
4,974
3,311
1,445
353
7,744
438
1,610
2,138
1,752
1,166
532
108
5,477
313
1,144
1,472
1,268
804
399
77
1,694
100
353
516
352
246
105
22
298
8
50
76
70
73
13
8
1,983
105
328
681
557
196
93
22
65,495
2,110
6,159
13,680
15,674
16,263
9,249
2,360
52,475
1,744
4,870
10,504
12,240
13,326
7,768
2,022
8,640
265
872
2,088
2,272
1,993
948
202
2,894
35
202
733
806
641
375
101
7,348
234
894
2,066
1,953
1,432
628
141
3,994
256
882
1,095
861
563
288
49
2,631
184
608
668
562
375
204
30
1,119
66
230
374
236
131
70
12
128
1
18
30
30
37
6
6
780
50
134
223
234
86
42
10
Men, 16 years and older……… 77,329
16 to 19 years……………
2,082
20 to 24 years……………
7,211
25 to 34 years…………… 17,342
35 to 44 years…………... 19,104
45 to 54 years…………… 18,159
55 to 64 years…………… 10,400
65 years and older………
3,030
64,603
1,739
5,897
14,076
15,738
15,362
9,083
2,708
7,482
246
832
1,826
1,950
1,708
753
166
3,396
43
245
887
976
729
412
104
11,557
369
1,453
3,807
3,021
1,879
817
212
3,750
182
727
1,043
891
603
244
59
2,846
129
536
804
705
430
195
47
574
34
124
141
116
115
35
10
170
7
32
46
40
37
7
2
1,203
56
194
457
323
111
51
12
See footnotes at end of table.
7
71
Table 27. Working poor: Poverty status of persons in the labor
force for 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race, and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity, 2005—Continued
Rate 1
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
5.4
10.5
12.0
6.9
5.0
3.4
2.7
2.0
4.7
9.0
10.6
6.0
4.5
2.8
2.4
1.6
10.5
19.5
20.8
13.2
8.3
6.6
6.2
6.0
4.7
( 2)
11.1
4.7
3.9
5.4
1.7
4.1
10.5
17.5
14.0
11.6
11.2
5.9
6.4
6.3
Women, 16 years and older… 6.1
16 to 19 years…………… 12.1
20 to 24 years…………... 14.3
25 to 34 years………...…
8.0
35 to 44 years……………
5.5
45 to 54 years……………
3.5
55 to 64 years……………
3.1
65 years and older………
2.1
5.0
10.6
12.5
6.4
4.6
2.8
2.6
1.5
13.0
24.9
26.4
17.9
10.4
6.6
7.4
6.1
4.4
( 2)
9.0
4.1
3.7
5.7
1.7
5.9
10.6
21.3
15.0
10.8
12.0
6.0
6.7
7.4
4.8
8.8
10.1
6.0
4.7
3.3
2.3
2.0
4.4
7.4
9.1
5.7
4.5
2.8
2.1
1.7
7.7
13.8
14.9
7.7
6.0
6.7
4.6
5.9
5.0
( 2)
12.8
5.2
4.1
5.0
1.6
2.2
10.4
15.1
13.4
12.0
10.7
5.9
6.2
5.6
Age and sex
Total, 16 years and older……
16 to 19 years……………
20 to 24 years…………...
25 to 34 years…………...
35 to 44 years……………
45 to 54 years……………
55 to 64 years……………
65 years and older………
Men, 16 years and older………
16 to 19 years……………
20 to 24 years……………
25 to 34 years……………
35 to 44 years…………...
45 to 54 years……………
55 to 64 years……………
65 years and older………
1
Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force
for 27 weeks or more.
2
Data not shown where base is less than 80,000.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African
American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for
all races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino
may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as race.
SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population
Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
72
72
Table 28. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and contingent and
noncontingent status, February 2005
Age and sex
Total
employed
(in
thousands)
Contingent workers 1
Estimate 1
Estimate 2
Estimate 3
Noncontingent
workers1
Total, 16 years and over………
16 to 19 years……………….
20 to 24 years……………….
25 to 34 years…………………
35 to 44 years…………………
45 to 54 years……………….
55 to 64 years…………………
65 years and over……………
138,952
5,510
13,114
30,103
34,481
32,947
17,980
4,817
1.8
5.6
4.6
2.3
1.2
.8
.8
1.6
2.3
6.1
5.2
2.9
1.7
1.2
1.1
2.3
4.1
8.6
8.2
4.8
3.0
2.7
3.0
5.2
95.9
91.4
91.8
95.2
97.0
97.3
97.0
94.8
Women, 16 years and over…
16 to 19 years…………………
20 to 24 years…………………
25 to 34 years…………………
35 to 44 years…………………
45 to 54 years……………….
55 to 64 years……………….
65 years and over…………..
65,006
2,931
6,186
13,480
15,958
15,754
8,495
2,202
1.8
5.6
4.0
2.2
1.1
1.1
.9
2.6
2.4
6.2
4.8
2.7
1.7
1.6
1.1
3.5
4.3
8.4
7.8
4.6
3.2
3.2
3.2
7.2
95.7
91.6
92.2
95.4
96.8
96.8
96.8
92.8
Men, 16 years and over………
16 to 19 years…………………
20 to 24 years…………………
25 to 34 years…………………
35 to 44 years…………………
45 to 54 years…………………
55 to 64 years…………………
65 years and over……………
73,946
2,579
6,928
16,624
18,523
17,193
9,485
2,615
1.8
5.6
5.2
2.4
1.3
.6
.7
.7
2.2
6.1
5.7
3.1
1.6
.8
1.1
1.3
3.9
8.9
8.6
5.0
2.9
2.1
2.8
3.5
96.1
91.2
91.4
95.0
97.1
97.9
97.2
96.5
1
Contingent workers are those who do not have
an implicit or explicit contract for ongoing
employment. Persons who do not expect to continue
in their jobs for personal reasons, such as retirement
or returning to school, are not considered contingent
workers, provided that they would have the option of
continuing in the job were it not for these personal
reasons. Estimate 1 includes wage and salary
workers who expect their jobs will last for an
additional year or less and who had worked at their
jobs for 1 year or less. Estimate 2 includes wage
and salary workers, the self-employed, and
independent
contractors
who
expect
their
employment to last for an additional year or less and
73
73
who had worked at their jobs (or been selfemployed) for 1 year or less. Estimate 3 includes
all workers who do not expect their jobs to last.
This is the broadest definition of contingency and
estimates 1 and 2 of contingency are included in
estimate 3. Noncontingent workers are those
workers who do not fall into any of the three
definitions of contingency.
SOURCE: Contingent and alternative work
arrangements supplement to the Current
Population Survey, February 2005, U.S.
Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics
Table 29. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and alternative work arrangements,
February 2005
Percent of workers with alternative arrangements 1
Total
employed
(in
thousands)
Workers with
Workers
Temporary
traditional
provided by
help agency
arrangements
contract
workers
firms
Total
Independent
contractors
On-call
workers
Total, 16 years and over……… 138,952
16 to 19 years……………..…
5,510
20 to 24 years…………...…… 13,114
25 to 34 years…………….…
30,103
35 to 44 years……………..… 34,481
45 to 54 years………..……… 32,947
55 to 64 years……………….
17,980
65 years and over………….…
4,817
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
7.4
1.6
2.7
5.0
8.0
8.5
10.8
18.3
1.8
2.4
2.7
1.8
1.7
1.3
1.5
3.6
0.9
.6
1.5
1.2
.7
.6
.8
.7
0.6
.1
.7
.7
.6
.6
.6
.4
89.1
94.3
91.9
91.1
88.9
89.0
86.2
76.8
Women, 16 years and over…
65,006
16 to 19 years…………………
2,931
20 to 24 years……………..…
6,186
25 to 34 years……………..… 13,480
35 to 44 years………………… 15,958
45 to 54 years……………….
15,754
55 to 64 years…………..……
8,495
65 years and over……………
2,202
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
5.6
1.9
2.6
3.8
5.8
6.6
7.7
13.3
1.9
1.8
2.5
1.8
2.0
1.3
1.9
3.8
1.0
.3
1.5
1.3
.8
.8
1.0
.8
.4
.4
.5
.4
.3
.5
.7
91.0
95.7
92.5
92.6
91.0
90.9
88.8
81.1
Men, 16 years and over……… 73,946
16 to 19 years……………..…
2,579
20 to 24 years…………..……
6,928
25 to 34 years……………..… 16,624
35 to 44 years……….………
18,523
45 to 54 years………….……
17,193
55 to 64 years…………………
9,485
65 years and over……………
2,615
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
9.1
1.2
2.8
6.1
9.8
10.3
13.6
22.5
1.7
3.2
2.9
1.8
1.4
1.2
1.1
3.5
.8
.9
1.5
1.1
.6
.4
.5
.6
.8
.3
.9
.8
.8
.8
.7
.1
87.5
92.6
91.4
89.9
87.1
87.3
83.9
73.3
Age and sex
1
Independent contractors are workers who were
identified as independent contractors, independent
consultants, or freelance workers, whether they were selfemployed or wage and salary workers. On-call workers are
workers who are called to work only as needed, although
they can be scheduled to work for several days or weeks in
a row. Temporary help agency workers are workers who
were paid by a temporary help agency, whether or not their
job was temporary. Workers provided by contract firms are
workers who are employed by a company that provides
them or their services to others under contract and who are
usually assigned to only one customer and usually work at
the customer's worksite.
74
74
NOTE: Workers with traditional arrangements are
those who do not fall into any of the "alternative
arrangements" categories. Detail may not sum to totals
because the total employed includes day laborers (an
alternative arrangement, not shown separately) and a
small number of workers who were both "on-call" and
"provided by contract firms." Dash represents zero.
SOURCE: Contingent and alternative work
arrangements supplement to the Current Population
Survey, February 2005, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Table 30. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, May 2004
(Numbers in thousands)
Both sexes
Women
With flexible
schedules 2
Characteristic
Total 1
Men
With flexible
schedules 2
Total 1
Percent
of total
56,412
903
55,509
5,147
14,358
15,424
13,440
6,383
757
6,050
43,222
7,140
15,853
185
15,668
1,065
4,051
4,605
3,769
1,865
314
1,250
12,425
2,179
28.1
20.5
28.2
20.7
28.2
29.9
28.0
29.2
41.4
20.7
28.7
30.5
27.8
20.9
22.4
21.2
46,222
6,447
2,300
8,621
13,582
1,193
720
1,430
29.4
18.5
31.3
16.6
5,888
3,088
2,582
25.9
28.9
25.9
34,926
14,469
7,018
10,382
3,605
1,866
29.7
24.9
26.6
7,349
4,209
2,619
1,590
27.1
25.8
25.5
26.4
34,680
21,733
11,477
10,256
9,410
6,443
3,341
3,102
27.1
29.6
29.1
30.2
43,366
524
42,842
3,856
10,283
11,342
11,415
5,361
585
4,380
33,040
5,946
11,558
151
11,406
993
2,851
3,202
2,882
1,316
161
1,144
8,935
1,477
26.7
28.9
26.6
25.8
27.7
28.2
25.2
24.5
27.6
26.1
27.0
24.8
28.7
19.7
27.4
18.4
34,276
6,131
1,836
5,489
9,539
1,283
412
1,166
16,270
6,693
4,448
28.2
26.6
26.2
22,704
10,676
9,986
16,759
10,652
5,960
4,692
27.1
28.0
27.4
28.8
27,081
16,285
10,262
6,023
Number
27,411
336
27,075
2,058
6,902
7,807
6,651
3,181
475
2,394
21,360
3,656
27.5
23.6
27.5
22.9
28.0
29.2
26.8
27.1
35.4
23.0
28.0
27.9
23,121
2,476
1,132
2,596
Total 1
Number
Number
Percent
of total
Percent
of total
With flexible
schedules 2
Age
Total 16 years and over……………… 99,778
16 to 19 years……………..……… 1,427
20 years and over…………..…… 98,351
20 to 24 years………………
9,004
25 to 34 years……………… 24,640
35 to 44 years…………..…… 26,766
45 to 54 years……………… 24,855
55 to 64 years……………… 11,745
65 years and over…………… 1,341
16 to 24 years……..……………. 10,431
25 to 54 years……..……...……… 76,261
55 years and over……………… 13,086
Race and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity
White……………………………… 80,498
Black or African American……… 12,578
Asian………………..……………
4,136
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity……… 14,110
Marital status
Married, spouse present………… 57,630
Never married….……..….….…… 25,144
Other marital status……………… 17,004
Presence and age of children
With no own children under 18… 61,761
With own children under 18…..… 38,018
With own children 6 to 17……… 21,739
With own children under 6…… 16,279
1
Includes persons who did not provide information on
flexible schedules.
2
Persons with flexible schedules are able to vary or
make changes in their beginning and ending hours of work,
whether or not they have a formal flexitime program on their
job.
black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals
because data are not presented for all races. In addition,
persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino
may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity
as well as by race. Own children include sons, daughters,
stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces,
nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated
children.
NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time
wage and salary workers who were at work during the
survey reference week and exclude all self-employed
persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were
incorporated. Estimates for the above race groups (white,
SOURCE: May 2004 Flexible schedules and shift work
supplement to the Current Population Survey, U.S.
Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
75
75
Table 31. Job-related work at home on primary job: All workers by marital status, presence and age
of children, sex, and pay status, May 2004
(Numbers in thousands)
Persons who usually worked at home
Characteristic
Total
employed
1
2
Percent distribution by class of worker
3
Total
Rate
Wage and salary
Paid
Unpaid
Selfemployed
4
Total
Total, 16 years and over………………
Married, spouse present………...
Not married……………...…………
Never married…………………
Other marital status……………
136,602
77,243
59,359
36,857
22,502
20,673
14,623
6,050
3,087
2,963
15.1
18.9
10.2
8.4
13.2
16.2
16.4
15.7
17.7
13.6
49.3
48.1
52.2
58.1
46.1
33.7
34.6
31.5
23.2
40.2
With own children under 18………
With own children under 6…
With no own children under 18……
50,011
21,373
86,591
8,584
3,599
12,090
17.2
16.8
14.0
17.4
19.2
15.4
47.5
47.3
50.5
34.0
32.8
33.4
Total, 16 years and over………………
Married, spouse present………...
Not married……….....………………
Never married…………………
Other marital status……………
64,185
33,750
30,435
16,754
13,681
9,893
6,509
3,384
1,522
1,862
15.4
19.3
11.1
9.1
13.6
17.8
18.2
17.1
19.2
15.3
51.4
48.8
56.5
66.2
48.6
29.4
31.4
25.5
12.7
35.9
With own children under 18………
With own children under 6…
With no own children under 18……
24,108
9,331
40,077
4,051
1,614
5,842
16.8
17.3
14.6
19.9
23.4
16.3
46.6
42.6
54.8
31.5
32.6
27.9
Total, 16 years and over………………
Married, spouse present…………
Not married…………..……...………
Never married…………………
Other marital status……………
72,417
43,493
28,924
20,104
8,820
10,780
8,114
2,666
1,565
1,101
14.9
18.7
9.2
7.8
12.5
14.7
15.0
13.9
16.2
10.5
47.3
47.5
46.8
50.3
41.8
37.6
37.1
39.1
33.3
47.4
With own children under 18…….…
With own children under 6…
With no own children under 18……
25,903
12,042
46,514
4,533
1,986
6,247
17.5
16.5
13.4
15.1
15.8
14.5
48.4
51.0
46.5
36.3
33.0
38.6
Women
Men
1
Persons who usually work at home are defined as
those who work at home at least once per week as part
of their primary job.
2
Unpaid family workers and wage and salary workers
who did not report pay status are included in total but not
shown separately.
3
Includes persons who did not provide information on
work at home.
NOTE: Data refer to employed persons in
nonagricultural industries. Own children include sons,
daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not
included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other
related and unrelated children.
SOURCE: May 2004 Work at Home supplement to
the Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of
Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
4
Includes both the incorporated and unincorporated
self-employed.
76
76
Table 32. Displaced workers 1 by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and
employment status in January 2006
Age, sex, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity
Percent distribution by employment status
Total
(in
thousands)
Total
Employed
Unemployed
Not in labor
force
Total
Total, 20 years and over…………...…
20 to 24 years…………………...……
25 to 54 years……………...…………
55 to 64 years…………...……………
65 years and over…………...………
3,815
111
2,841
728
135
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
69.9
66.4
74.5
60.6
25.4
13.4
21.4
13.4
12.3
10.8
16.7
12.2
12.0
27.0
63.8
Women, 20 years and over………….
20 to 24 years……………………...…
25 to 54 years………………..………
55 to 64 years…………………..……
65 years and over………………..…
1,739
44
1,289
350
55
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
65.6
( 2)
69.6
59.7
( 2)
13.1
( 2)
14.2
10.0
( 2)
21.3
( 2)
16.2
30.3
( 2)
Men, 20 years and over……………..
20 to 24 years……………………..…
25 to 54 years……………..…………
55 to 64 years…………..……………
65 years and over…………..………
2,076
67
1,552
378
80
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
73.5
( 2)
13.6
( 2)
12.9
( 2)
78.6
61.5
27.5
12.8
14.5
18.3
8.5
24.0
54.2
3,169
1,386
1,784
100.0
100.0
100.0
70.0
64.8
74.1
13.2
13.3
13.1
16.8
22.0
12.8
452
271
181
100.0
100.0
100.0
71.2
70.7
72.1
13.4
11.5
16.3
15.4
17.9
11.6
113
48
65
100.0
100.0
100.0
72.0
( 2)
( 2)
12.3
( 2)
( 2)
15.7
( 2)
( 2)
416
187
230
100.0
100.0
100.0
60.2
56.2
63.5
22.9
20.3
25.0
16.9
23.5
11.5
White
Total, 20 years and over…………..…
Women…………………………………
Men……………………………….……
Black or African American
Total, 20 years and over………………
Women…………………………….…
Men…………………………….………
Asian
Total, 20 years and over………………
Women…………………………….…
Men………………………………..…
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 20 years and over………….…
Women……………………………….
Men…………………………..………
1
Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years
of tenure on a job they had lost or left between
January 2003 and December 2005 because of plant
or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or
the abolishment of their positions or shifts.
2
Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups
(white, black or African American, and Asian) do not
sum to totals because data are not presented for all
races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is
identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race
and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as
by race.
SOURCE: January 2006 Displaced Worker
supplement to the Current Population Survey, U.S.
Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
77
77
Table 33. Labor force status of 2006 high school graduates and 2005-06 high school dropouts
16 to 24 years old by school enrollment and sex, October 2006
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Characteristic
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Unemployed
Percent of
population
Total
Percent of
population
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Not in
labor
force
Total, 2006 high school graduates……….… 2,495
1,372
55.0
1,148
46.0
224
16.4
1,123
1,243
1,251
716
657
57.5
52.5
614
534
49.3
42.7
102
122
14.2
18.7
528
595
Enrolled in college………...…………………… 1,641
720
43.9
659
40.2
61
8.5
921
820
820
404
316
49.2
38.5
372
287
45.4
34.9
31
30
7.8
9.3
416
504
854
652
76.4
489
57.2
163
25.0
202
Women…………………………………..……
Men……………………………………….……
423
431
312
341
73.7
79.0
241
248
57.0
57.5
70
93
22.6
27.3
111
90
Total, 2005-06 high school dropouts 1………
444
228
51.4
176
39.5
53
23.1
216
Women…………………………..……………
Men………………………………….…………
187
257
85
144
45.1
56.0
59
117
31.4
45.5
26
27
30.4
18.9
103
113
Women…………………….……………………
Men……………………….……………………
Women…………………………..……………
Men………………………….…………………
Not enrolled in college……………..…………
1
Data refer to persons who dropped out of school between October 2005 and October 2006.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
SOURCE: October 2006 Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
78
78
Table 34. Labor force status of persons 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment, sex, and educational
attainment, October 2006
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Characteristic
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Unemployed
Percent of
population
Total
Percent of
population
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Not in
labor
force
20,797
9,001
43.3
8,204
39.4
797
8.9
11,796
Enrolled in high school 1…………...………
10,315
3,235
31.4
2,767
26.8
468
14.5
7,080
Women……………………………….……
Men……………………………….…………
5,032
5,283
1,648
1,587
32.7
30.0
1,424
1,343
28.3
25.4
224
244
13.6
15.4
3,384
3,696
Enrolled in college……………..……………
10,482
5,766
55.0
5,437
51.9
329
5.7
4,716
Women…………………….………………
Men…………………….……………………
5,623
4,859
3,179
2,586
56.5
53.2
3,013
2,424
53.6
49.9
166
163
5.2
6.3
2,444
2,273
16,250
13,299
81.8
11,811
72.7
1,488
11.2
2,950
Women…………………………….…………
Less than a high school diploma ...........
High school graduates, no college 2 .....
Some college or associate degree ........
Bachelor’s degree and higher ...............
7,686
1,506
3,147
1,903
1,130
5,769
796
2,295
1,626
1,052
75.1
52.9
72.9
85.5
93.0
5,119
590
2,008
1,522
999
66.6
39.2
63.8
80.0
88.4
650
206
287
105
53
11.3
25.9
12.5
6.4
5.0
1,916
709
852
276
79
Men……………………………………...……
Less than a high school diploma ...........
High school graduates, no college 2 .....
Some college or associate degree ........
Bachelor’s degree and higher ...............
8,564
1,925
4,008
1,674
958
7,530
1,528
3,531
1,567
903
87.9
79.4
88.1
93.7
94.3
6,692
1,335
3,079
1,444
834
78.1
69.4
76.8
86.3
87.1
838
193
452
124
69
11.1
12.6
12.8
7.9
7.6
1,034
397
477
106
55
Enrolled in school…………………...…….
Not enrolled in school……………..……..
1
2
Includes a small number of persons enrolled in grades below high school.
Includes high school diploma or equivalent.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
SOURCE: October 2006 Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
79
79
Table 35. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates by sex and race, May of selected years,
1970-2006, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Multiple jobholding rate¹
Multiple jobholders
Women
Year
Total
employed
Total
Number
Percent of
all multiple
jobholders
Men
Total
Women
Men
White
Black or
African
American ²
1970…..…
1971…...…
1972…...…
1973…….
1974…...…
78,358
78,708
81,224
83,758
85,786
4,048
4,035
3,770
4,262
3,889
636
765
735
869
867
15.7
19.0
19.5
20.4
22.3
3,412
3,270
3,035
3,393
3,022
5.2
5.1
4.6
5.1
4.5
2.2
2.6
2.4
2.7
2.6
7.0
6.7
6.0
6.6
5.8
5.3
5.3
4.8
5.1
4.6
4.4
3.8
3.7
4.7
3.8
1975…...…
1976…….
1977…...…
1978…...…
1979…….
84,146
87,278
90,482
93,904
96,327
3,918
3,948
4,558
4,493
4,724
956
911
1,241
1,281
1,407
24.4
23.1
27.2
28.5
29.8
2,962
3,037
3,317
3,212
3,317
4.7
4.5
5.0
4.8
4.9
2.9
2.6
3.4
3.3
3.5
5.8
5.8
6.2
5.8
5.9
4.8
4.7
5.3
5.0
5.1
3.7
2.8
2.6
3.1
3.0
1980…...… 96,809
1985…...… 106,878
1989…...… 117,084
1991…..… 116,626
4,759
5,730
7,225
7,183
1,549
2,192
3,109
3,129
32.5
38.3
43.0
43.6
3,210
3,537
4,115
4,054
4.9
5.4
6.2
6.2
3.8
4.7
5.9
5.9
5.8
5.9
6.4
6.4
5.1
5.7
6.5
6.4
3.2
3.2
4.3
4.9
122,946
124,554
126,391
129,565
131,476
133,411
7,316
7,952
7,846
8,197
8,126
7,895
3,343
3,727
3,494
3,800
3,688
3,778
45.7
46.9
44.5
46.4
45.4
47.9
3,973
4,225
4,352
4,398
4,438
4,117
6.0
6.4
6.2
6.3
6.2
5.9
5.9
6.5
6.0
6.4
6.1
6.1
6.0
6.3
6.4
6.3
6.3
5.8
6.1
6.6
6.4
6.5
6.3
6.0
4.9
5.2
5.1
5.7
5.5
5.5
2000…..… 136,685
2001..…… 137,121
2002…..… 136,559
2003..…… 137,567
2004…..… 138,867
2005………141,730
2006………144,041
7,751
7,540
7,247
7,338
7,258
6,895
7,641
3,667
3,626
3,511
3,498
3,605
3,402
3,778
47.3
48.1
48.4
47.7
49.7
49.3
49.4
4,084
3,914
3,736
3,841
3,653
3,493
3,863
5.7
5.5
5.3
5.3
5.2
4.9
5.3
5.8
5.7
5.5
5.4
5.6
5.2
5.7
5.6
5.3
5.1
5.3
4.9
4.6
5.0
5.9
5.6
5.5
5.5
5.3
5.4
5.3
4.9
5.3
4.7
4.3
5.1
4.4
5.4
1994…..…
1995….…
1996…..…
1997…..…
1998…..…
1999…..…
¹ Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed
persons in specified group.
² Data for years prior to 1977 refer to the black-andother population group.
section of the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error
in Employment and Earnings. Comprehensive surveys of
multiple jobholders were not conducted in 1981-84, 198688, 1990, and 1992-93.
NOTE: Data from 1994-2006 are not strictly
comparable with data for prior years. For an explanation,
see "Historical Comparability" under the Household Data
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S.
Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
80
80
Table 36. Unincorporated self-employed persons in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976-2006
annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
Year
1976……
1977…..
1978…..
1979…..
1980…..
1981…..
1982…..
1983…..
1984……
1985…..
1986…..
1987…..
1988……
1989…..
1990……
1991…..
1992…..
1993…..
1994…..
1995…..
1996…..
1997…..
1998…..
1999…..
2000…..
2001…..
2002……
2003…..
2004……
2005…..
2006……
Total
Selfemployed employed
85,421
88,734
92,661
95,477
95,938
97,030
96,125
97,450
101,685
103,971
106,435
109,232
111,800
114,143
115,570
114,449
115,246
117,144
119,651
121,460
123,264
126,159
128,085
130,207
134,427
134,635
134,174
135,461
137,020
139,532
142,221
5,782
6,115
6,428
6,792
7,001
7,097
7,263
7,575
7,785
7,810
7,881
8,201
8,519
8,605
8,719
8,850
8,576
8,959
9,003
8,901
8,971
9,056
8,962
8,790
9,205
9,121
8,923
9,344
9,467
9,509
9,685
Women
Men
Selfemployed
SelfSelfSelfwomen as
employed percent of
employed
employed
Total
SelfTotal
Selfas a
as a
as a
total selfemployed employed
employed employed
percent of employed
percent of
percent of
total
total
total
6.8
6.9
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.3
7.6
7.8
7.7
7.5
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.5
7.5
7.7
7.4
7.6
7.5
7.3
7.3
7.2
7.0
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.7
6.9
6.9
6.8
6.8
35,027
36,677
38,900
40,556
41,461
42,333
42,591
43,367
45,262
46,615
48,054
49,668
51,020
52,341
53,011
52,815
53,380
54,273
55,755
56,642
57,630
59,026
59,945
61,193
62,983
63,147
62,995
63,824
64,182
65,213
66,382
1,549
1,692
1,814
1,982
2,097
2,192
2,309
2,439
2,566
2,603
2,610
2,778
2,955
3,043
3,122
3,150
2,963
3,065
3,443
3,440
3,506
3,550
3,482
3,424
3,631
3,594
3,499
3,609
3,607
3,565
3,681
4.4
4.6
4.7
4.9
5.1
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.7
5.6
5.4
5.6
5.8
5.8
5.9
6.0
5.6
5.6
6.2
6.1
6.1
6.0
5.8
5.6
5.8
5.7
5.6
5.7
5.6
5.5
5.5
50,394
52,057
53,761
54,921
54,477
54,697
53,534
54,083
56,423
57,356
58,381
59,564
60,780
61,802
62,559
61,634
61,866
62,871
63,896
64,818
65,634
67,133
68,140
69,014
71,444
71,488
71,179
71,636
72,838
74,319
75,838
4,233
4,423
4,614
4,810
4,904
4,905
4,954
5,136
5,219
5,207
5,271
5,423
5,564
5,562
5,597
5,700
5,613
5,894
5,560
5,461
5,465
5,506
5,480
5,366
5,573
5,527
5,425
5,736
5,860
5,944
6,004
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.8
9.0
9.0
9.3
9.5
9.2
9.1
9.0
9.1
9.2
9.0
8.9
9.2
9.1
9.4
8.7
8.4
8.3
8.2
8.0
7.8
7.8
7.7
7.6
8.0
8.0
8.0
7.9
26.8
27.7
28.2
29.2
30.0
30.9
31.8
32.2
33.0
33.3
33.1
33.9
34.7
35.4
35.8
35.6
34.5
34.2
38.2
38.6
39.1
39.2
38.9
39.0
39.4
39.4
39.2
38.6
38.1
37.5
38.0
NOTE: Beginning in 2000, data reflect the introduction of the 2002 Census industry classification system derived from the
2002 North American Industry Classification System into the Current Population Survey (CPS).
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
8
81
Table 37. Employment status of the native-born 1 and foreign-born 2 civilian noninstitutional population
by age and sex, 2006 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Country of birth,
age, and sex
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent of
population
Total
Unemployed
Percent of
population
Total
Percent of
labor force
Not in
labor force
Both sexes
Native born1
16 years and over…….. 195,082
16 to 24 years………..… 32,787
25 to 34 years………… 31,233
35 to 44 years………... 34,731
45 to 54 years………… 37,005
55 to 64 years………... 27,668
65 years and over……. 31,658
128,280
19,893
26,305
29,296
30,405
17,557
4,824
65.8
60.7
84.2
84.3
82.2
63.5
15.2
122,202
17,723
25,024
28,244
29,477
17,049
4,685
62.6
54.1
80.1
81.3
79.7
61.6
14.8
6,078
2,170
1,282
1,051
928
508
139
4.7
10.9
4.9
3.6
3.1
2.9
2.9
66,803
12,894
4,928
5,436
6,600
10,111
26,834
33,733
4,156
7,997
8,022
5,896
3,707
3,955
23,148
2,501
6,267
6,552
4,740
2,428
660
68.6
60.2
78.4
81.7
80.4
65.5
16.7
22,225
2,318
6,027
6,325
4,575
2,340
640
65.9
55.8
75.4
78.9
77.6
63.1
16.2
923
183
240
227
165
87
20
4.0
7.3
3.8
3.5
3.5
3.6
3.1
10,585
1,655
1,730
1,469
1,155
1,279
3,295
Native born1
16 years and over…….. 101,467
16 to 24 years………… 16,379
25 to 34 years……...… 15,936
35 to 44 years……...… 17,782
45 to 54 years……….… 18,955
55 to 64 years………..… 14,328
65 years and over……. 18,086
60,910
9,680
12,364
13,795
14,571
8,388
2,112
60.0
59.1
77.6
77.6
76.9
58.5
11.7
58,095
8,730
11,767
13,279
14,119
8,152
2,049
57.3
53.3
73.8
74.7
74.5
56.9
11.3
2,815
950
597
516
452
236
63
4.6
9.8
4.8
3.7
3.1
2.8
3.0
40,557
6,700
3,572
3,987
4,385
5,940
15,974
9,263
904
2,264
2,646
2,085
1,087
276
55.3
47.3
60.8
68.0
70.6
55.7
12.0
8,831
828
2,150
2,525
2,013
1,046
268
52.7
43.3
57.7
64.9
68.1
53.6
11.6
432
76
113
121
72
41
8
4.7
8.4
5.0
4.6
3.5
3.8
3.0
7,480
1,009
1,462
1,243
870
865
2,032
Foreign born 2
16 years and over……..
16 to 24 years……….…
25 to 34 years……..……
35 to 44 years……..……
45 to 54 years…………
55 to 64 years……….…
65 years and over……
Women
Foreign born 2
16 years and over……..
16 to 24 years………..…
25 to 34 years……...…
35 to 44 years……...…
45 to 54 years……….…
55 to 64 years…………
65 years and over……
16,743
1,913
3,725
3,890
2,955
1,952
2,308
See footnotes at end of table.
82
82
Table 37. Employment status of the native-born 1 and foreign-born 2 civilian noninstitutional population
by age and sex, 2006 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Country of birth,
age, and sex
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Unemployed
Percent of
population
Total
Percent of
population
Total
Percent of
labor force
Not in
labor force
Men
Native born1
16 years and over………
16 to 24 years…………
25 to 34 years………...
35 to 44 years………...
45 to 54 years……….…
55 to 64 years……….…
65 years and over…….
93,615
16,407
15,297
16,949
18,050
13,340
13,572
67,370
10,213
13,941
15,501
15,834
9,169
2,712
72.0
62.2
91.1
91.5
87.7
68.7
20.0
64,107
8,994
13,257
14,965
15,358
8,897
2,637
68.5
54.8
86.7
88.3
85.1
66.7
19.4
3,263
1,219
684
536
476
272
76
4.8
11.9
4.9
3.5
3.0
3.0
2.8
26,246
6,194
1,356
1,449
2,215
4,171
10,860
Foreign born 2
16 years and over……… 16,989
16 to 24 years……….… 2,243
25 to 34 years……...…
4,272
35 to 44 years………...
4,132
45 to 54 years…………
2,941
55 to 64 years……….… 1,755
65 years and over…….
1,647
13,885
1,597
4,003
3,906
2,655
1,340
384
81.7
71.2
93.7
94.5
90.3
76.4
23.3
13,395
1,489
3,877
3,800
2,562
1,294
372
78.8
66.4
90.8
92.0
87.1
73.8
22.6
491
108
126
106
93
46
12
3.5
6.7
3.1
2.7
3.5
3.4
3.1
3,104
647
268
226
286
415
1,263
1
Native-born persons are those who were born in the United
States or a U.S. Island Area such as Puerto Rico, or born
abroad of a U.S.-citizen parent.
whom was a U.S. citizen. This group primarily includes
legally admitted immigrants, but also includes refugees,
students, temporary workers, and undocumented aliens.
2
Foreign born refers to people residing in the United States
who were born outside the United States or one of its outlying
areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department
of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
83
83
Table 38. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, 1983-2006
(Numbers in thousands)
Total, both sexes
Members of unions
Year
Total
employed
1
Women
Represented by
unions 2
Total
Percent of
employed
Total
Percent of
employed
Members of unions
Total
employed
1
Represented by
unions 2
Total
Percent of
employed
Total
Percent of
employed
18.0
1983……… 88,290
17,717
20.1
20,532
23.3
40,433
5,908
14.6
7,262
1984…...… 92,194
17,340
18.8
19,932
21.6
42,172
5,829
13.8
7,100
16.8
1985…….
1986 3……
94,521
16,996
18.0
19,358
20.5
43,506
5,732
13.2
6,910
15.9
15.5
96,903
16,975
17.5
19,278
19.9
44,961
5,802
12.9
6,961
1987…...… 99,303
16,913
17.0
19,051
19.2
46,365
5,842
12.6
6,907
14.9
1988……. 101,407
17,002
16.8
19,241
19.0
47,495
5,982
12.6
7,109
15.0
1989…...… 103,480
16,960
16.4
19,198
18.6
48,691
6,141
12.6
7,243
14.9
1990 3…… 104,876
16,776
16.0
19,105
18.2
49,323
6,179
12.5
7,330
14.9
1991...…… 103,723
16,612
16.0
18,790
18.1
49,105
6,142
12.5
7,247
14.8
1992……. 104,668
16,418
15.7
18,578
17.7
49,842
6,274
12.6
7,411
14.9
1993……. 106,101
1994 3…… 107,989
16,627
15.7
18,682
17.6
50,626
6,516
12.9
7,610
15.0
16,748
15.5
18,850
17.5
51,419
6,642
12.9
7,740
15.1
1995……. 110,038
16,360
14.9
18,346
16.7
52,369
6,430
12.3
7,479
14.3
1996…...… 111,960
1997 3…… 114,533
1998 3…… 116,730
16,269
14.5
18,158
16.2
53,488
6,410
12.0
7,397
13.8
16,110
14.1
17,923
15.6
54,708
6,347
11.6
7,304
13.4
16,211
13.9
17,918
15.4
55,757
6,362
11.4
7,280
13.1
1999 3…… 118,963
16,477
13.9
18,182
15.3
57,050
6,528
11.4
7,425
13.0
3
2000 …… 122,089
16,334
13.4
18,153
14.9
58,427
6,671
11.4
7,662
13.1
2001……. 122,229
2002……… 121,826
16,305
13.3
18,026
14.7
58,582
6,768
11.6
7,672
13.1
16,145
13.3
17,695
14.5
58,555
6,820
11.6
7,629
13.0
2003……. 122,358
15,776
12.9
17,448
14.3
59,122
6,732
11.4
7,601
12.9
2004……… 123,554
15,472
12.5
17,087
13.8
59,408
6,593
11.1
7,450
12.5
2005……
125,889
15,685
12.5
17,223
13.7
60,423
6,815
11.3
7,626
12.6
2006……… 128,237
15,359
12.0
16,860
13.1
61,426
6,702
10.9
7,501
12.2
See footnotes at end of table.
84
84
Table 38. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary
workers by sex, annual averages, 1983-2006—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Men
Members of unions
Year
Total
employed
1
Represented by
unions 2
Total
Percent of
employed
Total
Percent of
employed
1983……… 47,856
11,809
24.7
13,270
27.7
1984…...… 50,022
11,511
23.0
12,832
25.7
1985……. 51,015
1986 3…… 51,942
11,264
22.1
12,448
24.4
11,173
21.5
12,317
23.7
1987…...… 52,938
11,071
20.9
12,144
22.9
1988…….
53,912
11,019
20.4
12,132
22.5
1989…...… 54,789
10,820
19.7
11,955
21.8
1990 3…… 55,553
10,597
19.1
11,775
21.2
1991...…… 54,618
10,470
19.2
11,542
21.1
1992…….
54,826
10,144
18.5
11,167
20.4
1993……. 55,475
1994 3…… 56,570
10,112
18.2
11,072
20.0
10,106
17.9
11,110
19.6
57,669
9,929
17.2
10,868
18.8
1996…...… 58,473
1997 3…… 59,825
1998 3…… 60,973
9,859
16.9
10,761
18.4
9,763
16.3
10,619
17.7
9,850
16.2
10,638
17.4
3
9,949
16.1
10,758
17.4
3
2000 …… 63,662
9,664
15.2
10,491
16.5
2001……. 63,647
2002……… 63,272
9,538
15.0
10,354
16.3
9,325
14.7
10,066
15.9
2003…….
9,044
14.3
9,848
15.6
1995…….
1999 …… 61,914
63,236
2004……… 64,145
8,878
13.8
9,638
15.0
2005……
65,466
8,870
13.5
9,597
14.7
2006……… 66,811
8,657
13.0
9,360
14.0
1
Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee
association similar to a union.
2
Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee
association similar to a union, as well as workers who are not
members but whose jobs are covered by a union or employee
association contract.
3
Not strictly comparable with data for prior years. For an
explanation, see "Historical Comparability" under the Household
Data section of the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error in
Employment and Earnings.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and parttime workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, regardless
of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor,
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
85
85
Technical Note
T
Civilian noninstitutional population. Included are persons
16 years of age and older residing in the 50 States and the
District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions (for
example, penal and mental facilities, homes for the aged),
and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces.
he estimates in this report were obtained from the
Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly
sample survey of approximately 60,000 households,
which provides a wide range of information on the labor
force, employment, and unemployment. Earnings and
union affiliation data are collected from one-fourth of the
CPS monthly sample. The survey is conducted for the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau, using
a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all
50 States and the District of Columbia.
Material in this report is in the public domain and, with
appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission.
This information is available to sensory-impaired individuals
upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; TDD message
referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339.
Civilian labor force. This group comprises all persons classified as employed or unemployed.
Employed persons. Employed persons are those who, during
the survey week: (a) did any work at all as paid civilians; (b)
worked in their own business or profession or on their own
farm; (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a
family business; or (d) were temporarily absent from their
jobs because of illness, vacation, bad weather, or another
reason.
Reliability of the Estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and
nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire
population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample
estimates may differ from the “true” population values they
represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies
depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than
1.6 standard errors from the “true” population value because
of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at
the 90-percent level of confidence.
All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling
error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample,
inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct
information, and errors made in the collection or processing
of data. CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error.
The full extent of nonsampling error is unknown, but special
studies have been conducted to quantify some sources of such
error in the CPS. For further discussion of the reliability of
data from the CPS and information on estimating standard
errors, see the “Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error”
section of the Bureau of Labor Statistics Employment and
Earnings publication.
Unemployed persons. Unemployed persons are those who
had no employment during the survey week, were available
for work at that time, and made specific efforts to find employment sometime in the prior 4 weeks. Persons laid off
from their former jobs and awaiting recall did not need to be
looking for work to be classified as unemployed.
Civilian labor force participation rate. This rate is the civilian labor force as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional
population.
Employment-population ratio. This ratio represents the
proportion of the population that is employed.
Unemployment rate. This rate represents the number of unemployed persons as a percent of the civilian labor force.
Race. White, black or African American, and Asian are terms
used to describe the race of persons. Persons in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Data for the
remaining race categories—American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders, and persons
who selected more than one race category—are included in
totals but are not shown separately because the number of
survey respondents was too small to develop estimates of
sufficient quality for publication. In the enumeration process,
race is determined by the household respondent.
Concepts and Definitions
Concepts used in this report are defined below.
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Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This term refers to persons
who identified themselves in the CPS enumeration process as
being Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity
is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
for determining the median of an earnings distribution
places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value
into a $50-wide interval that is centered on a multiple of
$50. The value of the median is estimated through a linear
interpolation of the interval in which the median lies. Overthe-year changes in the medians for specific groups may not
necessarily be consistent with the movements estimated for
the overall group boundary. The most common reasons for
this possible anomaly follow: (1) There could be a change
in the relative weights of the subgroups. For example, the
medians of both 16- to 24-year-olds and those 25 years
and over may rise, but if the lower earning 16-to-24 age
group accounts for a greatly increased share of the total,
the overall median could actually fall. (2) There could be
a large change in the shape of the distribution of reported
earnings. This could be caused by survey observations that
are clustered at rounded values, for example, $250, $300,
or $400. An estimate lying in a $50-wide centered interval
containing such a cluster, or “spike,” tends to change more
slowly than one in other intervals. Medians, for example,
measure the central tendency of a multipeaked distribution
that shifts over time. As the distribution shifts, the median
does not necessarily move at the same rate. Specifically,
the median takes relatively more time to move through a
frequently reported interval but, once above the upper limit
of such an interval, it can move relatively quickly to the
next frequently reported earnings interval. BLS procedures
for estimating medians mitigate such irregular movements
of the measures; however, users should be cautious of these
effects when evaluating short-term changes in the medians,
as well as in ratios of the medians.
Family. A family is a group of two or more persons residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption.
Families are classified either as married-couple families or as
families maintained by women or men without spouses.
Self-employed workers. Self-employed workers are those
who work for profit or fees in their own business, profession, trade, or farm. Only the unincorporated self-employed
are included in the self-employed category. Self-employed
persons whose businesses are incorporated are included in
wage and salary employment because, technically, they are
paid employees of a corporation.
Wage and salary workers. These are workers who receive
wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece
rates. The group includes employees in both the private
and public sectors but, for purposes of the earnings series,
excludes all self-employed persons, regardless of whether
their businesses are incorporated.
Hourly paid workers. Workers who are paid an hourly
wage are a subset of wage and salary workers, representing
approximately three-fifths of all wage and salary workers.
Workers paid by the hour are, therefore, included in the fulland part-time worker tables in this report, along with salaried
workers and other workers not paid by the hour. (Data for
workers paid at hourly rates are presented separately.)
Hours at work. These are the actual hours worked during
the reference week. For example, persons who normally
work 40 hours a week but were off during the Columbus
Day holiday would be reported as working 32 hours, even
though they were paid for the holiday.
Usual weekly earnings. Data are collected on wages and
salaries before taxes and other deductions and include any
overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the
principal job in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings of
self-employed workers are excluded, regardless of whether
their businesses are incorporated. Prior to 1994, respondents
were asked how much they usually earned per week. Since
January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the
easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly,
biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how
much they usually earn in the reported period. Earnings
reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a
weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is as perceived by the
respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual,
interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than
half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.
Usual hours, or usual full- or part-time status. Data on persons “at work” exclude persons who were temporarily absent
from a job and, therefore, classified in the zero-hours worked
category, “with a job but not at work.” These are persons who
were absent from their jobs for the entire week for reasons
such as bad weather, vacation, illness, or involvement in a
labor dispute. To differentiate a person’s normal schedule
from his or her activity during the reference week, persons
also are classified according to their usual full- or part-time
status. In this context, full-time workers are those who usually worked 35 hours or more (at all jobs combined). This
group includes some individuals who worked less than 35
hours in the reference week for either economic or noneconomic reasons and those who were temporarily absent from
work. Similarly, part-time workers are those who usually
work less than 35 hours per week (at all jobs), regardless
of the number of hours worked in the reference week. This
may include some individuals who actually worked more
Medians of weekly earnings. The median is the amount that
divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups,
one having earnings above the median, and the other having
earnings below the median. The BLS estimating procedure
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than 34 hours in the reference week, as well as those who
are temporarily absent from work.
year]?” Since the reference period is a full year, the number
of persons with some employment or unemployment greatly
exceeds the average levels for any given month, which are
based on a 1-week reference period, and the corresponding
annual averages of monthly estimates.
Occupation and industry. This information applies to the job
held during the reference week. Persons with two or more
jobs are classified in the occupation and industry at which
they worked the greatest number of hours. The occupational
and industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2002
Census Bureau occupational and industrial classification systems which are derived from the 2000 Standard Occupation
Classification (SOC) and the 2002 North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS).
Poverty classification. Poverty statistics presented in this
report are based on definitions developed by the Social
Security Administration in 1964 and revised by the Federal interagency committees in 1969 and 1981. These
definitions originally were based on the U.S. Department
of Agriculture’s Economy Food Plan and reflected the
different consumption requirements of families, based
on factors such as family size and the number of children
under 18 years of age. The actual poverty thresholds vary
in accordance with the makeup of the family. Poverty
thresholds are updated each year to reflect changes in the
Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).
The thresholds do not vary geographically. For more information on poverty data and thresholds, see http://www.
census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/poverty.html.
Work experience. These data reflect work activity during the
calendar year and are obtained from the Annual Social and
Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the Current Population
Survey. Persons who worked were those who answered “yes”
to the following questions from the ASEC: “Did you work
at a job or business at any time during [the survey reference
year]?” or “Did you do any temporary, part-time, or seasonal work even for a few days during [the survey reference
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