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+A!,006$R#C8I[.O#h8!,2J+=*!q0\!F06%>2JH À0I2X+U.,G!7DYq!$6%?!90/%>.,#U8.,:0h86+V9931 8R%>#A!$De`96E#.0
0G!$§I#F%#=0.E!73I35.,BA#=0DBA#=0b%!7S0I:673.O7#&%06%>.,#h.qc0;RNBA!O8b%?n+A.,#AI2X<e!8:M=.#HEXS.,t>.$e%>#
86BLA86,30b%>.#A8M=9836%>LVz86.2:!,006I2J+A08X06.E%#U319!8b\0!,#A!$PQ8R%S8:+C.9eIJ.,D06VAc) 2J.M=IcL=P
86B=%>0!,L=PJ2<!,#=%>+B=?!90/%>#:0RVc+A!q00696#\869NOBI#A3I98IHl);."860`.,u0g2J.M=S8!,g0986067MXe%09!$u86+AI,36
8b%>,#C!I?8?.y86+AI,3;93.#=%>0b%>.O#aHy".,2J:.,0Iye`.§8c!,#A!7(P='%>#+U!$00I1#z869NOBAI#A398y!$JM=9836%LA9M
!,006WI#AMK.$|0131A!,+0I9H
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0+.+V9606%>98W.,Y!,b%>.BA8X¡£06G!MO%0n%.#A!$n¤l!,#A!$PQ8R%S8W2J.QM=?8D!,ef§=#.,e#aH¨.,e_$Y,9I[l0IK!,
86IYI!$a9!86.,#U8`0A!q0f5kQ+=?!I%#K0g%>#0I19860%#K#AIe!$0/%Ta31%>!$u#IBG!$a#$0ne.,§<2X.QM=S85H C%G860b>P[06A
3.#A8601BA306%.#-.,D!;+U!$00I#-193.#=%'9I9[|S.Xk&!,2:+&(=[l.,?0I#-9NOB=%>98J!^>.O0.q]k+A$R0/%S86K.,#i06A
86BLZ6930LC93I!,BA86y0y2:.MaLA!869MK86P860692J8!qRy#.O0!q++=%S3I!,L=ye%>06V.7BV0!9+V+=>PO%(#!D!901986066%S30
3.1986+A.#AM=$#A3KLA$0neII#-06A\8b0BAM=%9MF+VR.3I9818!q#AMF0\3.#A8606BC30R,ME2X.QM&wH-pIBG!$#I06e_.1§Q8
.,©CI.LBA860p2J.QM=5SIW2:906A.M8e%0.B0p9NB=%6%#A<!,82:BA31\k+AI06%?8n=H
93I.,#CMO>P[06Az!$0/%Ta31%>!$]#IB!$c#AI0be.71§-2J.QM=?8<3I!,#LA;BU8b7M %(#¢!,#r!OM!,+06%Y\2X.QM==[_0A!q0J%>8I[
0IP>9!q#\e&%t>y%>#BA86Hg=%S8p.,©aIG8g!J#A!,01BG!5|e!IP=[?.,yk&!q2+&[C0R.\3.,2J+CI#A8!q0y?.g0De9!,
.,y2J9!86B/%>#hM=IYO%S398IH¢=%>GMO>P[`0;#IBA!$c#VI0ne.,§-2J.M=S8J!,K#C!$0BG!$t>PF+U!$G!$o(D8bPQ8/0I2<8I[
.,©CI6%>#F2J.E8b+CI9M-%# 3.O2+VB0G!$06%>.,# ?%td86B=%0/!qL=>A!,Mef!q;%(2X+=>I2JI#=0G!,0b%>.#A8!,BA869MVJ!,#AM
n!,B=00.,9!,#A35D3.2J+A!,6,M0.J06G!MO%>0b%>.O#A!$|3.,2J+AB0/%(#X2J.QM=5>8IH
%=
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!,#A!$P8b%S8.,c869NBI#=06%S!5M!,0G!\8/0R1BA3I06BA6785H<VJLA!8b%>3X2J.QM=?8D!,6#.0MO%>6,30nP*!q++t%S3I!,L=>X0.\06A
0G!,86§C[A8b%#U3y06VIP<BA86BA!7P!,#A!7(P='ID860G!q0n%?3y8!,2J+=>985H &.06BA#A!q0R5P[0y#IBG!$a2J.M>83I!q#KLUy9!O8?%o>P
2J.MO%TA9M.0D!,#A!7>PQ8R%o8.,j8/.2JD869NOB9#A398IH
mn#0K?.$>.$e%>#E0;0ne.E2J.860X.,S01I#r31%>069M-01I2J+A.!$c#IBG!$g#90ne.,§-2:.M>8<!qRM=7863Ib%>LC9MCH
TAG8/0.,#V[_`%2J9 pI>!$PhpIBA!$cp90ne.,§-6 ycG[¦%>8WLU!,867M.#-06AX%SM=9!;.,c01G!,#A8b?.,2:%>#
%>#+B0869NBVI#A3%#=0.!W86+A!,0b%S!$A+C!$00I#JLC?.,c+1.Q3988R%>#[Q!$#CM:0c86935.,#UMC[193BA6I#=0_I.O_LA!31§"
+.+A!qq!q06%>.,#u[=2J.M=I>80W+A!,060I#\869NOBAI#A3WBA8b%>#<!X8n0!,0y2<!3/%#A:R8/IyH AH );.,'9I É , H
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?.c5k&!$2J+= h!$%LCuI0c!5RH É D^ !,#AM !$#AJI0g!I6H É - [a!$S8/. !q#A3$'I6,%>#I#U31%.JI0c!7RH É
e=%S31iA!O8JLCII#¢BA869MkQ06$#A8b%Y>PF%>#¢86+CI93¢673.,#=%>0/%(.O#rk+AI/%>2JI#=0G8J06.FBA0b%%'I03.#"01kQ0
§=#.7e(9M&,!$Y7!7%?!,L=>X%(#-!\8/7NOBI#A3IJ.,y86+AI931 81!,2J+=>98Xn86I ¦%(VH , H É H;mn#F0K cg{2J.M=R[
0\86+CI931i8b%>,#U!5%?8J31>!88b%TA9MF01.E+.#I2:%S3X?!,LAS8dBA8b%>#h!;2J.MO%TA7MFI1.,JLA!31§"?+.O+A!,"!$06%>.,#
2J.M=akQ0I#AM=9MXe%>01<Y,93I06.3.#A3I!q0R$#A!,0b%>.#aHly86+CI9393.O#=%>0b%>.#X%o83.2X+=($067MXL"PJ!,++=>PO%>#
¨%SMM=I#z);!,§.$Y"?2J.M=I>801.J0y+A.,#VI2:%>3g>!,LC>8IH
C
9
=
9
Output decision
Hidden layer activations are shifted leftwards
Patterns are shifted leftwards
Input pattern (time t)
¦%B , H É > 'A ".#"+. G"&'AK> 4'A
;&X O < >='AX;
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0Jb%>O"062J."8/0D8b>.,0g%>#E06A:LC.,00.2>!$PIy.,0J2J.M=R[Ce=%o>:0J+IYO%>.,BU8bP67!,ME8!q2J+=78y!,
86=%?067M>S0be!,GMCH tl0:+A!,00696#Y930.O/8g.O#\0:LA.O006.2>!9P,$]!,6:0I#BA869M;0.K3.2J+B0:06A
¡!,3I0b%>Y,!,06%.#A8I¤C.q_0J2W%SMM=WS!5PI9HDV:2:%>MM=:>!$P7$cYO930.g%>8y8b%>2:%tS!qnPz3.#A8601BA309M!,#AM;0I#
BA869M*%>#F0RV<3I.,2J+VB0!,06%.#F.,0<B+V+AIW9Y,y¡£!306%>Y,!,0b%>.#a¤H\31S!,88R%TU3I!,06%.#%>8DLA!O869ME.O#h06A
Y7!7>B98x.#:0=%,860aIYA.,#P"Hx_,3I!,BA86.,C0RV86=%?0n%#g%>#:06%2J[06A86P860692 0!,§O98¦%(#=0.D!3I3.OB#"0
0g0b%>2Jy8606BA3I06BA6g.,a0y8b%>,#U!5RHlg0G!5%>#=%>#:.$u06Ay ycr%S8l+CI6>.O2J9MXBA8b%>#D+V6786I2:$#"069M
86+V9931\M!,0G!J!$#UMK!q#"P;¡860!,#AM!,MC¤I.LC!731§=n+.,+U!$"!q0n%.#\!$>,.6%02;H
: yc 2X.QM=lkQ+VI6%>2JI#=0G8M&9836%LC9M%># h!5%>LVIa90!$RH É ^ "!5YDO.".MK98/B=>08IHD5kQ
+CI6%2JI#=0G8JeI^%2:%>09MC[V.9eIYI9[3.O#A8b%S860b%>#F.,D0;93I.,#=%>0/%(.O#r.$DY.q%S39M-+&(.=8b%>Y,78X.$06A69
86+V7!$§IG8IH`)\.OI.9YI$[0DB060I!,#A378e`96y%?8n.qS!,069MK2<!q#"BA!$t>P[V86.J0WR,3.,#=%>'I9pA!M#.<2:,3A!,
#=%S862 ?.u+.O#I2J86I,2J9#=0!,06%.#aHl_2X.QM=5"%>8x3I.,2J+BA0!,0/%(.O#A!$Py%#=0I#A8b%>Y[$LC93I!,BA8606A`+A!,00696#
9
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8w%>,=06>PKMO%©aII#"0p06%2JM=S!5PK#IBA!$u#$0ne* .,§\86P8b0I2 ?.,]8/+AI931\93.O#=%>0b%>.#R8b%#,86+V7!$§I9[
MO%>,%0G8]S6.2@'II.K0.;#=%>#,%S8DM=98136%>LA,M;%# ##=%>§=6%S8bA#A!,#KI0g!$nH É É HXmn#E01=%S8ge.6§z01<M=I>!$P
%#A98WeIKBA869MF01.h3.,t>930J06A?9!$0B98* 6!,2:+t%>0BAM=KY!5>B98W?.2s86IYI!$S9NOB9#A3P-31A!,##S8
M=BAb%>#W06ABA060IG!q#A3Hlmn#<!p?!,069l+A!,+CI ##%§=6%S86#A!,#KI0g!$RH É [O06A673.O7#&%06%.#<86P860I2 e!8
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#I06e_.1§Je%>06\!SI9M=LC!,3§X.".+;R86I v%>AH , H H|Ap%>#"06I#C!5¦!O306%Yq!q0n%.#A8`.,u0g#A.M=98!,y860.,9M
!,#AMF!30J!,88/.0D0/%>2J2JI2J.,6%>98IH2J.M=S8:M=.z#.O0M=%t©aI:,9!,06P?.2@0<.O6%>$%>#A!$96.
LA!31§"?+1.+A!,"!$06%>.,#F2J.M=S8%(#F0X>!9PO.7BV0DLB0:06J?I7M=LA!O3§;>.=.+E2<!q§98y0KM=78R%(O#h.$c31%I#"0
>9!,6#&%(#E!$.On%02<8y2X.KMO%K3IB=09H=.72X<31%I#"0>9!,#=%>#!$.6%028DA!5YLA9I#F+.,+C."869MC[
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Output
Output
Hidden layer activations
Hidden layer activations
Pattern + feedback
Pattern + feedback
Input pattern
Input pattern
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YO%>.,BU8:.,BA06+VB0G8:.,J%>MM&I#F>IY]!30b%>Y!$06%>.,#C8W%#i06A?I9MLA!,31§i3.##9306%>.,#U85H "BC8:06AK+IYO%>.BA8
8!,2X+=(,8%(#AMQ%93I0b>Ph!7©U930:0XSB0B135.72X+BA0!,06%.#A8IHmb#h+Vb%>#A3%+=>XSI,M=LA!31§.".+A8W§II+i!$#F%#A
TA#%0PJ.#<8/9NBVI#A3D.$j8R%>#A!$aY!$BA98`%#;2JI2J.6PX%>#z!:3I.,2J+198867MX?.62\H
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!,0b%TU31%?!$D#IBG!$D#I06e_.O§r86P860I28;nH AH B#A É , GH{7862J.M=I>8*w3.O2L=%#9M¢e%006A
31%>I#=0g>9!,1#=%>#\!$>,.6%0R28y.,IB=S!,D¨%SMM=I#h)!,1§7.,Y;2J.QM=5>8%2J+=>I2XI#"0:!K860G!$0J2<!,31%#A
?.c869NOBI#A3Iy+.3988b%#:%>#\!:G!$0$c3.,2J+U!,350_?.2;H
mn#86.2J:!,++=%S3I!$06%.#A8c!dBA86SB&uI+98/I#"0G!q06%.#\.,_!X+A!,006I#z8/7NOBI#A339!$#;LUW.L0G!5%>#9M;L=P!$YI
!,$%>#:%#+B0+A!,060I#A8`%#K06%2JHBA31z!W2J.M=a%S8`+A6.+C.869M%# ¥À!,++A5xI0c!$nH É ., H_Àg%#A+B0
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0gS!qRO9860e%>,"0$H
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!$./%(012 e=%t>J2X."8b0D.,0J.06AIy2X.QM=S89NOB=%>6J0A!,0D8!q2J+=>98y!,X+931S!88R%TA,M;>.W06AJ86BA
+CIYO%o8/9M:>9!q#=%#AH_=BA8_!n!,_19!901I!q2.OB#"0.,C%>#+BV0fM!,0G!]%S8l19!MO%P<!$Y7!$%tS!qL=>.0R!$%>#=%#AW.,
0Xc)hHVJ?6"!$#&%('%#);!,+z!5>.,6%02!$>86.K39!$098g!9#;.GM=I9M^2<!$+A+=%>#X.,|01y%#A+B0
+A!,006$R#86+A!3`%>#:0#IBG!7o!$P,9I[O2<!$§%>#g%0l+A."88R%(L&06.yBA8606A2<!,++=%#D!8l!g06.".,?.l867NOBI#A3I
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M=I2J.#A8/0G!$00\!$+A+=t%S3I!,L=%o%(06PE.$c01S61"!$#%'%>#E)!9+i!7(O.b%>02 0.zMQ%t©vI1I#"0:#I9MA85[a?.
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jA.,#AI0b%S3l`P=+A9e6%0IC%>8a!9!7>?0b%>2J_86+CI931y93I.,#=%>'IIvS. C%>##=%?86gS!,#BA!q7 .,A.,#AI# É ^D^ L
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9!8b%t>PLV<!M!,+09M*0R.!#9e86+V7!$§II+V.#I2J<M=I019306%>.,#ELA!869M86PQ8/0I2 eAI101Je.7M8D!,
3.,9350R9MS1.720D673.O7#&%'I7M+.#$2J98!,#AM#.JYO.Q3I!,LB=?!,PX%o8BU869MX%>#K01DLA!8b8/PQ8606$2H
<8/+UI931E93.O#=%>0b%>.#h8/PQ8606$2%S8g?B#A3I0b%>.#A!7P*MO%Y%>M=7Mz%(#=0.;0ne.K+U!$0G85H<:TA860D+A!,60%S8y06A
!3.BA8/06%>3D+1.Q3988/.c2X.QM=B=>:06A!,0g0G!$#U8136%LU98p0J86+VI731z8b%>O#A!$u%#=0.+.#92:78g!,#AM;06A:8693.#AM
+A!,0W%S8:!+V."860:+.3988b%>#2J.MB=K0A!q0d3.q7308:0K+.#I2X98W%>#=0R.=%(O9W>IYI#=06%>0b%>98Wt%>§
e.,GM8gR86I C% , H , GH
=
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=
=
Raw
phonemic
string
Ortographically
corrected test
Context−sensitive
transformation
rules
Input speech
Acoustic
processor
Lexical access
Post processing
Isolated word
recognition
¦%>,BA1 , H , PO"
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Feature stream
Input
speech
Preprocessing
Phonemic labels
Labeling
Raw phon.
string
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