TABLE 14. Gross expenditures for R&D and expenditures for R&D as share of gross domestic product, for selected countries:
1981–2011
Year
United States
European
Uniona
France
Germany United Kingdom
China
Japan South Korea
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7.5
8.9
9.8
10.3
10.5
11.7
14.7
16.3
20.6
27.2
31.7
39.6
47.1
57.8
71.1
86.6
102.3
120.7
154.0
178.2
208.2
25.6
29.2
33.1
37.1
42.6
44.3
48.8
54.4
61.4
69.0
73.3
74.6
74.8
75.7
82.5
83.0
87.8
91.1
92.8
98.7
103.7
108.2
112.2
117.6
128.7
138.3
147.7
148.7
136.0
139.6
146.5
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7.1
8.1
9.6
11.7
13.3
14.9
16.3
14.6
15.8
18.6
21.3
22.5
24.0
27.9
30.6
35.3
40.7
43.9
46.7
52.8
59.9
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
10.0
11.5
12.5
12.8
12.8
13.9
17.3
18.8
23.5
30.4
34.7
42.6
49.0
52.6
57.4
62.0
69.1
70.2
75.2
81.0
88.1
95.4
97.9
97.3
95.5
94.6
101.0
99.7
103.6
106.3
106.7
110.0
113.1
114.9
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
9.2
10.3
11.9
14.2
15.8
17.3
18.7
16.5
17.6
20.2
22.6
23.6
GERD (PPP current $billions)
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
72.7
81.2
90.4
102.9
115.2
120.6
126.7
134.2
142.2
152.4
161.4
165.8
166.1
169.6
184.1
197.8
212.7
226.9
245.8
269.5
280.2
279.9
293.9
305.6
328.1
353.3
380.3
407.2
406.0
409.6
429.1
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
138.1
143.8
150.8
158.6
170.2
184.2
196.3
206.3
210.8
218.6
230.5
253.9
270.9
294.2
298.4
303.8
320.5
11.0
18.4
12.0
12.4
20.0
NA
13.3
21.2
12.9
14.7
22.6
NA
15.8
25.6
14.8
16.4
27.0
15.9
17.6
29.4
16.6
19.0
31.4
17.6
21.0
33.7
18.8
23.2
35.3
19.6
24.3
39.5
19.3
25.4
39.2
19.4
26.1
38.4
20.6
26.6
38.6
21.4
27.4
40.1
21.9
28.1
41.4
22.3
28.5
43.2
23.1
29.3
45.2
23.9
30.8
49.4
25.9
33.0
52.3
27.9
35.8
54.4
29.2
38.2
56.7
30.6
36.9
59.4
31.0
38.0
61.3
32.0
39.2
64.3
34.1
41.9
70.1
37.0
44.0
74.0
38.7
46.5
82.0
39.4
49.5
82.4
39.2
49.9
86.3
39.5
51.9
93.1
39.6
GERD (PPP constant $billions)
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
139.3
146.5
157.0
172.2
187.1
191.5
195.5
200.2
204.4
210.9
215.7
216.5
212.2
212.2
225.6
237.9
251.4
265.2
283.1
303.8
308.9
303.6
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
171.2
174.3
179.2
185.8
197.2
208.2
215.4
220.3
21.4
22.9
23.6
25.1
26.2
26.6
27.8
29.0
30.8
32.8
33.2
33.8
34.1
34.0
34.3
34.5
34.1
34.4
35.8
36.9
38.5
39.5
35.6
36.5
37.2
38.3
42.0
43.4
45.9
47.3
48.9
49.4
53.3
51.7
49.6
48.8
49.7
50.3
52.2
54.1
58.2
61.6
62.6
63.3
23.7
NA
23.1
NA
25.0
26.2
26.6
27.2
27.9
28.1
26.7
26.2
27.2
27.8
27.7
27.4
27.0
27.9
30.0
31.2
31.6
32.5
TABLE 14. Gross expenditures for R&D and expenditures for R&D as share of gross domestic product, for selected countries:
1981–2011
Year
United States
European
Uniona
France
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
312.2
315.8
328.1
342.3
358.0
375.1
370.7
369.0
378.6
222.4
224.7
230.5
242.7
251.9
263.8
263.8
268.4
276.9
38.8
39.4
39.2
40.2
40.6
41.4
42.9
43.0
44.0
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2.34
2.51
2.58
2.64
2.75
2.72
2.70
2.65
2.61
2.65
2.72
2.64
2.51
2.41
2.50
2.54
2.55
2.58
2.63
2.71
2.72
2.63
2.64
2.58
2.60
2.64
2.71
2.85
2.91
2.83
2.85
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.67
1.72
1.74
1.76
1.77
1.75
1.73
1.73
1.76
1.76
1.83
1.91
1.91
1.94
1.90
1.98
2.02
2.11
2.17
2.16
2.20
2.19
2.23
2.32
2.32
2.33
2.36
2.31
2.28
2.27
2.19
2.14
2.16
2.15
2.20
2.24
2.18
2.16
2.11
2.11
2.08
2.12
2.27
2.24
2.24
Germany United Kingdom
China
Japan South Korea
64.0
63.8
64.3
67.6
69.6
74.7
74.4
76.9
815.4
GERD/GDP (%)
32.9
32.6
34.1
35.4
37.4
37.2
37.0
36.7
36.6
49.6
59.3
71.1
83.9
96.3
111.2
140.6
160.5
183.1
117.9
120.3
128.7
134.8
139.9
138.7
126.9
128.7
133.2
25.1
28.3
30.6
34.7
38.9
41.7
44.3
49.4
55.3
2.35
NA
2.17
NA
2.20
2.22
2.15
2.10
2.11
2.10
2.03
1.99
2.02
1.97
1.91
1.83
1.75
1.75
1.82
1.82
1.79
1.80
1.75
1.69
1.72
1.74
1.77
1.78
1.84
1.80
1.77
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.73
0.74
0.70
0.64
0.57
0.57
0.64
0.65
0.76
0.90
0.95
1.07
1.13
1.23
1.32
1.39
1.40
1.47
1.70
1.76
1.84
2.26
2.35
2.48
2.57
2.69
2.66
2.74
2.75
2.84
2.91
2.89
2.85
2.79
2.74
2.87
2.77
2.83
2.96
2.98
3.00
3.07
3.12
3.14
3.13
3.31
3.41
3.46
3.47
3.36
3.25
3.39
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.80
1.89
2.06
2.26
2.30
2.36
2.41
2.26
2.17
2.30
2.47
2.40
2.49
2.68
2.79
3.01
3.21
3.36
3.56
3.74
4.03
2.35
2.42
2.43
2.43
2.60
2.63
2.74
2.73
2.71
2.61
2.47
2.35
2.28
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.24
2.28
2.41
2.47
2.47
2.50
2.54
2.50
2.51
2.54
2.53
2.69
2.82
2.80
2.88
na = not applicable; NA = not available.
GDP = gross domestic product; GERD = gross expenditures for R&D; PPP = purchasing power parity.
Data includes the 28 European Union member countries (including Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
estimates for Croatia).
a
NOTES: Conversions of foreign currencies to U.S. dollars calculated with each country’s GDP implicit price deflator and with OECD
purchasing power parity exchange rates. Data for the United States in this table reflect international standards for calculating gross
expenditures on R&D, which vary slightly from the National Science Foundation protocol for tallying U.S. total R&D. Data for Japan, 1996
onward, many not be consistent with earlier data due to changes in methodology. Data for Germany, 1981−1990, are for West Germany.
SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, National Patterns of R&D Resources
(annual series); Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Main Science and Technology Indicators, Volume 2013, Issue 1.