TABLE 9. U.S. development expenditures, by source of funds and performing sector: 1953–2012
Funding
source:
All
Other
Federal
sources
All
Year
Performer:
performers
Total
3,412
3,734
4,189
5,855
6,681
7,214
8,463
9,360
9,930
10,115
11,540
12,506
13,215
14,490
15,332
16,154
17,051
16,925
17,399
18,743
20,197
21,504
22,706
25,085
27,667
31,056
35,445
40,765
46,305
51,879
57,771
66,461
74,522
75,855
1,762
2,027
2,427
3,561
4,477
4,941
5,872
6,390
6,701
6,822
7,956
8,610
8,742
9,466
9,521
9,756
9,848
9,382
9,561
10,141
10,311
10,506
10,993
12,035
13,153
14,383
16,064
17,604
20,242
22,323
24,859
28,320
32,304
33,993
Federal Industryb
Industry
Industry
FFRDCsc
U&Cd
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
359
298
271
302
293
332
340
391
402
399
479
535
654
675
753
810
882
950
989
1,054
1,056
1,102
1,145
9
9
12
14
12
13
16
19
22
23
22
30
48
61
66
72
80
84
69
63
71
75
83
100
153
254
336
362
386
397
399
435
486
513
U&C
Other
Nonprofit
FFRDCs nonprofite FFRDCse
Total
Industryf
U&C
Other
U&Cd nonprofitg
Other nonprofit
Other
governmenta
U&Cd
Total
nonprofitg
U&Cd
U&Cd
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
7
8
10
10
9
8
7
9
14
20
25
27
31
40
49
56
68
80
88
97
108
120
136
7
8
8
9
10
11
12
12
16
20
22
21
24
28
31
35
38
40
42
44
51
57
63
68
76
88
99
110
123
137
151
167
183
201
6
7
7
7
8
9
10
10
14
18
20
18
20
23
24
26
28
30
33
35
38
42
47
52
58
64
71
79
88
98
109
120
134
149
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
4
5
7
9
10
10
9
9
13
15
16
16
19
24
28
31
35
39
43
47
49
53
3
3
4
4
5
6
6
6
7
8
8
8
9
9
9
8
7
6
8
12
18
20
22
24
28
32
34
38
44
46
47
51
57
65
Current $millions
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
567
537
543
631
728
842
940
1,003
1,090
1,227
1,465
1,680
1,789
1,886
1,943
1,904
2,016
2,258
2,473
2,639
2,657
2,765
2,890
2,972
3,188
3,676
3,944
4,072
4,530
5,178
6,106
7,078
8,011
8,275
1,123
1,405
1,785
2,817
3,616
3,942
4,750
5,169
5,347
5,280
6,116
6,156
6,218
6,849
6,795
7,044
6,944
6,232
6,167
6,533
6,621
6,553
6,783
7,522
8,275
8,756
9,888
10,957
12,791
14,215
15,522
17,640
20,258
21,517
48
59
69
81
101
120
134
151
170
190
219
227
207
200
208
226
246
249
267
291
296
321
373
447
503
542
603
719
778
745
832
986
1,244
1,504
17
18
19
20
21
25
32
49
73
103
134
159
183
199
208
217
231
220
194
213
268
314
330
341
359
403
483
612
360
362
447
594
644
587
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
447
436
500
530
560
453
1,637
1,693
1,748
2,277
2,185
2,252
2,569
2,948
3,201
3,259
3,548
3,861
4,433
4,977
5,762
6,346
7,150
7,489
7,780
8,533
9,798
10,896
11,600
12,927
14,370
16,504
19,193
22,945
25,817
29,286
32,617
37,815
41,857
41,460
1,630
1,685
1,738
2,267
2,174
2,241
2,557
2,935
3,189
3,246
3,535
3,848
4,419
4,961
5,744
6,326
7,127
7,466
7,757
8,510
9,773
10,868
11,569
12,890
14,328
16,460
19,145
22,891
25,756
29,219
32,542
37,731
41,762
41,354
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
4
5
5
4
4
5
7
8
12
15
15
16
19
24
27
31
37
43
50
6
7
8
8
8
8
9
10
10
11
11
11
12
14
15
16
18
18
19
19
20
22
23
25
27
30
32
35
37
40
44
47
51
55
TABLE 9. U.S. development expenditures, by source of funds and performing sector: 1953–2012
Funding
source:
All
Other
Federal
sources
All
Year
Performer:
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012 (preliminary)
Federal Industryb
performers
Total
79,929
84,567
87,723
94,067
95,105
99,811
99,705
102,938
113,079
121,377
128,677
144,723
154,376
169,472
167,812
176,689
175,591
177,347
195,864
212,836
228,084
259,713
255,987
250,791
271,577
290,935
36,691
37,285
35,320
33,859
31,220
31,514
30,054
30,208
32,436
31,373
32,270
32,714
30,609
27,513
28,547
29,904
30,185
34,411
36,697
38,875
39,732
54,679
55,901
56,384
58,938
64,264
8,176
8,864
9,355
9,700
8,778
9,098
9,071
8,823
9,262
9,033
9,077
9,214
9,265
9,377
11,062
11,800
12,646
12,746
13,994
16,089
18,016
17,566
17,245
18,844
23,015
24,404
21,093
22,875
25,235
34,099
37,655
39,764
46,109
50,294
52,753
53,013
10,894
12,415
14,618
20,741
25,233
27,234
31,990
34,333
35,598
35,756
3,503
3,290
3,268
3,672
4,100
4,639
5,121
5,387
5,788
6,431
Industry
Industry
U&C
Other
FFRDCsc
U&Cd
24,122
23,719
21,049
18,966
17,256
17,181
16,083
16,209
17,824
17,066
18,121
18,452
16,571
13,510
12,542
13,061
11,939
14,419
15,512
16,720
14,860
29,488
30,436
28,088
26,228
30,409
1,230
1,414
1,423
1,438
1,383
1,372
1,038
1,196
1,208
1,358
1,292
1,280
1,208
1,185
647
639
747
851
1,052
1,156
1,738
1,948
2,008
2,118
2,027
1,975
599
698
773
910
1,012
1,055
1,127
1,213
1,180
1,128
1,055
974
710
565
673
669
940
1,268
1,199
970
939
885
1,636
2,633
2,856
2,951
1,670
1,762
1,782
1,735
1,537
1,452
1,374
1,378
1,616
1,520
1,454
1,527
1,640
1,577
1,717
1,726
1,954
2,447
2,360
2,136
2,488
2,239
1,868
1,838
1,715
1,628
474
407
507
619
722
758
787
815
744
698
687
760
727
580
874
937
743
1,300
1,211
603
568
562
550
638
797
555
6,943
8,607
10,753
16,407
20,380
21,730
25,879
27,775
28,407
27,674
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
53
52
69
79
68
69
84
102
114
118
294
358
416
469
569
661
730
809
901
996
102
107
111
114
116
135
174
261
388
537
Nonprofit
FFRDCs nonprofite FFRDCse
421
420
430
490
533
599
574
573
603
571
585
507
487
720
1,033
1,074
1,216
1,379
1,369
1,202
1,123
1,991
2,158
2,226
2,301
2,342
U&C
Other
Total
Industryf
U&Cd nonprofitg
42,784
46,765
51,822
59,568
63,197
67,567
68,866
71,886
79,738
89,032
95,332
110,868
122,533
140,551
137,727
145,038
143,438
140,938
157,034
171,748
185,947
202,363
196,613
190,202
208,271
222,210
42,667
46,634
51,676
59,410
63,030
67,388
68,674
71,681
79,518
88,797
95,063
110,589
122,236
140,235
137,410
144,727
143,121
140,615
156,696
171,392
185,569
201,961
196,118
189,612
207,659
221,580
57
66
76
83
86
91
97
102
108
115
114
114
119
121
121
120
121
123
126
130
138
153
254
348
357
362
10,078
10,323
10,470
13,204
12,253
12,353
13,931
15,771
16,942
17,013
6
6
9
12
14
17
16
13
11
10
Other nonprofit
Other
governmenta
U&Cd
Total
nonprofitg
U&Cd
U&Cd
60
65
70
75
82
88
95
103
111
120
155
164
178
195
197
191
195
199
212
226
240
249
241
242
255
267
155
180
205
226
239
246
259
276
288
305
305
302
321
348
376
419
461
474
493
512
533
581
950
1,338
1,450
1,510
226
254
285
315
345
378
416
455
495
538
649
723
793
934
1,030
1,184
1,349
1,358
1,477
1,540
1,703
1,905
2,218
2,449
2,503
2,542
165
183
203
226
251
279
309
343
381
423
536
611
673
804
890
1,028
1,182
1,186
1,301
1,360
1,511
1,689
1,846
1,921
1,958
1,992
61
71
81
89
94
100
107
112
113
115
112
113
121
130
140
156
167
172
175
179
192
216
373
528
545
550
73
83
91
99
103
105
109
114
123
128
121
116
120
125
132
144
160
166
163
162
169
185
305
419
416
409
37
43
48
47
45
44
49
54
53
58
16
19
19
21
24
24
25
25
27
30
43
49
48
50
56
61
65
64
85
105
37
43
42
41
45
50
54
54
74
94
6
6
6
9
11
11
11
11
11
10
18
21
23
26
30
31
33
34
37
40
2005 constant $millions
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
10,122
10,372
10,527
13,262
12,312
12,414
13,997
15,838
17,006
17,081
TABLE 9. U.S. development expenditures, by source of funds and performing sector: 1953–2012
Funding
source:
All
Other
Federal
sources
All
Year
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
Performer:
performers
Total
59,846
63,876
66,286
70,674
72,554
73,326
73,756
69,543
68,086
70,312
71,781
70,066
67,594
70,624
73,228
76,805
80,930
85,299
88,590
93,544
100,207
111,107
120,920
120,422
123,308
126,134
126,081
130,176
127,105
130,305
127,353
128,768
138,567
145,956
152,050
41,258
43,976
43,847
46,169
45,057
44,284
42,598
38,552
37,413
38,041
36,645
34,232
32,726
33,884
34,813
35,571
36,678
36,836
38,727
40,250
43,119
47,344
52,418
53,965
56,604
55,612
50,764
46,856
41,725
41,143
38,388
37,788
39,747
37,727
38,132
Federal Industryb
7,598
8,581
8,971
9,199
9,195
8,643
8,719
9,277
9,676
9,901
9,444
9,010
8,603
8,367
8,438
9,092
9,004
8,521
8,667
9,337
10,590
11,833
12,998
13,136
12,613
13,221
13,446
13,424
11,731
11,877
11,587
11,037
11,350
10,862
10,725
31,718
31,442
31,189
33,407
32,156
31,975
30,038
25,607
24,133
24,508
23,532
21,351
20,193
21,177
21,902
21,654
22,577
22,927
24,471
25,631
26,924
29,490
32,871
34,159
37,214
35,378
30,253
26,246
23,062
22,430
20,543
20,276
21,842
20,522
21,413
Industry
FFRDCsc
U&Cd
NA
1,834
1,495
1,322
1,429
1,330
1,436
1,397
1,530
1,508
1,418
1,561
1,593
1,841
1,787
1,862
1,849
1,846
1,818
1,783
1,828
1,765
1,788
1,818
1,898
2,109
2,045
1,990
1,848
1,791
1,326
1,496
1,480
1,633
1,527
114
151
241
298
310
325
344
343
270
234
251
243
246
280
405
628
768
757
738
717
692
727
789
815
924
1,041
1,112
1,259
1,352
1,377
1,440
1,518
1,445
1,357
1,247
Industry
U&C
Other
Nonprofit
FFRDCs nonprofite FFRDCse
1,133
1,157
1,036
976
984
1,026
1,064
1,023
1,045
1,092
1,050
1,046
1,109
1,258
1,332
1,340
1,378
1,504
1,488
1,343
1,442
1,648
2,018
2,387
2,576
2,628
2,561
2,401
2,054
1,895
1,755
1,724
1,980
1,827
1,718
695
812
915
968
982
985
997
904
759
799
951
1,021
982
960
950
995
1,102
1,281
688
653
776
994
1,045
931
731
608
729
857
965
990
1,005
1,019
911
839
811
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
856
787
867
887
909
719
650
627
619
678
712
782
734
716
739
686
691
Total
Industryf
18,400
19,720
22,236
24,276
27,265
28,807
30,929
30,772
30,445
32,008
34,823
35,502
34,534
36,394
38,033
40,816
43,821
48,012
49,392
52,806
56,575
63,218
67,917
65,818
66,004
69,751
74,482
82,434
84,462
88,210
87,962
89,924
97,711
107,061
112,648
18,333
19,654
22,166
24,198
27,183
28,716
30,829
30,677
30,355
31,924
34,734
35,410
34,441
36,290
37,922
40,707
43,712
47,899
49,276
52,685
56,445
63,077
67,764
65,650
65,824
69,556
74,272
82,215
84,238
87,976
87,717
89,668
97,442
106,778
112,330
U&C
Other
U&Cd nonprofitg
10
10
10
10
12
18
22
21
16
13
18
21
24
32
38
36
35
41
45
48
54
62
70
80
88
99
109
115
115
119
124
128
133
138
135
57
56
60
68
71
73
78
74
74
71
71
70
70
71
72
73
73
72
72
73
76
79
83
88
92
96
100
104
109
115
122
129
136
144
183
Other nonprofit
Other
governmenta
U&Cd
Total
nonprofitg
U&Cd
U&Cd
32
33
39
47
47
42
34
29
34
51
71
80
82
88
106
121
127
141
152
159
169
180
195
216
240
268
294
313
320
321
331
345
353
367
360
114
105
120
137
144
159
164
164
162
165
179
186
187
192
202
217
226
230
235
247
262
279
297
319
348
380
409
435
461
494
532
569
606
647
767
104
92
100
112
114
118
121
123
129
131
135
138
140
147
153
159
163
166
168
176
188
201
217
236
255
273
292
313
335
364
395
430
467
509
634
10
13
20
24
31
41
43
41
33
34
44
49
48
45
49
58
63
64
67
70
74
78
80
84
93
106
117
123
126
130
137
140
139
138
133
41
41
43
46
40
35
31
27
31
46
62
65
66
67
74
79
78
80
84
82
82
86
93
104
113
123
131
138
137
137
139
142
150
154
143
TABLE 9. U.S. development expenditures, by source of funds and performing sector: 1953–2012
Funding
source:
All
Other
Federal
sources
All
Year
Performer:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012 (preliminary)
performers
Total
169,101
177,766
191,013
184,963
191,644
186,531
183,236
195,864
206,175
214,715
239,185
233,714
225,954
239,573
252,138
38,225
35,246
31,010
31,465
32,435
32,065
35,554
36,697
37,658
37,403
50,357
51,038
50,800
51,993
55,694
Federal Industryb
10,766
10,669
10,568
12,192
12,798
13,434
13,169
13,994
15,586
16,960
16,178
15,745
16,977
20,303
21,149
Industry
FFRDCsc
U&Cd
1,496
1,391
1,336
713
693
793
879
1,052
1,120
1,636
1,794
1,833
1,908
1,788
1,712
1,138
818
637
741
725
998
1,310
1,199
940
884
815
1,494
2,372
2,520
2,558
21,560
19,082
15,227
13,824
14,167
12,683
14,898
15,512
16,197
13,989
27,157
27,788
25,306
23,137
26,354
Industry
U&C
Other
Nonprofit
FFRDCs nonprofite FFRDCse
1,785
1,888
1,778
1,892
1,872
2,076
2,529
2,360
2,069
2,342
2,062
1,706
1,656
1,513
1,411
888
837
653
963
1,016
790
1,344
1,211
584
534
518
502
575
703
481
592
561
812
1,139
1,165
1,292
1,425
1,369
1,164
1,057
1,833
1,971
2,006
2,030
2,030
Total
Industryf
129,542
141,099
158,416
151,804
157,314
152,374
145,618
157,034
166,373
175,048
186,368
179,506
171,365
183,727
192,577
129,217
140,757
158,060
151,454
156,977
152,038
145,284
156,696
166,028
174,692
185,998
179,054
170,834
183,187
192,032
U&C
Other
U&Cd nonprofitg
133
137
137
133
130
129
128
126
126
130
141
232
313
315
314
192
205
220
217
207
207
206
212
219
226
229
220
218
225
232
Other nonprofit
Other
governmenta
U&Cd
Total
nonprofitg
U&Cd
U&Cd
353
370
392
414
455
489
489
493
496
501
535
867
1,206
1,279
1,309
845
913
1,053
1,135
1,284
1,433
1,403
1,477
1,491
1,603
1,754
2,025
2,207
2,208
2,203
714
775
907
981
1,115
1,255
1,226
1,301
1,318
1,422
1,555
1,685
1,731
1,727
1,726
132
139
146
154
169
177
178
175
174
181
199
340
475
481
477
135
138
141
145
156
170
172
163
157
159
170
278
377
367
354
NA = not available; included in data for federal support to industry and federal support to other nonprofit institutions.
FFRDC = federally funded R&D center; U&C = universities and colleges.
Due to survey limitations, data on R&D funded by other (nonfederal) government are separately available only for U&C; nonetheless, other government funded R&D is included in the own performance of these other
sectors (e.g., other government funding to other nonprofits is included in other nonprofit funding for their own R&D).
b Character-of-work estimates for industry were revised in 1998 and for later years; hence, the data for 1997 and earlier years are not directly comparable.
c Character-of-work estimates for industry-administered FFRDCs in 1953–63 are not separate from the federal funding to industry; the data on federal funding to industry in those years include the funding to these
FFRDCs.
d The data for U&C R&D before 2003 covers only science and engineering (S&E) fields; in 2003 and later years, the R&D in non-S&E fields is also included. Adjustments have been made to U&C R&D for 1998 and later
years to eliminate the double counting of funds passed through from one academic institution to another. The character-of-work estimation procedure for academic R&D was revised in 1998 and again in 2010; hence,
these data are not directly comparable with data reported for earlier years.
e Character-of-work estimates for nonprofit-administered FFRDCs in 1953–80 are not separate from federal funding for other nonprofit institutions; thus, the data for federal funding to other nonprofit institutions includes
the funding to these FFRDCs in those years.
f Industry sources of funding for industry R&D include all nonfederal sources of funding.
g The 1998–2012 data for other nonprofit R&D are not based on a dedicated nonprofit survey and may later be revised.
a
NOTES: The R&D data for 2012 are preliminary and may later be revised. Some back-year data may have been revised, accordingly, for trend comparisons, use only the historical data reported here; do not use data
published earlier. Detail may not add to total due to rounding. Constant-dollar estimates are derived from unrounded data. Data are based on annual reports by performers, except for the nonprofit sector. The R&D
expenditures of FFRDCs are chiefly from federal funding, but any nonfederal funds are included in the totals. Expenditures for industry and, before 2001, for industry-administered FFRDCs are collected by calendar
year. Expenditures for other performers are calendar-year approximations based on fiscal year data. In most cases, the approximation equals 75% of the amount reported in the same fiscal year plus 25% of the amount
reported in the subsequent fiscal year. However, the fiscal year for academic performers generally begins 1 July, not 1 October; also, prior to 1977, the federal fiscal year began on 1 July, not 1 October. Therefore,
calendar-year approximations for academic performers and federal performers before 1977 equal 50% of the amount reported in the same fiscal year plus 50% of amount reported in the subsequent fiscal year. Los
Alamos National Laboratory became industry administered in June 2006—previously, it was U&C administered. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory became industry administered in October 2007—previously, it
was U&C administered.
SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NSF/NCSES), National Patterns of R&D Resources (annual series), Business R&D and Innovation Survey (annual
series), Higher Education R&D Survey (annual series), Survey of Federal Funds for R&D (annual series), FFRC R&D Survey (annual series), R&D Funding and Performance by Nonprofit Organizations (FYs 1996–97).
All NSF/NCSES reports available at http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/.