TABLE 8. U.S. applied research expenditures, by source of funds and performing sectors: 1953–2012
Funding
source:
All
Other
Federal
sources
All
Year
Performer:
performers
Total
Federal Industryb
Industry
FFRDCsc
U&Cd
Industry
U&C
Other
Nonprofit
FFRDCs nonprofite FFRDCse
Total
Industryf
U&C
Other
U&Cd nonprofitg
U&Cd
Other nonprofit
Other
Total nonprofitg
governmenta
U&Cd
U&Cd
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
14
18
27
34
36
39
43
47
47
52
62
72
92
109
121
128
129
140
159
178
194
212
224
240
30
32
32
33
34
35
37
39
40
41
42
45
46
47
46
46
48
51
61
74
88
96
113
127
134
151
161
174
199
207
215
234
262
298
Current $millions
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1,289
1,378
1,514
1,928
2,414
2,758
2,940
3,065
3,123
3,698
3,865
4,201
4,374
4,653
4,848
5,137
5,454
5,752
5,833
6,147
6,655
7,344
8,091
8,976
9,662
10,704
12,097
13,714
16,329
18,218
20,298
22,451
25,401
27,240
756
785
850
1,025
1,304
1,496
1,630
1,732
1,811
2,098
2,245
2,462
2,553
2,625
2,763
2,811
2,924
3,100
3,091
3,243
3,429
3,634
4,125
4,464
4,683
5,080
5,602
6,237
6,905
7,689
8,738
9,499
10,930
10,409
347
330
333
387
446
516
577
615
668
709
809
947
994
1,012
1,069
1,112
1,229
1,334
1,355
1,434
1,527
1,652
1,912
2,068
2,081
2,242
2,415
2,546
2,731
2,802
2,991
2,961
3,135
3,204
288
322
368
474
678
774
813
833
812
1,011
1,007
978
992
986
983
956
920
952
907
845
883
905
991
1,033
1,113
1,195
1,305
1,625
2,042
2,593
3,227
3,677
4,717
4,049
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
62
46
53
83
87
95
97
67
107
110
120
139
167
212
235
250
275
298
367
414
547
630
629
59
60
63
65
63
66
78
93
104
119
128
142
176
208
238
250
257
280
306
391
450
477
550
596
626
676
793
912
953
1,007
1,122
1,226
1,296
1,393
48
58
68
79
94
111
121
129
145
163
186
203
206
213
225
221
213
213
216
224
203
191
219
263
297
324
360
421
422
433
473
548
580
554
14
16
18
21
24
30
43
63
83
98
115
130
140
153
166
186
210
225
241
243
257
290
315
338
355
409
480
458
391
398
433
459
490
506
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
68
91
78
80
82
75
456
513
583
818
1,018
1,163
1,206
1,226
1,195
1,471
1,483
1,593
1,654
1,842
1,890
2,125
2,320
2,429
2,494
2,618
2,894
3,333
3,520
4,001
4,410
4,982
5,797
6,698
8,531
9,553
10,501
11,788
13,191
15,402
438
492
560
794
992
1,137
1,178
1,196
1,165
1,438
1,450
1,560
1,620
1,804
1,849
2,081
2,272
2,378
2,441
2,562
2,832
3,263
3,440
3,912
4,311
4,870
5,670
6,550
8,359
9,363
10,286
11,541
12,908
15,082
7
8
9
10
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
14
13
14
16
16
16
18
19
21
26
32
39
45
51
61
71
88
108
121
141
168
198
229
11
13
14
14
14
14
15
17
17
19
19
19
21
24
25
28
32
33
34
35
36
39
42
45
48
52
55
60
64
69
74
79
85
91
28
28
27
27
27
27
28
29
30
30
32
37
42
48
54
55
54
56
67
82
100
118
141
166
194
232
263
308
363
402
443
491
547
620
20
21
22
25
31
37
39
40
48
58
63
65
79
91
96
101
109
117
121
131
145
163
192
218
241
259
273
298
332
367
401
438
471
510
10
11
11
14
20
25
27
28
35
45
49
47
52
57
60
62
66
70
74
79
83
91
100
109
120
132
144
158
173
189
207
226
247
270
TABLE 8. U.S. applied research expenditures, by source of funds and performing sectors: 1953–2012
Funding
source:
All
Other
Federal
sources
All
Year
Federal Industryb
Performer:
performers
Total
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012 (preliminary)
27,951
29,528
32,277
34,897
38,631
37,936
37,283
36,618
40,936
43,170
46,554
46,362
52,007
56,681
64,176
50,796
61,379
69,469
70,001
76,735
83,551
74,793
72,891
79,526
82,425
86,773
10,829
10,749
11,753
13,695
14,280
13,690
14,075
13,800
13,543
13,958
12,884
12,822
13,959
15,563
18,828
19,280
22,553
22,714
23,639
25,124
27,906
25,588
31,134
30,349
30,229
31,382
3,366
3,362
3,566
3,652
4,093
4,337
4,838
4,985
4,952
4,872
4,997
5,146
5,530
6,105
7,052
7,487
7,672
7,455
7,557
7,435
7,222
7,316
7,874
8,016
7,849
8,084
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
7,970
8,442
9,117
11,227
13,603
15,203
16,015
16,469
16,592
19,380
4,671
4,809
5,120
5,967
7,349
8,247
8,881
9,304
9,621
10,996
2,145
2,019
2,006
2,251
2,511
2,844
3,141
3,302
3,549
3,713
Industry
Industry
U&C
Other
FFRDCsc
U&Cd
4,037
3,846
4,324
5,967
5,588
4,476
4,295
3,616
3,164
3,640
2,648
2,632
2,817
2,682
3,603
2,452
4,473
4,775
5,289
6,140
8,945
5,397
7,797
4,705
4,404
5,106
623
371
374
386
433
507
435
503
535
231
213
230
274
269
821
1,090
1,413
1,459
1,414
1,314
1,168
1,975
2,010
2,249
2,256
2,387
1,643
1,958
2,121
2,140
2,232
2,415
2,542
2,644
2,779
2,864
2,550
2,260
2,661
3,194
3,553
4,056
4,660
4,902
5,032
5,318
5,548
6,144
7,708
9,407
10,071
10,147
532
547
603
689
927
940
962
982
1,050
1,270
1,337
1,372
1,247
1,291
1,405
1,663
1,600
1,481
1,637
1,827
1,354
855
1,282
1,274
1,318
1,386
555
599
695
780
921
933
900
960
934
960
1,011
1,060
1,300
1,831
2,150
2,267
2,487
2,448
2,432
2,592
2,583
2,600
3,049
3,041
2,691
2,682
1,781
1,973
2,217
2,761
3,821
4,267
4,429
4,476
4,314
5,299
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
365
365
380
379
355
361
422
500
550
621
294
355
410
457
530
609
657
690
770
852
87
98
108
119
132
165
232
336
438
511
Nonprofit
FFRDCs nonprofite FFRDCse
74
66
70
81
86
81
103
111
129
122
128
123
130
190
244
266
249
194
278
500
1,085
1,300
1,414
1,658
1,640
1,589
U&C
Other
Total
Industryf
U&Cd nonprofitg
15,511
16,938
18,452
18,930
21,946
21,736
20,547
19,995
24,418
26,076
30,506
30,314
34,599
37,305
41,219
26,880
33,672
41,483
40,850
45,925
49,571
42,495
34,354
41,329
43,955
46,868
15,153
16,531
17,993
18,432
21,425
21,184
19,956
19,372
23,755
25,370
29,782
29,576
33,821
36,494
40,409
26,081
32,861
40,657
39,995
45,033
48,625
41,467
33,258
40,201
42,782
45,650
260
302
347
377
392
414
443
464
494
524
519
520
542
553
549
546
553
562
575
593
628
698
778
807
835
864
2,708
3,014
3,374
4,625
5,591
6,268
6,418
6,426
6,189
7,537
40
46
51
58
65
66
68
70
69
71
Other nonprofit
Other
governmenta
U&Cd
Total nonprofitg
U&Cd
U&Cd
98
105
112
120
129
138
148
158
170
182
205
218
236
258
261
253
259
264
280
300
318
330
319
321
338
354
707
818
933
1,031
1,091
1,120
1,181
1,256
1,311
1,390
1,389
1,378
1,463
1,585
1,712
1,911
2,098
2,158
2,247
2,331
2,426
2,647
2,903
3,106
3,398
3,599
571
647
722
788
847
911
984
1,049
1,104
1,162
1,223
1,322
1,441
1,657
1,816
2,071
2,326
2,355
2,523
2,619
2,878
3,220
3,572
3,770
3,870
3,950
295
322
352
384
419
456
497
541
589
640
711
809
891
1,066
1,178
1,362
1,565
1,572
1,723
1,802
2,001
2,237
2,445
2,545
2,594
2,638
276
325
370
404
428
454
487
509
516
522
512
513
550
591
638
709
761
783
799
816
877
983
1,127
1,225
1,276
1,312
333
377
417
453
468
479
496
517
559
584
553
526
546
571
601
654
729
758
743
736
770
843
928
972
973
975
68
80
84
82
79
77
82
91
90
100
172
171
164
157
153
150
153
155
157
159
124
129
130
146
175
201
212
215
252
304
62
67
66
82
113
138
147
150
186
236
62
61
63
64
62
63
65
64
66
68
186
193
195
193
191
195
201
208
212
213
2005 constant $millions
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2,816
3,140
3,509
4,764
5,735
6,411
6,568
6,588
6,349
7,707
TABLE 8. U.S. applied research expenditures, by source of funds and performing sectors: 1953–2012
Funding
source:
All
Other
Federal
sources
All
Year
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
Performer:
performers
Total
20,042
21,457
21,937
22,693
22,942
23,319
23,593
23,637
22,826
23,059
23,654
23,928
24,087
25,272
25,574
26,473
27,620
28,697
31,241
32,849
35,208
37,532
41,216
43,243
43,121
44,042
46,390
48,292
51,630
49,526
47,621
45,806
50,163
51,912
55,011
11,640
12,572
12,803
12,801
13,075
12,758
12,647
12,740
12,096
12,165
12,188
11,841
12,281
12,567
12,395
12,564
12,792
13,051
13,211
13,865
15,156
15,880
17,735
16,525
16,706
16,032
16,892
18,952
19,085
17,872
17,977
17,263
16,596
16,784
15,225
Federal Industryb
4,196
4,834
4,983
4,936
5,057
5,045
5,317
5,481
5,302
5,379
5,428
5,383
5,691
5,823
5,507
5,544
5,514
5,327
5,226
5,052
5,188
4,950
5,087
5,086
5,192
5,014
5,126
5,054
5,471
5,662
6,180
6,236
6,069
5,859
5,904
5,222
4,995
4,976
4,809
4,652
4,340
3,980
3,912
3,549
3,170
3,138
2,949
2,950
2,908
2,946
2,955
2,980
3,400
3,907
4,675
5,597
6,147
7,654
6,428
6,228
5,736
6,215
8,258
7,468
5,844
5,486
4,523
3,877
4,377
3,129
Industry
FFRDCsc
U&Cd
NA
317
231
259
393
395
411
399
262
401
391
391
414
470
561
581
571
575
570
662
718
914
1,022
999
961
553
538
534
579
662
556
629
656
278
252
661
725
880
1,015
1,124
1,133
1,110
1,148
1,197
1,465
1,598
1,553
1,636
1,677
1,656
1,671
1,810
1,909
1,823
1,815
1,947
2,050
2,104
2,211
2,534
2,921
3,049
2,962
2,983
3,153
3,247
3,307
3,405
3,444
3,013
Industry
U&C
Other
Nonprofit
FFRDCs nonprofite FFRDCse
965
1,037
1,031
1,039
1,065
1,001
921
875
843
840
720
621
652
739
787
802
822
881
808
780
821
917
940
879
820
816
866
953
1,238
1,228
1,229
1,228
1,287
1,527
1,580
596
664
702
744
786
844
908
925
941
910
913
945
938
950
940
1,011
1,096
958
748
717
751
767
795
803
856
893
999
1,079
1,231
1,219
1,149
1,200
1,144
1,154
1,195
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
130
163
135
135
133
120
114
98
101
113
115
106
131
139
158
147
152
Total
Industryf
7,691
8,134
8,296
8,985
8,942
9,646
10,036
9,979
9,758
9,819
10,285
10,860
10,479
11,265
11,672
12,321
13,236
14,015
16,320
17,224
18,214
19,707
21,403
24,451
23,929
25,263
26,521
26,196
29,330
28,377
26,245
25,012
29,922
31,356
36,047
7,520
7,968
8,126
8,799
8,750
9,446
9,828
9,771
9,552
9,611
10,065
10,632
10,241
11,014
11,410
12,044
12,946
13,706
15,992
16,883
17,841
19,294
20,945
23,943
23,377
24,656
25,861
25,507
28,634
27,656
25,490
24,233
29,109
30,507
35,192
U&C
Other
U&Cd nonprofitg
73
69
65
68
73
73
69
72
72
77
92
103
115
125
135
150
163
185
206
218
245
281
321
364
401
450
499
522
523
541
566
581
605
630
613
99
97
105
117
118
127
138
136
133
131
128
126
124
126
127
128
127
125
122
124
128
132
138
144
151
156
161
166
172
180
189
198
208
218
242
Other nonprofit
Other
U&Cd
Total nonprofitg
168
191
211
236
255
250
233
229
262
307
355
384
418
466
514
573
601
644
694
725
769
821
888
985
1,091
1,220
1,341
1,427
1,458
1,462
1,508
1,571
1,607
1,672
1,641
324
329
394
441
454
456
469
479
474
490
514
530
571
615
637
641
623
624
634
661
696
733
765
810
881
965
1,038
1,091
1,132
1,189
1,257
1,313
1,353
1,398
1,445
254
240
261
278
284
281
285
288
290
296
295
297
297
308
318
325
329
330
331
341
359
378
401
429
456
481
506
531
559
596
635
677
721
770
840
governmenta
U&Cd
U&Cd
70
89
133
163
170
175
184
191
184
193
219
233
274
307
319
315
294
293
304
321
337
355
364
381
425
484
532
559
573
593
623
636
632
628
605
219
231
233
230
216
209
208
210
237
278
311
313
338
359
356
374
369
363
381
374
373
391
425
473
514
562
599
626
625
625
633
647
685
702
653
TABLE 8. U.S. applied research expenditures, by source of funds and performing sectors: 1953–2012
Funding
source:
All
Other
Federal
sources
All
Year
Performer:
performers
Total
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012 (preliminary)
54,171
59,887
63,885
70,735
55,096
65,203
71,775
70,001
74,333
78,653
68,881
66,549
71,650
72,712
75,202
14,982
16,074
17,541
20,752
20,912
23,959
23,469
23,639
24,338
26,270
23,565
28,425
27,344
26,667
27,197
Federal Industryb
6,012
6,368
6,881
7,773
8,121
8,149
7,702
7,557
7,202
6,798
6,738
7,189
7,222
6,924
7,006
Industry
FFRDCsc
U&Cd
269
316
303
905
1,183
1,501
1,508
1,414
1,272
1,100
1,819
1,835
2,026
1,990
2,068
2,640
3,064
3,600
3,917
4,399
4,950
5,065
5,032
5,151
5,223
5,658
7,038
8,476
8,884
8,794
3,075
3,244
3,023
3,971
2,660
4,752
4,934
5,289
5,948
8,421
4,970
7,119
4,239
3,885
4,425
Industry
U&C
Other
Nonprofit
FFRDCs nonprofite FFRDCse
1,603
1,436
1,456
1,548
1,804
1,700
1,531
1,637
1,770
1,275
787
1,170
1,148
1,163
1,201
1,238
1,497
2,064
2,370
2,458
2,642
2,529
2,432
2,511
2,431
2,395
2,784
2,740
2,374
2,325
144
149
214
268
288
264
201
278
484
1,021
1,198
1,291
1,494
1,447
1,377
Total
Industryf
35,420
39,841
42,047
45,432
29,155
35,770
42,861
40,850
44,488
46,666
39,136
31,365
37,236
38,775
40,618
34,558
38,945
41,133
44,539
28,289
34,908
42,007
39,995
43,623
45,775
38,189
30,364
36,220
37,740
39,562
U&C
Other
U&Cd nonprofitg
608
624
623
606
592
587
581
575
574
591
643
710
727
737
749
254
272
291
287
274
275
273
280
290
300
304
291
289
298
307
Other nonprofit
Other
governmenta
U&Cd
Total nonprofitg
U&Cd
U&Cd
1,610
1,685
1,786
1,887
2,072
2,229
2,229
2,247
2,258
2,284
2,438
2,650
2,798
2,997
3,119
1,545
1,659
1,867
2,002
2,247
2,471
2,433
2,523
2,537
2,709
2,966
3,261
3,397
3,414
3,423
599
633
666
703
769
808
809
799
791
825
906
1,029
1,103
1,126
1,137
615
629
644
662
710
774
784
743
713
725
776
847
876
859
845
945
1,026
1,201
1,299
1,477
1,663
1,624
1,723
1,746
1,884
2,060
2,232
2,293
2,288
2,286
NA = not available; included in data for federal support to industry and federal support to other nonprofit institutions.
FFRDC = federally funded R&D center; U&C = universities and colleges.
Due to survey limitations, data on R&D funded by other (nonfederal) government are separately available only for U&C; nonetheless, other government funded R&D is included in the own performance of these other
sectors (e.g., other government funding to other nonprofits is included in other nonprofit funding for their own R&D).
b Character-of-work estimates for industry were revised in 1998 and for later years; hence, the data for 1997 and earlier years are not directly comparable.
c Character-of-work estimates for industry-administered FFRDCs in 1953–63 are not separate from the federal funding to industry; the data on federal funding to industry in those years include the funding to these FFRDCs.
d The data for U&C R&D before 2003 covers only science and engineering (S&E) fields; in 2003 and later years, the R&D in non-S&E fields is also included. Adjustments have been made to U&C R&D for 1998 and later
years to eliminate the double counting of funds passed through from one academic institution to another. The character-of-work estimation procedure for academic R&D was revised in 1998 and again in 2010; hence, these
data are not directly comparable with data reported for earlier years.
e Character-of-work estimates for nonprofit-administered FFRDCs in 1953–80 are not separate from federal funding for other nonprofit institutions; thus, the data for federal funding to other nonprofit institutions includes the
funding to these FFRDCs in those years.
f Industry sources of funding for industry R&D include all nonfederal sources of funding.
g The 1998–2012 data for other nonprofit R&D are not based on a dedicated nonprofit survey and may later be revised.
a
NOTES: The R&D data for 2012 are preliminary and may later be revised. Some back-year data may have been revised, accordingly, for trend comparisons, use only the historical data reported here; do not use data
published earlier. Detail may not add to total due to rounding. Constant-dollar estimates are derived from unrounded data. Data are based on annual reports by performers, except for the nonprofit sector. The R&D
expenditures of FFRDCs are chiefly from federal funding, but any nonfederal funds are included in the totals. Expenditures for industry and, before 2001, for industry-administered FFRDCs are collected by calendar year.
Expenditures for other performers are calendar-year approximations based on fiscal year data. In most cases, the approximation equals 75% of the amount reported in the same fiscal year plus 25% of the amount reported
in the subsequent fiscal year. However, the fiscal year for academic performers generally begins 1 July, not 1 October; also, prior to 1977, the federal fiscal year began on 1 July, not 1 October. Therefore, calendar-year
approximations for academic performers and federal performers before 1977 equal 50% of the amount reported in the same fiscal year plus 50% of amount reported in the subsequent fiscal year. Los Alamos National
Laboratory became industry administered in June 2006—previously, it was U&C administered. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory became industry administered in October 2007—previously, it was U&C
administered.
SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NSF/NCSES), National Patterns of R&D Resources (annual series), Business R&D and Innovation Survey (annual series),
Higher Education R&D Survey (annual series), Survey of Federal Funds for R&D (annual series), FFRDC R&D Survey (annual series), R&D Funding and Performance by Nonprofit Organizations (FYs 1996–97). All
NSF/NCSES reports available at http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/.