TABLE 7. U.S. basic research expenditures, by source of funds and performing sector: 1953–2012
Funding
source:
All
Other
Federal
sources
All
Year
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Performer:
performers
Total
460
509
579
718
814
944
1,087
1,286
1,512
1,824
2,115
2,396
2,664
2,930
3,168
3,376
3,491
3,594
3,720
3,850
4,099
4,511
4,875
5,373
6,008
6,959
7,836
8,745
9,658
10,651
11,880
13,332
14,748
17,154
265
291
327
393
452
538
666
794
973
1,218
1,446
1,693
1,900
2,075
2,280
2,399
2,457
2,501
2,559
2,656
2,847
3,146
3,415
3,793
4,235
4,950
5,558
6,145
6,591
7,121
7,853
8,651
9,407
10,220
Federal Industryb
102
96
98
114
124
149
165
184
230
252
285
339
375
410
434
482
545
562
581
603
652
715
760
850
943
1,044
1,112
1,212
1,343
1,522
1,733
1,877
1,947
2,026
19
23
27
37
41
43
72
79
81
143
147
123
157
142
168
145
123
122
101
91
96
114
104
116
135
156
161
170
164
253
346
340
358
434
Industry
FFRDCsc
U&Cd
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
42
29
31
34
35
37
36
33
39
36
49
53
69
75
94
104
120
137
128
117
136
131
117
82
97
117
143
167
202
263
341
432
546
689
824
944
1,066
1,188
1,265
1,288
1,323
1,385
1,437
1,489
1,609
1,768
1,924
2,114
2,399
2,719
3,061
3,331
3,475
3,689
4,087
4,606
5,122
Industry
U&C
Other
Nonprofit
FFRDCs nonprofite FFRDCse
36
44
50
58
72
85
95
106
126
148
175
200
218
239
263
276
272
265
252
270
343
415
476
556
667
906
1,050
1,167
1,284
1,366
1,536
1,709
1,793
1,915
27
31
36
42
49
59
72
85
105
130
150
166
179
188
194
196
192
195
207
216
232
245
255
278
301
351
413
416
324
369
426
494
560
594
Total
Industryf
Current $millions
NA
154
NA
169
NA
192
NA
251
NA
268
NA
292
NA
290
NA
343
NA
361
NA
394
NA
425
NA
434
NA
462
NA
512
NA
495
NA
537
NA
541
NA
531
NA
551
NA
565
NA
607
NA
656
NA
704
NA
774
NA
862
NA
970
NA
1,107
NA
1,286
9
1,600
9
1,854
8
2,146
9
2,584
13
2,915
13
4,130
132
143
162
216
230
252
248
297
314
345
375
384
406
451
427
462
458
444
456
463
499
536
573
634
701
785
893
1,035
1,313
1,523
1,760
2,132
2,373
3,496
U&C
Other
U&Cd nonprofitg
13
15
17
20
23
24
24
25
25
25
25
25
27
29
34
38
40
43
50
55
59
66
72
75
89
107
128
156
183
215
260
313
389
466
9
11
13
15
15
16
18
21
22
24
25
25
29
32
34
37
43
44
45
47
49
54
59
65
72
79
87
95
105
115
127
139
153
168
U&Cd
6
8
12
15
20
24
28
33
40
48
58
70
86
106
136
156
171
196
214
216
223
250
264
283
334
398
466
544
615
716
816
915
1,075
1,262
Other nonprofit
Other
Total nonprofitg
28
31
35
41
50
59
66
71
85
101
113
115
122
133
144
154
170
187
204
218
227
254
280
305
346
380
419
463
512
591
668
746
837
936
12
13
14
17
23
28
30
30
37
46
50
47
52
58
61
63
67
72
77
84
90
102
116
131
148
168
190
215
243
275
311
351
397
449
governmenta
U&Cd
U&Cd
16
18
21
24
27
31
36
41
48
55
63
68
70
75
83
91
103
115
127
134
137
153
164
175
198
213
229
248
269
317
358
395
440
488
7
10
14
19
25
31
38
45
54
64
75
84
94
104
114
131
153
179
194
195
196
204
212
218
232
260
286
307
338
368
396
436
514
606
TABLE 7. U.S. basic research expenditures, by source of funds and performing sector: 1953–2012
Funding
source:
All
Other
Federal
sources
All
Year
Performer:
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012 (preliminary)
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
Federal Industryb
performers
Total
18,481
19,787
21,891
23,029
27,140
27,604
28,743
29,651
29,610
32,799
36,921
35,372
38,935
42,752
47,727
51,902
56,089
57,731
61,321
62,996
68,047
72,105
75,854
77,386
74,161
74,849
11,090
12,097
13,392
14,057
15,283
15,710
16,399
16,770
16,990
18,063
19,420
20,847
22,799
24,786
27,591
31,130
33,967
35,235
36,705
37,558
39,220
39,156
40,433
41,080
39,901
39,372
2,047
2,116
2,309
2,319
2,378
2,419
2,621
2,547
2,689
2,680
2,746
3,003
3,347
3,765
4,260
4,511
4,664
4,697
4,770
4,716
4,621
4,957
5,441
5,111
4,911
5,086
2,841
3,115
3,488
4,182
4,585
5,201
5,922
6,910
8,030
9,560
1,638
1,780
1,970
2,286
2,545
2,963
3,626
4,266
5,167
6,384
628
588
587
661
699
821
896
986
1,219
1,321
Industry
Industry
U&C
Other
FFRDCsc
U&Cd
598
656
986
869
1,251
712
466
436
190
650
1,029
1,002
1,108
925
754
888
1,386
1,072
1,108
1,444
2,780
1,475
1,340
1,406
677
785
142
337
398
499
461
474
492
503
530
708
625
568
557
547
552
534
299
175
136
652
2,258
2,423
2,629
2,848
2,673
2,446
5,527
5,937
6,422
6,889
7,423
8,058
8,638
9,139
9,634
10,092
10,924
11,941
12,892
13,960
15,541
17,930
20,127
21,702
22,788
23,312
23,673
24,149
24,090
24,526
24,786
24,295
2,086
2,272
2,371
2,470
2,657
2,867
2,953
2,934
2,702
2,606
2,671
2,660
2,765
2,874
3,104
3,714
3,747
3,730
3,820
3,344
1,724
1,672
1,902
2,203
2,213
2,160
675
756
860
947
1,036
1,114
1,157
1,137
1,170
1,248
1,317
1,461
1,734
2,099
2,464
2,575
2,714
2,788
2,903
2,849
2,829
3,073
3,498
3,414
3,066
3,067
117
141
163
216
231
237
392
424
430
749
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
504
591
702
830
938
1,114
1,430
1,830
2,292
2,859
223
270
301
338
403
469
515
570
667
773
167
190
217
242
273
322
392
457
558
681
Nonprofit
FFRDCs nonprofite FFRDCse
Total
Industryf
4,282
4,275
4,692
4,710
7,157
6,925
7,136
7,323
6,715
8,309
10,390
6,643
7,474
8,181
9,390
8,725
9,003
8,887
9,841
9,437
11,223
13,833
16,303
17,657
15,080
15,962
2005 constant $millions
NA
952
NA
1,035
NA
1,157
NA
1,459
NA
1,508
NA
1,610
NA
1,580
NA
1,840
NA
1,918
NA
2,065
14
24
46
65
77
67
72
75
75
79
108
213
397
616
915
979
1,029
1,070
1,181
1,242
1,335
1,407
1,533
1,573
1,575
1,533
U&C
Other
Other nonprofit
Other
governmenta
U&Cd nonprofitg
U&Cd
Total nonprofitg
U&Cd
U&Cd
3,583
3,507
3,832
3,760
6,125
5,816
5,961
6,078
5,379
6,848
8,766
4,851
5,537
6,115
7,299
6,659
6,944
6,763
7,559
6,940
8,488
10,893
13,444
14,965
12,343
13,170
514
565
637
705
764
814
851
890
945
1,032
1,175
1,315
1,421
1,499
1,519
1,512
1,493
1,545
1,667
1,840
2,037
2,218
2,161
1,990
1,997
2,016
185
203
223
245
269
295
324
356
390
428
449
477
517
566
571
554
567
578
614
656
698
722
698
702
740
776
1,399
1,530
1,714
1,929
2,127
2,203
2,268
2,406
2,511
2,740
3,144
3,483
3,835
4,298
4,738
5,287
5,667
5,930
6,525
7,233
7,874
8,412
8,065
7,656
8,117
8,398
1,052
1,180
1,327
1,486
1,660
1,824
1,987
2,160
2,326
2,539
2,718
3,069
3,394
3,938
4,347
4,947
5,485
5,596
6,095
6,483
7,230
8,025
8,477
8,595
8,734
8,841
507
573
647
730
825
931
1,051
1,186
1,338
1,510
1,557
1,773
1,952
2,334
2,582
2,984
3,429
3,443
3,776
3,948
4,384
4,901
5,357
5,576
5,683
5,780
545
607
680
756
836
893
936
974
987
1,028
1,162
1,296
1,442
1,603
1,765
1,963
2,055
2,154
2,319
2,535
2,845
3,124
3,120
3,019
3,051
3,061
659
705
766
847
912
941
952
992
1,070
1,149
1,248
1,330
1,432
1,549
1,663
1,812
1,967
2,083
2,155
2,285
2,499
2,679
2,576
2,397
2,329
2,275
816
876
976
1,258
1,296
1,389
1,351
1,596
1,668
1,808
80
92
102
114
127
132
131
132
133
131
56
67
78
87
85
88
98
113
117
126
37
52
70
90
111
132
155
180
211
250
173
190
208
236
282
325
357
382
449
527
74
80
84
99
130
154
163
161
197
241
99
110
123
137
152
171
193
220
252
286
40
58
84
111
140
171
205
242
285
334
TABLE 7. U.S. basic research expenditures, by source of funds and performing sector: 1953–2012
Funding
source:
All
Other
Federal
sources
All
Year
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
Performer:
performers
Total
10,969
12,238
13,363
14,291
14,990
15,325
15,100
14,767
14,558
14,443
14,570
14,696
14,512
15,127
15,902
17,210
17,892
18,298
18,477
19,204
20,606
22,287
23,931
27,232
28,511
29,512
31,463
31,869
36,272
36,037
36,713
37,092
36,285
39,441
43,627
7,497
8,647
9,530
10,121
10,787
10,888
10,627
10,278
10,013
9,962
10,118
10,251
10,167
10,677
11,209
12,242
12,691
12,858
12,611
12,840
13,622
14,463
15,264
16,225
17,108
18,043
19,248
19,453
20,425
20,510
20,946
20,978
20,819
21,721
22,947
Federal Industryb
1,475
1,731
1,878
2,000
2,051
2,188
2,358
2,309
2,274
2,260
2,317
2,329
2,262
2,393
2,496
2,582
2,540
2,537
2,569
2,744
3,005
3,137
3,160
3,216
3,158
3,156
3,318
3,209
3,178
3,158
3,348
3,186
3,296
3,222
3,245
762
628
788
693
795
658
532
501
395
341
341
371
310
327
357
386
368
356
314
456
600
568
581
689
923
978
1,417
1,203
1,672
930
595
545
233
782
1,216
Industry
FFRDCsc
U&Cd
NA
215
145
151
161
159
160
148
129
146
128
160
158
194
199
232
237
251
262
231
203
227
213
186
219
503
572
691
616
619
628
629
649
851
739
3,573
4,206
4,733
5,200
5,620
5,742
5,569
5,434
5,418
5,391
5,290
5,242
5,263
5,417
5,595
5,933
6,208
6,404
6,373
6,265
6,398
6,832
7,473
8,130
8,526
8,854
9,230
9,533
9,921
10,520
11,033
11,432
11,805
12,136
12,909
Industry
U&C
Other
Nonprofit
FFRDCs nonprofite FFRDCse
908
1,019
1,091
1,163
1,245
1,251
1,177
1,087
986
1,013
1,219
1,351
1,416
1,565
1,765
2,240
2,396
2,441
2,457
2,464
2,663
2,857
2,909
3,040
3,218
3,388
3,408
3,418
3,551
3,743
3,772
3,670
3,310
3,133
3,156
778
848
895
915
916
890
831
799
810
810
823
798
759
781
797
869
942
870
619
666
738
826
908
942
1,042
1,128
1,236
1,310
1,384
1,455
1,478
1,422
1,434
1,501
1,556
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
17
16
14
15
20
21
22
36
67
89
103
87
92
93
92
95
127
Total
Industryf
2,202
2,217
2,315
2,497
2,340
2,435
2,338
2,182
2,154
2,120
2,156
2,137
2,095
2,180
2,281
2,400
2,528
2,691
3,062
3,342
3,723
4,320
4,730
6,556
6,605
6,376
6,744
6,518
9,566
9,041
9,115
9,161
8,228
9,991
12,278
1,945
1,961
2,036
2,200
2,021
2,097
1,981
1,824
1,784
1,737
1,773
1,746
1,706
1,785
1,855
1,941
2,039
2,166
2,512
2,746
3,053
3,564
3,850
5,550
5,528
5,231
5,508
5,203
8,186
7,593
7,614
7,603
6,591
8,235
10,358
U&C
Other
Other nonprofit
Other
governmenta
U&Cd nonprofitg
U&Cd
Total nonprofitg
U&Cd
U&Cd
127
128
133
141
159
170
171
177
194
206
208
215
213
211
236
263
291
326
350
389
451
523
631
739
793
842
916
976
1,021
1,063
1,087
1,113
1,158
1,241
1,389
299
356
432
519
642
709
740
804
837
811
793
815
785
798
885
985
1,064
1,138
1,177
1,292
1,416
1,529
1,745
2,003
2,159
2,282
2,464
2,670
2,843
2,876
2,897
3,010
3,077
3,295
3,715
583
587
612
649
681
699
733
766
796
818
805
829
832
860
915
940
956
968
980
1,066
1,159
1,247
1,358
1,486
1,623
1,760
1,907
2,057
2,219
2,382
2,538
2,703
2,850
3,053
3,212
324
347
351
366
393
413
443
470
495
503
485
497
488
491
523
526
523
519
515
571
620
660
714
774
841
906
977
1,046
1,117
1,166
1,196
1,219
1,210
1,237
1,373
389
431
474
505
539
594
661
737
758
733
698
664
632
613
613
642
653
642
647
664
687
728
835
962
1,016
1,052
1,101
1,172
1,219
1,229
1,217
1,240
1,311
1,382
1,475
130
128
145
156
161
168
186
181
176
176
174
176
177
184
190
195
198
199
201
208
220
233
248
267
285
302
320
338
359
385
414
445
478
515
531
259
240
261
283
289
286
290
296
301
315
320
332
344
368
392
415
433
449
465
495
539
587
644
712
782
854
930
1,011
1,102
1,215
1,342
1,484
1,640
1,816
1,839
TABLE 7. U.S. basic research expenditures, by source of funds and performing sector: 1953–2012
Funding
source:
All
Other
Federal
sources
All
Year
Performer:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012 (preliminary)
performers
Total
41,330
44,834
48,186
52,605
56,295
59,584
59,648
61,321
61,024
64,058
66,406
69,254
69,722
65,422
64,868
24,359
26,254
27,936
30,411
33,765
36,083
36,405
36,705
36,383
36,921
36,061
36,915
37,012
35,199
34,122
Federal Industryb
3,508
3,854
4,243
4,696
4,892
4,955
4,853
4,770
4,568
4,350
4,565
4,967
4,604
4,332
4,408
1,171
1,275
1,043
831
963
1,472
1,108
1,108
1,399
2,617
1,358
1,223
1,267
597
680
Industry
FFRDCsc
U&Cd
664
642
616
609
580
318
181
136
632
2,126
2,231
2,400
2,566
2,358
2,120
13,952
14,846
15,734
17,129
19,448
21,381
22,423
22,788
22,582
22,285
22,241
21,994
22,097
21,865
21,055
Industry
U&C
Other
Nonprofit
FFRDCs nonprofite FFRDCse
3,108
3,184
3,239
3,421
4,028
3,980
3,854
3,820
3,239
1,623
1,540
1,736
1,985
1,952
1,872
1,707
1,997
2,366
2,716
2,793
2,884
2,881
2,903
2,760
2,663
2,830
3,194
3,076
2,705
2,658
249
457
694
1,009
1,062
1,093
1,106
1,181
1,203
1,257
1,296
1,400
1,417
1,389
1,328
Total
Industryf
7,762
8,607
9,220
10,349
9,464
9,564
9,182
9,841
9,141
10,565
12,739
14,885
15,909
13,303
13,834
5,668
6,376
6,892
8,045
7,223
7,377
6,988
7,559
6,723
7,990
10,032
12,274
13,483
10,888
11,414
U&C
Other
Other nonprofit
Other
governmenta
U&Cd nonprofitg
U&Cd
Total nonprofitg
U&Cd
U&Cd
1,537
1,636
1,690
1,675
1,640
1,586
1,597
1,667
1,783
1,918
2,042
1,973
1,793
1,762
1,747
4,069
4,416
4,845
5,222
5,735
6,020
6,127
6,525
7,007
7,413
7,747
7,363
6,898
7,161
7,278
3,586
3,908
4,438
4,791
5,366
5,826
5,782
6,095
6,280
6,806
7,391
7,739
7,744
7,704
7,662
1,515
1,660
1,807
1,945
2,130
2,184
2,225
2,319
2,455
2,679
2,877
2,849
2,720
2,692
2,653
1,554
1,649
1,746
1,832
1,965
2,090
2,152
2,155
2,213
2,353
2,467
2,352
2,160
2,054
1,972
557
595
638
630
601
602
597
614
636
657
665
638
633
653
673
2,071
2,248
2,631
2,846
3,237
3,643
3,557
3,776
3,825
4,127
4,514
4,891
5,024
5,013
5,009
NA = not available; included in data for federal support to industry and federal support to other nonprofit institutions.
FFRDC = federally funded R&D center; U&C = universities and colleges.
Due to survey limitations, data on R&D funded by other (nonfederal) government are separately available only for U&C; nonetheless, other government funded R&D is included in the own performance of these other
sectors (e.g., other government funding to other nonprofits is included in other nonprofit funding for their own R&D).
b Character-of-work estimates for industry were revised in 1998 and for later years; hence, the data for 1997 and earlier years are not directly comparable.
c Character-of-work estimates for industry-administered FFRDCs in 1953–63 are not separate from the federal funding to industry; the data on federal funding to industry in those years include the funding to these
FFRDCs.
d The data for U&C R&D before 2003 covers only science and engineering (S&E) fields; in 2003 and later years, the R&D in non-S&E fields is also included. Adjustments have been made to U&C R&D for 1998 and later
years to eliminate the double counting of funds passed through from one academic institution to another. The character-of-work estimation procedure for academic R&D was revised in 1998 and again in 2010; hence,
these data are not directly comparable with data reported for earlier years.
e Character-of-work estimates for nonprofit-administered FFRDCs in 1953–80 are not separate from federal funding for other nonprofit institutions; thus, the data for federal funding to other nonprofit institutions includes the
funding to these FFRDCs in those years.
f Industry sources of funding for industry R&D include all nonfederal sources of funding.
g The 1998–2012 data for other nonprofit R&D are not based on a dedicated nonprofit survey and may later be revised.
a
NOTES: The R&D data for 2012 are preliminary and may later be revised. Some back-year data may have been revised, accordingly, for trend comparisons, use only the historical data reported here; do not use data
published earlier. Detail may not add to total due to rounding. Constant-dollar estimates are derived from unrounded data. Data are based on annual reports by performers, except for the nonprofit sector. The R&D
expenditures of FFRDCs are chiefly from federal funding, but any nonfederal funds are included in the totals. Expenditures for industry and, before 2001, for industry-administered FFRDCs are collected by calendar year.
Expenditures for other performers are calendar-year approximations based on fiscal year data. In most cases, the approximation equals 75% of the amount reported in the same fiscal year plus 25% of the amount
reported in the subsequent fiscal year. However, the fiscal year for academic performers generally begins 1 July, not 1 October; also, prior to 1977, the federal fiscal year began on 1 July, not 1 October. Therefore,
calendar-year approximations for academic performers and federal performers before 1977 equal 50% of the amount reported in the same fiscal year plus 50% of amount reported in the subsequent fiscal year. Los
Alamos National Laboratory became industry administered in June 2006—previously, it was U&C administered. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory became industry administered in October 2007—previously, it was
U&C administered.
SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NSF/NCSES), National Patterns of R&D Resources (annual series), Business R&D and Innovation Survey (annual series);
Higher Education R&D Survey (annual series), Survey of Federal Funds for R&D (annual series), FFRDC R&D Survey (annual series), R&D Funding and Performance by Nonprofit Organizations (FYs 1996–97). All
NSF/NCSES reports available at http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/.