TABLE 5. U.S. development expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2012
All
Performer:
Funding
Year
source:
Industry
performers
All
Federal
sources
Federal
Industrya
U&C
U&Cc
Other
FFRDCsb
Total Federalb Industrye
Total
Total
Federal
governmentf
Other
Industry
Nonprofit
Other nonprofit
FFRDCs
U&C
nonprofit
Total
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
7
8
10
10
9
8
7
9
14
20
25
27
31
40
49
56
68
80
88
97
108
120
136
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
4
5
7
9
10
10
9
9
13
15
16
16
19
24
28
31
35
39
43
47
49
53
48
59
69
81
101
120
134
151
170
190
219
227
207
200
208
226
246
249
267
291
296
321
373
447
503
542
603
719
778
745
832
986
1,244
1,504
Other
Total Federald Industryg nonprofitg
FFRDCsd
Total
Current $millions
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
3,412
3,734
4,189
5,855
6,681
7,214
8,463
9,360
9,930
10,115
11,540
12,506
13,215
14,490
15,332
16,154
17,051
16,925
17,399
18,743
20,197
21,504
22,706
25,085
27,667
31,056
35,445
40,765
46,305
51,879
57,771
66,461
74,522
75,855
567
537
543
631
728
842
940
1,003
1,090
1,227
1,465
1,680
1,789
1,886
1,943
1,904
2,016
2,258
2,473
2,639
2,657
2,765
2,890
2,972
3,188
3,676
3,944
4,072
4,530
5,178
6,106
7,078
8,011
8,275
2,753
3,090
3,523
5,084
5,790
6,183
7,307
8,104
8,536
8,526
9,651
10,004
10,637
11,810
12,539
13,370
14,071
13,698
13,924
15,043
16,394
17,421
18,352
20,412
22,603
25,216
29,033
33,848
38,547
43,434
48,064
55,371
62,020
62,871
1,123
1,405
1,785
2,817
3,616
3,942
4,750
5,169
5,347
5,280
6,116
6,156
6,218
6,849
6,795
7,044
6,944
6,232
6,167
6,533
6,621
6,553
6,783
7,522
8,275
8,756
9,888
10,957
12,791
14,215
15,522
17,640
20,258
21,517
1,630
1,685
1,738
2,267
2,174
2,241
2,557
2,935
3,189
3,246
3,535
3,848
4,419
4,961
5,744
6,326
7,127
7,466
7,757
8,510
9,773
10,868
11,569
12,890
14,328
16,460
19,145
22,891
25,756
29,219
32,542
37,731
41,762
41,354
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
359
298
271
302
293
332
340
391
402
399
479
535
654
675
753
810
882
950
989
1,054
1,056
1,102
1,145
16
17
21
25
26
28
31
35
38
40
40
49
71
87
93
102
110
112
98
101
126
141
156
182
254
373
469
518
568
597
617
677
756
818
9
9
12
14
12
13
16
19
22
23
22
30
48
61
66
72
80
84
69
63
71
75
83
100
153
254
336
362
386
397
399
435
486
513
3
3
4
4
5
6
6
6
7
8
8
8
9
9
9
8
7
6
8
12
18
20
22
24
28
32
34
38
44
46
47
51
57
65
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
4
5
5
4
4
5
7
8
12
15
15
16
19
24
27
31
37
43
50
29
32
34
35
37
42
51
69
97
132
165
188
215
236
247
259
277
268
246
267
326
377
400
418
444
496
586
726
485
500
599
762
829
790
17
18
19
20
21
25
32
49
73
103
134
159
183
199
208
217
231
220
194
213
268
314
330
341
359
403
483
612
360
362
447
594
644
587
6
7
8
8
8
8
9
10
10
11
11
11
12
14
15
16
18
18
19
19
20
22
23
25
27
30
32
35
37
40
44
47
51
55
6
7
7
7
8
9
10
10
14
18
20
18
20
23
24
26
28
30
33
35
38
42
47
52
58
64
71
79
88
98
109
120
134
149
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
447
436
500
530
560
453
TABLE 5. U.S. development expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2012
All
Performer:
Funding
Year
source:
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012 (preliminary)
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
Industry
Industrya
performers
All
Federal
sources
Federal
79,929
84,567
87,723
94,067
95,105
99,811
99,705
102,938
113,079
121,377
128,677
144,723
154,376
169,472
167,812
176,689
175,591
177,347
195,864
212,836
228,084
259,713
255,987
250,791
271,577
290,935
8,176
8,864
9,355
9,700
8,778
9,098
9,071
8,823
9,262
9,033
9,077
9,214
9,265
9,377
11,062
11,800
12,646
12,746
13,994
16,089
18,016
17,566
17,245
18,844
23,015
24,404
66,789
70,353
72,725
78,376
80,286
84,569
84,757
87,890
97,342
105,863
113,184
129,041
138,807
153,745
149,952
157,788
155,060
155,034
172,208
188,112
200,429
231,449
226,554
217,700
233,887
251,989
24,122
23,719
21,049
18,966
17,256
17,181
16,083
16,209
17,824
17,066
18,121
18,452
16,571
13,510
12,542
13,061
11,939
14,419
15,512
16,720
14,860
29,488
30,436
28,088
26,228
30,409
21,093
22,875
25,235
34,099
37,655
39,764
46,109
50,294
52,753
53,013
3,503
3,290
3,268
3,672
4,100
4,639
5,121
5,387
5,788
6,431
17,022
18,930
21,223
29,611
32,633
34,083
39,811
43,545
45,350
44,687
6,943
8,607
10,753
16,407
20,380
21,730
25,879
27,775
28,407
27,674
U&C
U&Cc
Other
FFRDCsb
Total Federalb Industrye
Total
Total
42,667
46,634
51,676
59,410
63,030
67,388
68,674
71,681
79,518
88,797
95,063
110,589
122,236
140,235
137,410
144,727
143,121
140,615
156,696
171,392
185,569
201,961
196,118
189,612
207,659
221,580
1,230
1,414
1,423
1,438
1,383
1,372
1,038
1,196
1,208
1,358
1,292
1,280
1,208
1,185
647
639
747
851
1,052
1,156
1,738
1,948
2,008
2,118
2,027
1,975
945
1,098
1,227
1,407
1,534
1,596
1,700
1,816
1,812
1,791
1,708
1,619
1,391
1,289
1,441
1,507
1,849
2,204
2,157
1,952
1,971
2,020
3,517
5,265
5,623
5,783
10,078
10,323
10,470
13,204
12,253
12,353
13,931
15,771
16,942
17,013
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
99
104
127
146
147
152
169
185
199
210
Other
Other
FFRDCsd
Industry
U&C
nonprofit
Total
Total Federald Industryg nonprofitg
Total
599
73
57
698
83
66
773
91
76
910
99
83
1,012
103
86
1,055
105
91
1,127
109
97
1,213
114
102
1,180
123
108
1,128
128
115
1,055
121
114
974
116
114
710
120
119
565
125
121
673
132
121
669
144
120
940
160
121
1,268
166
123
1,199
163
126
970
162
130
939
169
138
885
185
153
1,636
305
254
2,633
419
348
2,856
416
357
2,951
409
362
2005 constant $millions
155
180
205
226
239
246
259
276
288
305
305
302
321
348
376
419
461
474
493
512
533
581
950
1,338
1,450
1,510
61
71
81
89
94
100
107
112
113
115
112
113
121
130
140
156
167
172
175
179
192
216
373
528
545
550
1,670
1,762
1,782
1,735
1,537
1,452
1,374
1,378
1,616
1,520
1,454
1,527
1,640
1,577
1,717
1,726
1,954
2,447
2,360
2,136
2,488
2,239
1,868
1,838
1,715
1,628
698
655
780
920
1,054
1,125
1,191
1,261
1,236
1,241
1,378
1,535
1,578
1,579
1,960
2,156
2,120
2,686
2,723
2,189
2,319
2,500
2,636
2,801
3,010
2,814
474
407
507
619
722
758
787
815
744
698
687
760
727
580
874
937
743
1,300
1,211
603
568
562
550
638
797
555
60
65
70
75
82
88
95
103
111
120
155
164
178
195
197
191
195
199
212
226
240
249
241
242
255
267
165
183
203
226
251
279
309
343
381
423
536
611
673
804
890
1,028
1,182
1,186
1,301
1,360
1,511
1,689
1,846
1,921
1,958
1,992
421
420
430
490
533
599
574
573
603
571
585
507
487
720
1,033
1,074
1,216
1,379
1,369
1,202
1,123
1,991
2,158
2,226
2,301
2,342
16
19
19
21
24
24
25
25
27
30
6
6
6
9
11
11
11
11
11
10
294
358
416
469
569
661
730
809
901
996
176
193
202
201
206
229
278
368
515
689
102
107
111
114
116
135
174
261
388
537
37
43
48
47
45
44
49
54
53
58
37
43
42
41
45
50
54
54
74
94
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Federal
53
52
69
79
68
69
84
102
114
118
governmentf
Nonprofit
Other nonprofit
FFRDCs
18
21
23
26
30
31
33
34
37
40
6
6
9
12
14
17
16
13
11
10
TABLE 5. U.S. development expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2012
All
Performer:
Funding
Year
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
source:
Industry
performers
All
Federal
sources
Federal
59,846
63,876
66,286
70,674
72,554
73,326
73,756
69,543
68,086
70,312
71,781
70,066
67,594
70,624
73,228
76,805
80,930
85,299
88,590
93,544
100,207
111,107
120,920
120,422
123,308
126,134
126,081
130,176
127,105
130,305
127,353
128,768
138,567
145,956
152,050
7,598
8,581
8,971
9,199
9,195
8,643
8,719
9,277
9,676
9,901
9,444
9,010
8,603
8,367
8,438
9,092
9,004
8,521
8,667
9,337
10,590
11,833
12,998
13,136
12,613
13,221
13,446
13,424
11,731
11,877
11,587
11,037
11,350
10,862
10,725
Industrya
Total Federalb Industrye
50,051
51,096
53,355
57,605
59,339
60,691
60,867
56,284
54,489
56,432
58,266
56,761
54,634
57,467
59,824
62,362
66,289
70,826
73,747
78,317
83,369
92,567
100,635
99,809
103,038
104,934
104,525
108,462
107,300
110,407
108,259
109,944
119,283
127,300
133,743
31,718
31,442
31,189
33,407
32,156
31,975
30,038
25,607
24,133
24,508
23,532
21,351
20,193
21,177
21,902
21,654
22,577
22,927
24,471
25,631
26,924
29,490
32,871
34,159
37,214
35,378
30,253
26,246
23,062
22,430
20,543
20,276
21,842
20,522
21,413
U&C
U&Cc
Other
FFRDCsb
18,333
19,654
22,166
24,198
27,183
28,716
30,829
30,677
30,355
31,924
34,734
35,410
34,441
36,290
37,922
40,707
43,712
47,899
49,276
52,685
56,445
63,077
67,764
65,650
65,824
69,556
74,272
82,215
84,238
87,976
87,717
89,668
97,442
106,778
112,330
Other
Nonprofit
Other nonprofit
FFRDCs
Other
Total
Total
Federal
governmentf
Industry
U&C
nonprofit
Total
Total Federald Industryg nonprofitg
NA
1,834
1,495
1,322
1,429
1,330
1,436
1,397
1,530
1,508
1,418
1,561
1,593
1,841
1,787
1,862
1,849
1,846
1,818
1,783
1,828
1,765
1,788
1,818
1,898
2,109
2,045
1,990
1,848
1,791
1,326
1,496
1,480
1,633
1,527
207
248
354
424
440
461
474
460
384
379
446
458
465
513
672
922
1,072
1,083
1,086
1,076
1,071
1,132
1,227
1,298
1,457
1,638
1,764
1,947
2,050
2,084
2,171
2,272
2,220
2,154
2,018
114
151
241
298
310
325
344
343
270
234
251
243
246
280
405
628
768
757
738
717
692
727
789
815
924
1,041
1,112
1,259
1,352
1,377
1,440
1,518
1,445
1,357
1,247
41
41
43
46
40
35
31
27
31
46
62
65
66
67
74
79
78
80
84
82
82
86
93
104
113
123
131
138
137
137
139
142
150
154
143
10
10
10
10
12
18
22
21
16
13
18
21
24
32
38
36
35
41
45
48
54
62
70
80
88
99
109
115
115
119
124
128
133
138
135
32
33
39
47
47
42
34
29
34
51
71
80
82
88
106
121
127
141
152
159
169
180
195
216
240
268
294
313
320
321
331
345
353
367
360
10
13
20
24
31
41
43
41
33
34
44
49
48
45
49
58
63
64
67
70
74
78
80
84
93
106
117
123
126
130
137
140
139
138
133
1,133
1,157
1,036
976
984
1,026
1,064
1,023
1,045
1,092
1,050
1,046
1,109
1,258
1,332
1,340
1,378
1,504
1,488
1,343
1,442
1,648
2,018
2,387
2,576
2,628
2,561
2,401
2,054
1,895
1,755
1,724
1,980
1,827
1,718
856
960
1,076
1,149
1,167
1,176
1,196
1,101
963
1,002
1,157
1,229
1,192
1,178
1,176
1,227
1,338
1,519
928
902
1,040
1,274
1,345
1,255
1,078
977
1,121
1,274
1,409
1,468
1,521
1,578
1,515
1,492
1,628
695
812
915
968
982
985
997
904
759
799
951
1,021
982
960
950
995
1,102
1,281
688
653
776
994
1,045
931
731
608
729
857
965
990
1,005
1,019
911
839
811
57
56
60
68
71
73
78
74
74
71
71
70
70
71
72
73
73
72
72
73
76
79
83
88
92
96
100
104
109
115
122
129
136
144
183
104
92
100
112
114
118
121
123
129
131
135
138
140
147
153
159
163
166
168
176
188
201
217
236
255
273
292
313
335
364
395
430
467
509
634
FFRDCsd
Total
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
856
787
867
887
909
719
650
627
619
678
712
782
734
716
739
686
691
TABLE 5. U.S. development expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2012
All
Performer:
Funding
Year
source:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012 (preliminary)
Industry
performers
All
Federal
sources
Federal
169,101
177,766
191,013
184,963
191,644
186,531
183,236
195,864
206,175
214,715
239,185
233,714
225,954
239,573
252,138
10,766
10,669
10,568
12,192
12,798
13,434
13,169
13,994
15,586
16,960
16,178
15,745
16,977
20,303
21,149
Industrya
Total Federalb Industrye
150,777
159,839
173,287
165,278
171,144
164,721
160,182
172,208
182,224
188,681
213,155
206,842
196,140
206,325
218,385
21,560
19,082
15,227
13,824
14,167
12,683
14,898
15,512
16,197
13,989
27,157
27,788
25,306
23,137
26,354
U&C
U&Cc
Other
FFRDCsb
129,217
140,757
158,060
151,454
156,977
152,038
145,284
156,696
166,028
174,692
185,998
179,054
170,834
183,187
192,032
Other
Nonprofit
Other nonprofit
FFRDCs
Other
Total
Total
Federal
governmentf
Industry
U&C
nonprofit
Total
Total Federald Industryg nonprofitg
Total
1,496
1,391
1,336
713
693
793
879
1,052
1,120
1,636
1,794
1,833
1,908
1,788
1,712
1,891
1,602
1,453
1,588
1,635
1,964
2,277
2,157
1,891
1,856
1,860
3,211
4,743
4,960
5,012
1,138
818
637
741
725
998
1,310
1,199
940
884
815
1,494
2,372
2,520
2,558
135
138
141
145
156
170
172
163
157
159
170
278
377
367
354
133
137
137
133
130
129
128
126
126
130
141
232
313
315
314
353
370
392
414
455
489
489
493
496
501
535
867
1,206
1,279
1,309
132
139
146
154
169
177
178
175
174
181
199
340
475
481
477
1,785
1,888
1,778
1,892
1,872
2,076
2,529
2,360
2,069
2,342
2,062
1,706
1,656
1,513
1,411
1,794
1,817
1,780
2,161
2,338
2,252
2,775
2,723
2,121
2,183
2,302
2,407
2,524
2,655
2,439
592
561
812
1,139
1,165
1,292
1,425
1,369
1,164
1,057
1,833
1,971
2,006
2,030
2,030
888
837
653
963
1,016
790
1,344
1,211
584
534
518
502
575
703
481
192
205
220
217
207
207
206
212
219
226
229
220
218
225
232
714
775
907
981
1,115
1,255
1,226
1,301
1,318
1,422
1,555
1,685
1,731
1,727
1,726
NA = not available; included in data for federal support to industry and federal support to other nonprofit institutions.
FFRDC = federally funded R&D center; U&C = universities and colleges.
a Character-of-work estimates
b Character-of-work estimates
FFRDCsd
for industry were revised in 1998 and for later years; hence, the data for 1997 and earlier years are not directly comparable.
for industry-administered FFRDCs in 1953–63 are not separate from the federal funding to industry; the data on federal funding to industry in those years include the funding to these
FFRDCs.
data for U&C R&D before 2003 covers only science and engineering (S&E) fields; in 2003 and later years, the R&D in non-S&E fields is also included. Adjustments have been made to U&C R&D for 1998 and later
years to eliminate the double counting of funds passed through from one academic institution to another. The character-of-work estimation procedure for academic R&D was revised in 1998 and again in 2010; hence,
these data are not directly comparable with data reported for earlier years.
d Character-of-work estimates for nonprofit-administered FFRDCs in 1953–80 are not separate from federal funding for other nonprofit institutions; thus, the data for federal funding to other nonprofit institutions includes
the funding to these FFRDCs in those years.
e Industry sources of funding for industry R&D include all nonfederal sources of funding.
f Due to survey limitations, data on R&D funded by other (nonfederal) government are separately available only for U&C; nonetheless, other government funded R&D is included in the own performance of these other
sectors (e.g., other government funding to other nonprofits is included in other nonprofit funding for their own R&D).
g The 1998–2012 data for other nonprofit R&D are not based on a dedicated nonprofit survey and may later be revised.
c The
NOTES: The R&D data for 2012 are preliminary and may later be revised. Some back-year data may have been revised, accordingly, for trend comparisons, use only the historical data reported here; do not use data
published earlier. Detail may not add to total due to rounding. Constant-dollar estimates are derived from unrounded data. Data are based on annual reports by performers, except for the nonprofit sector. The R&D
expenditures of FFRDCs are chiefly from federal funding, but any nonfederal funds are included in the totals. Expenditures for industry and, before 2001, for industry-administered FFRDCs are collected by calendar year.
Expenditures for other performers are calendar-year approximations based on fiscal year data. In most cases, the approximation equals 75% of the amount reported in the same fiscal year plus 25% of the amount
reported in the subsequent fiscal year. However, the fiscal year for academic performers generally begins 1 July, not 1 October; also, prior to 1977, the federal fiscal year began on 1 July, not 1 October. Therefore,
calendar-year approximations for academic performers and federal performers before 1977 equal 50% of the amount reported in the same fiscal year plus 50% of amount reported in the subsequent fiscal year. Los
Alamos National Laboratory became industry administered in June 2006—previously, it was U&C administered. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory became industry administered in October 2007—previously, it
was U&C administered.
SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NSF/NCSES), National Patterns of R&D Resources (annual series), Business R&D and Innovation Survey (annual
series), Higher Education R&D Survey (annual series), Survey of Federal Funds for R&D (annual series), FFRDC R&D Survey (annual series), R&D Funding and Performance by Nonprofit Organizations (FYs 1996–97).
All NSF/NCSES reports available at http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/.