TABLE 4. U.S. applied research expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2012
All
Performer:
Funding
Year
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
source:
performers
Industry
Industrya
Federal
All
sources
Federal
1,289
1,378
1,514
1,928
2,414
2,758
2,940
3,065
3,123
3,698
3,865
4,201
4,374
4,653
4,848
5,137
5,454
5,752
5,833
6,147
6,655
7,344
8,091
8,976
9,662
10,704
12,097
13,714
16,329
18,218
20,298
22,451
25,401
27,240
347
330
333
387
446
516
577
615
668
709
809
947
994
1,012
1,069
1,112
1,229
1,334
1,355
1,434
1,527
1,652
1,912
2,068
2,081
2,242
2,415
2,546
2,731
2,802
2,991
2,961
3,135
3,204
Total Federalb Industrye
726
814
928
1,268
1,670
1,911
1,991
2,029
1,977
2,449
2,457
2,538
2,612
2,790
2,832
3,037
3,192
3,330
3,348
3,407
3,715
4,168
4,431
4,945
5,424
6,065
6,975
8,175
10,401
11,956
13,513
15,218
17,625
19,131
288
322
368
474
678
774
813
833
812
1,011
1,007
978
992
986
983
956
920
952
907
845
883
905
991
1,033
1,113
1,195
1,305
1,625
2,042
2,593
3,227
3,677
4,717
4,049
U&C
U&Cc
Other
FFRDCsb
438
492
560
794
992
1,137
1,178
1,196
1,165
1,438
1,450
1,560
1,620
1,804
1,849
2,081
2,272
2,378
2,441
2,562
2,832
3,263
3,440
3,912
4,311
4,870
5,670
6,550
8,359
9,363
10,286
11,541
12,908
15,082
Total
Total
Federal
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
62
46
53
83
87
95
97
67
107
110
120
139
167
212
235
250
275
298
367
414
547
630
629
134
137
142
146
147
152
167
186
199
216
230
256
304
351
389
405
417
451
499
619
725
794
934
1,042
1,126
1,247
1,418
1,622
1,781
1,915
2,116
2,332
2,527
2,780
59
60
63
65
63
66
78
93
104
119
128
142
176
208
238
250
257
280
306
391
450
477
550
596
626
676
793
912
953
1,007
1,122
1,226
1,296
1,393
governmentf
Nonprofit
Other nonprofit
FFRDCs
Other
Industry
U&C
nonprofit
Total
Current $millions
30
7
32
8
32
9
33
10
34
12
35
12
37
13
39
13
40
13
41
14
42
14
45
14
46
13
47
14
46
16
46
16
48
16
51
18
61
19
74
21
88
26
96
32
113
39
127
45
134
51
151
61
161
71
174
88
199
108
207
121
215
141
234
168
262
198
298
229
28
28
27
27
27
27
28
29
30
30
32
37
42
48
54
55
54
56
67
82
100
118
141
166
194
232
263
308
363
402
443
491
547
620
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
14
18
27
34
36
39
43
47
47
52
62
72
92
109
121
128
129
140
159
178
194
212
224
240
48
58
68
79
94
111
121
129
145
163
186
203
206
213
225
221
213
213
216
224
203
191
219
263
297
324
360
421
422
433
473
548
580
554
Total Federald
35
40
43
49
58
69
85
108
135
162
183
196
213
234
251
276
308
328
349
357
376
420
456
492
523
592
680
675
628
655
713
764
822
867
14
16
18
21
24
30
43
63
83
98
115
130
140
153
166
186
210
225
241
243
257
290
315
338
355
409
480
458
391
398
433
459
490
506
FFRDCsd
Other
Industryg nonprofitg
11
13
14
14
14
14
15
17
17
19
19
19
21
24
25
28
32
33
34
35
36
39
42
45
48
52
55
60
64
69
74
79
85
91
10
11
11
14
20
25
27
28
35
45
49
47
52
57
60
62
66
70
74
79
83
91
100
109
120
132
144
158
173
189
207
226
247
270
Total
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
68
91
78
80
82
75
TABLE 4. U.S. applied research expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2012
All
Performer:
Funding
Year
source:
performers
Industry
Industrya
Federal
All
Total Federalb Industrye
sources
Federal
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012 (preliminary)
27,951
29,528
32,277
34,897
38,631
37,936
37,283
36,618
40,936
43,170
46,554
46,362
52,007
56,681
64,176
50,796
61,379
69,469
70,001
76,735
83,551
74,793
72,891
79,526
82,425
86,773
3,366
3,362
3,566
3,652
4,093
4,337
4,838
4,985
4,952
4,872
4,997
5,146
5,530
6,105
7,052
7,487
7,672
7,455
7,557
7,435
7,222
7,316
7,874
8,016
7,849
8,084
19,190
20,377
22,317
24,399
27,013
25,660
24,251
22,988
26,919
29,010
32,430
32,208
36,638
39,176
44,012
28,533
37,334
45,432
45,284
51,173
57,570
46,864
41,055
44,906
47,186
50,756
4,037
3,846
4,324
5,967
5,588
4,476
4,295
3,616
3,164
3,640
2,648
2,632
2,817
2,682
3,603
2,452
4,473
4,775
5,289
6,140
8,945
5,397
7,797
4,705
4,404
5,106
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
7,970
8,442
9,117
11,227
13,603
15,203
16,015
16,469
16,592
19,380
20,042
21,457
21,937
2,145
2,019
2,006
2,251
2,511
2,844
3,141
3,302
3,549
3,713
4,196
4,834
4,983
4,489
4,987
5,590
7,385
9,412
10,534
10,848
10,902
10,503
12,836
12,742
12,963
13,102
1,781
1,973
2,217
2,761
3,821
4,267
4,429
4,476
4,314
5,299
5,222
4,995
4,976
U&C
U&Cc
Other
FFRDCsb
Nonprofit
Other nonprofit
FFRDCs
Other
FFRDCsd
Other
Total
Total
Federal
governmentf
Industry
U&C
nonprofit
Total
Total Federald
Industryg nonprofitg
15,153
16,531
17,993
18,432
21,425
21,184
19,956
19,372
23,755
25,370
29,782
29,576
33,821
36,494
40,409
26,081
32,861
40,657
39,995
45,033
48,625
41,467
33,258
40,201
42,782
45,650
623
371
374
386
433
507
435
503
535
231
213
230
274
269
821
1,090
1,413
1,459
1,414
1,314
1,168
1,975
2,010
2,249
2,256
2,387
3,219
3,779
4,188
4,406
4,611
4,882
5,149
5,390
5,659
5,885
5,523
5,197
5,762
6,494
7,054
7,876
8,801
9,164
9,395
9,794
10,249
11,316
13,444
15,517
16,554
16,896
1,643
1,958
2,121
2,140
2,232
2,415
2,542
2,644
2,779
2,864
2,550
2,260
2,661
3,194
3,553
4,056
4,660
4,902
5,032
5,318
5,548
6,144
7,708
9,407
10,071
10,147
333
377
417
453
468
479
496
517
559
584
553
526
546
571
601
654
729
758
743
736
770
843
928
972
973
975
260
302
347
377
392
414
443
464
494
524
519
520
542
553
549
546
553
562
575
593
628
698
778
807
835
864
707
818
933
1,031
1,091
1,120
1,181
1,256
1,311
1,390
1,389
1,378
1,463
1,585
1,712
1,911
2,098
2,158
2,247
2,331
2,426
2,647
2,903
3,106
3,398
3,599
276
325
370
404
428
454
487
509
516
522
512
513
550
591
638
709
761
783
799
816
877
983
1,127
1,225
1,276
1,312
532
547
603
689
927
940
962
982
1,050
1,270
1,337
1,372
1,247
1,291
1,405
1,663
1,600
1,481
1,637
1,827
1,354
855
1,282
1,274
1,318
1,386
948
1,026
1,159
1,284
1,468
1,528
1,544
1,659
1,692
1,781
1,926
2,087
2,427
3,155
3,589
3,882
4,311
4,283
4,435
4,694
4,902
5,167
5,813
5,907
5,622
5,675
555
599
695
780
921
933
900
960
934
960
1,011
1,060
1,300
1,831
2,150
2,267
2,487
2,448
2,432
2,592
2,583
2,600
3,049
3,041
2,691
2,682
98
105
112
120
129
138
148
158
170
182
205
218
236
258
261
253
259
264
280
300
318
330
319
321
338
354
295
322
352
384
419
456
497
541
589
640
711
809
891
1,066
1,178
1,362
1,565
1,572
1,723
1,802
2,001
2,237
2,445
2,545
2,594
2,638
74
66
70
81
86
81
103
111
129
122
128
123
130
190
244
266
249
194
278
500
1,085
1,300
1,414
1,658
1,640
1,589
2,708
3,014
3,374
4,625
5,591
6,268
6,418
6,426
6,189
7,537
7,520
7,968
8,126
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
317
231
825
836
852
850
826
835
910
997
1,055
1,132
1,190
1,305
1,522
365
365
380
379
355
361
422
500
550
621
661
725
880
2005 constant $millions
186
40
193
46
195
51
193
58
191
65
195
66
201
68
208
70
212
69
213
71
219
73
231
69
233
65
172
171
164
157
153
150
153
155
157
159
168
191
211
62
61
63
64
62
63
65
64
66
68
70
89
133
294
355
410
457
530
609
657
690
770
852
965
1,037
1,031
216
245
259
282
324
380
460
578
715
846
949
1,001
1,068
87
98
108
119
132
165
232
336
438
511
596
664
702
68
80
84
82
79
77
82
91
90
100
99
97
105
62
67
66
82
113
138
147
150
186
236
254
240
261
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Total
TABLE 4. U.S. applied research expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2012
All
Performer:
Funding
Year
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
source:
performers
Industry
Industrya
Federal
All
sources
Federal
22,693
22,942
23,319
23,593
23,637
22,826
23,059
23,654
23,928
24,087
25,272
25,574
26,473
27,620
28,697
31,241
32,849
35,208
37,532
41,216
43,243
43,121
44,042
46,390
48,292
51,630
49,526
47,621
45,806
50,163
51,912
55,011
54,171
59,887
63,885
4,936
5,057
5,045
5,317
5,481
5,302
5,379
5,428
5,383
5,691
5,823
5,507
5,544
5,514
5,327
5,226
5,052
5,188
4,950
5,087
5,086
5,192
5,014
5,126
5,054
5,471
5,662
6,180
6,236
6,069
5,859
5,904
6,012
6,368
6,881
Total Federalb Industrye
13,609
13,402
13,786
13,808
13,683
13,102
12,781
13,203
13,580
13,191
13,922
14,356
14,999
15,926
17,106
19,899
21,558
23,439
25,441
28,599
30,371
29,605
30,393
32,075
33,765
36,102
33,500
30,976
28,756
32,987
34,885
38,321
37,633
42,189
44,156
4,809
4,652
4,340
3,980
3,912
3,549
3,170
3,138
2,949
2,950
2,908
2,946
2,955
2,980
3,400
3,907
4,675
5,597
6,147
7,654
6,428
6,228
5,736
6,215
8,258
7,468
5,844
5,486
4,523
3,877
4,377
3,129
3,075
3,244
3,023
U&C
U&Cc
Other
FFRDCsb
8,799
8,750
9,446
9,828
9,771
9,552
9,611
10,065
10,632
10,241
11,014
11,410
12,044
12,946
13,706
15,992
16,883
17,841
19,294
20,945
23,943
23,377
24,656
25,861
25,507
28,634
27,656
25,490
24,233
29,109
30,507
35,192
34,558
38,945
41,133
Nonprofit
Other nonprofit
FFRDCs
Other
Total
Total
Federal
governmentf
Industry
U&C
nonprofit
Total
Total Federald
259
393
395
411
399
262
401
391
391
414
470
561
581
571
575
570
662
718
914
1,022
999
961
553
538
534
579
662
556
629
656
278
252
269
316
303
1,712
1,839
1,838
1,804
1,851
1,953
2,320
2,575
2,585
2,780
2,933
2,979
3,083
3,237
3,395
3,407
3,452
3,670
3,898
4,101
4,413
4,966
5,637
6,019
6,097
6,162
6,374
6,577
6,742
6,934
7,076
6,526
6,072
6,635
7,319
1,015
1,124
1,133
1,110
1,148
1,197
1,465
1,598
1,553
1,636
1,677
1,656
1,671
1,810
1,909
1,823
1,815
1,947
2,050
2,104
2,211
2,534
2,921
3,049
2,962
2,983
3,153
3,247
3,307
3,405
3,444
3,013
2,640
3,064
3,600
230
216
209
208
210
237
278
311
313
338
359
356
374
369
363
381
374
373
391
425
473
514
562
599
626
625
625
633
647
685
702
653
615
629
644
68
73
73
69
72
72
77
92
103
115
125
135
150
163
185
206
218
245
281
321
364
401
450
499
522
523
541
566
581
605
630
613
608
624
623
236
255
250
233
229
262
307
355
384
418
466
514
573
601
644
694
725
769
821
888
985
1,091
1,220
1,341
1,427
1,458
1,462
1,508
1,571
1,607
1,672
1,641
1,610
1,685
1,786
163
170
175
184
191
184
193
219
233
274
307
319
315
294
293
304
321
337
355
364
381
425
484
532
559
573
593
623
636
632
628
605
599
633
666
1,039
1,065
1,001
921
875
843
840
720
621
652
739
787
802
822
881
808
780
821
917
940
879
820
816
866
953
1,238
1,228
1,229
1,228
1,287
1,527
1,580
1,603
1,436
1,456
1,139
1,188
1,253
1,332
1,348
1,364
1,337
1,336
1,368
1,359
1,384
1,384
1,464
1,552
1,413
1,201
1,182
1,237
1,278
1,334
1,376
1,463
1,530
1,666
1,776
1,963
1,995
1,973
2,075
2,074
2,142
2,276
2,438
2,794
3,556
744
786
844
908
925
941
910
913
945
938
950
940
1,011
1,096
958
748
717
751
767
795
803
856
893
999
1,079
1,231
1,219
1,149
1,200
1,144
1,154
1,195
1,238
1,497
2,064
FFRDCsd
Other
Industryg nonprofitg
117
118
127
138
136
133
131
128
126
124
126
127
128
127
125
122
124
128
132
138
144
151
156
161
166
172
180
189
198
208
218
242
254
272
291
278
284
281
285
288
290
296
295
297
297
308
318
325
329
330
331
341
359
378
401
429
456
481
506
531
559
596
635
677
721
770
840
945
1,026
1,201
Total
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
130
163
135
135
133
120
114
98
101
113
115
106
131
139
158
147
152
144
149
214
TABLE 4. U.S. applied research expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2012
All
Performer:
performers
Funding
Year
source:
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012 (preliminary)
Industry
Industrya
Federal
All
sources
Federal
70,735
55,096
65,203
71,775
70,001
74,333
78,653
68,881
66,549
71,650
72,712
75,202
7,773
8,121
8,149
7,702
7,557
7,202
6,798
6,738
7,189
7,222
6,924
7,006
Total Federalb Industrye
48,510
30,948
39,660
46,941
45,284
49,571
54,196
43,160
37,483
40,459
41,625
43,988
3,971
2,660
4,752
4,934
5,289
5,948
8,421
4,970
7,119
4,239
3,885
4,425
U&C
U&Cc
Other
FFRDCsb
44,539
28,289
34,908
42,007
39,995
43,623
45,775
38,189
30,364
36,220
37,740
39,562
Nonprofit
Other nonprofit
FFRDCs
Other
Total
Total
Federal
governmentf
Industry
U&C
nonprofit
Total
Total Federald
905
1,183
1,501
1,508
1,414
1,272
1,100
1,819
1,835
2,026
1,990
2,068
7,774
8,542
9,349
9,468
9,395
9,487
9,648
10,421
12,274
13,980
14,603
14,643
3,917
4,399
4,950
5,065
5,032
5,151
5,223
5,658
7,038
8,476
8,884
8,794
662
710
774
784
743
713
725
776
847
876
859
845
606
592
587
581
575
574
591
643
710
727
737
749
1,887
2,072
2,229
2,229
2,247
2,258
2,284
2,438
2,650
2,798
2,997
3,119
703
769
808
809
799
791
825
906
1,029
1,103
1,126
1,137
1,548
1,804
1,700
1,531
1,637
1,770
1,275
787
1,170
1,148
1,163
1,201
3,956
4,210
4,579
4,426
4,435
4,547
4,615
4,758
5,307
5,322
4,960
4,918
2,370
2,458
2,642
2,529
2,432
2,511
2,431
2,395
2,784
2,740
2,374
2,325
FFRDCsd
Other
Industryg nonprofitg
287
274
275
273
280
290
300
304
291
289
298
307
1,299
1,477
1,663
1,624
1,723
1,746
1,884
2,060
2,232
2,293
2,288
2,286
NA = not available; included in data for federal support to industry and federal support to other nonprofit institutions.
FFRDC = federally funded R&D center; U&C = universities and colleges.
a Character-of-work estimates
for industry were revised in 1998 and for later years; hence, the data for 1997 and earlier years are not directly comparable.
for industry-administered FFRDCs in 1953–63 are not separate from the federal funding to industry; the data on federal funding to industry in those years include the funding to these FFRDCs.
c The data for U&C R&D before 2003 covers only science and engineering (S&E) fields; in 2003 and later years, the R&D in non-S&E fields is also included. Adjustments have been made to U&C R&D for 1998 and later
years to eliminate the double counting of funds passed through from one academic institution to another. The character-of-work estimation procedure for academic R&D was revised in 1998 and again in 2010; hence, these
data are not directly comparable with data reported for earlier years.
d Character-of-work estimates for nonprofit-administered FFRDCs in 1953–80 are not separate from federal funding for other nonprofit institutions; thus, the data for federal funding to other nonprofit institutions includes the
funding to these FFRDCs in those years.
e Industry sources of funding for industry R&D include all nonfederal sources of funding.
f Due to survey limitations, data on R&D funded by other (nonfederal) government are separately available only for U&C; nonetheless, other government funded R&D is included in the own performance of these other
sectors (e.g., other government funding to other nonprofits is included in other nonprofit funding for their own R&D).
g The 1998–2012 data for other nonprofit R&D are not based on a dedicated nonprofit survey and may later be revised.
b Character-of-work estimates
NOTES: The R&D data for 2012 are preliminary and may later be revised. Some back-year data may have been revised, accordingly, for trend comparisons, use only the historical data reported here; do not use data
published earlier. Detail may not add to total due to rounding. Constant-dollar estimates are derived from unrounded data. Data are based on annual reports by performers, except for the nonprofit sector. The R&D
expenditures of FFRDCs are chiefly from federal funding, but any nonfederal funds are included in the totals. Expenditures for industry and, before 2001, for industry-administered FFRDCs are collected by calendar year.
Expenditures for other performers are calendar-year approximations based on fiscal year data. In most cases, the approximation equals 75% of the amount reported in the same fiscal year plus 25% of the amount reported
in the subsequent fiscal year. However, the fiscal year for academic performers generally begins 1 July, not 1 October; also, prior to 1977, the federal fiscal year began on 1 July, not 1 October. Therefore, calendar-year
approximations for academic performers and federal performers before 1977 equal 50% of the amount reported in the same fiscal year plus 50% of amount reported in the subsequent fiscal year. Los Alamos National
Laboratory became industry administered in June 2006—previously, it was U&C administered. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory became industry administered in October 2007—previously, it was U&C
administered.
SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NSF/NCSES), National Patterns of R&D Resources (annual series), Business R&D and Innovation Survey (annual series),
Higher Education R&D Survey (annual series), Survey of Federal Funds for R&D (annual series), FFRDC R&D Survey (annual series), R&D Funding and Performance by Nonprofit Organizations (FYs 1996–97). All
NSF/NCSES reports available at http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/.
Total
268
288
264
201
278
484
1,021
1,198
1,291
1,494
1,447
1,377