TABLE 3. U.S. basic research expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2012
All
Performer:
Funding
Year
source:
Industry
performers
All
Federal
sources
Federal
Industrya
U&C
U&Cc
Other
FFRDCsb
Total Federalb Industrye
Total
Total
Federal
governmentf
Other
Industry
Nonprofit
Other nonprofit
FFRDCs
Other
U&C
nonprofit
Total
Total Federald Industryg nonprofitg
6
8
12
15
20
24
28
33
40
48
58
70
86
106
136
156
171
196
214
216
223
250
264
283
334
398
466
544
615
716
816
915
1,075
1,262
16
18
21
24
27
31
36
41
48
55
63
68
70
75
83
91
103
115
127
134
137
153
164
175
198
213
229
248
269
317
358
395
440
488
36
44
50
58
72
85
95
106
126
148
175
200
218
239
263
276
272
265
252
270
343
415
476
556
667
906
1,050
1,167
1,284
1,366
1,536
1,709
1,793
1,915
48
55
63
74
87
103
120
136
164
200
225
238
260
278
289
296
302
311
329
347
371
401
430
474
521
598
689
726
671
759
863
984
1,110
1,210
FFRDCsd
Total
Current $millions
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
460
509
579
718
814
944
1,087
1,286
1,512
1,824
2,115
2,396
2,664
2,930
3,168
3,376
3,491
3,594
3,720
3,850
4,099
4,511
4,875
5,373
6,008
6,959
7,836
8,745
9,658
10,651
11,880
13,332
14,748
17,154
102
96
98
114
124
149
165
184
230
252
285
339
375
410
434
482
545
562
581
603
652
715
760
850
943
1,044
1,112
1,212
1,343
1,522
1,733
1,877
1,947
2,026
151
166
189
253
271
295
320
376
395
488
522
507
563
593
595
607
581
566
557
554
595
650
677
750
836
941
1,054
1,205
1,477
1,776
2,106
2,472
2,731
3,930
19
23
27
37
41
43
72
79
81
143
147
123
157
142
168
145
123
122
101
91
96
114
104
116
135
156
161
170
164
253
346
340
358
434
132
143
162
216
230
252
248
297
314
345
375
384
406
451
427
462
458
444
456
463
499
536
573
634
701
785
893
1,035
1,313
1,523
1,760
2,132
2,373
3,496
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
42
29
31
34
35
37
36
33
39
36
49
53
69
75
94
104
120
137
128
117
136
131
117
123
148
180
220
261
312
388
485
598
737
909
1,071
1,221
1,380
1,554
1,681
1,754
1,855
1,968
2,038
2,103
2,282
2,480
2,675
2,967
3,376
3,828
4,315
4,737
5,091
5,518
6,145
7,024
7,943
82
97
117
143
167
202
263
341
432
546
689
824
944
1,066
1,188
1,265
1,288
1,323
1,385
1,437
1,489
1,609
1,768
1,924
2,114
2,399
2,719
3,061
3,331
3,475
3,689
4,087
4,606
5,122
7
10
14
19
25
31
38
45
54
64
75
84
94
104
114
131
153
179
194
195
196
204
212
218
232
260
286
307
338
368
396
436
514
606
13
15
17
20
23
24
24
25
25
25
25
25
27
29
34
38
40
43
50
55
59
66
72
75
89
107
128
156
183
215
260
313
389
466
27
31
36
42
49
59
72
85
105
130
150
166
179
188
194
196
192
195
207
216
232
245
255
278
301
351
413
416
324
369
426
494
560
594
9
11
13
15
15
16
18
21
22
24
25
25
29
32
34
37
43
44
45
47
49
54
59
65
72
79
87
95
105
115
127
139
153
168
12
13
14
17
23
28
30
30
37
46
50
47
52
58
61
63
67
72
77
84
90
102
116
131
148
168
190
215
243
275
311
351
397
449
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
9
9
8
9
13
13
TABLE 3. U.S. basic research expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2012
All
Performer:
Funding
Year
source:
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012 (preliminary)
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
Industry
Industrya
performers
All
Federal
sources
Federal
18,481
19,787
21,891
23,029
27,140
27,604
28,743
29,651
29,610
32,799
36,921
35,372
38,935
42,752
47,727
51,902
56,089
57,731
61,321
62,996
68,047
72,105
75,854
77,386
74,161
74,849
2,047
2,116
2,309
2,319
2,378
2,419
2,621
2,547
2,689
2,680
2,746
3,003
3,347
3,765
4,260
4,511
4,664
4,697
4,770
4,716
4,621
4,957
5,441
5,111
4,911
5,086
4,181
4,163
4,818
4,629
7,376
6,528
6,427
6,514
5,569
7,498
9,795
5,853
6,645
7,040
8,053
7,547
8,330
7,835
8,667
8,384
11,268
12,368
14,784
16,371
13,020
13,955
598
656
986
869
1,251
712
466
436
190
650
1,029
1,002
1,108
925
754
888
1,386
1,072
1,108
1,444
2,780
1,475
1,340
1,406
677
785
2,841
3,115
3,488
4,182
4,585
5,201
5,922
6,910
8,030
9,560
628
588
587
661
699
821
896
986
1,219
1,321
934
1,017
1,139
1,474
1,527
1,626
1,743
2,020
2,099
2,558
117
141
163
216
231
237
392
424
430
749
U&C
U&Cc
Other
FFRDCsb
Total Federalb Industrye
Other
Nonprofit
Other nonprofit
FFRDCs
Other
FFRDCsd
Total
Total
Federal
governmentf
Industry
U&C
nonprofit
Total
Total Federald Industryg nonprofitg
Total
3,583
3,507
3,832
3,760
6,125
5,816
5,961
6,078
5,379
6,848
8,766
4,851
5,537
6,115
7,299
6,659
6,944
6,763
7,559
6,940
8,488
10,893
13,444
14,965
12,343
13,170
142
337
398
499
461
474
492
503
530
708
625
568
557
547
552
534
299
175
136
652
2,258
2,423
2,629
2,848
2,673
2,446
8,644
9,344
10,219
11,126
12,062
12,910
13,646
14,401
15,147
16,042
17,654
19,365
21,022
22,910
25,225
28,505
31,310
33,415
35,454
37,205
38,929
40,582
40,012
39,588
40,281
40,045
5,527
5,937
6,422
6,889
7,423
8,058
8,638
9,139
9,634
10,092
10,924
11,941
12,892
13,960
15,541
17,930
20,127
21,702
22,788
23,312
23,673
24,149
24,090
24,526
24,786
24,295
659
514
705
565
766
637
847
705
912
764
941
814
952
851
992
890
1,070
945
1,149
1,032
1,248
1,175
1,330
1,315
1,432
1,421
1,549
1,499
1,663
1,519
1,812
1,512
1,967
1,493
2,083
1,545
2,155
1,667
2,285
1,840
2,499
2,037
2,679
2,218
2,576
2,161
2,397
1,990
2,329
1,997
2,275
2,016
2005 constant $millions
1,399
1,530
1,714
1,929
2,127
2,203
2,268
2,406
2,511
2,740
3,144
3,483
3,835
4,298
4,738
5,287
5,667
5,930
6,525
7,233
7,874
8,412
8,065
7,656
8,117
8,398
545
607
680
756
836
893
936
974
987
1,028
1,162
1,296
1,442
1,603
1,765
1,963
2,055
2,154
2,319
2,535
2,845
3,124
3,120
3,019
3,051
3,061
2,086
2,272
2,371
2,470
2,657
2,867
2,953
2,934
2,702
2,606
2,671
2,660
2,765
2,874
3,104
3,714
3,747
3,730
3,820
3,344
1,724
1,672
1,902
2,203
2,213
2,160
1,367
1,531
1,730
1,922
2,129
2,340
2,532
2,678
2,899
3,187
3,322
3,710
4,203
5,000
5,617
6,113
6,710
6,809
7,293
7,454
7,911
8,697
9,553
9,693
9,489
9,624
675
756
860
947
1,036
1,114
1,157
1,137
1,170
1,248
1,317
1,461
1,734
2,099
2,464
2,575
2,714
2,788
2,903
2,849
2,829
3,073
3,498
3,414
3,066
3,067
185
203
223
245
269
295
324
356
390
428
449
477
517
566
571
554
567
578
614
656
698
722
698
702
740
776
507
573
647
730
825
931
1,051
1,186
1,338
1,510
1,557
1,773
1,952
2,334
2,582
2,984
3,429
3,443
3,776
3,948
4,384
4,901
5,357
5,576
5,683
5,780
14
24
46
65
77
67
72
75
75
79
108
213
397
616
915
979
1,029
1,070
1,181
1,242
1,335
1,407
1,533
1,573
1,575
1,533
816
876
976
1,258
1,296
1,389
1,351
1,596
1,668
1,808
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
761
904
1,081
1,281
1,468
1,720
2,114
2,603
3,174
3,860
504
591
702
830
938
1,114
1,430
1,830
2,292
2,859
40
58
84
111
140
171
205
242
285
334
37
52
70
90
111
132
155
180
211
250
99
110
123
137
152
171
193
220
252
286
223
270
301
338
403
469
515
570
667
773
297
337
380
428
488
565
654
731
871
1,048
167
190
217
242
273
322
392
457
558
681
56
67
78
87
85
88
98
113
117
126
74
80
84
99
130
154
163
161
197
241
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
80
92
102
114
127
132
131
132
133
131
TABLE 3. U.S. basic research expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2012
All
Performer:
Funding
Year
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
source:
Industry
performers
All
Federal
sources
Federal
10,969
12,238
13,363
14,291
14,990
15,325
15,100
14,767
14,558
14,443
14,570
14,696
14,512
15,127
15,902
17,210
17,892
18,298
18,477
19,204
20,606
22,287
23,931
27,232
28,511
29,512
31,463
31,869
36,272
36,037
36,713
37,092
36,285
39,441
43,627
1,475
1,731
1,878
2,000
2,051
2,188
2,358
2,309
2,274
2,260
2,317
2,329
2,262
2,393
2,496
2,582
2,540
2,537
2,569
2,744
3,005
3,137
3,160
3,216
3,158
3,156
3,318
3,209
3,178
3,158
3,348
3,186
3,296
3,222
3,245
Industrya
Total Federalb Industrye
2,707
2,590
2,824
2,892
2,816
2,755
2,513
2,326
2,180
2,078
2,115
2,118
2,015
2,112
2,213
2,327
2,407
2,521
2,826
3,202
3,653
4,133
4,431
6,239
6,450
6,209
6,925
6,406
9,858
8,522
8,209
8,149
6,824
9,016
11,574
762
628
788
693
795
658
532
501
395
341
341
371
310
327
357
386
368
356
314
456
600
568
581
689
923
978
1,417
1,203
1,672
930
595
545
233
782
1,216
U&C
U&Cc
Other
FFRDCsb
1,945
1,961
2,036
2,200
2,021
2,097
1,981
1,824
1,784
1,737
1,773
1,746
1,706
1,785
1,855
1,941
2,039
2,166
2,512
2,746
3,053
3,564
3,850
5,550
5,528
5,231
5,508
5,203
8,186
7,593
7,614
7,603
6,591
8,235
10,358
Other
Nonprofit
Other nonprofit
FFRDCs
Other
Total
Total
Federal
governmentf
Industry
U&C
nonprofit
Total
Total Federald Industryg nonprofitg
NA
215
145
151
161
159
160
148
129
146
128
160
158
194
199
232
237
251
262
231
203
227
213
186
219
503
572
691
616
619
628
629
649
851
739
4,712
5,468
6,122
6,731
7,352
7,628
7,585
7,622
7,701
7,643
7,474
7,434
7,381
7,530
7,851
8,349
8,739
9,029
9,062
9,180
9,571
10,272
11,397
12,609
13,335
13,936
14,687
15,397
16,120
16,854
17,430
18,014
18,561
19,290
20,860
3,573
4,206
4,733
5,200
5,620
5,742
5,569
5,434
5,418
5,391
5,290
5,242
5,263
5,417
5,595
5,933
6,208
6,404
6,373
6,265
6,398
6,832
7,473
8,130
8,526
8,854
9,230
9,533
9,921
10,520
11,033
11,432
11,805
12,136
12,909
389
431
474
505
539
594
661
737
758
733
698
664
632
613
613
642
653
642
647
664
687
728
835
962
1,016
1,052
1,101
1,172
1,219
1,229
1,217
1,240
1,311
1,382
1,475
127
128
133
141
159
170
171
177
194
206
208
215
213
211
236
263
291
326
350
389
451
523
631
739
793
842
916
976
1,021
1,063
1,087
1,113
1,158
1,241
1,389
299
356
432
519
642
709
740
804
837
811
793
815
785
798
885
985
1,064
1,138
1,177
1,292
1,416
1,529
1,745
2,003
2,159
2,282
2,464
2,670
2,843
2,876
2,897
3,010
3,077
3,295
3,715
324
347
351
366
393
413
443
470
495
503
485
497
488
491
523
526
523
519
515
571
620
660
714
774
841
906
977
1,046
1,117
1,166
1,196
1,219
1,210
1,237
1,373
908
1,019
1,091
1,163
1,245
1,251
1,177
1,087
986
1,013
1,219
1,351
1,416
1,565
1,765
2,240
2,396
2,441
2,457
2,464
2,663
2,857
2,909
3,040
3,218
3,388
3,408
3,418
3,551
3,743
3,772
3,670
3,310
3,133
3,156
1,167
1,216
1,302
1,354
1,365
1,344
1,306
1,276
1,287
1,302
1,317
1,306
1,280
1,333
1,379
1,478
1,573
1,519
1,285
1,369
1,497
1,646
1,801
1,921
2,109
2,284
2,486
2,660
2,846
3,055
3,234
3,350
3,552
3,832
3,926
778
848
895
915
916
890
831
799
810
810
823
798
759
781
797
869
942
870
619
666
738
826
908
942
1,042
1,128
1,236
1,310
1,384
1,455
1,478
1,422
1,434
1,501
1,556
130
128
145
156
161
168
186
181
176
176
174
176
177
184
190
195
198
199
201
208
220
233
248
267
285
302
320
338
359
385
414
445
478
515
531
259
240
261
283
289
286
290
296
301
315
320
332
344
368
392
415
433
449
465
495
539
587
644
712
782
854
930
1,011
1,102
1,215
1,342
1,484
1,640
1,816
1,839
FFRDCsd
Total
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
17
16
14
15
20
21
22
36
67
89
103
87
92
93
92
95
127
TABLE 3. U.S. basic research expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2012
All
Performer:
Funding
Year
source:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012 (preliminary)
Industry
performers
All
Federal
sources
Federal
41,330
44,834
48,186
52,605
56,295
59,584
59,648
61,321
61,024
64,058
66,406
69,254
69,722
65,422
64,868
3,508
3,854
4,243
4,696
4,892
4,955
4,853
4,770
4,568
4,350
4,565
4,967
4,604
4,332
4,408
Industrya
Total Federalb Industrye
6,839
7,651
7,935
8,876
8,186
8,849
8,095
8,667
8,122
10,608
11,390
13,498
14,750
11,486
12,094
1,171
1,275
1,043
831
963
1,472
1,108
1,108
1,399
2,617
1,358
1,223
1,267
597
680
U&C
U&Cc
Other
FFRDCsb
5,668
6,376
6,892
8,045
7,223
7,377
6,988
7,559
6,723
7,990
10,032
12,274
13,483
10,888
11,414
Other
Nonprofit
Other nonprofit
FFRDCs
Other
Total
Total
Federal
governmentf
Industry
U&C
nonprofit
Total
Total Federald Industryg nonprofitg
Total
664
642
616
609
580
318
181
136
632
2,126
2,231
2,400
2,566
2,358
2,120
22,627
24,207
25,823
27,803
30,917
33,260
34,524
35,454
36,040
36,647
37,374
36,531
35,667
35,534
34,705
13,952
14,846
15,734
17,129
19,448
21,381
22,423
22,788
22,582
22,285
22,241
21,994
22,097
21,865
21,055
1,554
1,649
1,746
1,832
1,965
2,090
2,152
2,155
2,213
2,353
2,467
2,352
2,160
2,054
1,972
1,537
1,636
1,690
1,675
1,640
1,586
1,597
1,667
1,783
1,918
2,042
1,973
1,793
1,762
1,747
4,069
4,416
4,845
5,222
5,735
6,020
6,127
6,525
7,007
7,413
7,747
7,363
6,898
7,161
7,278
1,515
1,660
1,807
1,945
2,130
2,184
2,225
2,319
2,455
2,679
2,877
2,849
2,720
2,692
2,653
3,108
3,184
3,239
3,421
4,028
3,980
3,854
3,820
3,239
1,623
1,540
1,736
1,985
1,952
1,872
4,335
4,839
5,636
6,192
6,630
7,128
7,035
7,293
7,220
7,447
8,009
8,722
8,733
8,370
8,340
249
457
694
1,009
1,062
1,093
1,106
1,181
1,203
1,257
1,296
1,400
1,417
1,389
1,328
1,707
1,997
2,366
2,716
2,793
2,884
2,881
2,903
2,760
2,663
2,830
3,194
3,076
2,705
2,658
557
595
638
630
601
602
597
614
636
657
665
638
633
653
673
2,071
2,248
2,631
2,846
3,237
3,643
3,557
3,776
3,825
4,127
4,514
4,891
5,024
5,013
5,009
NA = not available; included in data for federal support to industry and federal support to other nonprofit institutions.
FFRDC = federally funded R&D center; U&C = universities and colleges.
a Character-of-work estimates
b Character-of-work estimates
FFRDCsd
for industry were revised in 1998 and for later years; hence, the data for 1997 and earlier years are not directly comparable.
for industry-administered FFRDCs in 1953–63 are not separate from the federal funding to industry; the data on federal funding to industry in those years include the funding to these
FFRDCs.
data for U&C R&D before 2003 covers only science and engineering (S&E) fields; in 2003 and later years, the R&D in non-S&E fields is also included. Adjustments have been made to U&C R&D for 1998 and later
years to eliminate the double counting of funds passed through from one academic institution to another. The character-of-work estimation procedure for academic R&D was revised in 1998 and again in 2010; hence,
these data are not directly comparable with data reported for earlier years.
d Character-of-work estimates for nonprofit-administered FFRDCs in 1953–80 are not separate from federal funding for other nonprofit institutions; thus, the data for federal funding to other nonprofit institutions includes
the funding to these FFRDCs in those years.
e Industry sources of funding for industry R&D include all nonfederal sources of funding.
f Due to survey limitations, data on R&D funded by other (nonfederal) government are separately available only for U&C; nonetheless, other government funded R&D is included in the own performance of these other
sectors (e.g., other government funding to other nonprofits is included in other nonprofit funding for their own R&D).
g The 1998–2012 data for other nonprofit R&D are not based on a dedicated nonprofit survey and may later be revised.
c The
NOTES: The R&D data for 2012 are preliminary and may later be revised. Some back-year data may have been revised, accordingly, for trend comparisons, use only the historical data reported here; do not use data
published earlier. Detail may not add to total due to rounding. Constant-dollar estimates are derived from unrounded data. Data are based on annual reports by performers, except for the nonprofit sector. The R&D
expenditures of FFRDCs are chiefly from federal funding, but any nonfederal funds are included in the totals. Expenditures for industry and, before 2001, for industry-administered FFRDCs are collected by calendar year.
Expenditures for other performers are calendar-year approximations based on fiscal year data. In most cases, the approximation equals 75% of the amount reported in the same fiscal year plus 25% of the amount
reported in the subsequent fiscal year. However, the fiscal year for academic performers generally begins 1 July, not 1 October; also, prior to 1977, the federal fiscal year began on 1 July, not 1 October. Therefore,
calendar-year approximations for academic performers and federal performers before 1977 equal 50% of the amount reported in the same fiscal year plus 50% of amount reported in the subsequent fiscal year. Los
Alamos National Laboratory became industry administered in June 2006—previously, it was U&C administered. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory became industry administered in October 2007—previously, it
was U&C administered.
SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NSF/NCSES), National Patterns of R&D Resources (annual series), Business R&D and Innovation Survey (annual
series), Higher Education R&D Survey (annual series), Survey of Federal Funds for R&D (annual series), FFRDC R&D Survey (annual series), R&D Funding and Performance by Nonprofit Organizations (FYs 1996–97).
All NSF/NCSES reports available at http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/.